Criteria for Network Design 1.

For rural area, bus topology and ring topology are suitable to be used since it is less cost. 2. Bus topology is suitable for small area due to the network over rely on main cable and difficulty for troubleshoot fault. 3. Avoid using ring topology in business area because one malfunctioning node can create problems for the entire network. It is suitable only for big rural area with small population. 4. We estimated the potential customers by assuming that average 3 people share 1 line in Big City, 3.5 people share 1 line in normal residential area, and 4 peoples share 1 line in rural area. 5. Twisted Pair Cable is used in rural area to reduce the cost. 6. For a small population with big area, it is better to establish a few numbers of small capacity exchange rather than a big capacity exchange to support all the area. It can reduce the cost of transmission line. 7. For a zone which had dominant percentages of ethnics (>60 %), congestion may be occurred during the festival season, thus there must be some reserved capacity. 8. The tandem switch is put at the center of the zone and if possible near the highest capacity exchanges to reduce the cost of transmission line. 9. for our numbering scheme, we use prefix 08. Example: 08-xxxxxxxx the first number is represent state. (Perlis-1, Kedah-2, Perak-3, Pulau Pinang-4), the second number represent District (0-9), the third and fourth number represent the local exchanges number. The remaining number will be the line number.

Network Design: State: PERAK Tandem1: Ipoh

Zone: Ipoh

Notes:

represents Tandem Switch represents Local Exchange

Economic and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange with predefined number Total Trunks Justification:

Tourism, Residential Areas, Administrative Center, Education Center 600 km2 657,892 people 60 % = 394,735 people 39.1% Malays, 45.4% Chinese, 14.5% India, 1% others Majlis Perbandaran Ipoh (01), Simpang Pulai (02), Tambun (03), Tanjung Rambutan(04), Chemor (05), Jelapang (06), Lahat (07) 350

Since Ipoh is a big city with administrative center and residential area, it is estimated an amount of 60% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, seven exchanges will support almost 400 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as a tourism places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 400 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlangs = (400x5)/60 = 33.33 Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 45. Consider the possible problem of congestion due to the large population, 50 trunks are used. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 1 are 350 trunks.

Tandem 2: Batu Gajar

Economic and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Industrial zone, Residential Areas, Transportation 578.4 km2 79,969 people 45 % = 35,984 people 46.39% Malays, 36.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 1.9% others Batu Gajar (08), Gunong Hijau (09), Tronoh(10), Bali (11), Sungai Durian (12) 130

Since the area surrounded Batu Gajar is consist of industrial zone and transportation, it is estimated an amount of 45% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, five exchanges will support almost 36 thousand subscribers. Moreover, as a industrial and transportation places, it is expected to have many calls but not a longer duration. It is estimated to have 200 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlangs = (200x5)/60 = 16.67 Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 26. The percentage of ethnics is balance; congestion is hard to occur during festival season. Thus, we remain the number of trunks to save cost. The total trunks for Tandem 2 are 130 trunks.

Tandem 3: Tapah

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Agricultural, Farming and Forest, Residential Area 2712 km2 125,867 people 30 % = 37,760 people 62.39% Malays, 17.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 1.9% others Bidor (03), Bukit Pagar (04), Tapah (05), Tanjung Malim (07), Cendering, Sungkai 150

Tandem is placed at Tapah since it is located at the center and lowest place in the district. The area inside district Batang Padang is mostly agricultural area, it is estimated an amount of 30% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, six local exchanges will support almost 37 thousand subscribers. As an agricultural place, it is expected that not many calls will be made. It is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlangs = (80x10)/60 = 13.33 Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 22. After consider the issue of congestion during festival season, it is better to use 25 trunks. Hence, the total trunks for Tandem 3 are 150 trunks.

Tandem 4: Sitiawan

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Industrial Zone, Tourism, Fishing, Residential Area 1158 km2 211,113 people 55% = 116,112 people 62.94% Malays, 13.54% Chinese, 15.17% India, 8.35% others Sitiawan, Lumut, Pengkalan Baharu, Beruas, Pulau Pangkor 109

Tandem is placed at Sitiawan since it is located at the center of surrounded local exhanges. The area consists of industrial zone and tourism places, it is estimated an amount of 55% people could be the potential subscriber. Thus, five local exchanges will support almost 117 thousand subscribers. Different area types have different called time. In tourism place (Pulau Pangkor), it is expected that many calls will be made in a long duration. It is estimated to have 150 calls in average of 10 minutes for one hour. Erlangs = (150x10)/60 = 25 Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 36. After consider the issue of congestion during tourism season, it is better to use 40 trunks. In Industrial zone (Lumut, Setiawan), it is expected that many calls will made in a short duration. It is estimated to have 120 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlangs = (120x5)/60 = 10 Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 18. In fishing or residential area, it is estimated to have 80 calls in average of 5 minutes for one hour. Erlangs = (80x5)/60 = 6.67. Using Erlang Traffic calculator, we obtained 14 trunks. In order to avoid congestion problem, we use 17 trunks instead. The total trunk for tandem is 40 + 18 + 17 +17+17= 109 trunks.

Tandem 5: Teluk Intan

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural 3009 km2 186,959 people 40% = 74,783 people 53.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 18.17% India, 5.35% others Teluk Intan , Hutan Melintang, Langkap , Parit, Seri Iskandar 90

Tandem is placed at the Teluk Intan since it is situated at the center with higher population. Five exchanges are connected to the tandem. Three of the tandem (Teluk Intan, Hutan Melintang, Langkap) support the potential subscriber at District Hilir Perak, while the other two exchanges (Parit, Seri Iskandar) support subscriber at District Perak Tengah. Since the main activity in this area is transportation and agricultural, it is estimated that 40% people will be the potential subscribers. For traffic analysis, it is assumed that 100 calls is made in 5 minutes for one hour, Erlangs = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. Using Erlang traffic calculator, with 0.01 % blocking, the total trunks is 16. After future consideration, it is wise to add the trunks into 18. Hence, the total trunks for the tandem 5 is 90.

Tandem 6: Gunong Semanggol

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Residential Area, Tourism, Transportation, Agricultural 3054 km2 395,656 people 50% = 197,828 people 43.94% Malays, 32.54% Chinese, 19.17% India, 4.35% others Taiping, Parit Bundar, Bukit Gantang, Batu Kurau, Selama, Selinsing 84

Two exchanges (Taiping, Bukit Gantang) are support the subscriber at zone taiping and two exchanges (Selama, Batu Kurau) support the subscriber at zone Selama. The remaining two exchanges (Parit Buntar, Selinsing) support the subscribers at District Kerian. Since it is tourism and agricultural places, it is estimated that 50% people could be the potential subscribers. In Zone Taiping, the main activity is tourism. It is estimated have many calls in a short duration. Let assume it has 120 calls in average 5 minutes per hour, Erlangs = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 18. Consider the tourism season, it is better to has 20 trunks. In the remaining zone, most of the places are rural area and the main activity is agricultural. It is estimated to have fewer calls in long duration. Let assume it has 30 calls in average 10 minutes for an hour. Erlangs = (30x10)/60 = 5. Using Erlang Calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 11. Since it is a rural area with bigger area size, it is not suitable to add more trunks. Thus, we remain the 11 trunks in order to save cost. The total trunks for tandem 6 is 2(20) + 4(11) = 84.

Tandem 7: Kuala Kangsar

Economics and Activities Area Size Covered Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Residential Area, Transportation, Agricultural 9104 km2 245,518 people 30% = 73,655 people 63.94% Malays, 22.54% Chinese, 9.17% India, 4.35% others Kuala Kangsar, Sungai Siput Utara, Lenggong, Temengor 44

The tandem is situated between the area of Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara because it is lower place in that area. Although District Ulu Perak is big, but the population is too small, two exchanges are able to support all the subscriber at that district. In District Kuala Kangsar, two exchanges are placed at Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Siput Utara to support the high population subscribers at that area. Since it is mainly agricultural and transportation area, it is assumed that fewer calls made in short duration. Let assume there are 50 calls made in average 5 minutes for an hour, Erlangs = 4.167. Using the calculator, the trunks needed are 10. The exchanges at district Kuala Kangsar with high population can add some trunks in order to backup. The trunks used are 12. The District Ulu Perak is quite big and less population, it is not wise to add some trunks. Thus, the trunk number is remained. The total trunks for tandem 7 are 12+12+10+10 = 44

Tandem 8: Kampar

Types of Area Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks

Education Center, Residential Area, Transportation 783.2 km2 90,313 people 50% = 45,156 people 31.1% Malays, 54.5% Chinese, 13.9 % India, 0.5% others Kampar, Teja, Kampar 84

Justification: The main activity in Kampar is education center and transportation. Thus, we put three exchanges in this area. Two of the exchanges in Kampar are connect together to backup if one of them faces problems. The potential subscribers are estimated 50% of the population. Since this area is education and transportation area, we estimated it will be 180 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlangs = (180x5)/60 = 15. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 24. Sometimes, it will be some congestion due to high traffic; it is wise to use more trunks, which are 28. The total trunks for tandem 8 are 84.

Represents primary switch exchanges Represents Tandem Switch State : Pulau Pinang Tandem 1: Seberang Perai Tengah

Economics and Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Residential Area, Transportation, Industrial Zone 239 km2 362,820 people 45% = 163,269 people 45.8% Malays, 35.9% Chinese, 17.3% India, 1% others Bukit Mertajam, Permatang Pauh, Simpang 4 Bukit Tengah, Permatang Tinggi, Kubang Semang, Mechang Bubuk 120

Seberang Perai Tengah is an area that consists of residential area and industrial zone. Thus, we can estimate that 45% people of this area could be our potential customers. The six local exchanges have higher capacity to support almost 180 thousand people. Since this place is industrial zone, it is assumed that many calls will made in shorter duration. Let assume it has 120 calls made in average 5 minutes from one hour, Erlangs = (120x5)/60 = 10. Using Erlang B calculator with 0.01 % blocking, the trunks needed are 18. It is better to has two more trunks for backup from the problems. Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 1 are 120.

Tandem 2: Seberang Perai Utara

Economic and Activities

Residential Area, Industrial zone, Agricultural

Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

269 km2 288,692 people 40% = 115,476 people 58.8% Malays, 30.9% Chinese, 18% India, 1% others Butterworth, Permatang Kuching, Telok Ayer Tawar, Tasek Gelugor, Pernaga 78

This area has two main activities: Industrial and Agricultural. In southern region, it is mostly Industrial zone where northern region consists of agricultural area. Thus, we assume that 40% of the people would be our potential subscribers. There are three exchanges going to support the subscribers in industrial zone. Since it is industrial zone, we assume that there are 120 calls made in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlangs = (120x5)/60 = 10. From the calculator, the trunks needed are 18. We add two more trunks for backup reason. In agricultural area, it is estimated to has 40 calls in average 5 minutes for an hour. Erlangs = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. From the calculated results, the trunks needed are 9. Due to the big area size for agricultural zone, there are no more trunks to be added in order to save the cost. Hence, the total trunks for tandem switch 2 are 20+20+20+9+9 = 78.

Tandem 3: Seberang Perai Selatan

Economics and

Residential Area, Agricultural, Transportation

Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

243 km2 166,685 people 35% = 58,339 people 48.8% Malays, 40.9% Chinese, 18% India, 1% others Nibong Tebal, Permatang Kling, Jawi, Val Dor, Simpang Ampat, Permatang Tok Mahat 54

Seberang Perai Selatan is an area focus on agricultural and transportation activities. Thus, we assumed that only 35% people could be our potential customers. We use six local exchanges to support nearly 60 thousand people. Let us assume in this agricultural area, there are 40 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlangs = (40x5)/60 = 3.33. The trunks needed would be 9. It is not wise to add more trunks for a big area with less population. Thus, we remained the number of trunk calculated. The total trunks needed for tandem switch 3 are 54.

Tandem 4: Timur Laut Pulau Pinang

Economics and

Big residential area, Administrative Center, Tourism, Education

Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Center. 121 km2 510,996 people 60% = 306,597 people 25.8% Malays, 62% Chinese, 12% India, 1.2% others Geogetown, Air Itam, Batu Feringgi, Gelugor, Tanjung Bunga, Tanjung Tokong, Bukit Bendera 495

District Timur Laut Pulau Pinang is a small place with high population. Since George town has a higher population, we put three high capacity local exchanges to serve the subscribers. The three local exchanges are connected together so that when one of the exchanges break down, the other two exchanges can still serve the subscribers temporarily. Due to this area is an administrative center and tourism area, it is logical to assume 60% people could be our potential customers. To serve the high population subscribers in this area, 10 high capacity local exchanges are built for this purpose. Let us assume there are 450 calls made in 5 minutes for an hour, Erlangs = (450x5)/60 = 37.5 Using the calculator with 0.01% blocking, the trunks needed are 50. Due to the high number of incoming tourists, it is assume to make 55 trunks. Total Trunks for this tandem switch are 495.

Tandem 5: Barat Daya Pulau Pinang

Economic and Activities Area Size Population Potential Subscribers Ethnics Local Exchange Total Trunks Justification:

Residential area, Industrial zone, Transportation, Tourism 176 km2 197,131people 55% = 108,422 people 55.8% Malays, 32% Chinese, 11% India, 2.2% others Ginting, Pulau Betong, Teluk Kumbar, Bayan Lepas, Balik Pulau, Sungai Pinang 92

This area consists of industrial zone and tourism area. These two type activities could bring many subscribers. Thus, we assume it is 55% people would be our potential subscribers. Six high capacity local exchanges are capable to support over 100 thousand peoples. In this case, only Bayan Lepas would be considered as industrial zone while the others are tourism area. For industrial zone, it is assume that 120 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlangs = (120x5)/60 = 10. The trunks needed are 18. For Tourism area, it is assume that 100 calls are made in 5 minutes for an hour. Erlangs = (100x5)/60 = 8.33. The trunks needed are 16. For backup reason, it is better to add two more trunks for each local exchange. The total trunks for this tandem are 20+18+18+18+18+18 = 92.