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1

NATURAL FREQUENCIES OF CIRCULAR PLATE BENDING MODES


Revision A


By Tom Irvine
Email: tomirvine@aol.com

August 6, 2009



Introduction

The Rayleigh method is used in this tutorial to determine the fundamental bending
frequency. The method is taken from References 1 through 3. In addition, a Bessel
function solution is given in Appendices D and E.

A displacement function is assumed for the Rayleigh method which satisfies the
geometric boundary conditions. The assumed displacement function is substituted into
the strain and kinetic energy equations.

The Rayleigh method gives a natural frequency that is an upper limit of the true natural
frequency. The method would give the exact natural frequency if the true displacement
function were used. The true displacement function is called an eigenfunction.

Consider the circular plate in Figure 1.















Figure 1.



Let Z represent the out-of-plane displacement.

r
Y
X
0
2

Table 1.
Appendix Topic
A Strain and kinetic energy
B Simply Supported Plate, Rayleigh Method
C Integral Table
D Solution of Differential Equation via Bessel Functions
E Simply Supported Plate, Bessel Function Solution



References

1. Dave Steinberg, Vibration Analysis for Electronic Equipment, Wiley-Interscience,
New York, 1988.
2. Weaver, Timoshenko, and Young; Vibration Problems in Engineering, Wiley-
Interscience, New York, 1990.
3. Arthur W. Leissa, Vibration of Plates, NASA SP-160, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Washington D.C., 1969.
4. Jan Tuma, Engineering Mathematics Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
5. L. Meirovitch, Analytical Methods in Vibrations, Macmillan, New York, 1967.
6. W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, Third Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York,
2004.


3

APPENDIX A

The total strain energy V of the plate is

( )
( )
(
(

(
)
`

\
|

|
|

\
|


|
|

\
|

=

d dr r
2
Z
r
1
r
1 2
2
0
R
0 2
Z
2
2
r
1
r
Z
r
1
r
2
Z
2
1 2
2
2
Z
2
2
r
1
r
Z
r
1
2
r
Z
2
2
e
D
V


(A-1)

Note that the plate stiffness factor D
e
is given by

|

\
|

=
2
1 12
3
Eh
e
D (A-2)

where

E = elastic modulus
h = plate thickness
= Poisson's ratio



For a displacement which is symmetric about the center,

0 ) , r ( Z =

(A-3)

0 ) , r ( Z
2
2
=

(A-4)


Substitute equations (A-3) and (A-4) into (A-1).
4

( )

(
(
(

|
|

\
|


|
|

\
|

=
2
0
R
0
d dr r
r
Z
r
1
r
2
Z
2
1 2
2
r
Z
r
1
2
r
Z
2
2
e
D
V
(A-5)


( )

(
(
(

|
|

\
|

+ +
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

=
2
0
R
0
d dr r
r
Z
r
1
r
2
Z
2
2 2
2
r
Z
r
1
r
Z
r
1
2
r
Z
2
2
2
2
r
Z
2
2
e
D
V

(A-6)

The total strain energy equation for the symmetric case is thus

(
(
(

|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

=
2
0
R
0
d dr r
r
Z
r
1
r
2
Z
2
2
2
r
Z
r
1
2
2
r
Z
2
2
e
D
V
(A-7)

The total kinetic energy T of the plate bending is given by


=
2
0
R
0
2
2
d dr r Z
2
h
T (A-8)

where

= mass per volume
= angular natural frequency


5
APPENDIX B

Simply Supported Plate

Consider a circular plate which is simply supported around its circumference. The plate
has a radius a. The displacement perpendicular to the plate is Z. A polar coordinate
system is used with the origin at the plate's center.

Seek a displacement function that satisfies the geometric boundary conditions.

The geometric boundary conditions are

0 ) , a ( Z = (B-1)

0
r
Z
a r
2
2
=

=
(B-2)

The following function satisfies the geometric boundary conditions.

|

\
|
=
a 2
r
cos Z ) , r ( Z
o
(B-3)

The partial derivatives are

0 ) , r ( Z =

(B-4)

0 ) , r ( Z
2
2
=

(B-5)

|

\
|
|

\
|
=

a 2
r
sin
a 2
Z ) , r ( Z
r
o
(B-6)

|

\
|
|

\
|
=

a 2
r
cos
a 2
Z ) , r ( Z
r
2
o
2
2
(B-7)


6
The total kinetic energy T of the plate bending is given by


\
|
=
2
0
a
0
2
o
2
d dr r
a 2
r
cos Z
2
h
T (B-8)


\
|
+

=
2
0
a
0
2
o
2
d dr r
a
r
cos 1
4
Z h
T (B-9)

\
|
+

=
2
0
a
0
2
o
2
d dr
a
r
cos r r
4
Z h
T (B-10)

Evaluate equation (B-9) using the integral table in Appendix C


(
(

\
|

+ |

\
|

+

=
2
0
a
0
2
2 2 2
o
2
d
a
r
cos
a
a
r
sin
r a
2
r
4
Z h
T (B-11)

( ) ( )

(
(

+

=
2
0
2
2
2
2 2 2
o
2
d 0 cos
a
cos
a
2
a
4
Z h
T (B-12)

(
(


=
2
0
2
2 2 2
o
2
d
a 2
2
a
4
Z h
T (B-13)

[ ]


=
2
0
2
2
2 2
o
2
d 4
8
a Z h
T (B-14)

[ ]


=
2
0
2
2
2 2
o
2
d 4
8
a Z h
T (B-15)

[ ][ ]


= 2 4
8
a Z h
T
2
2
2 2
o
2
(B-16)

7

[ ] 4
4
a Z h
T
2
2 2
o
2


= (B-17)


( )
2 2
o
2
a Z h 4671 . 0 T = (B-18)

Again, the total strain energy for the symmetric case is

(
(
(

|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|

=
2
0
R
0
d dr r
r
Z
r
1
r
2
Z
2
2
2
r
Z
r
1
2
2
r
Z
2
2
e
D
V
(B-19)



(
(

|
|

\
|

(
(

|
|

\
|

(
(
(

|
|

\
|

=
2
0
R
0
d dr r
r
Z
r
1
r
2
Z
2
2
2
e
D
2
0
R
0
d dr r
2
r
Z
r
1
2
e
D
2
0
R
0
d dr r
2
2
r
Z
2
2
e
D
V

(B-20)



( )


(
(

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
(

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
(

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
a
0
d dr r
a 2
r
sin
a 2
r
cos
r
1
3
a 2
2
2
o
Z
2
e
D
2
0
a
0
d dr r
a 2
r
2
sin
2
a 2
2
r
1
2
o
Z
2
e
D
2
0
a
0
d dr r
a 2
r
2
cos
4
a 2
2
o
Z
2
e
D
V

(B-21)


8
( )


(
(

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
(

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
(

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
a
0
3 2
o
2
0
a
0
2
2
2
2
o
2
0
a
0
2
4 2
o
d dr r
a 2
r
sin
a 2
r
cos
r
1
a 2
2
2
D Z
d dr r
a 2
r
sin
a 2
r
1
2
D Z
d dr r
a 2
r
cos
a 2 2
D Z
V

(B-22)


( )


(
|

\
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
a
0
3 2
o
2
0
a
0
2
2
2 2
o
2
0
a
0
2
4 2
o
d dr r
a 2
r
sin
a 2
r
cos
r
1
a 2
2
2
D Z
d dr r
a 2
r
sin
r
1
a 2 2
D Z
d dr r
a 2
r
cos
a 2 2
D Z
V

(B-23)






(
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
|

\
|
|

\
|
+

(
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
a
0
3 2
o
2
0
a
0
2
2 2
o
2
0
a
0
4 2
o
d dr
a
r
sin
a 2 2
D Z
d dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
a 2 2
D Z
d dr r
a
r
cos 1
2
1
a 2 2
D Z
V

(B-24)


The first and third integrals are evaluating using the tables in Appendix C.

9

\
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
|

\
|

|

\
|
+

(
(

\
|

+ |

\
|

+ |

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
a
0
3 2
o
2
0
2 2
o
2
0
a
0
2
2 2 4 2
o
d
a
r
cos
a
a 2 2
D Z
d 8242 . 0
a 2 2
D Z
d
a
r
cos
a
a
r
sin
r a
2
r
2
1
a 2 2
D Z
V

(B-25)




\
|

|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+

(
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
3 2
o
2
0
2 2
o
2
0
2
2 2 4 2
o
d
a 2
a 2 2
D Z
d 8242 . 0
a 2 2
D Z
d
a 2
2
a
2
1
a 2 2
D Z
V


(B-26)



10

|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+

(
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
0
2 2
o
2
0
2 2
o
2
0
2
2 2 4 2
o
d
a 2 2
D Z
d 8242 . 0
a 2 2
D Z
d
a 2
2
a
2
1
a 2 2
D Z
V

(B-27)

( )
( ) ( )

|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+

(
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
a 2 2
D Z
2 8242 . 0
a 2 2
D Z
2
a 2
2
a
2
1
a 2 2
D Z
V
2 2
o
2 2
o
2
2 2 4 2
o

(B-28)

( )
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+
(
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
2
o
2
2
o
2
2 2 4
2
o
a 2
D Z
8242 . 0
a 2
D Z
a 2
2
a
2
1
a 2
D Z V

(B-29)



11
( )

|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ |

\
|
+
(
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
a 2
8242 . 0
2
a 2
2
2
a 2
2
2
a
2
1
4
a 2
D
2
o
Z V
(B-30)

( )

|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+ |

\
|
+
(
(

\
|
|

\
|
+ =
2 2
2
2 2 4
2 3 2
o
a 2
1
8242 . 0
a 2
1 a 2
2
a
2
1
a 2
1
D Z V

(B-31)

( )

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
(
(

\
|
|
|

\
|
+ =
2 2 2
2 2
4
2 3 2
o
a 4
1
8242 . 0
a 4
1 a 2
2
a
2
1
a 16
1
D Z V

(B-32)

( )

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
(

\
|
|
|

\
|
+ =
2 2 2 2
2 3 2
o
a 4
1
8242 . 0
a 4
1 2
2
1
2
1
a 16
1
D Z V

(B-33)


( )

\
|
+ |

\
|
+
(
(

\
|
|

\
|

+ =
4
8242 . 0
4
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
16
1
2
2
a
1
3
D
2
o
Z V
(B-34)


( )
)
`

\
|
+ |

\
|
+
(

\
|

)
`

+ =
4
8242 . 0
4
1 2
2
1
32
1
a
1
D Z V
2
2
2
3 2
o
(B-35)

( )

\
|
+ |

\
|
+
(
(

\
|
)
`

+ =
4
8242 . 0
4
1
2
2 32
1
a
1
D Z V
2
2
3 2
o
(B-36)

12
[ ] ( )
)
`

\
|
+ |

\
|
+
|

\
|
)
`

+ =
4
8242 . 0
4
1
4
64
1
a
1
D Z V
2
2
3 2
o
(B-37)

[ ] ( ) { } + +
)
`

+ = 16 8242 . 0 16 4
a 64
1
D Z V
2
2
3 2
o
(B-38)

[ ] ( ) { } + +
)
`

+ = 16 8242 . 0 16 4
a 64
1
D Z V
2
2
3 2
o
(B-39)

{ } +
)
`

+ = 16 0568 . 19
a 64
1
D Z V
2
3 2
o
(B-40)

{ } +
)
`

+ = 25 . 0 2978 . 0
a
1
D Z V
2
3 2
o
(B-41)


Now equate the total kinetic energy with the total strain energy per Rayleigh's method.


[ ] { } +
)
`

+ =


25 . 0 2978 . 0
a
1
D Z 4
4
a Z h
2
3 2
o
2
2 2
o
2
(B-42)


[ ] { } +
)
`


25 . 0 2978 . 0
a
1
D 4
4
a h
2
3 2
2 2
(B-43)

[ ] { } +
)
`


25 . 0 2978 . 0
a
1
D 4
4
h
4
3 2
2
(B-44)

[ ] { } +
)
`

=

25 . 0 2978 . 0
a
1
D 4
4
h
4
4 2
2
(B-45)

13
[ ] { } +
)
`

= 25 . 0 2978 . 0
a
4
D 4 h
4
4 2 2
(B-46)

[ ]
{ } +

)
`

= 25 . 0 2978 . 0
4 h
1
a
4
D
2 4
4 2
(B-47)

[ ]
{ } +

)
`

= 1911 . 1
4 h
1
a
1
D
2 4
4 2
(B-48)


Let = 0.3, which is the typical Poisson's ratio.


[ ]
{ } 3 . 0 1911 . 1
4 h
1
a
1
D
2 4
4 2
+

)
`

= (B-49)

[ ]
{ } 4911 . 1
4 h
1
a
1
D
2 4
4 2

)
`

= (B-50)

[ ]
{ } 4911 . 1
4 h
1
a
1
D
2 4
4 2

)
`

= (B-51)

[ ]
{ } 4911 . 1
4 h
1
a
1
D
2 4
4

)
`

= (B-52)


h
D
a
9744 . 4
2

= (B-53)

The natural frequency f
n
is

=
2
1
f
n
(B-54)


h
e
D
2
a 2
9744 . 4
n
f

= (B-55)
14

APPENDIX C



Integral Table

Equation (C-1) is taken from Reference 1.

2
b
bx cos
b
bx sin x
dx bx cos x + =

(C-1)

Now consider

dr
a
r
cos 1
r
1
2
1
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
a
0
a
0
2

(

\
|
= |

\
|
(C-2)


Nondimensionalize,

a
r
x

= (C-3)

r x
a
=

(C-4)

dr
a
dx

= (C-5)

dr dx
a
=

(C-6)


[ ] dx x cos 1
x
1
a 2
a
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
0
a
0
2

\
|

= |

\
|
(C-7)


[ ] dx x cos 1
x
1
2
1
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
0
a
0
2


= |

\
|
(C-8)

15

Recall the series

! 12
x
! 10
x
! 8
x
! 6
x
! 4
x
! 2
x
1 x cos
12 10 8 6 4 2
+ + + (C-9)


dx
! 12
x
! 10
x
! 8
x
! 6
x
! 4
x
! 2
x
1 1
x
1
2
1
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
0
12 10 8 6 4 2
a
0
2

(
(

+ + + |

\
|


(C-10)


dx
! 12
x
! 10
x
! 8
x
! 6
x
! 4
x
! 2
x
x
1
2
1
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
0
12 10 8 6 4 2
a
0
2


(
(

+ + |

\
|

(C-11)


dx
! 12
x
! 10
x
! 8
x
! 6
x
! 4
x
! 2
x
2
1
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
0
11 9 7 5 3 1
a
0
2


(
(

+ + |

\
|

(C-12)

(
(

\
|

0
12 10 8 6 4 2
a
0
2
! 12 12
x
! 10 10
x
! 8 8
x
! 6 6
x
! 4 4
x
! 2 2
x
2
1
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1


(C-13)


( ) 6483 . 1
2
1
dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
a
0
2
|

\
|

(C-14)

8242 . 0 dr
a 2
r
sin
r
1
a
0
2
|

\
|

(C-15)
16
APPENDIX D


Solution of Differential Equation via Bessel Functions

The governing equation is taken from References 5 and 6.


0 ) , r ( Z
4
) , r ( Z
4
= (D-1)


e
D
h
2
4

= (D-2)

4 / 1
e
D
h
2
(
(


= (D-2)

|

\
|

=
2
1 12
3
Eh
e
D (D-3)


|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

= =
2
2
2
r
1
r r
1
2
r
2
2
2
2
r
1
r r
1
2
r
2
2 2 4
(D-4)


The governing equation may be written as


{ }{ } 0 ) , r ( Z
2 2 2 2
= + (D-5)


Thus the equation is satisfy by


{ } 0 ) , r ( Z
2 2
= (D-6)


Separate variables

) ( ) r ( R ) , r ( Z = (D-7)

17
By substitution


0 ) ( ) r ( R
2
2
2
2
r
1
r r
1
2
r
2
=

+
|
|

\
|

(D-8)


0 R
2
R
2
2
2
r
1
R
r r
1
R
2
r
2
= +
|
|

\
|

(D-9)


0 R
2
2
d
2
d
2
r
R
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d
= +
|
|

\
|

+ + (D-10)


Similarly,

0 R
2
2
d
2
d
2
r
R
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d
=
|
|

\
|

+ + (D-11)

Thus,

0 R
2
2
d
2
d
2
r
R
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d
=
|
|

\
|

+ + (D-12)


2
d
2
d
2
r
R
R
2
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d

=
|
|

\
|
+ (D-13)


2
d
2
d
2
r
1
2
dr
dR
r R
1
2
dr
R
2
d
R
1

=
|
|

\
|
+ (D-14)


2
d
2
d 1
2
r
2
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d
R
2
r

=
|
|

\
|
+ (D-15)
18

The equation can be satisfied if each expression is equal to the same constant .
2
k

2
k
2
d
2
d 1
2
r
2
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d
R
2
r
=

=
|
|

\
|
+ (D-16)

Thus

2
k
2
r
2
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d
R
2
r
=
|
|

\
|
+ (D-17)

0 R
2
r
2
k
2
dr
dR
r
1
2
dr
R
2
d
=
(
(

+ + (D-18)


Define a new variable

=
r j
r
(D-19)

=
2
r
2
2
r
2
2
(D-20)

2
2
2
r
2
(D-21)


Chain rule

dr d = (D-22)

dr
d
d
d
dr
d

= (D-23)

=
d
d
dr
d
(D-24)

19
0 R
2
r
2
k
2
r
2
d
dR
2
r
2
d
R
2
d
2
r
2
=
(
(

(D-25)


0 R
2
k
2
d
dR
2
d
R
2
d
2
=
(

(D-26)


0 R
2
2
k
1
d
dR 1
2
d
R
2
d
=
(
(

+

+

(D-27)


Equation (D-27) is Bessels equation of fractional order.

The solution for circular plates that are closed in the direction is

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + + =
n
K G
n
Y F
n
I D
n
J C ) ( R (D-28)


Equation (D-28) represents Bessel of the first and second kind and modified Bessel of the
first and second kind.

Both ( )
n
Y and ( )
n
K are singular at = 0.

Thus for a plate with no hole, F = G = 0.


( ) ( ) + =
n
I D
n
J C ) ( R (D-29)



Furthermore, from equation (D-16),

2
k
2
d
2
d 1
=

(D-30)

0
2
k
2
d
2
d
= +

(D-31)


20
The solution for circular plates that are closed in the direction is

+ = k sin B

k cos A

, k = n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .. (D-32)


Or equivalently

[ ] ) ( k cos A = .. (D-33)


The total solution is thus

( ) ( ) { } [ ] { } ) ( k cos A
n
I D
n
J C ) , ( Z + = (D-34)


Set the phase angle =0.


( ) ( ) { } ) k cos( A
n
I D
n
J C ) , ( Z + = (D-35)


Set A =1. Note that the mass normalization will be performed using the C and D
coefficients.

( ) ( ) { } ) k cos(
n
I D
n
J C ) , ( Z + = (D-36)
21

APPENDIX E


Simply Supported Plate, Bessel Function Solution

The boundary conditions are

0 ) , a ( Z = (E-1)

0
r
M = at r = a (E-2)

0
2
Z
2
=

at r = a (E-3)


Note that
(
(

|
|

\
|

=
2
Z
2
2
r
1
r
Z
r
1
2
r
Z
2
D
r
M (E-4)


Boundary condition (E-3) requires that

(
(

=
r
Z
r
2
r
Z
2
D
r
M at r = a (E-5)


) ( ) r ( R ) , r ( Z = (E-6)


( ) ( ) [ ] ) k cos( r
n
I D r
n
J C ) , r ( Z + = (E-7)


( ) ( ) [ ] 0 ) k cos( a
n
I D a
n
J C ) , a ( Z = + = (E-8)


( ) ( ) 0 a
n
I D a
n
J C = + (E-9)

22

( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) [ ] a r at ) k cos( r
n
I D r
n
J C
r r
1
D
) k cos( r
n
I D r
n
J C
2
r
2
D
r
M
=
(


(
(

=

(E-10)




( ) ( )
( ) ( ) a r at r
n
I
dr
d
r
1
D r
n
J
dr
d
r
1
C ) k cos(
E
D
r
n
I
2
dr
2
d
D r
n
J
2
dr
2
d
C ) k cos(
E
D
r
M
=
(

+
(
(

+ =

(E-11)


0
a r
r
M =
=
(E-12)



( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 r I
dr
d
a
1
D r J
dr
d
a
1
C r I
dr
d
D r J
dr
d
C
n n n
2
2
n
2
2
=
(

+ +
(
(

+ , at r = a

(E-13)


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 r I
dr
d
a
r I
dr
d
D r J
dr
d
a
r J
dr
d
C
n n
2
2
n n
2
2
=
(
(

+ +
(
(

+ , at r = a

(E-14)

Let
r = (E-15)


23

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 I
d
d
a
I
d
d
D J
d
d
a
J
d
d
C
n n
2
2
2
n n
2
2
2
=
(
(

+
(
(

,
at a =

(E-36)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 I
d
d
a
I
d
d
D J
d
d
a
J
d
d
C
n n
2
2
n n
2
2
=
(
(

+
(
(

,
at a =

(E-37)

Recall equation (E-9).


( ) ( ) 0
n
I D
n
J C = + , at a = (E-38)


( ) ( ) =
n
J C
n
I D , at a = (E-39)


( )
( )

=
n
I
n
J
C D , at a = (E-40)

By substitution,

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 0 I
d
d
a
I
d
d
I
J
C J
d
d
a
J
d
d
C
n n
2
2
n
n
n n
2
2
=
(
(

(
(

,

at a =

(E-41)


( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) 0 ) ( I
d
d
a
I
d
d
I
J
J
d
d
a
J
d
d
n n
2
2
n
n
n n
2
2
=
(
(

(
(

, at a =

(E-42)



24
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) 0 I
d
d
a
I
d
d
I
1
J
d
d
a
J
d
d
J
1
n n
2
2
n
n n
2
2
n
=
(
(

(
(

,

at a =

(E-43)

Note the following identities:


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+
+
=

n
J
n
1 n
J
n
J
n
1 n
J
n
J
d
d
(E-44)


( ) ( ) ( )

+
+

n
J
d
d n
1 n
J
d
d
n
J
2
d
2
d
(E-45)


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+
+

+
(

+
+ =

n
J
n
1 n
J
n
1 n
J
1 n
n
J
n
J
2
d
2
d
(E-46)


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+
+

+
(

+
+ =

n
J
n
1 n
J
n
1 n
J
1 n
n
J
n
J
2
d
2
d
(E-47)


( ) ( ) ( )
+
(

+
(
(

+ =

1 n
J
1
n
J
2
2
n
1
n
J
2
d
2
d
(E-48)













25
Analyze the first term of equation (E-42).

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

+
(
(

+ +
(

+
=

+
(
(

+ +

+
=
(

+
+

+
(
(

+
(

+
(
(

=
(
(

+
a
n
2
2
n
1
a
n
J
1 n
J
a
n
2
2
n
1
n
J
1 n
J
a
n
J
1 n
J
n
J
n
1 n
J
n
J
1
a
1 n
J
1
n
J
2
2
n
1
n
J
1
n
J
d
d
a
n
J
2
d
2
d
n
J
1
(E-49)


Consider the following identities:


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+
+
=

n
I
n
1 n
I
n
I
n
1 n
I
n
I
d
d
(E-50)


( ) ( ) ( )

+
+

n
I
d
d n
1 n
I
d
d
n
I
2
d
2
d
(E-51)


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

+
+

+
(

+
=

n
I
n
1 n
I
n
1 n
I
1 n
n
I
n
I
2
d
2
d
(E-52)


( ) ( ) ( )
+
(


(
(

+ =

1 n
I
1
n
I
2
2
n
1
n
I
2
d
2
d
(E-53)




26
Analyze the second term of equation (E-42).

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

(
(

+
(

(
(

=
(

+
+

+
(


(
(

=
(
(

a
n
2
2
n
1
n
I
1 n
I
a
a
n
2
2
n
1
n
I
1 n
I
a
n
I
1 n
I
n
I
n
1 n
I
n
I
1
a
1 n
I
1
n
I
2
2
n
1
n
I
1
n
I
d
d
a
n
I
2
d
2
d
n
I
1

(E-54)


By substitution,

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) , 0 I
d
d
a I
1
I
d
d
I
1
J
d
d
a J
1
J
d
d
J
1
n
n
n
2
2
n
n
n
n
2
2
n
=
(

(
(

+
(
(

+

at a =

(E-55)


( )
( )
( )
( )
0
a
n
2
2
n
1
n
I
1 n
I
a a
n
2
2
n
1
a
n
J
1 n
J
=

(
(

+
(

+
(
(

+ +
(

+
,

at a =

(E-56)



27
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 2
n
I
1 n
I
a a
n
J
1 n
J
=

+
(

+
, at a = (E-57)


( )
( )
( )
( )
0 2
n
I
1 n
I
a a
n
J
1 n
J
= +

+
(

+
(

+
, at a = (E-58)


( )
( )
( )
( )
=

+
(

+
(

+
2
n
I
1 n
I
a a
n
J
1 n
J
, at a = (E-59)


( )
( )
( )
( )
(

+
+

+
a
2
n
I
1 n
I
n
J
1 n
J
, at a = (E-60)


( )
( )
( )
( )
(

+
+

+
a
1
a
2
n
I
1 n
I
n
J
1 n
J
, at a = (E-61)


( )
( )
( )
( ) +

=

+
+

+
1
a 2
n
I
1 n
I
n
J
1 n
J
, at a = (E-62)


( )
( )
( )
( ) +

=

+
+

+
1
2
n
I
1 n
I
n
J
1 n
J
, at a = (E-63)


( )
( )
( )
( )

+
+

+
1
2
n
I
1 n
I
n
J
1 n
J
, at a = (E-64)


The following form is better suited for numerical root-finding purposes.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]

= +
+ + n n 1 n n 1 n n
I J
1
2
I J J I , at a = (E-65)



28
The roots of equation (E-65) for 3 . 0 = are

k n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3
0 4.9351 13.8982 25.6133 39.9573
1 29.9844 48.7391 70.1170 95.2930
2 74.9211 103.4057 134.4289 168.8374
3 138.7787 176.8456 218.2026 264.0849


The roots were determined using the secant method.

The fundamental natural frequency is thus

a = (E-66)

e
2
4
D
h
= (E-67)

4 / 1
e
2
D
h
a
(
(


= (E-68)

4
e
4
2
a h
D

= (E-69)

h
D
a
e
2
2

= (E-70)

h
D
a
4.9351
e
2

= (E-71)



The mode shapes are defined by

( ) ( ) [ ] ) k cos( r I D r J C ) , r ( Z
n n
+ = (E-72)



29
Recall


( )
( )

=
n
n
I
J
C D , at a = (E-73)


( )
( )
( )
( ) ) k cos( r I
I
J
C r J C ) , r ( Z
n
n
n
n

)
`

+ = (E-74)


( )
( )
( )
( ) ) k cos( r I
I
J
r J C ) , r ( Z
n
n
n
n

)
`

= (E-75)

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