TRNG I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MNH I HC KHOA HC T NHIN KHOA MI TRNG

TN TI:

X L NC THI BNG T NGP NC

NHM: LP: KHA: GVHD :

LG8X 07CM 2007 TS. Trng Thanh Cnh

X l nc thi bng t ngp nc

GVHD:TS.Trng Thanh Cnh

THNG 10 NM 2009

DANH SCH NHM

Nguyn Hu t Nguyn Th Ngc ip Lm Trn Vn Anh Nguyn Th Kim Anh Phm L Giang Phm Thu H Phan Hu K H Nht Linh Phm Hu Phc Trn Quang Trung Nguyn Thanh Tun 0722004 0722005 0722007 0722008 0722019 0722020 0722034 0722041 0722058 0722079 0722080

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MC LC
LI NI U NI DUNG CHNH CHNG 1: CC QU TRNH SINH HC NHNG H THNG T NGP NC C NG DNG TRONG X L NC THI.........................................................................................................................5
I. II. III.

Khi nim t ngp nc...........................................................................5 Gii thiu h thng m phng t ngp nc............................................8 Vai tr ca thc vt 9
1.Cc loi thc vt ngp nc.................................................................9 2.D tr dinh dng tim nng.............................................................11 3.S tch ly carbon trong t t r.......................................................12 4.Qu trnh phng thch oxygen t r....................................................14 5.S trao i cht ca cc xennobiotic..................................................17 6.S thot hi nc...............................................................................19 7.nh hng ca cu trc t................................................................19

IV. Vai tr ca vi sinh vt V.

21

Nhng kha cnh v cng ngh................................................................22

CHNG 2: CC NG DNG NHNG H THNG M PHNG T NGP NC TRONG X L NC...............................................24

I. II. S lc v bi lc trng cy.....................................................................24 ng dng 25 2............................................................................................. Vit Nam 27 Nhm: LG8X Page 3 25 1............................................................................................Trn th gii

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TI LIU THAM KHO

LI NI U
t ngp nc, mt khi nim m ai cng c th tng tng c, nhng s a dng v c o ca n th khng phi ai cng c th hnh dung ra c. Nh chng ta bit, nc ta c mt b bin di, chnh v th m din tch t ngp nc chim 1/3 din tch c nc, ngha l khong 7-10 ha, c phn b vng chu th sng Hng, sng Cu Long, cc h sinh thi m ph, cc bi bn, cc vng ca sng v vng ngp mn dc theo b bin t Mng Ci n H Tin. t ngp nc l mt h sinh thi rt c th, c ngha quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t-x hi, bo v mi trng v a dng sinh hc. Trc ht y l vng c nng sut sinh hc cao, cung cp ngun lng thc v thc phm ch yu nui sng con ngi. ng thi cng l vng t c chc nng bo v mi trng c bn nh iu tit ngun nc ngm, khng ch l lt, bo v b bin, n nh vi kh huc bit hn, gn y c nhng nghin cu v ng dng ca cc loi thc vt, sinh vt ngp nc trong vic x l nc thi, ni bt trong l cc i r cy v cc vi sinh vt. Nhm chng ti tm hiu v trnh by li mt s kin thc thu c v nhng vn trn trong bi bo co di y.

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CHNG 1: CC QU TRNH SINH HC NHNG H THNG T NGP NC C NG DNG TRONG X L NC THI

I.

KHI NIM T NGP NC:

t ngp nc (wetland) c hiu l phn t c cha nc trong t thng xuyn dng bo ho hoc cn bo ha. Trong thin nhin, t ngp nc hin din cc vng trng thp nh cc cnh ng l, m ly, ao h, knh rch, rung nc, vn cy, rng ngp nc mn hoc nc ngt, cc ca sng tip gip vi bin, Vng BSCL c xem l vng t ngp nc rng ln ca nc ta v c cc yu t ca nh ngha ny. t ngp nc c xem l vng t giu tnh a dng sinh hc, c nhiu tim nng nng lm ng nghip nhng rt nhy cm v mt mi trng sinh thi. t ngp nc tham gia tch cc vo chu trnh thy vn v c kh nng x l cht thi qua qu trnh t lm sch bng cc tc ng l ha v sinh hc phc tp. Tuy nhin, vic x l nc thi qua t ngp nc t nhin thng chm, phi c nhiu din tch v kh kim sot qu trnh x l nn cc nh khoa hc xut ra bin php xy dng cc khu x l nc thi qua t (land treatment). Khu ny c gi l khu t ngp nc kin to (constructed wetland) hay h thng m phng t ngp nc, ch kin to c hiu l h thng c thit k v xy dng nh mt vng t ngp nc nhng vic x l nc thi hiu qu hn, gim din tch v c bit c th qun l c qu trnh vn hnh mc n gin. X l nc thi bng t ngp nc kin to c p dng khong 100 nm nay M v Chu u v gn y nht l cc nc Chu v Chu c. Vic nghin cu k thut t ngp nc kin to kh nhiu trong khong hn 20 nm nay, c bit l cc cng trnh ca Kadlec v Knight (1996), US-EPA (1988), Moshiri, (1993), Kadllec et al. (2000), Solano etal. (2003), Vymazal Nhm: LG8X Page 5

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(2005), cho thy hiu qu x l cc cht nhim nh nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5), nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD), lng oxy ha tan (DO), tng lng cht rn l lng (TSS), m tng s (TKN), tng Phophorous (Ptotal), tng s Coliform, u c gim ng k trong nc thi. C 2 kiu phn loi t ngp nc kin to c bn theo hnh thc chy: loi chy t do trn mt t (free surface flow) v loi chy ngm trong t (subsurface flow). Loi chy t do th t tn km v to s iu ha nhit khu vc cao hn loi chy ngm nhng hiu qu x l th km hn, tn din tch t nhiu hn v c th phi gii quyt thm vn mui v cn trng pht trin. t ngp nc kin to kiu chy ngm li phn ra hai kiu chy: chy ngang (horizontal flow) (hnh 1) v chy thng ng (vertical flow) (hnh 2). Vic chn la kiu hnh ty thuc vo a hnh v nng lng my bm. i khi ngi ta phi hp c hai hnh thc x l ny. Nhiu loi cy trng cho vng t ngp nc kin to c la chn tham gia vo qu trnh hp thu cc cht nhim trong nc thi, nhiu nht l cc loi cy sy, nn, lc, c Vetiver (cho loi chy ngm) hoc lc bnh, hoa sng, bo cc loi,

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Hnh 1: S t ngp nc kin to chy ngm theo chiu ngang

Hnh 2: S t ngp nc kin to chy ngm theo chiu ng

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II.

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GII THIU H THNG M PHNG T NGP NC:

Ngy nay cc h thng m phng nhng h thng t ngp nc c c s chp thun ca quc t v cc phng php x l nc thi bn cnh cc k thut thng thng. Cc nh khoa hc nhn nhn nhng h thng t ngp nc t nhin nh nhng ng c m t; cc vng m ly, vng ly; nhng h cha nc thi t nhin; cc h nc ngt, nh, nng ca sng; nhng vng t ngp nc khc nhau c xy dng bi con ngi vi dng chy nm ngang lp mt hay dng chy thng ng (hoc nm ngang) cc lp su bn di.(Kadlec, 1987; Wissing, 1995) Mt cch tng qut, cc h thng m phng t ngp nc c nh ngha nh l cc vng t ngp nc c m phng theo mt mc ch nht nh v c xy dng trn cc khu vc phi ngp nc x l nc nhim. Trong thc t, tt c nhng h thng x l nc thi (ch yu l nc thi sinh hot nhng cng c th l nc thi cng nghip, nng nghip, nc r rc) nh trn thng c s dng kt hp vi cc phng php x l khc. (Wissing, 1995) Ni chung, cht tham gia phn ng cng vi tnh cht vt l ha hc ca n v cc nh hng quan trng lm bin i mt qu trnh sinh hc c th chnh yu c gy ra do s tng tc gia cc loi thc vt, vi sinh vt, t cht nhim c xem nh l mt black box v thng tin ca n th rt khng y . Cc thng tin chi tit hn v vai tr ca s a dng cc loi thc vt, s lng ca nhng tp hp vi sinh( cc loi vi sinh vt cng sinh) khc nhau, v s tng tc ca cc hp cht sinh hc v nhng tp cht c th kt hp vi vt liu ca lp lc c th gip to ra phng php x l hiu qu hn bng cch cho php thit lp nhng h thng mu nh trn. Do , mc ch ca vic lm trn phi p ng nhng iu kin cn thit tng cng nhng tng tc sinh hc ln nht trong i r cy- mt n lc cn

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thit pht trin nhng h thng n gin v r tin nhm x l cc vn nc thi ca cc quc gia km pht trin.

V vy, chng ny tp trung ni v cc qu trnh sinh hc trong i r cy, trong ni bt l s ng dng ca cc dng chy cc tng di mt nc c hnh thnh vng t ngp nc.

III. VAI TR CA THC VT:

1.Cc loi thc vt ngp nc:

C hng trm loi thc vt ngp nc khc nhau (Mhlberg, 1980). Vic ng dng nhng loi thc vt trong cc h thng m phng t ngp nc x l nc thi th ph thuc vo cc c im thch nghi ca chng khi c trng vng t ngp nc v chu ng c cc thng s cc hn khc nhau v ha hc t cng nh nc (hoc nc thi), v d nh:

Hm lng Oxygen (vi mi trng ch yu l k kh, c mt H2S). Gi tr pH.

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Thnh phn c tnh ca nc thi (phenol, cht hot ng b mt, thuc bo v thc vt, kim loi nng, v.v ). mn.

a s cc loi thc vt m ly c th c trng cc iu kin trn, chng c th thch ng trong iu kin ym kh t hoc nhiu trong t bng cch tc ng n con ng thu nhn khng kh vo r trong nc. Nhiu thp k tri qua, nhiu loi c trng th trong cc iu kin cc hn nh th. Cc th nghim thc t tm ra c hng chc loi khc nhau c th thch nghi vi nhng iu kin . Gn y, cc loi cy tng trng nhanh cng c trng th trong cc h thng m phng vng t ngp nc. Bng 1. Cc loi thc vt c s dng ph bin x l nc thi trong cc h thng m phng ngp nc. Loi Pharagmite australis (cy sy) c im Phn b ton cu. Gi tr pH ti u: 2 8. Typha latifolia Ngng chu ng mn: < 45g/l. Phn b ton cu. Gi tr pH ti u: 4 10. Typha angustifolia Ngng chu ng mn: < 1g/l. Phn b ton cu. Gi tr pH ti u: 4 10. Ngng chu ng mn: 15 30 Scripus sp. (cy c nn) Juncus sp. (cy bc, cy ci) g/l. Phn b ton cu. Gi tr pH ti u: 4 9. Phn b ton cu. Gi tr pH ti u: 5 7.5. Ngng chu ng mn: 0 25 g/l,

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Iris pseudacorus Carex sp. (cy ci ti, cy lch)

Phn b ton cu. Gi tr pH ti u: 5 7.5. Ngng chu ng mn: < 0.5g/l.

Glyceria maxima Acorus calamus (cy thch xng b)

2.D tr dinh dng tim nng:

Cc c ch chuyn ha chnh ca cc cht dinh dng chnh l cc qu trnh vi sinh nh l s nitrat ha, s phn nitrat ha v cc qu trnh ha l nh s c nh ca phosphate bng cc ion st v nhm trong t. Tuy nhin, thc vt c kh nng chu ng c nng cao cc cht dinh dng v kim loi nng, mt s khc c kh nng tch ly chng trong m bo. Dng phosphorus c kt hp vi sinh khi b mt ca cy c nn( bulrushes) th vo khong 6.7 g/m2.a (Seidel, 1966). Gn y, ngi ta tin hnh kim tra nng P trong m bo trung gian vi nhiu loi thc vt khc nhau, kt qu thu c vi gi tr P vo khong 0.15% 1.05% khi lng kh (Mc Jannet et al. 1995). T kha cnh k thut, s c nh nitrogen trong sinh khi thc vt cng khng quan trng nhiu. Bi v ch c khong 5 10% c chuyn ha khi thc vt to sinh khi (Thable, 1984). Nm 1996, Tanner c tnh nng ca nitrogen trn m biu b ca thc vt ngp nc ch chim 15 32 mgN trong 100 g khi lng kh. iu kin Chu u, vic tch ly dinh dng thp nn sinh khi thc vt ni chung khng c to ra trong vng ny. Thay vo , s loi b kim loi nng dng nh kh thi hn bng nhiu c ch khc nhau nh l qu trnh keo t ca ion st (hoc ca ion nhm kim loi chuyn tip) thnh cc phc hydroxide st (III) hay keo t sulfide bng qu trnh kh H2S thnh cc dng khc nhau.

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Hin nay, c mt nghin cu chuyn su tp trung vo s chn la thc vt bng cc phng php thng thng v to ra cc ging thc vt chuyn gen vi kh nng chu ng v tch ly kim loi nng cao (Macek et al, 1997). Mc ch ca cng trnh ny l pht trin nhng phng php kinh t to ra b lc t r loi b kim loi nng v cc nuclide phng x, v.v t dng nc.
3.S tch ly carbon trong t t r:

Thc vt to ra mt li thng vn chuyn carbon t r ca chng vo mi trng t, qu trnh ny cn c gi l s tch ly carbon trong t t r. Sn phm ca qu trnh ny bao gm cht dch, cht nhy t cy hay cc t bo cht, v.v nh hng n cc qu trnh sinh hc trong i r cy. Hm lng carbon hu c c tit ra t r cy thng vo khong 10 40% trong sn phm ca qu trnh quang hp cc loi cy nng nghip (Helal v Sauerbeck, 1989). Bn cht t nhin ca cc cht dch ni trn thng th kh l khc bit nhau. Ni chung, cc hp cht c tm thy trong m bo thc vt cng thng b r ra ngoi. Ly v d, cc hp cht thng b r ra ngoi mi trng t r cy bao gm cc loi ng v vitamin nh thiamime, riboflavin (B1), pyridoxin, v.v; cc acid hu c nh acid malic v citric; cc amino acid, cc benzoic acid, nhng dn xut ca phenol v cc hp cht khc (Miersch et al.., 1989). Cc hp cht ni trn c phn chia thnh cc nhm chnh v nhm ph, chng c cc vai tr sau:

C dnh cc cht dinh dng : S thiu ht dinh dng c th kch thch s bi tit cc acid hu c v cc

hp cht khc lm gia tng ha tan ca cc dng phosphate v st, t gia tng lng dinh dng m thc vt hp th (Hoffland et al.., 1982).

Tc ng tng h : Mt s loi c bit bi tit ra nhng hp cht c bit vo mi trng t

lm gim s tng trng ca cc loi thc vt khc (Miersch et al.., 1989). Tc ng ny c nghin cu su sc trn cc loi thc vt trong nng nghip. Tuy nhin, vi cc loi thc vt m ly th rt kh tm thy cc du hiu cho bit s nh

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hng qua li ca chng vi cc loi khc t nhiu ngun ti liu khc nhau (Gopal v Goel, 1993). nh hng ca i r cy : Nhng hp cht nh l cc loi ng v amino acid c th ng vai tr nh l nhng c cht ca cc loi vi sinh vt. Khi c s hin din ca vitamin, s tng trng ca vi sinh vt c th c tng thm. Trong bo co ca Helal v Sauerbeck nm 1989 cho thy phn khi lng kh (khong 80%) ca cc hp cht hu c c tit ra t chi Zea c th c chuyn ha thnh CO2 nh mt s loi vi sinh sng trong t, dn n s gia tng sinh khi ca vt cht trong i r cy. Hn th na, c mt chng c cho thy phn xc thc vt cng nh hng n qu trnh t phn hy vi sinh ca mt s sinh vt l cha c bit ti (Horswell et al.., 1997). Thm vo , nhng thng tin v dch r t r ca mt s thc vt m ly th rt hn ch. Tht vy, khng c bt k mt kt qu nghin cu no v dch r t r ca cc loi cy ni trn, k c khi chng trng thnh. Nm 1970, Kaitzis nghin cu chit xut t r ca loi Scirpus lacustris v tm thy mt s dn xut ca benzene vi nhm hydroxyl, nhm methoxyl (CH3O-), aldehyde v nhm carboxyl. Nhng cht chit xut ny th hin cc tc ng dit khun, v do ngi ta cho rng n c nh hng tiu cc n i r cy. Ly v d sau, c mt bn bo co kt qu tc ng ni trn ca chit xut t r mt s loi nh Alisma plantago, Mentha aquatica, Juncus effusus, Scirpus lacutris, Alnus glutinosa, v.v Ngi ta nhn thy s lng t bo Escherichia Coli, enterococci v salmonellae b suy gim rt nhiu trong mu huyn ph v nc thi bnh vin (Seidel, 1973). Nhng tc ng tng t nh vy cng c pht hin bi Burger v Weise (1984), h l nhng ngi tm ra s suy gim nhanh chng s lng t bo E. Coli trong lp ct y khi so snh chng vi lp m kim sot mu trong mi trng ngp nc ca mt s thc vt m ly nh Glyceria maxima, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Alisma plantago aquatica, v Mentha aquatica. Tuy

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vy, tht kh c th rt ra mt kt lun xa hn bi v bn miu t qu trnh th nghim khng r rng v thiu dn chng. Sau , Vincent v cc cng s (1984) tin hnh kim tra hot tnh ca Mentha aquatica, Phragmites australis v Scirpus lacustris mi trng huyn ph vi E. Coli iu kin v trng trong ng nghim. C 3 loi cy trn u ngn cn s pht trin ca E. Coli trong h thng th nghim, trong Scirpus sp (cy c nn) c hiu qu hn c. Sau khi loi b thc vt ra khi dung dch dinh dng, ch cn li loi Mentha aquatica vi chit xut tng trng ca n vi tc ng dit khun yu. Do , cc tc gi kt lun rng qu trnh tch ly carbon t r ph thuc vo s c mt trc tip hay thm ch l mi tng tc vi r cy. Nm 1995, Rivera v cng s quan st c mt lng ln t bo E. Coli b loi b khi mi trng t ca r cy sy v cattail (35 91%) nu so snh vi lp m kim sot mu (0 35%). Trong nhng th nghim ni trn, khng c s khc bit c th no v hiu sut loi b t bo cho thy chng ph thuc vo loi cy. Mc d c nhng bn m t nh trn nhng thc t th vn rt kh hiu c qu trnh tit dch ca r cy s kch thch hay hn ch s pht trin ca vi khun. Thm vo , cc c ch khc ca thc vt c tc ng gin tip nh s hp ph, s kt dnh, s lc, hot tnh ca ng vt nguyn sinh v.v c th c mt vai tr no (Kadlec v Knight, 1986).
4.Qu trnh phng thch oxygen t r:

Cc loi thc vt bc cao thch ng bn thn rt nhanh khi c s thiu ht oxygen trong i r cy. Mt s th rt nhy cm v dn n cht, s khc th thch nghi vi iu kin thiu oxygen vi nhiu c ch khc nhau (Vartapetian v Jackson, 1997). Cc c ch c bit n cc loi thc vt m ly, vn c kh nng cung cp thm oxygen cho r t l ca chng. S b sung khng kh t l cho r chu nh hng bi mt loi m bo c bit gi l m thng kh. Loi m ny chim n 60% tng th tch m bo ca thc vt. Hnh 2 minh ha mt cch n gin cc qu trnh nh hng n u vo, s vn chuyn, s tiu th v s pht thi ca cc phn t kh. Nhm: LG8X Page 14

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S chnh lch nhit bn trong T1 v nhit mi trng xung quanh T2 i vi cc l non s hnh thnh nn mt dng di chuyn khng kh t mi trng ngoi vo trong l (hiu ng Knudsen). Nhit bn trong T1 cng cao, s dng di chuyn khng kh s tng ln nhm hn ch dng di chuyn ngc tr li mi trng v cui cng lm cho p sut bn trong l P1 tng ln. Phn p sut d dng P1 cng vi p sut d m P2 trong cc m tiu th oxygen ca r c c l do ha tan CO2 cao hn so vi lng O2 tiu th thng qua dng i lu khng kh bn trong thc vt nh h thng m thng kh. Nh c dng i lu kh ny m hiu sut cung cp O2 cao hn so vi khi ch c mt dng khuch tn O2. iu m bo cung cp O2 trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn n cc u r v su trong r nh loi Phragmites. Cui cng, dng kh thot ra t cc l gi bi v c s cn bng p sut gia p sut d dng P1 ca l non so vi p sut P0 ca mi trng bao quanh l gi.

Dng oxygen i xuyn vo trong r c vai tr khng ch l s h hp ca r. cng c th l cc r tr phng thch oxygen qua vch ngn b r vo mi trng t ca r cy (Armstrong v cng s, 1991).

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S to ra oxygen trong mi trng t ca r cy lm thay i cc iu kin oxy ha kh ca cc vng thiu oxygen v dn n cc qu trnh oxy ha hu c v v c. Ty vo loi thc vt m ly m lng oxygen c gii phng vo mi trng t ca r s khc nhau v c o thc nghim bng cc k thut khc nhau. Mt s phng php th nghim c tin hnh, mt phn trong s nhm mc ch tm ra gi tr oxygen ti ch. Bi v mt s kh khn v thit b v s khng ng nht cc thng s ca qu trnh nn vic tnh ton lng oxygen c gii phng mc no khng phi l iu d dng (Birx, 1993). Phn ln cc nghin cu u tp trung vo nh gi s tht thot gc oxygen trong dung dch thiu oxygen, trong c s dng cc vi in cc l ch yu, thng qua cc th nghim nh ln ton b r hay ch mt phn ca n (Armstrong v cng s, 1994; Brix v Schierup, 1990). Kt qu cho thy lng oxigen c gii phng vo khong 10 160 mg/pht/cm2 (tnh trn din tch b mt r). Mt s th nghim khc s dng ton b cy hoc phn khoang r tnh ton lng oxygen thot ra t r trong dung dch thiu oxygen. Cc ln th nghim lu di c thc hin trong cc iu kin dng chy lin tc hay khng lin tc. Kt qu th nghim cho thy lng oxgen c gii phng thay i v khng c nh mt loi thc vt no, vo khong 1.52 mol O2/h/g khi lng kh ca r (Bedford v cng s, 1991; Gries v cng s, 1990). Cc th nghim v cc kt qu khng ng nht ca n nu bt s ph thuc ca lng Oxygen c gii phng vo cc nhn t nh hng khc nhau, bao gm cng nh sng, cng quang hp, nhit bn ngoi ca l, nhit ca i r cy, cc yu t kh ng hc, s pht trin ca b r trn v di mt t, tnh bn thm ca cc vch ngn b r, nng oxygen bn trong m bo thc vt, trng thi oxy ha kh ca i r cy. Tt c u nh hng n s hp thu v phng thch oxygen trong i r cy. Nm 1994, Sorell v Armstrong, khi tin hnh o lng oxygen c to ra trong dung dch oxygen ha tan, tc gii phng oxygen trong dung dch c th oxy ha kh (Eh = -200mV) th cao hn 80 ln. Theo mt ti liu cha cng b ca Wiebner v Kuschk, cc ng nhn mnh thm tm quan trng ca Nhm: LG8X Page 16

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th oxy ha kh c gii phng vo i r cy. Trong iu kin th nghim c th, lng O2 gii phng ca chi Scirpus vo khong 170 mol O2/h/g khi lng kh ca r Eh = -240mV. Ngi ta cng thy rng dng Oxygen ni trn th ph thuc nhiu hn vo th oxy ha kh, loi thc vt, cng nh sng. loi Typha latifolia, cc kt qu iu tra ban u thm ch cho thy lng Oxygen ti a c gii phng cn cao hn nhiu. V tnh cht quan trng ca qu trnh trn i vi vic x l nc thi trong t nhin hay trong cc h thng m phng t nhin, lng oxygen c gii phng ti ch phi c nghin cu mt cch h thng vi tt c cc thng s cn thit v trn cc loi thc vt khc nhau.
5.S trao i cht ca cc xenobiotic:

Xenobiotic l g? l nhng cht ngoi lai sinh ra t bn ngoi c th nhng c hot ng ging nh hoc-mn hay estrogen trong c th v do c tc ng su sc n cn bng hoc-mn (xeno c ngha l l lng hay ngoi lai). Thut ng "xenobiotic" ch nhng cht c tc dng ging nh hoc-mn i tin phong trong vic ng dng cc loi thc vt m ly trong x l nc thi l Seidel (1968). B l ngi u tin th nghim kh nng loi b cc dn xut ca phenol bng cc loi thc vt m ly (c trng trong cc bnh ln ngp nc). V cc th nghim c tin hnh trong iu kin v trng v theo tng m, c th ni rng kh nng loi b ni trn l do hot ng kt hp ca cc vi sinh vt v thc vt. Hn na, lin quan n kh nng chu ng ca thc vt, ngng c nh v nng cng khng c tnh ton c th. Vi cc kt qu ca nhng th nghim trong iu kin trn v cc th nghim khc, Felgner v Meissner (1968) kt lun rng hot ng ca thc vt trong s loi b phenol l khng ng k, ch yu l do qu trnh t phn hy ca vi sinh vt. Kickuth (1968) pht hin ra mt lng phenol khong 0.08 mg c chuyn vo m bo thc vt (khong 0.08 mg) trong th nghim thm thu v trng (loi Scirpus lacustris). Khi pht hin ra cht chuyn ha quan trng l picolinic acid, Nhm: LG8X Page 17

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ngi ta cho rng phn ln phenol c chuyn ha thng qua catechol v s phn i trn vng meta. loi Lemna gibba, cht
phenol D glucopyranoside c xc nhn l cht chuyn ha chnh trong

s loi b phenol (Barber v cng s, 1995). Nhiu nghin cu c tin hnh trn loi Eichhornia crassipes mu xanh ta. Wolverton v Mc Kown (1976) c lng phn phenol c loi b vo khong 100 mg trn 2.75 g sinh khi kh ca loi thc vt thy sinh ny trong 72 gi. O Keeffe v cng s (1987) nghin cu s loi b mt vi cht tng t phenol. Tc loi b ca cc hp cht ng phn trn s u tin trn v tr para meta ortho. Khi qu trnh loi b cng cao th hin nhin c tnh ca chng tng ln. Nng c tnh ca phenol vo khong 400 mg/l vi catechol l sn phm chuyn ha u tin ca chu trnh. Nhiu ti liu khc tp trung gii thch s chuyn ha ca cc dng ha hc ca nhng loi thc vt trn cn. Nm 1992, Sandermann phn chia qu trnh trao i cht (s chuyn ha) ca xenobiotics ca thc vt thnh 3 pha: pha chuyn ha, pha tip hp v pha phn chia. Mt s enzyme ch yu tham gia vo qu trnh trn gm cytochrome P450, glutathione transferase, carboxyl esterase, O , N glucosyl transferase v O , N malonyl transferase. Bc cui cng ca qu trnh kh c gm c 3 con ng chnh: Xut sn phm cho khng bo thc vt. Xut sn phm vo khng gian ca ngoi bo. Tch ly sn phm vo lignin hay vo cc thnh phn khc ca vch t bo.

Mc d cc m t trn cho bit kh nng gii c ca cc xenobiotic nhng chng c vai tr khng ng k trong vn phn hy cc cht hu c c hi trong t cng nh to nn mi trng ngp nc nu so snh vi cc vi khun.

6.

S thot hi nc:

Khng ch ng vai tr quan trng trong h sinh thi, s thot hi nc ca thc vt cn nh hng n kh nng ng dng cng ngh x l nc thi v Nhm: LG8X Page 18

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bn/t. Tc bc thot hi nc thay i vi bin rt rng. Tc ny nhng khu rng ma nhit i vo khong 1.5 2 m/arce, nu so snh vi mc 0.4 0.5 m/acre cc cnh ng ng cc v cc cnh rng trung tm Chu u; nhng vng t ngp nc vi cc loi thc vt m ly th gi tr ny vo khong 1.3 1.6 m/acre (Larcher, 1994). Tc ny l thuc vo s a dng cc thng s quyt nh kiu kh hu vi m h sinh thi. Cc thng s ny cng c tng hp bi Kadlec v Knight (1996). Trong phng php x l nc thi bng cch m phng vng t ngp nc, lng nc mt i do s bc thot hi nc vo ma h trung tm Chu u khong 5 15 mm/d, ngha l vo khong 20 50% lng nc ca tt c cc dng chy trong khu vc. Do , lng mt mt ny phi c lu tm v nh gi nhng ma m p hn (Schutte v Fehr, 1992).

7.

nh hng ca cu trc t:

Mt trong nhng kha cnh ca cc qu trnh lin quan n i r cy v tng i phc tp l nhng tng tc ca r/thn r (r gi) vi cu trc t. Cc thng s vt l v cc thnh phn ha hc trong t nh s phn b kch thc ht, nhng khong khng gian h, kch thc hiu qu ca ht t, mc khng ng u v h s bn thm u l nhng nhn t quan trng nh hng n h thng x l sinh hc. Cc thng s vt l ni trn l nguyn nhn lm cho nhng trng thi ca t mang tnh cht thy hc c bit v nh hng n s cung cp dinh dng cho i r cy. N cng nh hng ng k n thi gian lu ca nc thi, nht l trong cc h thng m phng vng t ngp nc v trong vn loi b tp cht. S pht trin ca r cng to ra s thay i tnh cht vt l ca t (Kickuth, 1994; Wissing, 1995). Mt khc, r cy v sinh khi vi sinh cng lm tc nghn cc l thng thong ca t. Ngoi ra, s pht trin ca r v s t phn hy vi sinh ca cc r cht cng thc y s hnh thnh nhng l thong th cp. Trong cc h thng m phng, c v nh thng s chnh nh hng n tnh cht thy hc ca t l s phn b kch c ht ban u. Nhiu th nghim v nhng cuc iu tra nghin cu su sc trong nhiu nm qua c cho ra nhng kt qu tt nht c lin quan n iu kin thy hc ca t, ng thi cng lin quan Nhm: LG8X Page 19

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n s loi b tp cht khi s dng hn hp ct v si lc (Borner, 1990; Netter, 1990; Wissing, 1995). Vi cc h thng m phng c dng chy ng, c tn ti mt cp ht tng i nh c d10 vo khong 0.06 0.1 mm. Vi cc h thng c dng chy ngang, v c cp ht ln hn 0.1 mm, tt c u c nh gi (Wissing, 1995). S phn b cp ht t 0.6 mm tr ln vi cc tnh cht phn b khc nhau, ngi ta tm ra cc chng c cho bit h s hiu qu ca thm vo khong trn 10-8 m/s (Bahlo v Wach, 1993; Wissing, 1995). Ngi ta cng tm ra s nh hng ca cp ht i vi din tich b mt c nh hiu qu cho s pht trin mng sinh hc. Chng cng tc ng tch cc n s pht trin ca r v tnh dn in trong nc ca r, nh vy m s loi b tp cht nhn chung c tng ln ng k. Mt nghin cu khoa hc c thc hin trong nhiu nm trn ton b cc h thng m phng vng t ngp nc, trong th nghim cc loi vt liu trong t khc nhau c thm Kf < 10-8 m/s ti u ha vng pht trin ca lp mng sinh hc (biofilm) v s hp ph ca cc cht ha hc gy nhim. Nhng h thng ni trn gp phi cc vn lin quan ti thy lc, ch yn l do s xut hin ca dng xoy nh trn b mt vng ngp nc v do nhng thay i v iu kin thy lc c d on t trc (v s pht trin ca b r trong sut thi gian thc hin khng c tm n) (Bornert, 1990; Netter, 1990). Mc d gi tr Kf c tng i cht (khong 10-7 m/s) nhng cc iu kin thy lc vn khng thay i ng k. S pht trin ca b r cy sy ch c ghi nhn vng c su khong 20 30 cm. Do m khu vc phn nhnh v tr y ca lp t m khng c hiu qu no r rt.

IV. VAI TR CA VI SINH VT:

Nh cp phn trc, thc vt khng ng vai tr chnh trong qu trnh chuyn ha hay khong ha lng cht hu c/dinh dng m l cc vi sinh vt.Mc d ph thuc vo lng oxygen ban u ca cc loi thc vt m ly hoc cc phng php chuyn ha khc cng nh l s hin din ca cc acceptor (cht nhn electron), thnh phn cc cht trong nc thi cng c vi sinh vt chuyn Nhm: LG8X Page 20

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ha bng cc con ng khc nhau v c m t trong chng 2. cc v tr c dng chy ngay di lp mt, gn r hoc trn cc r trn mt t, cc qu trnh hiu kh thng chim u th. Ngc li, nhng vng c oxygen t do v khng c n nh, cc qu trnh k kh nh nitrat ha, kh sulfate, chuyn ha methane, v.v thng din ra. Mc d cc iu kin oxy ha kh khc nhau, nhng v tr ny i din cho mt h sinh thi k thut vi m c kh nng pht trin thnh cc kiu t bo khc nhau thng qua qu trnh trao i cht. S c nh ca vi sinh vt trn lp mng sinh hc (biofilm) c gn trn cc ht t v r cng ng mt vai tr quan trng. Mt s t vi sinh vt ngy nay c nghin cu bit c nh hng ca loi thc vt n qun lc ca chng trong i r cy. Nhng kt qu ban u thc hin trn cy la m, la mch en, c ng v c ba l c trng trn hai loi t khc nhau (c m khong 70%) c m t bi Grayson v cng s (1998). Trong nhng iu kin nh th, cc qun th vi sinh vt b nh hng nhiu bi loi cy no em gieo hn l loi t em trng. Ngi ta cho rng cc loi thc vt khc nhau s c cht dch tit vo i r cy khc nhau v thng qua chng th hin tc ng chn lc ln qun lc vi sinh. Mt khc, trong nhng iu kin nhng vng t ngp nc, c nhiu yu t khc nhau cng nh hng n qun th vi sinh trong i r cy. c bit, trong trng hp c qu nhiu nc v ti lng tp cht cao, lng dch tit ra t r l khng ng k nu so snh vi lng carbon ca tp cht. V th, Calhoun v King (1998) trong bi bo co ca mnh cho rng s lin hp to methane t r ca ba loi thc vt ln trong nc di cc iu kin tng t phng th nghim khng th hin mt cch r rng. Tuy nhin, chng ta hnh dung rng trong nhng khu vc m phng t ngp nc m c ti lng cht thi thp th ngha ca chng li ln hn v cc cht lng ng ca r (dch tit v t bo cht) li c vai tr quan trng trong s chuyn ha vi sinh nhm phn hy cc hp cht hu c.

V. NHNG KHA CNH V CNG NGH:

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Nhng kin thc c tch ly trong thi gian qua thng lin quan n kh nng loi b cc tp cht nh s kt hp 3 yu t bao gm nc, thc vt v t dn n vic ng dng nhng h thng 3 yu t t nhin trn, t to nn cc h thng nhn to vi nhng hnh thi phi t nhin khc nhau. Wissing (1995) phn chia nhng h thng ny thnh 3 nhm chnh:
-

H thng aquaculture: nhm ny c c im l khng c lp t hot

tnh ph y, bao gm cc ao, rnh, mng vi s pht trin mnh cc loi thy sinh thc vt v thc vt l lng t do trong nc.
-

H thng hydrobotanical: nhm ny c mt lp t mng y, hnh

thnh do s loi b ca cc loi thc vt thy sinh, thc vt m ly v cc vi sinh vt trong cc ao, rnh, mng c s pht trin mnh ch yu ca cc loi thc vt m ly.
-

H thng soils: c im c bn ca nhm ny l c mt lp t dy

y, trong c 2 nhm nh. Nhm c dng chy theo phng ngang trn b mt (mc nc thi trn b mt lp t). Nhm c dng chy theo phng thng ng vi c tnh xui dng hay ngc dng v tnh cht lin tc hay ngt qung ca dng chy. Nhng h thng m phng t ngp nc theo h thng th ba ny th c s dng rt rng ri vi cc bin th k thut khc nhau (v thit k, thit b ngoi vi, v.v). Chng c phn bit bi kch c ht lp y. Trong tng kiu trn, mt h thng c xem l hiu qu nht nu nh n p ng nhng vn cht thi c th v c th ca tng a phng. Thm vo , s kt hp cc phng php thng thng v x l cht thi trc v sau cng s gia tng kh nng hin c. Cc h thng m phng t ngp nc hin nay c thit k vi tnh ngh thut cao v c chp nhn rng ri nhiu ni cng nh nhiu cng ty chuyn trch nhiu quc gia khc nhau.

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CHNG 2: CC NG DNG NHNG H THNG M PHNG T NGP NC TRONG X L NC

I. S LC V BI LC TRNG CY:

t ngp nc nhn to( h thng m phng t ngp nc) hay bi lc trng cy chnh l cng ngh x l sinh thi mi, c xy dng nhm khc phc nhng Nhm: LG8X Page 23

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nhc im ca bi t ngp nc t nhin m vn c c nhng u im ca t ngp nc t nhin. Cc nghin cu cho thy, bi lc nhn to trng cy hot ng tt hn so vi t ngp nc t nhin cng din tch, nh y ca bi lc nhn to c dc hp l v ch thy lc c kim sot. tin cy trong hot ng ca bi lc nhn to cng c nng cao do thc vt v nhng thnh phn khc trong bi lc nhn to c th qun l c nh mong mun. Cc h thng bi lc khc nhau bi dng dng chy, mi trng v cc loi thc vt trng trong bi lc... C th phn loi bi lc trng cy thnh hai loi: bi lc trng cy ngp nc v bi lc ngm trng cy. Cc loi thc vt c trng ph bin nht trong bi lc l C nn, Sy, Ci, Bc, Lch... i vi bi lc trng cy ngp nc, di y ca bi lc l mt lp t st t nhin hay nhn to, hoc ngi ta ri mt lp vi nha trng thm. Trn lp trng thm l t hoc vt liu lc ph hp cho s pht trin cu thc vt c thn nh ln mt nc. Dng nc thi chy ngang trn b mt lp vt liu lc. Hnh dng ca bi lc ny thng l knh di v hp, chiu su lp nc nh, vn tc dng chy chm v thn cy trng nh ln khi bi lc l nhng iu kin cn thit to nn ch thy lc kiu dng chy y. Bi lc ngm trng cy mi xut hin gn y. Cu to ca Bi lc ny v c bn cng gm cc thnh phn tng t nh bi lc trng cy ngp nc, nhng nc thi chy ngm trong lp lc ca bi lc. Lp lc, ni thc vt pht trin trn thng c t, ct, si v , c xp th t t trn xung di, gi xp ca lp lc. Dng chy c th c dng chy t di ln, t trn xung hay chy theo phng nm ngang. Kiu dng chy ph bin nht bi lc ngm l dng chy ngang. Hu ht cc h thng ny c thit k vi dc 1% hoc hn. Khi chy qua lp vt liu lc, nc thi c lc sch nh tip xc vi b mt ca cc ht vt liu lc va vng r ca thc vt trng trong bi lc. Vng ngp nc thng thiu xy, nhng thc vt ca bi lc c th vn chuyn mt lng xy ng k ti h thng r, to nn tiu vng hiu kh cnh r v vng r. Cng c mt vng hiu kh

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trong lp lc st b mt tip gip gia t v khng kh. Qua cc th nghim v ng dng thc t cho thy. Bi lc trng cy c th loi b cc cht hu c c kh nng phn hu sinh hc, cht rn, Nit, Phtpho, kim loi nng, cc hp cht hu c, k c vi khun v vi rt. Cc cht nhim trn c loi b nh nhiu c ch ng thi trong bi lc nh lng, kt ta, hp ph ha hc, trao i cht ca vi sinh vt v s hp th ca thc vt.

II. NG DNG :
1. Trn th gii:
Ti min Bc Thy in, bi lc trng cy ngp nc c s dng x l b sung nc thi sau cc trm x l nc thi th vi mc ch chnh l kh nit, mc d hiu qu x l tng Phtpho v BOD cng kh cao. Nm 1991, bi lc trng cy dng chy ngm x l nc thi sinh hot u tin c xy dng Na Uy. Ngy nay, ti nhng vng nng thn Na Uy, phng php ny tr nn rt ph bin x l nc thi sinh hot, nh cc bi lc vn hnh vi hiu sut cao thm ch c vo ma ng v yu cu bo dng thp. C th xy dng bi lc trong bt k iu kin no v v tr. M hnh quy m nh c p dng ph bin Na Uy l h thng bao gm b t hoi, tip l b lc sinh hc hiu kh dng chy thng ng v mt bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy ngang. B lc sinh hc hiu kh trc bi lc ngm loi b BOD v thc hin qu trnh nitrat ha trong iu kin kh hu lnh, ni thc vt "ng" vo ma ng. Ti an Mch, Hng dn chnh thc mi gn y v x l ti ch nc thi sinh hot c B Mi trng an Mch cng b, p dng bt buc i vi cc nh ring nng thn. Trong hng dn ny, ngi ta a vo h thng bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy thng ng, cho php t hiu sut loi b BOD ti 95% v nitrat ha t 90%. H thng ny bao gm c qu trnh kt ta ha hc tch Phtpho trong b phn ng -lng, cho php loi b 90% Phtpho. Nhm: LG8X Page 25

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Ngoi cc cng nng nh k trn, cc nghin cu khc ti c, Thi Lan, Thy S, B o Nha cn cho thy bi lc trng cy c th loi b vi sinh vt gy bnh trong nc thi sinh hot v nc thi th; x l phn bn b pht v x l nc thi cng nghip, nc r r bi rc... Khng nhng th, thc vt nc t bi lc trng cy cn c th c ch bin, s dng thc n cho gia sc, phn bn cho t, lm bt giy, lm nguyn liu cho sn xut th cng m ngh v l ngun nng lng thn thin vi mi trng. Ti Vit Nam, phng php x l nc thi bng cc bi lc ngm trng cy cn kh mi m, bc u ang c mt s trung tm cng ngh mi trng v trng i hc p dng th nghim. Cc ti nghin cu mi y nht v p dng phng php ny ti Vit Nam nh "X l nc thi sinh hot bng bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy thng ng trong iu kin Vit Nam" ca Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v khu cng nghip (Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni); "Xy dng m hnh h thng t ngp nc nhn to x l nc thi sinh hot ti cc x Minh Nng, Bn Gt, Vit Tr" ca Trng i hc Quc gia H Ni... cho thy hon ton c th p dng phng php ny trong iu kin ca Vit Nam. Theo GS.TSKH Nguyn Ngha Thn (Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin - i hc Quc gia H Ni) th Vit Nam c n 34 loi cy c th s dng lm sch mi trng nc. Cc loi cy ny hon ton d kim tm ngoi t nhin v chng cng c sc sng kh mnh m.

2.

Vit Nam:

Ti Vit Nam, phng php x l nc thi bng cc bi lc ngm trng cy cn kh mi m, bc u ang c mt s trung tm cng ngh mi trng v trng i hc p dng th nghim. Cc ti nghin cu mi y nht v p dng phng php ny ti Vit Nam nh "X l nc thi sinh hot bng bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy thng ng trong iu kin Vit Nam" ca Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v khu cng nghip (Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni); "Xy dng m hnh h thng t ngp nc nhn to x l nc thi sinh hot ti cc Nhm: LG8X Page 26

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x Minh Nng, Bn Gt, Vit Tr" ca Trng i hc Quc gia H Ni... cho thy hon ton c th p dng phng php ny trong iu kin ca Vit Nam. Theo GS.TSKH Nguyn Ngha Thn (Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin - i hc Quc gia H Ni) th Vit Nam c n 34 loi cy c th s dng lm sch mi trng nc. Cc loi cy ny hon ton d kim tm ngoi t nhin v chng cng c sc sng kh mnh m PGS. TS Nguyn Vit Anh, Ch nhim ti hp tc nghin cu gia Trng i hc Tng hp Linkoeping (Thy in) v Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v khu cng nghip v "X l nc thi sinh hot bng bi lc trng cy" cho bit: "Chng ti ang tin hnh th nghim Bi lc ngm trng cy c dng chy thng ng s dng cc vt liu si, gch x l nc thi sau b t hoi, trng cc loi thc vt d kim, ph bin nc ta nh C nn, Thy trc, Sy, Pht lc, Mai nc... Kt qu rt kh quan, nc thi ra t tiu chun x ra mi trng hay ti s dng li. y l cng ngh x l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin, thn thin vi mi trng, cho php t hiu sut cao, chi ph thp v n nh, ng thi lm tng gi tr a dng sinh hc, ci to cnh quan mi trng, h sinh thi ca a phng. Sinh khi thc vt, bn phn hy, nc thi sau x l t bi lc trng cy cn c gi tr kinh t. Cng ngh ny rt ph hp vi iu kin ca Vit Nam, nht l cho quy m h, nhm h gia nh, cc im du lch, dch v, cc trang tri, lng ngh... Trng i hc Cn Th tin hnh cc kho st kh nng x l nc thi sinh hot v nc thi t cc ao c nui nc ngt bng bin php t ngp nc kin to kiu chy ngm nm ngang t nm 2003 n nay. Cc nghin cu thc nghim c tin hnh trong khun vin trng v thc a vi s hp tc ca nng dn Cn Th. Kt qu cho thy, y l mt trin vng kh thi cho vic x l nc thi vng BSCL

Mt s nhng hnh nh v bi lc trng cy:

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Hnh nh loi thc vt trng trn bi lc

Hnh nh cu to ca bi lc trng cy

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.
2. 3.

X l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip bng phng php sinh hc, www.yeumoitruong.com www.google.com.vn

PGS. TS Nguyn Vn Phc, Nh xut bn Xy dng H Ni, 2007

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