Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction

S. A. Soman Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction

Outline

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Why Numerical Relaying? Relay Hardware

Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme Simultaneous Sampling Scheme

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Summary Discussion

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Why Numerical Relaying?

Why Numerical Relaying?

To improve dependability as well as security Self checking facility Immune to variation in parameters of individual components Very low burden More exibility because of programmable capability

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Why Numerical Relaying?

Why Numerical Relaying? Contd...

Fiber optical communication with substation LAN Adaptive relaying schemes Permit Historical data storage Allow GPS (Geographical Positioning System) Time stamping

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Why Numerical Relaying?

Figure: Power System Data Flow in Legacy Control Center

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Why Numerical Relaying?

Figure: Automated Substation

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Why Numerical Relaying?

Why Numerical Relaying? Contd...

Numerical relays simplify interfacing with CTs and VTs Separate connection is not required, zero sequence voltages and currents can be derived inside the processor

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Why Numerical Relaying?

Why Numerical Relaying? Contd...

Finally, Numerical relays represent best compromise between: economy and performance dependability and security complexity and simplicity speed and accuracy credible and conceivable

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Why Numerical Relaying?

Relay Hardware Blocks

Digital relay consists of: Analog input subsystem Digital input subsystem Digital output subsystem A processor along with RAM (data scratch pad), main memory (historical data le) and power supply

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Relay Hardware

Relay Hardware

Figure: Functional Block Diagram of a Digital Relay

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Relay Hardware

Analog Input Subsystem

Figure: Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Relay Hardware

Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme: MUX

Multiplexer is a collection of analog switches, which can be selected by supplying binary code Typically, power system applications involve more than one analog input To reduce the cost of the hardware, multiple channels are multiplexed through analog multiplexer to a single ADC Accuracy of the analog multiplexer depends on load impedance at the output terminal As S & H circuit has impedance in the range 108 to 1012 , no problem is encountered

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Relay Hardware

Non-Simultaneous Sampling Scheme: Sample and Hold Circuit

A S & H circuit which conceptually is a shunt capacitor with a switch holds the information (in terms of voltage)

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Relay Hardware

Interpolation Scheme to Simulate Simultaneous Sampling

In the Non-simultaneous sampling scheme, the relative phasor information between two signals is not preserved One way to overcome is to interpolate the value

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Relay Hardware

Figure: Simultaneous Sampling Scheme

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Relay Hardware

Simultaneous Sampling Scheme

All S & H ampliers are set to hold state simultaneously This preserves the relative phase information between multiple analog signals Successive ADC which have a conversion time of 15-30 sec An Anti-Aliasing lter is a low pass lter (LPF) used to cut off the high frequency content in the input signal, connected after signal conditioning hardware

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Summary

Summary

Numerical Cost Self Checking and Reliability System Integration and Digital Environment Functional Flexibility and Adaptive Relaying

Solid State

ElectroMagnetic

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Discussion

Discussion

Can the same Relaying Hardware of Protection be used for the measurement purpose? Discuss the issues related with the proprietary nature of relaying hardware

Numerical Relaying Fundamentals : An Introduction Discussion

Thank You