MC LC:

A. PHN CHUNG

Trang:

1. Tn ti ..................................................................................................
2. L do chn ti ......................................................................................
3. i tng phm vi nghin cu .................................................................
4. Mc tiu nghin cu .................................................................................
5. Nhim v nghin cu................................................................................
6. Phng php nghin cu ..........................................................................
B. NI DUNG.
Chng 1. C S L THUYT CA TI .....................................
1.1. Phng trnh Schrodinger ph thuc thi gian .....................................
1.2. Phng trnh Schrodinger khng ph thuc thi gian. .........................
1.3. Phng trnh Schrodinger cho ht chuyn ng mt chiu ..................
1.3.1. Chuyn ng ca ht t do ................................................................
1.3.2. Ging th vung gc su v hn........................................................
1.3.3. Ging th hnh ch nht c chiu su hu hn ..................................
1.3.4. Chuyn ng qua th bc thang.........................................................
1.3.5. Chuyn ng qua hng ro th ..........................................................
1.3.6 Dao ng t iu ha lng t ............................................................

Chng 2. MT S DNG BI TP C BN ....................................

2.1. Bi ton 1 ...............................................................................................
2.2. Bi ton 2. ..............................................................................................
2.3. Bi ton 3 ...............................................................................................
2.4. Bi ton 4 ...............................................................................................
2.5. Bi ton 5. ..............................................................................................

A. PHN CHUNG.
1. Tn ti:
nh dng bi tp c bn trong c hc lng t lin quan n phng trnh
Schrodinger cho ht chuyn ng mt chiu.
2. L do chn ti:
C hc lng t l mt trong nhng l thuyt c bn ca vt l hc. C hc
lng t l phn m rng v b sung ca c hc c in. N l c s ca rt
nhiu cc chuyn ngnh khc ca vt l v ha hc nh vt l cht rn, ha
lng t, vt l ht. C hc lng t nghin cu v chuyn ng v cc i
lng vt l lin quan n chuyn ng nh nng lng v xung lng, ca cc
vt th nh b, lng tnh sng ht c th hin r. Lng tnh sng ht
c gi nh l tnh cht c bn ca vt cht, chnh v th c hc lng t
c coi l c bn hn c hc Newton v n cho php m t chnh xc v ng
n rt nhiu cc hin tng vt l m c hc Newton khng th gii thch
c.
Phng trnh m t s thay i ca hm sng theo thi gian l phng trnh
Schrodinger, ng vai tr ging nh nh lut th hai ca Newton trong c hc
c in. N l tin xc nh c cc i lng nh nng lng, mmen
xung lng v mmen t ng vi cc trng thi lng t ca nguyn t. Chnh
v vy phng trnh Schrodinger c vai tr cc k quan trng khng th thiu
i vi ng lc hc lng t.
Vic h thng ha li kin thc v i su tm hiu, nghin cu cc dng bi
tp c bn lin quan n phng trnh Schrodinger gip chng ta va nm chc
c c s l thuyt, va li hiu su bn cht ca th gii vi m: ngun gc
ca s lin tc hoc gin on ca ph nng lng ca ht. Chng ta c th
nm c cch gii cng nh gii c cc bi ton 3ien quan n vic tm
nng lng cc hm lin, tnh xc sut v tr trung bnh ca cc i lng ng
lc tng ng vi ht vi m mt trng thi cho.
Chnh v nhng l do trn m ti chn ti: nh dng bi tp trong c
hc lng t lin quan n phng trnh Schrodinger cho ht chuyn ng mt
chiu.
3

3. i tng phm vi nghin cu:

Ni dung kin thc chng IV: phng trnh Schrodinger gio trnh c
lng t (L nh Trng nh Cng, i hc s phm Hu).
Kho st phng trnh Schrodinger khng ph thuc thi gian hay cn gi l
phng trnh Schrodinger cho trng thi dng, a ra cc dng bi tp lin quan
n phng trnh Schrodinger cho ht chuyn ng mt chiu.
4. Mc tiu nghin cu:
Trn c s l thuyt a ra nhng dng bi tp c bn gip cng c kin
thc mt cch chc chn c th gii quyt c nhng bi tp khc lin quan
n phng trnh Schrodinger.
5. Nhim v nghin cu:
Phi xc nh c nhng dng bi tp chnh, c bn ca chng.
6. Phng php nghin cu:
S dng phng php l thuyt: tm c, nghin cu cc sch, gio trnh, ti
liu, bi ging lin quan n phng trnh Schrodinger.
Phng php chuyn gia: tham kho kin, s gp v hng dn ca cc
thy v bn b trong lp.

B. NI DUNG.
Chng 1. C S L THUYT CA TI.
1.1. Phng trnh Schrodinger ph thuc thi gian.
S thay i theo thi gian ca hm trng thi ca mt ht (h ht) lng t
c cho bi phng trnh Schrodinger ph thuc thi gian c dng:
( )

( )

( )

1.2. Phng trnh Schrodinger khng ph thuc thi gian.

Trng hp khi khng c trng ngoi bin thin th ton t Hamilton
khng ph thuc tng minh vo thi gian v trng vi ton t nng lng. Khi
phng trnh Schrodinger cho trng thi dng c dng:
( )

( )

Khi c ph tr ring gin on th nghim (1.1) c dng:

( )

( )

( )

( )

Khi c ph tr ring lin tc:

( )
Cc h s
th:

( )

( )

( )

c xc nh t iu kin u, chng hn t (1.3) khi t = 0

( )

( )

( )

( )| ( )

( )| ( )

1.3. Phng trnh Schrodinger cho ht chuyn ng mt chiu.

( )

( )) ( )

1.3.1. Chuyn ng ca ht t do.

V th nng U(x)=0 nn phng trnh Schrodinger cho trng thi dng c
dng:
( )

( )

Phng trnh c nghim:

( )

) (

Biu thc (1.9) c th vit gn li:

( )

Nng lng E c gi tr bt k, biu thc nng lng l:

(

Hm sng ph thuc thi gian ng vi ht t do trng thi dng c dng:

( )

Hm sng ng vi ht t do l nghim ca phng trnh Schrodinger tng

qut c dng:
(

nh t iu kin u:
Vi

T :

chnh l bin ca b sng c xc

, h s

1.3.2. Ging th vung gc su v hn.

Xt trng hp mt ht chuyn ng t do trong ging th mt chiu c b
rng L. Lc ht hon ton b nht trong ging. th nng ang xt c dng nh
hnh 1.1.
Dng gii tch ca th nng l:

( )

Ta thy rng ngoi ging th nng U(x)

= , hm sng (x) = 0, ht khng tn ti.
Nh vy ch xt trong ging th (0
).
Phng trnh Schrodinger cho trng thi dng
c dng:

U=

U=

( )

( )

H1.1: S th nng ca ging th

mt chiu vung gc su v hn.

Hay:

( )

( )

Gii ta c hm sng trng thi dng ng vi ht c nng lng

7

l:

( )

Biu thc nng lng ca ht trong ging th:

Trong
thi c bn.

ng vi n = 1 v c goi l nng lng ca ht trng

25
16
9

H 1.2: th hm sng

( ), mt xc sut |

( )| v nng lng

* Vi trng hp ging th i xng th phn thnh hai lp nghim chn v

l:
+ i vi nghim chn:
( )

+ i vi nghim l:
( )

1.3.3. Ging th hnh ch nht c chiu su hu hn.

Th nng c dng:
( )

U(x
)

Khi nng lng E >

ht t do khng b
lin kt, nng lng lin tc, khi E
ht b
nht trong ging, nng lng b lng t ha. Ta
s gii phng trnh Schrodinger cho tng min
th nng tm nng lng v hm sng ng vi
cc trng thi khc nhau ca ht.

-L/2

H 1.3: S th nng ca ging th

mt chiu vung gc su hu hn.

Phng trnh Schrodinger v nghim tng ng cho tng min nh sau:

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

Biu thc nng lng:

L/2

1.3.4. Chuyn ng qua th bc thang.

Th nng c dng:
( )

U(x
)

Phng trnh Schrodinger cho tng min:

( )

( )

( )

( )
(

(
(

II

)
0

H 1.4: S th nng biu din

ging th bc thang.

Nghim ca 2 phng trnh ny l:

( )

( )

(min II khng c sng phn x).

H s phn x R v h s truyn qua T trong cc trng hp:
=2

+ Trng hp E > U:

R + T =1 chng t s ht c
bo ton.

H 1.5: Hm sng ca ht c nng lng E > U.

10

+ Trng hp E > U:
Khi k < 0, ta t k = i vi
thnh: R = |

. Lc ny h s phn x tr

| = 1. Sng phn x c dng:

(

Sng truyn qua min II khc khng v c dng:

Mt xc sut tm ht min II:

( ) =|

(1.28)
I
II

y l mt hiu ng c th ca c hc
lng t gi l hiu ng ng ngm.
xc sut tm ht t l nghch vi x v gim
nhanh theo hm s m khi x tng.

H 1.5: Hm sng ca ht c nng lng E<U.

1.3.5. Chuyn ng qua hng ro th.

Dng gii tch ca th nng l:
( )

{
E

III
I
II
Ta bit ngay c khi E < , ht vn c kh
nng xuyn qua min II c mt min III
a
0
bng hiu ng ng ngm. Ta tm h s truyn
qua bng cch gii phng trnh Schrodinger cho H1.6: S th nng ca hng
tng min khc nhau ca th nng.
ro th mt chiu hnh ch nht.
11

(Trong :

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

Nghim ca 3 phng trnh trn:

( )
( )

( )

H s truyn qua c tnh theo cng thc:

(
Trong :

) )

1.3.6. Dao ng t iu ha lng t.

Th nng c dng parabol i xng:

U(x)

( )

Phng trnh Schrodinger khng ph thuc thi

gian c dng:
( )

) ( )

)
H1.7: S th nng
ca dao ng t iu
ha

12

Biu thc ca nng lng:

(

13

Chng 2. MT S DNG TON C BN.

2.1. Bi tp 1.
Chng minh rng:
a. Mt xc sut v mt dng xc sut ca ht trng thi dng khng
ph thuc r vo thi gian.
b. Mt dng xc sut ca ht t do c khi lng m trng thi:
(

bng

, vi

c. Mt xc sut ca ht chuyn ng trong khng gian 3 chiu:

, trong l xung lng ca ht.

Gii:

trng thi dng hm sng c dng:

( )

( )

a.+ Mt xc sut c tnh theo cng thc:

( ) (

| ( )|

Do mt xc sut ca ht trng thi dng khng ph thuc vo thi

gian.
+ Mt dng xc sut:
* ( )
* ( )

( )
( )

( )
( )

( )+

( )+

Nh vy mt dng xc sut cng khng ph thuc vo thi gian.

14

b. Tnh mt dng xc sut ca ht.

* (

)+

| | {

| |

(pcm).

( )

c. Hm sng ca ht t do c dng:
). Ta c:
(
* ( )

( )

( )

( )+

| |

tm h s chun ha A, ta dng iu kin chun ha:

.

| |

) (
)

| |

v
, vy

) (

Theo tnh cht ca hm delta: (

ta tm c:

2.2. Bi tp 2.
15

)
( )
(

Trng thi ca rotato phng thi im ban u c m t bng hm sng:

(

a. T iu kin chun ha ca hm sng , xc nh A.

b. Gii phng trnh Schrodinger tm nng lng, nghim dng, nghim
tng qut.
c. Tm cc gi tr c th c ca momen xung lng trn trc Oz v cc xc
sut ca chng.
d. Tnh tr trung bnh ca hnh chiu momen xung lng trn trc Oz, tr
trung bnh ca bnh phng hnh chiu momen xung lng trn trc Oz trng
thi dng tng qut.
Gii:
a. iu kin chun ha ca hm sng:
(

)| (

) (

hay

)
(

)1
/|

b. Phng trnh Schrodinger cho trng thi dng:

( )

( )
16

( )

Trong ton t Haminton ca rtato phng c dng:

( I: momen qun tnh ca rtato i vi trc Oz).

( )

Thay vo (1) ta c:

( )

( ), t
(

Mt khc theo iu kin n gi ca hm sng: (

ta c:

phng trnh (2) c nghim:

( )

T iu kin chun ha ta c:

) nn

Vy nghim dng v nng lng ca rootato phng c dng:

(

V c ph tr ring gin on nn nghim tng qut c dng:

(

Tnh h s:

(
( ) (

, tnh ra ta c:

khai trin:

Hay:
17

s dng

T :
(

Vy hm tng qut:
(

c. Cc gi tr kh d ca m l:
m = 0, ng vi gi tr ca
m = -2, ng vi gi tr ca
m = 2, ng vi gi tr ca

, c xc sut:
, c xc sut:
, c xc sut:

d. Tr trung bnh ca

Tr trung bnh ca
18

| |
|

.
|

| |

| (

2.3. Bi tp 3.
Hm sng ca chuyn ng mt chiu c dng:
( )

. /

a. Dng phng trnh Schrodinger tm th nng V(x) v nng lng E l tr

ring ng vi hm ring ( ). (Gi s rng ( )
).
b. Tm mi lin h gia th nng V(x) v th xuyn tm hiu dng ca
nguyn t Hir ph thuc vo momen xung lng qu o l.
Gii:
a. Phng trnh Schrodinger khng ph thuc thi gian cho ht chuyn ng
mt chiu:
( )

Thay hm ( ) v tnh
( )

( )) ( )

(
( )

ta c:

. /

. / (

Nn:
( )

[
*

. /

. /
] . /
+ ( )
19

. /

T ta suy ra:
( ))

Hay:
( )
V ( )

, do

+
( )

b. Th xuyn tm hiu dng ca nguyn t Hir c dng:

*

v ( ) ta nhn thy s hng cha

So snh th
thc ci s hng

vi l thay th bi n. S hng

c th ng nht hnh

ca th ( ) ph thuc vo

n=l, trong khi s hng Coulomb

trong th hiu dng
ca nguyn t
Hir khng ph thuc vo s lng t qu o l. l s khc nhau gia hai
th trn.
2.4. Bi tp 4.
Hm sng trng thi c bn ca dao ng t iu ha v hng s lc k c
dng:

( )

. /

, trong

Tm biu thc xc sut thy ht bn ngoi vng c in.

Gii:
Ht c coi l bn ngoi vng c in nu c nng lng E < V(x). trng
thi c bn
, do min khng gian c in c xc nh bi iu
kin:
20

Hay:

Xc sut tm ht bn ngoi vng c in bng:

( )|

( )|

Vy:

2.5. Bi tp 5.
Hm sng thi im t = 0 ca ht trong trng th dao ng iu ha
c dng:
(

Trong

A l hng s thc,

ha tha mn:

)-

a. Vit hm sng thi im t: (

).
21

))

, v a thc Hermite c chun

.

b. Tm kt qu ca php o nng lng ca ht trng thi ny v xc sut

tng i ca php o nhn c cc gi tr .
Gii:
a. i vi dao ng t iu ha hm ring ca ton t Haminlton c dng:
( )

S dng iu kin chun ha ta c:

( )

( )

Hay:

)|

( )

Nghim tng qut l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc nghim ring

(
H s

):

( )

c tnh theo cng thc:

( ) (

V hm

) trc giao nn tt c cc h s
|

22

))

ngoi tr n=0 v n=2:

)|

)|

Nh vy ta c:
(

( )

( )

Theo iu kin chun ha (*) ta c:

(

Vy hm sng ti thi im t:
(

( )

/ [

( )

b. Trng thi ang xt hm sng c dng:

(

( )

( )]

Do vy cc gi tr nng lng c th quan st c l:

Xc sut o c cc gi tr
| |

tng ng l:
| |

/
23

TI LIU THAM KHO.

1. Gio trnh c lng t (L nh Trn Cng Phng).
2. C lng t, (Phm Thc Tuyn).
3. Bi tp vt l l thuyt tp 2, (Nguyn Hu Mnh).
4. Bi tp c hc lng t, (V Vn Hng)

24