Bo co thc tp tt nghip CHNG I: KHI QUT CHUNG V C S THC TP

1.1 Gii thiu v cng ty Tng Cng ty Vin thng qun i (tn vit tt l: Viettel), tin thn l Tng Cng ty in t thit b thng tin c thnh lp nm 1989 trc thuc B Quc phng. Tng Cng ty ra i vi nhim v m bo thng tin lin lc nhm cng c quc phng an ninh v p ng nhim v pht trin kinh t ca t nc vi nhiu ngnh ngh, lnh vc c trin khai trn ton quc v vn ra th trng quc t. Chi nhnh Viettel c Trng (tnh Lm ng) c hnh thnh nm 2004 trn chin lc m rng qun l mng vin thng qun i n tng a phng. Cng ty l n v kinh doanh cc dch v vin thng vi ch trng i tt n u, tin thng vo cng ngh hin i , xy dng cc cng trnh in v vin thng, bo dng v sa cha nh trm vin thng, ng cu thng tin trm BTS 1.2 C cu t chc b my cng ty 1.2.1 Ban gim c Anh Nguyn Tin Dng (Gim c), anh Nguyn Minh Hiu (Ph gim c). Chu trch nhim trc Tng cng ty v kt qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v qun l ton b cc lnh vc ca Chi nhnh. Thc hin cng tc ng,

CHNG I: KHI QUT CHUNG V C S THC TP

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cng tc chnh tr ca Chi nhnh, quan h vi chnh quyn a phng, cc doanh nghip c lin quan phi hp thc hin cc nhim v ra. Trc tip ch o cc phng ban ca Chi nhnh. 1.2.2 Phng k thut Chu trch nhim qun l: Anh Nguyn Minh Hiu (ph gim c). Phng k thut c nhim v pht trin mng li BTS, ADSL & PSTN. Qun l ton b ti sn, thit b, h tng mng li trn a bn. C chc nng kho st thit k v lp d ton cc d n ADSL, PSTN trin khai lp t v x l s c cho thu bao ADSL v PSTN. T chc cc hot ng nghip v, k thut nghip v theo quy trnh v quy nh ca cng ty. 1.2.3 Phng ti chnh k ton Chu trch nhim qun l: Ch Nguyn Th Lan Anh. Thc hin nhim v hch ton, ghi chp theo ch ti chnh k ton, Xy dng k hoch v qun l thu chi ca Chi nhnh theo ng quy trnh v nh ca Tng cng ty. 1.2.4 Phng tng hp Qun l lao ng ca Chi nhnh, thc hin cc cng tc hnh chnh: vn th, bo mt, qun l xe, qun l vn phng, 1.2.5 Phng NOC Gim st cnh bo, trng thi hot ng ca cc thit b vin thng (trm BTS, DSLAM, PSTN, node quang truyn dn) v follow up cc cnh bo cho n khi kt thc. iu hnh vic khc phc, sa cha cc thu bao A, P v KHDN. Tng hp bo co tnh hnh hng ngy/ tun/ thng ni dung cc s c cho Ban gim c. 1.2.6 i qun l khai thc h tng. C nhim v bo tr, bo dng, sa cha nh trm, thit b BTS, truyn dn ADSL & PSTN, mng cp v cc thit bu ph tr. Kp thi ng cu thng tin khi c s c xy ra m bo thng tin thng sut. Chu trch nhim v cht lng, tnh trng hot ng ca cc thit b, nh trm, tuyn cp c giao qun l bo dng. m bo an ton, an ninh nh trm c phn cng ph trch.

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Bo co thc tp tt nghip CHNG II: TNG QUAN VIN THNG QUN I VIETTEL

Tng quan v mng di ng, mng truyn dn, mng ADSL v mng PSTN c trin khai phn cp ti chi nhnh Viettel c Trng. 2.1 Mng di ng Viettel. 2.1.1 S cu trc mng di ng Viettel. Mng di ng ca Viettel c th chia lm 4 lp sau: - Lp ngi dng: Thit b u cui ngi dung, thit b di ng - Lp truy cp: Gm cc trm BTS, BSC (2G), NodeB, RNC (3G). - Lp li: Gm cc khi chuyn mch MSC+MGW cc nt h tr GPSR (SGSN, GGSN), HLR, STP - Lp ng dng: Cc chng trnh ng dng trn mng di ng nh OCS, SMS, MCA, BGM S cu trc mng Viettel c th hin s lc qua m hnh cu trc dng lp sau:

Hnh 2.1: Mng di ng Viettel 2.1.2 Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng di ng Viettel. 2.1.2.1 Lp ngi dng (Terminal layer) Thit b di ng v u cui ngi dng 2.1.2.1.1 ME (2G): y l my in thoi di ng, kt ni vi BTS qua giao din Um.
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2.1.2.1.2 UE (3G): y khng ch l in thoi di ng m cn c th l cc thit b u cui truy nhp internet nh Modem (Dcom 3G, homegateway), kt ni vi NodeB qua giao din Iu. 2.1.2.2 Lp truy nhp (Access service layer) 2.1.2.2.1 BTS (2G) Chc nng: BTS thc hin nhiu chc nng nh: Thu pht v tuyn, nh x knh logic vo knh vt l, m ho/gii m Kt ni BSC qua giao din Abis. Tn s s dng 900Mhz hoc 1800Mhz. 2.1.2.2.2 BSC L khi chc nng iu khin, gim st cc BTS, qun l ti nguyn v tuyn trong h thng, thc hin mt s chc nng nh: - Qun l mt s trm BTS. - Qun l mng v tuyn: X l cc bn tin bo hiu, iu khin. - Qun l knh v tuyn: n nh, khi to, gii phng knh v tuyn. - Qun l chuyn giao. - Tp trung lu lng - Kt ni vi MSC qua giao din A, s dng giao thc BSSAP cho dch v thoi. BTS kt ni n SGSN qua giao din Gb cho dch v data. 2.1.2.2.3 NodeB (3G) Chc nng: NodeB thc hin mt s chc nng nh: Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn, iu khin cng sut sao cho tn hiu nhn c t cc u cui ngi dung l tng ng Kt ni vi RNC qua giao din Iu bng mng Metro Ethenet hoc IP trn SDH. Tn s: 2110Mhz 2170Mhz. 2.1.2.2.4 RNC RNC thc hin mt s chc nng sau: Qun l mt s NodeB v iu khin cc ti nguyn ca chng nh: Cp pht, gii phng knh, cp pht ti nguyn. Mt nhim v quan trng na ca RNC l bo v s b mt v ton vn. Sau th tc nhn thc v tho thun kho, cc kho bo mt v ton vn c t vo RNC. RNC kt ni vi nhau qua giao din Iub. RNC c ni n lp li bng hai kt ni, mt kt ni ti MGW MSC Server bng giao din Iu-CS (lung thoi) v mt kt ni n SGSN bng giao din Iu-PS (lung data). 2.1.2.3 Lp li (Connectiviy sevice layer) 2.1.2.3.1 MSC (MGW+MSC Server) MSC c trch nhim kt ni v gim st cuc gi n MS v t MS i. C nhiu chc nng c thc hin trong MSC nh: - Qun l di ng.
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- Qun l chuyn giao. - X l cuc gi. - X l tnh cc. - Tng tc mng (IWF Internet Working Function): G-MSC. Cc MSC c giao din kt ni vi cc BSC, RNC qua cc lung STM1 hoc cc lung GE (IP), Giao din bo hiu ca MSC vi BSC s dng giao thc BSSAP. Giao din kt ni MSC vi cc thnh phn mng core khc nh MSC khc, STP, HLR, GMSC bng cc giao din IP trn mng MPBN, cc giao thc s dng gm SCCP, ISUP, MAP, CAP ca bo hiu s 7. 2.1.2.3.2 SGSN L nt chnh trong min chuyn mch gi, chu trch nhim cho tt c cc kt ni PS ca tt c cc thu bao. SGSN cha thng tin ng k thu bao v thng tin v tr thu bao. Kt ni n BSC qua giao din Iu-CS dnh cho thoi, kt ni n RNC qua giao din Iu-PS, kt ni vi HLR/Auc qua giao din Gr (s dng bo hiu MAP) v kt ni vi GGSN qua giao din Gn+. 2.1.2.3.3 GGSN L mt nt cng d liu gia mng PS kt ni vi mng internet, cc d liu truyn t thu bao ra mng ngoi u qua GGSN. GGSN cng cha thng tin ng k v thng tin v tr thu bao. Giao din kt ni n mng internet qua router P ca mng Internet. 2.1.2.3.4 GMSC L MSC c chc nng cng ni ra cc mng ngoi nh PSTN. Tng i GMSC c giao din kt ni vi ngoi mng cho c di ng v c nh qua giao din kt ni l cc STM1. Cc giao din ny s dng ISUP bo hiu s 7. GMSC kt ni ti MSC s dng giao thc bo hiu nh: MAP, ISUP, kt ni n HLR/AuC s dng giao thc bo hiu MAP, kt ni ti tng i quc t IGW. 2.1.2.3.5 HLR/AuC L c s d liu thng tin v thu bao v nhn thc thu bao. HLR/AuC kt ni n GMSC qua giao din C (dung bo hiu MAP). Ngoi ra, HLR cn kt ni n VLR (Vistor Location Register - B nh v khch) qua giao din D (s dng bo hiu MAP). HLR/AuC lu gi cc thng tin nh: - Cc s nhn dng IMSI, MSISDN. - Cc m kho cc chn Ki. - Cc thng tin v thu bao. - Danh sch cc dch v m MS c/hn ch s dng. - S hiu VLR ang phc v MS. 2.1.2.3.6 STP (Signaling Tranfer Point - im trung chuyn bo hiu)
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Chc nng chnh ca STP l chuyn tip cc bn tin bo hiu (hay chc nng nh tuyn bo hiu). STP l mt b chuyn mch gi hot ng nh mt hub gi cc bn tin bo hiu ti cc STP, SCP hay SSP khc. STP nh tuyn cc bn tin thng qua vic kim tra thng tin nh tuyn c gn km vi mi bn tin bo hiu v gi chng ti im bo hiu cn thit. Thay v cc node mng li u ni bo hiu trc tip vi nhau tao ra mt mng mesh phc tp, STP s ng vai tr node trung tm trong mng bo hiu, qun l mng bo hiu trong sng hn. - Mng CS cho cc cuc gi v thoi: UE NodeB RNC MSC Server - Mng PS cho cc cuc gi v data: UE NodeB RNC SGSN GGSN Mng Inernet. 2.1.2.4 Lp ng dng (Service management layer) Thc hin chc nng l giao din kt ni gia cc mng khc nhau, cung cp cc dch v trn nn di ng nh OSC, MCA, BGM, CRBT - OCS: H thng tnh cc thu bao tr trc. - SMSC: H thng tin nhn. - MCA H thng cnh bo cuc gi nh. - BGM: H thng nhc nn. - CRBT: H thng nhc chung ch. 2.2 Mng truyn dn Viettel. 2.2.1 S cu trc mng truyn dn Viettel. S mng truyn dn Viettel c cho nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.2: Mng truyn dn Viettel.

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2.2.2 Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng truyn dn Viettel. Mng truyn dn l h tng truyn ti thng tin cho cc mng vin thng khc nh: Mng IP, A/P/F, Mobile N cung cp cc ng kt ni t BTS BSC, NodeB RNC, DSLAM Site Router, gia cc core vng v trung tm, gia cc khu vc vi nhau Mng truyn dn ca Viettel cung cp cc knh: E1 (2Mbps), E3 (45Mbps), STM-1 (155.52 Mbps), STM-4 (622Mbps = 4 x STM-1), STM-16 (2.5 Gbps = 4 x STM-4); cc knh Fast Ethenet (2,4,6,8100 Mbps). Mng truyn dn ca Viettel c chia lm 4 lp: - Lp trc quc gia (National Backbone Layer). - Lp li hay cn gi l lp lin tnh (Core Layer). - Lp hi t hay cn gi l lp ni tnh (Convergence Layer). - Lp truy nhp (Access Layer). 2.2.2.1 Lp trc quc gia. - Cng ngh DWDM dung lng cao - Dung lng N x STM-64. - ph: ng trc Bc Nam (HNI-HCM), cc vng ring quc t. - di: T SLA n CTO. - Chc nng: Kt ni lu lng cc vng min, truyn ti dch v Bc Nam, kt ni cc hng i Quc t. 2.2.2.2 Lp li - Cng ngh: Quy hoch s dng cng ngh DWDM. - Dung lng: 400 Gbps (hin ti ch dung 50 Gbps). - ph: Ni ht cc thnh ph ln (HNI,DNG,HCM), cc vng ring lin tnh. - C ch bo v: MSP ring, SNCP. - Quy hoch mc bo v: 1+3. - Chc nng: Tp trung lu lng dch v cc Tnh, chuyn ti v cc trung tm dch v ti cc thnh ph H Ni, Nng, H Ch Minh. 2.2.2.3 Lp hi t - Cng ngh: SHD. - Dung lng: STM-16 tr ln. - ph: Ni ht cc thnh ph, cc tuyn lin huyn, th x. - C ch bo v: PSP ring, SNCP. - Mc bo v: 1+1. - Chc nng: Kt ni lp li v lp truy cp, chuyn ti lu lng dch v t lp truy nhp ln lp li. 2.2.3.4 Lp truy nhp - Cng ngh: SDH. - Dung lng: STM-1, STM-4. - C ch bo v: PP, SNCP
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Bo co thc tp tt nghip - Chc nng: L lp trc tip kt ni vi cc node accsess ca cc mng dch v (BTS/NodeB, DSLAM, PSTN, khch hang thu knh) 2.3 Mng Viettel Internet. 2.3.1 S cu trc mng Viettel Internet. Mng Internet ca Viettel c m t di dng phn lp nh sau:

Hnh 2.3: Mng Internet Viettel. 2.3.2 Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng Internet Viettel. - DSLAM: Tp trung d liu ca cc thu bao - Site Router: o Kt ni n DSLAM, NodeB, cc khch hang dch v cp quang v chuyn d liu t cc phn ln mng li. o Dng cng ngh: MPLS, BGP. - Core x, Core huyn, Core tnh, Core khu vc: o Tp trung lu lng t lp di v chuyn ln lp trn. o nh tuyn d liu.
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Bo co thc tp tt nghip - Router P: Dng chuyn mch nhanh gia cc vng, cc khu vc; kt ni sang phn chuyn mch gi ca lp Core di ng. - BRAS: Dng qun l a ch, tnh cc, iu khin bo mt 2.4 Mng Viettel PSTN. 2.4.1 S cu trc mng PSTN ca Viettel.

Hnh 2.4: Mng PSTN Viettel. 2.4.2 Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng PSTN. - DLU: Dng tp trung lu lng cc thu bao. - Host: L mt dng tng i trung chuyn lu lng trong ni tnh. - Tadem: Dng chuyn lu lng ca cc thu bao lin tnh. Vi cc tnh tr HNI v HCM, Tadem cng dung trung chuyn lu lng trong ni tnh. - TOLL: Dng chuyn lu lng gia cc khu vc nh t HNI n DNG.
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2.5

S kt ni tng th mng vin thng Viettel theo cu trc phn lp. 2.5.1.1 S kt ni. S kt ni th hin mi lin h gia cc mng vi nhau.

Hnh 2.5: Tng th mng vin thng Viettel. Mt s lung lu lng. 2.5.1.2.1 Di ng Viettel C nh Viettel - Trng hp cng khu vc: Di ng BTS/NodeB MSC GMSC TOLL Tadem Host C nh. - Trng hp khc khu vc: Di ng BTS/NodeB MSC GMSC(1) TOLL(1) TOLL(2) Tadem(2) Host(2) C nh. 2.5.1.2.2 Di ng Viettel Homephone Viettel.
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2.5.1.2.

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Trng hp cng khu vc - Trng hp cng MSC: Di ng BTS BSC MSC BSC BTS Homephone. - Trng hp khc MSC: o Tng i chuyn mch mm s dng cng ngh IP: Di ng BTS BSC MSS MSS# BSC BTS Homephone. o Tng i chuyn mch mm s dng cng ngh TDM: Di ng BTS BSC MSC GMSC MSC# BSC BTS Homephone. 2.5.1.2.3 Di ng Viettel Di ng mng khc. Di ng Viettel BTS BSC MSC GMSC Viettel GMSC mng khc MSC BSC BTS Di ng mng khc. 2.5.1.2.4 Di ng Viettel C nh mng khc. Di ng Viettel BTS BSC MSC MSC Viettel TOLL Viettel TOLL mng khc Tadem Host C nh mng khc. 2.5.1.2.5 C nh Viettel C nh mng khc. C nh Viettel Host Tadem TOLL Viettel TOLL mng khc Tadem Host C nh mng khc. 2.5.1.2.6 T thu bao di ng 3G truy cp Internet. Di ng NodeB RNC SGSN GGSN Internet

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CHNG III: CNG NGH TRONG THNG TIN DI NG MNG VIETTEL 3.1 Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn W-CDMA. Phn ny ch cp n ni dung truy nhp v tuyn khng ni n vn truyn dn v tuyn trong W-CDMA ca nh mng vin thng Viettel. 3.1.1 Cu trc mng truy nhp v tuyn trong h thng thng tin di ng W-CDMA. 3.1.1.1 c im ca W-CDMA. 3.1.1.1.1 Hiu sut s dng tn s cao. V nguyn tc, dung lng tim nng ca h thng c xem nh ging nhau ngay c khi cc cng ngh a truy nhp nh TDMA v FDMA c ng dng. Trong khi CDMA thng c coi l c hiu sut s dng tn s cao, iu ny nn c theo ngha l trong CDMA rt d nng cao hiu sut s dng tn s. V d, CDMA c th t c mt mc hiu sut chc chn nh s dng k thut iu chnh cng sut pht chnh xc, ngc li TDMA s phi c s dng n k thut phn chia knh ng cc k phc tp t c cng mc hiu sut nh vy. Vic s dng cc cng ngh c bn ca h thng CDMA theo ng cch s em li hiu sut s dng tn s cao cho h thng. 3.1.1.1.2 D qun l tn s. Do CDMA cho php cc ln cn chia s cng mt tn s nn khng cn c quy hoch tn s. Ngc li, trong cc h thng s dng FDMA v TDMA cn phi c bit ch n quy hoch tn s, c nhiu kh khn lien quan n quy hoch tn s do v tr lp t cc trm trong thuwch t thng dn ti vic phi xt n nhng mu truyn lan song bt quy tc v cc c tnh a hnh phc tp. Cn phi ch rng cc quy hoch tn s khng hon chnh s lm gim hiu sut s dng tn s. CDMA khng cn c quy hoch tn s nh th. 3.1.1.1.3 Cng sut ca my di ng thp. Nh c qu trnh t iu chnh cng sut pht (TPC) m h thng W-CDMA c th gim c t s Eb/No (tng ng vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu) mc chp nhn c, iu ny khng ch lm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim cng sut pht yu cu khc phc tp m v nhiu. Vic gim ny ng ngha vi gim cng sut pht yu cu i vi my di ng. N lm gim gi thnh v cho php hot ng trong mt vng rng hn vi cng sut thp kho so vi h thng TDMA hoc h thng tng t c cng cng sut. Ngoi ra, vic gim cng sut pht yu cu s lm tng vng phc v v gim s lng BS yu cu khi so vi cc h thng khc. Mt u im ln hn xut pht t qu trnh t iu chnh cng sut pht trong h thng W-CDMA l n lm gim cng sut pht trung bnh. Trong a s trng hp th mi trng truyn dn l thun li i vi WCDMA. Trong cc h thng bng hp th cng sut pht cao lun lun c yu cu khc phc hin tng pha inh theo thi gian. Trong h thng
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W-CDMA, cng sut trung bnh c th gim v cng sut yu cu ch c pht i bi vic iu khin cng sut v cng sut pht ch tng khi xy ra pha inh. 3.1.1.1.4 S dng cc ti nguyn v tuyn mt cc c lp trong ng ln v ng xung. Trong CDMA, rt d cung cp mt cu hnh khng i xng gia ng ln v ng xung. V d, trong cc h thng truy nhp khc nh TDMA s rt kh phn chia cc khe thi gian cho ng ln v ng xung ca mt thu bao c lp vi cc thu bao khc, Trong FDMA, rt kh thit lp cu hnh khng i xng cho ng ln v ng xung v rng bng tn song mang ca ng ln v ng xung s phi thay i. Ngc li, trong CDMA, h s tri ph (SF) c th c thit lp c lp gia ng ln v ng xung i vi mi thu bao v nh c th thit lp cc tc khc nhau ng ln v ng xung. iu ny cho php s dng hiu qu cc ti nguyn v tuyn ngay c trong cc loi hnh thng tin khng i xng nh truy cp Internet. Khi khng pht s liu th ti nguyn v tuyn khng b chim dng. Do , nu mt thu bao ch thc hin truyn tin ng ln v mt thu bao khc ch thc hin truyn tin trn ng xung th cc ti nguyn v tuyn c s dng tng ng ti nguyn cho mt cp ng truyn ln v xung. Thng thng, TDMA v FDMA s phi phn chia hai cp ti nguyn v tuyn trong cc trng hp nh vy. Cc thuc tnh bng rng ca W-CDMA cho hiu sut cao hn trong cc mt sau. o Nhiu tc s liu Bng rng cho php truyn dn tc cao. N cng cho php cung cp c hiu qu cc dch v khi c s kt hp cc dch v tc thp v cc dch v tc cao. V d, trong TDMA, cc tc truyn dn khc nhau c th c cung cp bng cch thay i s khe thi gian c phn chia, nhng tc thp nh tc kho ch truyn tn hiu thoi ca my di ng vn yu cu cng mc cng sut nh nh mc cng sut yu cu cho cc dch v tc cc i. o Ci thin cc gii php chng hiu ng pha inh nhiu tia. Cng ngh thu phn tp RAKE (thu bng nhiu anten) gip nng cao cht lng tn hiu thu bng cch tch ring cc tn hiu nhiu tia thnh cc tnh hiu mt tia thu v kt hp li. Khi bng thng rng s ci thin gii php truyn lan sng v cng sut thu yu cu s khng cn cao v hiu qu phn tp ng truyn lm s ng truyn tng ln, iu ny gip gim cng sut pht v tng dung lng. o Gim t l gin on tn hiu. Bng thng rng lm gia tng tc bt trong knh iu khin v to ra kh nng gim t l b gin on tn hiu thu, nh , my di ng c th
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thu c th thu cc tn hiu mc thp trong ch ri tit kim ngun. iu ny gip ko di thi gian ch ca pin ca my di ng. 3.1.1.2 Cc c tnh k thut c bn ca W-CDMA Bng 3.1 Cc c tnh k thut c bn ca W-CDMA Phng thc truy nhp CDMA tri ph trc tip Phng thc truyn song cng FDD n rng bng thng 5Mhz Tc chip 3,84 Mc/s Khong cch sng mang 200 kHz Tc s liu ~2 Mbit/s di khung s liu 10,20,40,80 ms M hiu chnh li M Turbo, m xon Phng thc iu ch s liu ng xung: QPSK, ng ln: BPSK Phng thc iu ch tri ph ng xung: QPSK, ng ln: HPSK H s tri ph (SF) 4~512 Phng thc ng b gia cc trm D b (cng c th s dng ch gc ng b) Phng php m ha thoi AMR (1,95 kbit/s 12,2 kbit.s) Ghi ch: AMR: M ha nhiu tc thch ng; BPSK: iu ch pha hai trnh thi; FDD: Song cng phn chia tn s; HPSK: iu ch pha hn hp; QPSK: iu ch pha bn trng thi. Ban u, Hip hi kinh doanh v cng ngh v tuyn(ARIB) v vin tieu chun vin thng chu u (ETSI) ch trng xy dng cc h thng v tuyn tp trung trn sng mang 5Mhz v cng c th bao gm c sng mang 10Mhz v 20Mhz. D n i tc th h th ba (3GPP) tp trung hon thin cc c tnh k thut cho rng bng tn 5Mhz v xa b cc c tnh k thut cho cc bng tn khc. iu ny c th l gii l do thc t th sng mang c bng tn 5Mhz l t c tc truyn dn 2Mbit/s mc d bng tn 20Mhz s hiu qu hn cho vic truyn s liu tc ny, ch khng phi do mc tiu ca 3GPP l hon thin cc c tnh k thut chi tit cng nhanh cng tt. V th, phin bn hin ti v cc c tnh k thut c a ra bi 3GPP v cc tiu chun ca ARIB v ETSI ch gii hn rng bng tn 5Mhz. Ch khng ng b c p dng gia cc BS s to ra kh nng khng cn phi ng b cht ch gia tt c cc BS v nh vy s cho php trin khai linh hot cc BS. Nh vic thit k, cng c th p dng ch ng b gia cc BS. di khung c bn l 10ms v cng c th c cc di nh bng 3.1 do s dng k thut xen k. Phng thc iu ch s liu l iu ch pha bn trng thi (QPSK) cho ng xung v iu ch pha hai trng thi (BPSK) cho ng ln. Phng thc iu ch
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pha hn hp (HPSK) c p dng cho iu ch tri ph ng ln. Qu trnh tch sng da trn phng php tch sng nht qun c s tr gip ca k hiu hoa tiu. i vi ng xung, cc k hiu hoa tiu c ghp theo thi gian gim thiu tr trong qu trnh iu chnh cng sut pht (TPC) v n gin ha cc mch thu trong my di ng. i vi ng ln, cc k hiu hoa tiu c tri ph bi cc m tri ph khc vi s liu v c php vung pha (I/Q) vi s liu. iu ny m bo cho qu trnh truyn dn l lien tc ngay c khi thc hin truyn vi tc c th thay i v gim thiu cc nh trong dng sng truyn. cng l mt cch hiu qu gim nh hng ca cc trng in t v gim cc yu cu i vi mch khuch i trong my di ng. SF bin thin c p dng thu c cc tc truyn dn khc nhau. i vi ng xung, h s tri ph bin thin trc giao (OVSF) c ng dng. a m c th c s dng. Cc m xon c s dng m ha knh. i vi s liu tc cao, cc m Turbo c s dng. Phng thc k hiu hoa tiu c p dng hiu qu cho vng iu chnh cng sut nhanh khp kn trong ng xung. Ngoi ra, cc k hiu hoa tiu chung s dng gii iu ch cc knh chung cng c th c s dng gii iu ch cc knh ring. 3.1.1.1.3 Cu trc ca mng truy nhp v tuyn W-CDMA. Hnh 3.1 minh ha cu trc h thng W-CDMA. Mng truy nhp v tuyn (RAN) bao gm thit b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) v NodeB, mng ny vi mng li (CN) qua giao din Iu. Theo 3GPP, RAN c xem nh mng truy cp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN).

Hnh 3.1: Cu trc mng truy nhp v tuyn. RNC c chc nng qun l cc ti nguyn v tuyn v iu khin cc Node B, v d nh n thc hin iu khin chuyn giao. Node B l node logic c chc nng
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thu v pht v tuyn, n cn c gi l trm thu pht gc (BTS). Giao din na Node B v RNC c gi l Iub. Giao din gia cc RNC cng c quy nh vi tn gi l Iur. y l mt giao din logic c th thc hin u ni vt l gia cc RNC. Tuy nhin, cc phng php truyn dn lun phin c th c ng dng nh mt kt ni vt l qua mng li (CN). Node B ph sng cho mt hoc nhiu (cell). Nu BS c phn chia sector bi cc anten nh hng th mi sector cng c xem nh mt nh. Node B c kt ni vi thit b thu bao (UE) qua giao din v tuyn. 3.1.2 Cc cng ngh then cht trong W-CDMA 3.1.2.1 S dng ch khng ng b gia cc BS v phn chia m ng xung. Ch khng ng b (d b) c p dng khi khng cn duy tr mt qu trnh ng b chnh xc gia tt c cc BS. N c s dng nhm mc ch m bo d dng trin khai ph kn sng bi cc BS cho c mi trng truyn sng trong nh v ngoi tri. Hnh 3.2 minh ha qu trnh phn chia m tri ph ng xung cho cc h thng d b. Hai b m tri ph c s dng l: b m ngu nhin v b m phn knh. M ngu nhin l mt m c gn cho mt cell nhn din cell, m ny c di khung s liu l 10ms (di hn m phn knh) v n x l cc tn hiu nhiu t cc cell khc nh tp m. M phn knh nhn bit mi thu bao v tp cc m trc giao c s dng trong mi cell.

Hnh 3.2: Phn chia m ng xung trong ch khng ng b gia cc BS Ch ng b s c n nh mt m tng ng vi mt m ngu nhin ti mi cell theo ch ghp nh thi, tc l s dng vic dch nh thi (timeshifting) cho mt mu m n. Ngc li, ch khng ng b s n nh mt m tng ng vi m ngu nhin ti mi cell theo ch ghp nh thi, tc l s dng vic nh thi (time-shifting) cho mt mu m n. Ngc li, ch khng ng b s n nh nhiu mu theo s cc m ngu nhin. Trong trng hp ny, cn c mt s qu trnh gip UE nhn bit c n thuc v cell no. H thng
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tun theo qu trnh ba bc, cng ngh tm nhn cell tc cao lm gim c bn thi gian tm kim cell ca UE v to ta tnh kh thi cho ch d b gia cc BS. Hnh 3.3 cho thy c ch ca phng php tm nhn cell tc cao theo ba bc.

Hnh 3.3: C ch tm nhn cell nhanh theo ba bc. 3.1.2.1.1 Truyn dn OVSF. cung cp cc dch v a phng tin, cn phi c phng thc hiu qu c khi c s kt hp cc dch v cc tc khc nhau, t cc tc cao n cc tc thp. i vi ng xung, m tri ph OVSF c ng dng, cc m trong b m ny c to ta trc giao vi nhau d cho SF ( di m) l khc nhau. iu ny cho php cung cp cc dch v c tc bits khc nhau qua cc knh trc giao vi nhau. 3.1.2.1.2 Cu trc hoa tiu. Qu trnh tch sng nht qun c s tr gip ca k hiu hoa tiu c p dng khng ch vi ng xung m c vi ng ln. Cc k hiu hoa tiu trong ng xung c ghp theo thi gian vi cc k hiu s liu gim thiu tr cho cc TPC v n gin ha qu trnh thu trong UE. K hiu hoa tiu s dng cho cc knh ring gho theo thi gian trong ng xung cng c hiu qu s dng trong qu trnh iu chnh cng sut pht (TPC) nhanh ng xung. Mt khc, i vi ng ln cc k hiu s liu c ghp vung pha (I/Q) vi cc k hiu hoa tiu. Hay ni cch khc, chng c iu ch BPSK v c kt hp hai trng thi pha 0 v /2. iu ny lm cho cc qu trnh truyn dn tc bin thin c ng ln c lien tc v khng thay i bt thng. N cng gim thiu h s nh trong dng sng truyn dn v gim bt cc yu cu cho b khuch i pht trong UE. Hnh 3.4 l s khi qut v qu trnh ghp s liu v cc k hiu hoa tiu.
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Hnh 3.4: Cu trc hoa tiu. i vi ng xung, CPICH c s dng gii iu ch cc knh chung cng c s dng gii iu ch cc knh ring. 3.1.2.1.3 Phng php truy nhp gi. Khi m truyn gi tr thnh k thut then cht i vi cc dch v 3G th nhiu nghin cu khc c tin hnh trn cc cng ngh truyn. W-CDMA chn gii php s dng h thng c kh nng chuyn i thch ng gia cc knh chung v cc knh ring thoe lu lng s liu. Hnh 4.5 trnh by c ch truyn gi. Khi lng s liu cn truyn ln th vic n nh knh ring DPCH l hiu qu hn v cng sut s dng l thp nht nh qu trnh TPC. Ngc li, khi lng s liu cn truyn nh v lu lng thay i t bin th vic s dng mt knh chung s hiu qu hn. Trong phng php ny, h thng s chuyn i thch ng gia cc knh chung v cc knh ring theo lu lng s liu.

Hnh 3.5: Truyn gi tin thch ng theo cc knh chung v knh ring.

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Cc phng php khc cng c s dng, bao gm phng php dng knh chia s (chung) ng xung, trong mt knh ng xung c chia s bi nhiu thu bao. Cc knh ring tc thp c gn vo knh chia s ng xung. Cc knh iu khin vt l (CCH) trn cc knh ring ny thc hin vic iu khin v ch ra thng tin cn gii m knh chia s. Knh chia s ng xung c tin cy truyn s liu tc cao ng xung mt cc hiu qu. 3.1.2.1.4 Cc m Turbo. V cc m sa li, cc nghin cu tp trung vo vic ng dng cc m turbo vi thng tin di ng, cc m ny c xc nhn l c hiu sut sa li cao i vi cc qu trnh truyn dn tc tng i cao. 3.1.2.1.5 TPC i vi ng ln, TPC l mt chc nng cn thit chng li hiu ng xa-gn trong CDMA tri ph chui trc tip (DS-CDMA), t s cng sut tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR) da trn TPC c p dng. i vi ng xung, TPC p dng cng chu trnh nh i vi ng ln, qu trnh TPC cng nhanh th cng hiu qu trong vic ci thin hiu sut ng xung. 3.1.2.1.6 Phn tp truyn dn. Mt s cng ngh phn tp truyn dn c nghin cu v sau c p dng nng cao hiu sut gm: phng php phn tp anten pht chuyn mch thi gian (TSTD) v phn tp anten pht da trn m khi thi gian-khng gian (STTD) dng vng kn trong c s dng vng hi tip. TSTD chuyn i anten pht trong mi khe, ngc li STTD ci thin hiu qu sa li nh vic ngu nhin ha cc li ti im thu bng cch m ha s liu ging nhau v gi ng thi chng ti hai anten pht. Dng vng kn, c p dng vi cc knh ring s lm gim nh hng ca pha inh bng cch iu chnh pha sng mang pht ra t hai anten theo tn hiu tham chiu phn hi t UE ti im thu. 3.1.3 K thut thu pht sng cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) v k thut thu pht song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD). Phng thc song cng trong W-CDMA l FDD. Tuy nhin, 3GPP pht trin ch tiu k thut ca W-CDMA (tc l UTRA FDD) khng gii hn vi mode FDD. N cng pht trin cc ch tiu k thut cho TDD, UTRAN TDD. Mode TDD c pht trin theo hng c nhiu c tnh chung vi FDD. Trong thc t, cc giao thc lp cao hn l ging nhau trong FDD v TDD. Cc thng s c bn lp 1 ca TDD cng ging nh trong FDD. V d nh tc chip, di khung, cc phng php iu ch v gii iu ch, v cc thng s k thut then cht khc cng ging nhau trong c hai mode. C hai ty chn lin quan n tc chip l 3.84 Mc/s v 1.28 Mc/s (tc l 1/3 ca 3.84 Mc/s). Cc thit b mng truy nhp v tuyn W-CDMA. 3.1.4.1 Tng quan v cu hnh h thng thit b truy nhp v tuyn. Thit b truy nhp v tuyn bao gm: UE, BTS, thit b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) v thit b x l tn hiu a phng tin (MPE). Mc d BTS c gi l NodeB, mt Node logic v mt cu trc, tuy nhin, thit b x l tn hiu a 3.1.4
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phng tin (MPE) c miu t nh mt thit b ring bit trong cu hnh mng ny. Mt s chc nng x l tn hiu ca mng li (CN) cng c t chung trong MPE, v MPE c ni ti tng i ni ht nh minh ha trong hnh 3.6. Mng li (CN) l mt v d v cu hnh vt l tch hp ca CS v PS s dng ch truyn bt ng b (ATM).

Hnh 3.6: Cu hnh h thng v tuyn W-CDMA BTS. 3.1.4.2.1 Cu hnh chc nng. BTS bao gm mt b khuch i thu v tuyn ngoi tri (OA-RA), mt thit b iu khin gim st b khuch i thu v tuyn ngoi tri (OARA-SC), mt b khuch i cng sut pht v mt thit b iu ch v gii iu ch (MDE). MDE gm cc modul chc nng nh my thu/pht (TRX), thit b iu khin, giao din tc cao v khi x l tn hiu bng gc (BB). AMP. OA-RA v TRX c lp c lp cho mi sector, cn cc modul chc nng khc ca MDE c dng chung cho cc sector. 3.1.4.2

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Hnh 3.7: Cu hnh chc nng ca BTS 3.1.4.2.2 Cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca BTS Cc ch tiu k thut ny tun theo tiu chun TS25.104 v Thu, pht v tuyn UTRA(BS)FDD v u cui (TSG) v nhm hot ng RAN (WG) trong 3GPP. Cc ch tiu cao hn ang c xy dng tng s sng mang v dung lng knh, gim cng sut tiu th v to ta cc mch c tch hp cao hn na. 3.1.4.2.3 Cc cng ngh then cht trong mi khi chc nng. o AMP AMP khuch i cng sut cc tn hiu u ra ca MDE (cc tn hiu ghp m a truy cp, cc sng mang) ln mc yu cu ti u vo anten. H s khuch i khong 40 n 50dB. Do cc ch tiu k thut ca 3GPP yu cu phi tha mn mt ACLR l 45dB vi sng mang 5Mhz khi pht a sng mang v a m nn cn c mt AMP chung tuyn tnh rt cao. Cc cng ngh chng mo dng sng cho cc AMP bao gm cng ngh t iu chnh v lm mo trc. Khuch i t iu chnh l cng ngh c u th hn do hiu sut chng mo cao. Vic gim kch thc ca AMP c th t c bng cch ch to mt AMP chung tha mn cc yu cu ny. K thut lm mo trc cng c mong i t hiu sut cao hn.

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Hnh 3.8: Cu hnh c bn ca b khuch i t iu chnh. Bng 3.2 Cc ch tiu k thut c bn ca BTS. Cc mc Cc ch tiu H thng truy nhp v tuyn DS-CDMA FDD Bng tn thu/ pht Bng tn IMT-2000 Khong cch tn s thu/ pht 190Mhz Khong cch sng mang Dng qut sng mang 200kHz Tc chip 3.84 Mc/s Tc k hiu (symbol) 7.5 ks/s ~ 960 ks/s Phng php iu ch iu ch s liu: QPSK, iu ch tri ph: QPSK Phng php gii iu ch Tch sng nht qun c h tr ca tn hiu hoa tiu Tc truyn s liu Ti a 384 kbit/s (2Mbit/s) Cng sut pht cc i 20W 2dB/sng mang/sector (10W 2dB/sng mang/sector/anten khi phn tp pht) n nh tn s 0.05 ppm hoc nh hn rng bng thng chim 5Mhz hoc nh hn (99% rng bng thng) dng T k cng sut nhiu sang Sng mang 5Mhz: 45dB hoc cao hn/ rng knh ln cn (ACLR) bng 3.84Mhz. Sng mang 10Mhz: 50dB hoc cao hn/ rng bng 3.84 Mhz. nhy tham chiu Tc d liu 12.2 kbit/s Mc tn hiu u vo; -121dBm T l li bit 10 hoc thp hn o OA-RA v OA-RA-SC. B khuch i thu s dng trong OA-RA thng bao gm cc b khuch i tp m thp (LNA) mc song song tng tin cy. H s khuch i khong 40dB. V c lp ngoi tri nn cc OA-RA u c cc b phn bo v
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Hnh 3.9: Cu hnh c bn b khuch i thu v tuyn ngoi tri (OA-RA) o TRX TRX bin i cc tn hiu pht tri ph bng gc t dng s sang tng t, bin i chng thnh cc tn hiu cao tn (RF) nh iu ch pha bn trng thi, tch sng theo phng php nht qun cc tn hiu thu t OA-RA, bin i chng t tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s v gi chng n BB. Mi sector c mt TRX c lp. N c cu hnh d phng vi mt TRX v TRX d phng s c t ng chuyn sang trng thi hot ng trong trng hp c bt c s c no. Mt t TRX c th t my thu pht cho 6 sector. o BB BB l mt khi chc nng thc hin: hiu chnh li trc (FEC), ng khung, iu ch s liu, iu ch tri ph vi cc tn hiu pht. i vi tn hiu thu BB thc hin cc chc nng: gii tri ph, ng b chip, gii m hiu chnh li, tch/ ghp s liu, MRC trong qu trnh chuyn giao t sector n sector v mt s bc x l tn hiu khc. Ngc li vi TRX, c phn cng ring bit cho mi sector, ti nguyn phn cng ca tm mch (card) x l tn hiu bng gc c th c phn chia cho bt k sector hoc sng mang no. Vic chia s tm mch ny trong BTS cho php nhn chia linh hot cc knh ph hp vi cc dch v v lu lng khc nhau. Ngay vi c mt BTS th h u tin c th cung cp kh nng x l bng gc cho trn 720 knh thoi trong mt ngn my, iu ny cho php BTS hot ng ti dung lng knh v tuyn ln nht vi mt cu hnh ba sector, hai sng mang. Cc nghin cu su hn ang c tin hnh t c mt cao hn, cng sut tiu th thp hn, nhm tng dung lng nhiu hn. o Giao din cao tc (Highway) BTS v RNC c ni vi nhau qua mt ng truyn 2 Mbit/s hoc mt ng Mega-link ATM. Vic truyn dn s liu iu khin v s liu thu bao vi hiu sut cao c c nh cng ngh truyn dn ATM.
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o Chc nng iu khin Khi ny thc hin chc nng thu/ pht cc tn hiu iu khin cuc gi n/t RNC, qun l cc knh v tuyn v thit lp/gii phng cc knh v tuyn. Phn mm iu khin (CC, gim st bo dng v iu khin) v cc thng s h thng khc c th c lu tr trong mt b nh qua th nh, nh vic nng cp phn mm c th qun l ti mt trung tm. Chc nng cc tng v phn mm ng cng c phn lp cho php pht trin cc ng dng c lp vi nhau gip cho vic nng cao hoc ci tin chc nng d dng hn. Chc nng giao din bo dng l mt chc nng tiu chun nh Kin trc ngt yu cu theo mc tiu chung (CORBA). H thng cng c chc nng np chng trnh khi u (IPL) v chc nng truyn tp t xa v cng c kh nng gim st v iu khin trng thi ca cc tm mch c lp trong BTS cng nh gim st v iu khin thng tin trm ngoi BTS v thit b ngoi vi thng qua mt giao din iu khin/gim st bn ngoi. 3.1.4.2.4 RNC RNC c cc chc nng: X l tn hiu iu khin, khai thc v bo dng (O&M), tch/ghp knh chung, chuyn mch ATM, chuyn giao- phn tp RNC c ni ti tng i ni ht MPE v BTS, thc hin iu khin kt ni ng truyn v tuyn v iu khin chuyn giao. Hnh 3.10 minh ha cu hnh ca RNC v mi chc nng ca RNC theo khi. Bng 3.3 m t tm tt cc nhim v x l ca mi khi chc nng. Cn phi ch hnh 3.10 l mt s i khi chc nng. Thc t, c th ghp nhiu chc nng trn mt cu hnh phn cng hoc phn mm. RNC cn c kh nng thch nghi linh hot vi cc vng phc v, t cc thnh ph c mt lu lng cao n cc vng ngoi vi mt lu lng thp hn. Do , n cn c kh nng x l thp nht l hng chc nghn cuc gi gi bn (BHCA), kh nng chuyn mch t nht l vi Gbit/s, kh nng qun l hng t BTS v cn c linh hot thch ng vi cc thit k cho cc vng khc nhau. V kh nng x l kt ni cuc gi cng cn hng ti m bo c cho chc nng O&M. V th RNC c mt chc nng giao din O&M tiu chun ging nh CORBA.

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Hnh 3.10: Cu hnh chc nng ca RNC Bng 3.3 Khi qut v cc khi chc nng ca RNC. Chc nng Chuyn mch ATM Giao din BTS Giao din chuyn mch Giao din MPE Khi x l tn hiu nhn tin Modul ng b xung nhp khung Trung k chuyn giao phn tp Tch v ghp t bo AAL2 Khi iu khin Khi x l Modul d liu h thng Khi chng trnh g ri (Debugger) a cng Khi kt cui bo hiu di ng Khi kt cui bo hiu BTS Khi kt cui bo hiu giao din Iu Khi kt cui bo hiu RNC Khi kt cui bo hiu MPE Khi kt cui bo hiu h iu hnh Giao din nh tuyn IP gim st Ghp MAC Giao din ngun xung nhp s Khi iu khin khn (d phng) 3.1.4.2.5 MPE
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Tn ATM-SW BTSIF Switch IF MPE IF PAGE FCM DHT AAL2 CNT PRC SDM DB HD MSU BSU ISU RSU MPSU OSU Router IF M-MUX DCI EMC

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MPE c cc chc nng x l tn hiu gi bao gm chc nng chuyn i giao thc cho s liu PS, cng nh cc chc nng x l tn hiu thoi chuyn i s liu thoi t dng nhiu tc thch ng (ARM) sang dng tn hiu PCM. Nh minh ha trong hnh 3.7, chc nng x l tn hiu gi l mt phn ca RAN v chc nng RNC c thc hin trong MPE, l mt thit b vt l ring bit. Do vy, qu trnh x l tn hiu gi c tin hnh qua kt ni vi cc RNC. Cc ti nguyn phn cng cho qu trnh x l tn hiu c tp trung trong MPE v c th c chia s cho cc RNC. Cc chc nng x l tn hiu i vi cc dch v chuyn mch knh nh x l tn hiu thoi c xem nh cc chc nng ca mng li (CN) trong cc tiu chun k thut v v th chng c thc hin vi s tham gia ca tng i ni ht. Khi MPE l mt khi phn cng tch hp cc chc nng x l tn hiu ca RAN v CN th n c kh nng thc hin c hai chc nng trong mt khi thit b n l. Hnh 4.11 minh ha cu hnh chc nng ca MPE. N cho thy cu hnh chc nng ch khng hn l cu hnh phn cng. Bng 3.4 m t vn tt cc chc nng c thc hin bi mi khi chc nng. MPE phi c kh nng x l t nht hng trm nghn BHCA, kh nng chuyn mch thp nht l vi Gbit/s v kh nng s l cho hng t RNC, p ng linh hot vi cc vng khc nhau.

Hnh 3.11: Cu hnh chc nng ca MPE

Bng 3.4 Khi qut cc chc nng ca mi khi chc nng trong MPE Tn M t CNT Khi iu khin RMSU Khi kt cui bo hiu RNC/MMS
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Bo co thc tp tt nghip SV-CNT SPU HW Bus bn trong (Internal bus) hoc khi chuyn mch CLK Khi ngun OSU EMC MSS: Dch v tin nhn a phng tin

27 Khi iu khin-gim st Khi x l tn hiu Khi Highway (kt cui ng truyn RNC/MMS) Khi truyn dn tn hiu bn trong thit b Xung nhp(to ra cc bit xung nhp chun) Cp ngun Khi kt cui bo hiu h iu hnh Khi iu khin khn (d phng)

3.1.4.3 Anten BS 3.1.4.3.1 Anten BS cho IMT-2000 IMT-2000 s dng cho bng tn 2 Ghz v n cn c anten BS mi tin tin hn. Do , cc anten BS c thit k vi cc yu cu nh gn (ng knh anten nh hn) gim thiu kh khn v c kh khi lp t anten. Vic phn chia tn s cng nhm mc ch gim s lng anten cn lp t. Cc mu bc x nh hng theo sector cc anten BS trong ITM-2000 cng c thit k c bit ph hp vi dung lng thu bao. Hnh 4.12 so snh s tng quan gia s lng sector v dung lng thu bao trong W-CDMA vi mu bc x ca anten phn chia sector l tng, trong nh hng c k hiu bng f(), hnh v ny cho thy dung lng thu bao tng t l thun vi s sector. Tuy nhin, dung lng thu bao trong thc t s nh hn trng hp anten phn chia sector l tng khong 20% do c nhiu chng ln khu vc ln cn ca cc sector. rng bp sng gi nh trong cc cu hnh phn chia 3 sector v 6 sector tng ng l 120 v 60.

Hnh 3.12: S sector v dung lng thu bao. Hnh 3.13 minh ha s tng quan gia cu trc anten v rng bp sng. Trong trng hp A, mt anten lng cc c t gia mt mt phn x
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phng (khong cch vi anten=0.25 bc sng) v rng bp sng l 120 vi rng mt phn x bng 0.7 bc sng. Bp sng khng th hp hn na ngay c khi rng ca mt phn x tng. Trong trng hp B, hai anten lng cc c t cch nhau 0.5 bc sng trn mt mt phn x phng v cc sng c kt hp c cng pha v bin (khong cch vi anten=0.25 bc sng). rng bp sng khng ph thuc vo rng mt phn x ca anten th c th s dng mt mt phn x c rng bng 0.5 bc sng gim bn knh anten, nhng thc t rng ny phi bng 0.7 n 1 bc sng do phi xt n t l sng bc x ngc t mt trc n mt sau ca anten. Trong trng hp C, mt phn x c hnh bn tr, vi mt anten lng cc c t tm. Trong trng hp ny rng ca mt phn x t l vi m (ng knh) ca anten. Nh minh ha trong hnh v, ng knh anten cng ln th bp sng cng hp. V d, c th to ra mt bp sng c gc m 120 bng mt mt phn x c ng knh bng 0.25 bc sng, c ngha l bn knh anten gim so vi trng hp A. Hn na, c th to ra mt bp sng c gc m 60 bng mt mt phn x c ng knh bng 0.8 bc sng, tc l xp x kch thc anten trong trng hp B. Thng thng, cu trc anten trong cc trng hp A v B c bao bc bi mt vm radar lm bng cht in mi (radome) ci thin cng c kh, nng cao bn trong cc iu kin thi tit, gim sc gi Do , cc kch thc ca anten thng thng c xc nh da trn bn knh tng ng. thit k mt anten BS vi bp sng c gc m 120 th hnh v cho thy rng cu trc anten trong trng hp C l nh nht.

Hnh 3.13: rng mt phn x v rng bp sng. rng bp sng cng c th c iu chnh bng cch t mt phn x mt gc to thnh anten phn x gc. Cc anten phn x gc c th gim rng bp sng bi gc hp hn v nh vy c th ti u ha kch thc anten (ng knh anten nh hn) i vi mi rng bp sng. 3.1.4.3.2 Phn chia tn s Cc anten theo chun IMT-2000 cn c bn knh nh hn gim nh hng ca sc gi. Nh cp phn trc, c mt cch thc hin iu ny l
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Hnh 3.14: Cu trc ca anten ba bng tn c rng bp sng 120 Cng ngh Metro Ethenet 3.2.1 Li ch khi dng Metro Ethenet Nhiu nh cung cp dch v cung cp dch v Metro Ethernet. Mt s nh cung cp m rng dch v Ethernet vut xa phm vi mng ni th (MAN) v vn n phm vi mng din rng (WAN). Hng ngn thu bao c s dng dch v Ethernet v s lng thu bao ang tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. Nhng thu bao ny b thu ht bi nhng li ch ca dch v Ethernet em li, bao gm: - Tnh d s dng. - Hiu qu v chi ph (cost effectiveness). - Linh hot. 3.2.2 Tnh d s dng Dch v Ethernet da trn mt giao din Ethernet (Ethernet interface) chun, ph bin dng rng ri trong cc h thng mng cc b (LAN). Hu nh tt c cc thit b v my ch trong LAN u kt ni dng Ethernet, v vy vic s dng Ethernet kt ni vi nhau s n gin ha qu trnh hot ng v cc chc nng qun tr, qun l v cung cp(OAM &P). 3.2.3 Hiu qu v chi ph Dch v Ethernet lm gim chi ph u t (CAPEX-capital expense) v chi ph vn hnh (OPEX-operation expense): - Mt l, do s ph bin ca Ethernet trong hu ht tt c cc sn phm mng nn giao din Ethernet c chi ph khng t. - Hai l, t tn km hn nhng dch v cnh tranh khc do gi thnh thit b thp, chi ph qun tr v vn hnh thp hn. - Ba l, nhiu nh cung cp dch v Ethernet cho php nhng thu bao tng thm bng thng mt cch kh mm do.. iu ny cho php thu bao thm bng thng khi cn thit v h ch tr cho nhng g h cn. 3.2.4 Tnh linh hot 3.2
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Dch v Ethernet cho php nhng thu bao thit lp mng ca h theo nhng cch hoc l phc tp hn hoc l khng th thc hin vi cc dch v truyn thng khc. V d: mt cng ty thu mt giao tip Ethernet n c th kt ni nhiu mng v tr khc nhau thnh lp mt Intranet VPN ca h, kt ni nhng i tc kinh doanh thnh Extranet VPN hoc kt ni Internet tc cao n ISP. Vi dch v Ethenet, cc thu bao cng c th thm vo hoc thay i bng thng trong vi pht thay v trong vi ngy ngy hoc thm ch vi tun khi s dng nhng dch v mng truy nhp khc (Frame relay, ATM,). Ngoi ra, nhng thay i ny khng i hi thu bao phi mua thit b mi hay ISP c cn b k thut n kim tra, h tr ti ch. 3.2.5 M hnh dch v Ethernet Tt c cc dch v Ethernet s c mt vi thuc tnh chung, nhng dch v khc nhau s khc nhau v mt s cc thuc tnh. Dch v Ethernet c cung cp bi mng Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) ca nh cung cp. Thit b khch hng CE (Customer Equipment) gn vo mng MEN qua giao tip ngi s dng-mng UNI (User-Network Interface) s dng chun giao din Ethernet chun vi tc 10Mbit/s, 100Mbit/s, 1Gbit/s hoc 10Gbit/s. C th c nhiu UNIs kt ni n MEN t mt v tr. Nhng dch v c xc nh theo quan im ca thu bao. Nhng dch v ny dng cc cng ngh truyn dn hay cc giao thc MEN khc nhau nh SONET, DWDM, MPLS, GFP , Tuy nhin, di gc thu bao, kt ni mng v pha thu bao ca giao din UNI l Ethernet. 3.2.5.1 Kt ni Ethernet o Mt thuc tnh c bn ca dch v Ethernet l kt ni Ethernet o (EVCEthernet Virtual Connection). EVC c nh ngha bi MEF l mt s kt hp ca hai hay nhiu UNIs trong UNI l mt giao din Ethernet, l im ranh gii gia thit b khch hng v mng MEN ca nh cung cp dch v. Ni mt cch n gin, EVC thc hin 2 chc nng: - Kt ni hai hay nhiu v tr thu bao (chnh xc l UNIs), cho php truyn cc frame Ethernet gia chng. - Ngn chn d liu truyn gia nhng v tr thu bao (UNI) khng cng EVC tng t. Kh nng ny cho php EVC cung cp tnh ring t v s bo mt tng t Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) ca Frame Relay hay ATM. Hai quy tc c bn sau chi phi, iu khin vic truyn cc Ethernet frame trn EVC. Th nht, cc Ethernet frame i vo MEN khng bao gi c quay tr li UNI m n xut pht. Th hai, cc a ch MAC ca trong Ethernet frame gi nguyn khng thay i t ngun n ch. Ngc li vi mng nh tuyn (routed network), cc tiu (header) Ethernet frame b thay i khi qua router. Da trn nhng c im ny, EVC c th c s dng xy dng mng ring o lp 2 (Layer 2 Virtual Private Network-VPN). MEF nh ngha 2 kiu ca EVCs. - im-im(Point-to-point). - a im - im (Multipoint-to-Multipoint).
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EVC c th c dng xy dng mng ring o lp 2 (Layer 2 Virtual Private Network -VPN). Ngoi nhng im chung ny, dch v Ethernet c th thayi vi nhiu cch khc nhau. 3.2.5.2 Khun kh nh ngha dch v Ethernet gip nhng thu bao c th hiu r hn s khc nhau trong cc dch v Ethernet, MEF pht trin cc khun kh nh ngha dch v Ethernet. Mc tiu ca h thng nyl: - nh ngha v t tn cho cc kiu dch v Ethernet. - nh ngha nhng thuc tnh (attribute) v cc thng s ca thuc tnh (attribute parameters) c dng nh ngha mt dch v Ethernet ring bit. Hin ti MEF v ang xc nh (v cha thnh chun) hai kiu dch v Ethernet: - Kiu Ethernet Line (E-Line) Service dch v im-im (point-topoint) - Kiu LAN (E-LAN) Service dch v a im a im (multipoint-to-multipoint) nh r mt cch hon ton v dch v Ethernet, nh cung cp phi xc nh kiu dch v v UNI; cc thuc tnh ca dch v EVC kt hp vi kiu dch v . Cc thuc tnh ny c th c tp hp li theo nhng dng sau: - Giao din vt l (Ethernet Physical Interface) - Thng s lu lng (Traffic Parameters) - Thng s v hiu nng (Performance Parameters). - Lp dch v (Class of Service) - Service Frame Delivery - H tr cc th VLAN (VLAN T ag Support) - Ghp dch v (Service Multiplexing). - Gp nhm (Bundling). - Lc bo mt (Sercurity Filters). Kiu dch v Ethernet Line Kiu Ethernet Line (E-Line Service) cung cp kt ni Ethernet o imim gia 2 UNIs. Dng n gin nht, dch v E-Line c th cung cp bng thng i xng cho dliu gi nhn trn hai hng khng c c c mbo tc gia hai UNI 10 Mbps.. Dng phc tp hn, dch v E-line c th cung cp CIR (Commited Information Rate) v thuc tnh v tr, jitter, Ghp dch v (service multiplexing) cho php kt hp nhiu EVC trn mt cng vt l UNI duy nht. Mt dch v E-Line c th cung cp point-to-point EVCs gia UNIs tng t nh vic s dng Frame Relay PVCs ni lin cc site vi nhau. Mt dch v E-Line cng cung cp vic kt ni point-to-point gia UNIs tng t vi mt dch v thu knh ring TDM.
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Dch v E-Line cng c mt vi c im c bn nh Frame Delay , Fram Jitter v Frame Loss ti thiu v khng c ghp dch v (Service Multiplexing), tc l yu cu giao din vt l UNI ring bit cho mi EVC. Tm li, mt E-Line Service c th c dng xy dng nhng dch v tng t nh Frame Relay hay thu knh ring (private leased line). Tuy nhin, bng thng Ethernet v vic kt ni th tt hn nhiu Mt E-Line Service c th c dng xy dng cc dch v tng t nh Frame Relay hay knh thu ring (private leased line). Kiu dch v Ethernet LAN Kiu dch v Ethernet LAN (E-LAN) cung cp kt ni a im, tc l n c th kt ni 2 hoc hn nhiu UNIs. D liu ca thu bao c gi t mt UNI c th c nhn ti mt hoc nhiu d liu ca UNIs khc. Mi site (UNI) c kt ni vi mt multipoint EVC. Khi nhng site mi (UNIs) c thm vo, chng s c lin kt vi multipoint EVC nu trn do vy nn n gin ha vic cung cp v kch hot (activation) dch v. Theo quan im ca thu bao, dch v E LAN lm cho MEN trng ging mt mng LAN o. Dch v E-LAN Service c th cung cp mt CIR (Committed Information Rate), kt hp CBS (Committed Burst Size), EIR (Excess Information Rate) vi EBS (Excess Burst Size) v tr, jitter, v tn tht khung (frame lost). E-LAN Service vi cu hnh point-to-point E-LAN service c th c s dng lin kt ch vi 2 UNIs (sites). Trong khi iu ny c th xy ra tng t mt E-Line Service, c nhiu s khc bit kh quan trng. Vi dch v E-LAN, khi mt UNI (site) mi c thm vo, mt EVC mi phi c thit lp lin kt UNI mi vi mt trong nhng UNIs hin thi. Vi dch v E-LAN, khi UNI mi cn c thmvo ta khng cn thm EVC mi m n gin ch thm UNI mi vo EVC a im c. V th, E-LAN Service i hi ch mt EVC hon tt vic kt ni multi-site. Ni chung, dch v E-LAN c th kt ni nhiu a im vi nhau, t phc tp hn vic s dng nhng cng ngh nh Frame Relay hoc ATM. Tm li, MEF nh ngha hai kiu dch v chnh E-Line v E-LAN, tuy nhin cc hng, t chc tham gia MEF c cch s dng tn cho hai lai dch v ny khc nhau. V d nh Cisco a ra cc dch v Ethernet Relay Service (ERS) v Ethernet Wire Service (EWS) cho loi E-Line; Ethernet Relay Multipoint Service (ERMS) v Ethernet Multipoint Service (EMS) cho loi E-LAN. 3.2.6 Cc thuc tnh dch v Ethenet 3.2.6.1 Ghp dch v Ghp dch v cho php nhiu UNI thuc v cc EVC khc nhau. UNI nh vy gi l UNI c ghp dch v (service multiplexed UNI). Khi UNI ch thuc mt EVC th UNI nygi l UNI khng ghp dch v (non - multiplexed UNI). Li ch ca ghp knh dch v cho php ch cn mt cng giao din UNI c th h tr nhiu kt ni EVC. iu ny lm gim chi ph thm cng UNI v
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d dng trong vic qun tr. VLAN c cu hnh ti cng thit b khc hng CE k ni vi UNI c gi l CE - VLAN. Nh vy, ti mi UNI c mt nh x (mapping) gia CE-VLAN v EVC. iu ny gn ging nh nh x gia DLCI v PVC trong Frame Relay . 3.2.6.2 Gp nhm Trong cu trc frame ca 802.1Q th c mt trng 12 bit l VLAN tag. Nh vy c ti a l 4096 VLAN cho mt min lp 2. Vi tnh nng gp nhm, c nhiu hn mt CE-VLAN c nh x vo mt EVC ti UNI. Khi tt c VLAN u c nh x vo mt EVC th EVC c thuc tnh gp nhm tt c trong mt. 3.2.6.3 c tnh bng thng MEF nh ngha c tnh bng thng c ng dng UNI hay cho mt EVC. c tnh bng thng l mt gii hn m khung Ethernet c th xuyn qua UNI. C th c c tnh bng thng ring r cho nhng khung vo bn trong MEN v cho nhng khung i ra khi MEN. Thng s CIR cho mt Frame Relay PVC l mt v d ca c tnh bng thng. 3.2.6.4 Thng s hiu nng Cc thng s ny nh hng n cht lng dch v m thu bao cm nhn c. Thng s hiu nng c nh gi qua cc thng s sau: o kh dng o tr khung o trt khung o T l tn tht khung 3.2.6.5 Vn an ninh mng (Network security) Mng Metro Ethernet cung cp mng ring o lp 2 (layer 2 VPN) nn nhng vn an ninh tn ti ti lp 2 ny nh: T chi dch v (DoS: Denial of Service), trn ngp MAC (MAC flooding) gi mo a ch MAC (MAC spoofing) cn c bit quan tm. 3.2.7 Nhng cng ngh c s dng Nh chng ta c th thy trn m hnh trin khai nhng cng ngh c th c s dng dng l : - Truyn ti Ethernet qua SDH, EOS. - RPR. - EPON vi cng ngh c th l GE. - MPLS v GMPLS. 3.2.7.1 Truyn ti Metro Ethernet qua SONET/SDH Khi nim truyn d liu qua mng SONET/SDH l c cu truyn ti lu lng cung cp mt s chc nng v cc giao din nhm mc ch tng hiu qu ca vic truyn d liu qua mng SONET/SDH. Mc tiu quan trng nht m cc hng cng ngh ni trn cn phi thc hin c l phi hp h tr ln nhau thc hin chc nng ci t ch nh bng thng cho cc dch v mt cch hiu qu m khng nh hng ti lu lng ang c truyn qua mng SONET/SDH hin ti. iu ny c ngha l mng s m bo c chc nng h tr truyn ti
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lu lng dch v ca mng hin c v trin khai cc loi hnh dch v mi. Thm vo EOS cn cung cp chc nng m bo cht lng dch v QoS vi mc chp nhn no cho cc loi dch v mi, mm do v linh hot trong vic htr truyn ti lu lng truyn ti bi cc giao thc khc nhau qua mng. C cu ca truyn d liu qua mng SONET/SDH bao gm 3 giao thc chnh: Th tc ng khung tng qut GFR (Generic Framing Procedure), k thut lin kt chui o VCA T (V irtual Concatenation) v c cu iu chnh dung lng ng thng LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme). C 3 giao thc ny c ITU-T chun ho ln lt bi cc tiu chun G7041/Y.1303, G.704, G.7042/Y .1305. Giao thc GFR cung cp th tc ng gi khung d liu cho cc dng lu lng khc nhau (Ethernet, IP/PPP , RPR..) vo cc phng tin truyn dn TDM nh l SONET/SDH hoc cc h thng truyn ti quang OTN (Optical Transport Network). Giao thc VCAT cung cp cc th tc ci t bng thng cho knh kt ni mm do hn so vi nhng th tc p dng trong h thng truyn dn TDM trc . Giao thc LCAS cung cp th tc bo hiu u cui ti u cui thc hin chc nng iu chnh ng dung lng bng thng cho cc kt ni khi s dng VCAT trong kt ni SONET/SDH. 3.2.7.2 RPR Thng 12 nm 2000, IEEE thnh lp mt nhm nghin cu v cng ngh mng vng gi phc hi (IEEE 802.17) nhm a ra cc tiu chun cho giao thc RPR. Cng ngh RPR c s dng truyn ti cc gi s liu trn mng vng tc hng Gigabit/s. Gii php ny s dng cc Router kt ni cp quang vi cng ngh mi RPR h tr IP hoc thm ch MPLS p ng tt c cc dch v khc nhau. RPR l cng ngh ch o cho mng th th h mi ang c cc hng vin thng ln tp trung pht trin (50 nh sn xut thit b v chip - Cisco, Nortel, Siemens, Redstone, ). Cng ngh ny kt hp tnh u vit ca phng thc bo v ng nh cng ngh SDH cho php kh nng hi phc tuyn cc nhanh mc 50 ms. Cng vi kh nng nh a ch kt ni theo a ch (dng a ch MAC) v phn loi lu lng cho cht lng dch v nh cng ngh Ethernet lp 1. RPR tha k hai c trng quan trng ca mng SONET/SDH. - C th kt ni theo cu hnh RING - C th khi phc ng truyn nhanh khi ng cp quang b t <50ms. Ngoi ra, RPR cn c cc u im chnh: - a dng phn lp dch v (CoS). - S linh hot ca lp vt l: RPR c th tng thch vi cc tiu chun lp vt l ca Ethernet, SONET v DWDM. - Cho php chuyn ti lu lng theo phng thc qung b. - C kh nng m rng quy m mng cao. - iu chnh bng thng gia nhng ngi s dng (Fairness) v iu khin s tc nghn lu lng trong mng. RPR s dng vng song hng gm hai si quang truyn ngc chiu nhau, c hai vng ng thi c s dng truyn d liu v iu khin. RPR
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cho php nh cung ng gim chi ph thit b phn cng cng nh thi gian gim st mng. Trong RPR khng c khi nim khe thi gian, ton b bng thng c n nh cho lu lng. Bng cch tnh kh nng mng v d bo yu cu lu lng, RPR ghp thng k v phn phi cng bng bng thng cho cc node trn vng trnh tc nghn c th mang li li ch hn nhiu so vi vng SDH/SONET da trn ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. RPR l giao thc lp MAC vn hnh lp 2 ca m hnh OSI, n khng nhn bit lp 1 nn c lp vi truyn dn nn c th lm vic vi WDM, SDH hay truyn dn da trn Ethernet (s dng GBIC Gigabit Interface Converter) ngoi ra, RPR i t thit b a lp n dch v mng thng minh lp 3 nh MPLS, MPLS kt hp thit b ra mng IP lp 3 vi thit b lp 2 nh A TM, Frame relay. S kt hp tin cy v kh nng phc hi ca RPR vi u im qun l lu lng v kh nng m rng ca MPLSVPN v MPLS TE c xem l gii php xy dng MAN trn th gii hin nay .

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Tng trm l n v qun l cc Node trm (NodeB BTS). Cc thit b trong trm BTS ca Viettel hu ht s dng cng ngh ca nh cung cp thit b vin thng Huawei. Hin nay, Viettel ang c cp 3 tn s chnh: 900Mhz, 1800Mhz v 2100Mhz. Bng tn 2G mng Viettel ang s dng l: - Tn s 900: c cp 41 tn s (t 41 n 83) - Tn s 1800: c cp 101 tn s (t 710 n 810) i vi trm 900, cng sut pht ca trm t gi tr ln nht ~47dBm/TRX (50W) i vi Cell cu hnh 2 TRX, ~44dBm/TRX i vi cu hnh 4TRX. Bn knh ph sng ng vi cng tn hiu trong nh (RxLevel) ~90dBm. - i vi khu vc trung tm thnh ph, vi cao anten trung bnh ~25m l t 250m n 350m. - Khu vc ngoi thnh ph, th x vi cao anten trung bnh ~30m l t 550m n 800m. - Khu vc ng bng ng dn c vi cao anten trung bnh ~36m l t 1.3km n 2.5km. - Khu vc nng thn vi cao anten trung bnh ~42m l t 3km n 4km. - Khu vc min ni vi cao anten trung bnh ~57m l trn 4km. Din tch ph sng ca mt cell ng vi cng tn hiu trong nh (RxLevel) ~90dBm. - i vi khu vc trung tm thnh ph, vi cao anten trung bnh ~25m l t 0.041km n 0.08km. - Khu vc ngoi thnh ph, th x vi cao anten trung bnh ~30m l t 0.196km n 0.416km. - Khu vc ng bng ng dn c vi cao anten trung bnh ~36m l t 1.098km n 4.059km. - Khu vc nng thn cao anten trung bnh ~42m l t 5.85km n 10.4km. - Khu vc min ni vi cao anten trung bnh ~57m l trn 10.4km. i vi trm 1800, cng sut pht ca trm t gi tr cao nht ~45dBm/TRX i vi cell cu hnh 2TRX, ~42dBm/TRX i vi cell cu hnh 4TRX. Bn knh ph sng ng vi cng tn hiu trong nh (RxLevel) ~90dBm. - i vi khu vc trung tm thnh ph, vi cao anten trung bnh ~25m l t 150m n 250m. - Khu vc ngoi thnh ph, th x vi cao anten trung bnh ~30m l t 370m n 540m. - Khu vc ng bng ng dn c vi cao anten trung bnh ~36m l t 870km n 1.7km. - Khu vc nng thn vi cao anten trung bnh ~42m l t 2km n 2.7km. - Khu vc min ni: Khng s dng.
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Din tch ph sng ca mt cell ng vi cng tn hiu trong nh (RxLevel) ~90dBm. - i vi khu vc trung tm thnh ph, vi cao anten trung bnh ~25m l t 0.015km n 0.041km. - Khu vc ngoi thnh ph, th x vi cao anten trung bnh ~30m l t 0.089km n 0.189km. - Khu vc ng bng ng dn c vi cao anten trung bnh ~36m l t 0.492km n 1.877km. - Khu vc nng thn cao anten trung bnh ~42m l t 2.594km n 4.735km. - Khu vc min ni: Khng s dng. Kh nng phc v ca cell (kh nng lc p ng thu bao ca cell trong iu kin bnh thng). Cu hnh 2TRX: p ng c 455 thu bao trm cu hnh 2/2/2 p ng c 1299 thu bao. Cell cu hnh 4TRX: p ng c 1147 thu bao trm cu hnh 4/4/4 p ng c 3441 thu bao. Bng tn 3G Viettel ang s dng: 2.1Ghz (2100Mhz) c cp pht 3 tn s sng mang trong di 2.1Ghz, tng ng vi rng bng tn 15Hhz. Cng sut trm pht 3G t gi tr ln nht: - Tng cng sut pht ca cell: 43 dBm (20W). - Cng sut pht trn knh CPICH (tng t knh BCCH): 33dBm (2W) Bn knh ph sng (theo dch v data 512kps(DL): - Khu vc trung tm thnh ph vi cao anten trung bnh ~23m l t 180m n 300m. - Khu vc ngoi thnh ph, th x vi cao anten trung bnh ~27m l t 300m n 550m. - Khu vc ng bng ng dn c vi cao anten trung bnh ~39m l t 1.8km n 2.8km. - Khu vc min ni vi cao anten trung bnh ~54m l trn 2km. Din tch ph sng ca mt cell (dch v data 512 kps) - Khu vc trung tm thnh ph l t 0.021km n 0.058km. - Khu vc ngoi thnh ph, th x l t 0.058km n 0.196km. - Khu vc ng bng ng dn c l t 0.234km n 0.65km. - Khu vc min ni l trn 2.598km. Kh nng phc v ca NodeB (BTS) trong iu kin bnh thng: Trm cu hnh 1/1/1 - Nu ch s dng data: dung lng trung bnh ca cell 3g: o Trm Inbuilding: 8Mbps/cell. o KV thnh ph: 5Mpbps/cell. o KV nng thn: 7bps/cell.
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Nu ch s dng thoi: dung lng tng ng vi 1 trm 2G cu hnh 4/4/4 s dng HR 100% (~34.4 Erl/Cell)

Hnh 4.1: S tng th trm BTS Cc thnh phn ca trm BTS 4.2.1 Ct Anten.

4.2

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Hnh 4.2: Ct tr anten. Ta thy trong hnh c cc tm panel mu trng phn ra 3 hng khc nhau gi l sector ca anten. Anten sector cng l anten, ni chnh xc th n l anten nh hng. Vi loi BTS dng 3 sector th mt anten ph 120, nu l BTS dng 6 sector th mt anten ph 60. Ni chung tu thuc vo vng ph ca anten m lp t hay nhiu sector. 4.2.2 H thng ngun AC Chc nng chnh l nhn in t in li hoc t my pht in (trong trng hp mt in) cp ngun xoay chiu cho: n v cng tc, myiu ha, t ngun DC... T ngun AC c nhng u im sau: tch hp b ct in p cao, t ngchuyn i gia in my n v in li, b lm tr khi s dng in myn..

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Hnh 4.3: T ngun AC tch hp. T ngun tch hp b phn ct lc st bn trong.

Hnh 4.4: B phn ct lc st tch hp trong t ngun AC Cu hnh ca loi ny gm c 3 phn: Van ct st : Dng ct x xung in st lan truyn trn li h th xung t, trc khi n c th theo ngun in i vo ph ti. Van ct st c ch to t xt kim loi (metal oxide varristor mov) thng l xt km. c im ca loi vt liu ny l ch c th dn in in p cao & s tr thnh vt cch
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in in p thp, in p cng cao th dng in thng mch cng ln v in p cng gim th dng thng mch cng gim v 0 (cn gi l khi in tr phi tuyn). Dy dn st : Dng dn dng st t im nt mng n van ct st & t van ct st n h thng tip t . H thng tip t : Dng tn dng in st trong t. Khi st nh trc tip vo anten , hoc st nh vo cc vng ln cn ri cm ng vo ng dy h th ri lan truyn vo van ct st trc khi n n ph ti ( cc thit b dng in). Xung in st ny c bin in p ln lm cho in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st ngng dn , lc ny n s m mch cho dng in st i qua n xung t . Khi xung in st gim thp n di gi tr in p ngng ca van ct st th in tr phi tuyn ca van ct st s tng nhanh ngt dng ct xung st . 4.2.3 H thng ngun DC T ngun cung cp bi hng EMERSON.

Hnh 4.5: T ngun DC

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Hnh 4.6: H thng cp ngun DC khi s c mt in BTS. Chc nng chnh ca h thng ngun DC l cung cp cho t BTS, truyn dnc bin i t ngun 220AC. T ngun DC cung cp p: -48V -54V , dng 31A. Ngun m c s dng trong vin thng nhm trnh hin tng n mn in ha thit b trong vin thng. S dng acquy kh chuyn dng dng cp 100A150A. Dng x 150Ah/gi. Trong mi acquy nng khong 50kg t trn gi chu lc 600kg. Tch hp cng tc 3 pha, CB, aptomat ni ti ti ct lc st. Trn b t ngun c mn hnh gim st (b phn hin th dng v p cp cho t BTS v truyn dn, v cc cnh bo v n cnh bo v nhit , ngun, p, h hng,)

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Hnh 4.7: Mn hnh gim st t ngun DC. 4.2.4 B phn iu ha nhit . Nhm m bo cc thit b trong trm hot ng n nh khng b qu nhit do qu trnh hot ng ngy m khng ngng ngh cc thit b trong trm s dng 2 my iu ha nhit m bo nhit phng 25C 30C.

Hnh 4.8: My iu ha. Bn cnh , trnh vic tng nhit phng do my iu ha h hng trm BTS s dng 2 qut ht gi v 2 qut y gi.

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Hnh 4.9: Qut y gi.

Hnh 4.10: Qut ht gi. 4.2.5 B phn cnh bo chy.

Hnh 5.11: Th h thng bo chy. H thng bo chy hot ng khi nhit phng tng qu mc quy nh hoc c khi. Cnh bo chy ny cng c hin th trn mn hnh gim st ca t ngun DC.
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4.2.6 T BTS 2G

Hnh 4.12: T BTS tn s 900 v 1800. Hai t 900 v 1800 phc v truyn dn 2G. Sn phm cung cp bi Huawei. Tn s 900 phc v cc khch hng xa. Tn s 1800 phc v cc khch hng gn. Khi phc v khch hng tn s 1800 y th chuyn khch hng trn sang tn s 900. T BTS gm 5 khi chnh: - Khi x l (BBU): BBU chu trch nhim iu khin khi trm. N gm b x l trung tm, b nh, cc giao din truy cp logic. X l cc tn hiu thu pht t anten, qun l tp trung cc thu bao. BBU c cu to t cc khi c bn sau:
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o H thng CPU: l phn quan trng nht ca BBU, y l b iu khin 32 bit. Bao gm: o B iu khin IC o B iu khin ethernet 10/100 Mbit/s o B nh SDRAM o B nh FLASH o ASIC GARP o Compact Flash Card o H thng chuyn mch o B iu khin giao tip truyn dn o B h tr ngun o H thng ng b thi gian o Logic hn hp

Hnh 4.13: Khi x l (BBU) Khi lm mt (FCU): iu khin v gim st trng thi cc qut trong RTS, FCU c iu khin bi BBU n c chc nng chnh l : o iu khin v gim st cc qut o Hin th trng thi ca cc qut o a ra cc cnh bo lin quan o Thc hin giao din ngi my vi cc qut FCU s tin hnh o nhit ca mi trng xung quanh v iu khin tnggim tc cc qut cho ph hp. Nu xy ra mt vn no vi cc qut n s pht ra cc cnh bo v gi ti BBU x l. - Ngun: cung cp ngun cho t BTS hot ng. CHNG IV: TNG QUAN TRM BTS TRUNG TM VIETTEL C TRNG

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Card thu pht (DRFU): Tn hiu t anten truyn dn qua dy feeder v card thu pht. Cu hnh 2/2/2 qun l c 1299 thu bao. Dy RF: kt ni cc card thu pht tng dung lng card. Mt card thu pht qun l c 455 thu bao vi 14 cuc gi ti cng thi im. Mi card c 16 timeslot, 2 timeslot phc v bo hiu l 1 v 7. - Free: khi trng (khi d phng).

Hnh 4.14: Card thu pht (DRFU) 4.2.7 T BTS 3G.

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Hnh 4.15: T BTS 3G. T mng c vai tr lm gi t cc thit b truyn dn mng nh: thit btruyn dn IP v truyn dn quang NG-SDH.

Hnh 4.16: Khi nh tuyn IP Khi ny gm c 24 port (t 1 ti 24). C nhim v nh tuyn a ch IP n tng khch hng.
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Bo co thc tp tt nghip Port 1 v 2 phc v 2 knh tn hiu. Port 3 v 4 d phng knh tn hiu. Port 5 n 20 phc v khch hng. Port 23 h tr 3G Port 24 d phng 3G Port 21,22 d phng DSRAM.

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Hnh 4.17: Khi truyn dn quang. Khi truyn dn ny phc v truyn dn ni ht bao gm cc tuyn/ring truyn dn quang NG-SDH hoc C/DWDM do ccvin thng tnh/thnh ph qun l. Dung lng t STM-1, STM-4STM-64 . Cu trc cc mc dung lng: ADM STM-1 (giao din ng mc STM-1), ADM STM-4/16 (Giao din ng mc STM-4 c kh nng nng cp ln STM-16), ADM STM-16/64 (Giao din ng mc STM-16 c kh nngnng cp ln STM-64) 4.2.8 Hostnet.

Hnh 4.18: Hostnet Khi ny c nhim v tp trung thu bao di ng c nh c dy. Hostnet phc v ti a 160 khch hng. Cc s in thoi c nh danh c nh. N bao gm c
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card ngn v card iu khin. C 5 card iu khin nn mi card phc v 32 khch hng. 4.2.9 Khi phi cp.

Hnh 4.19: Phi cp n khch hng. T khi nh tuyn IP, truyn dn quang v host net c phi cp n khch hng qua b phi cp ny. Vic phi cp ny phc v cho cu hnh thu bao PSTN v dch v ADSL, l thit b u cui t cc b phi cp u ni ti. 4.2.10 AGG. AGG l thit b cng ngh mi trong vin thng Metro Ethenet m Viettel ang a vo s dng. Cng ngh Metro Ethenet c trnh by trong chng IV. Hin nay, huyn c Trng c cp 2 t AGG. c bit trong t AGG tch hp cc h thng thng minh t gim st.

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Hnh 4.19: T AGG

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CHNG V: KT QU T C Kt qu thu c trong qu trnh thc tp ngi vit bo co - Qu trnh thc tp thc t v tm hiu ti liu c nhng hiu bit nht nh v hot ng ca cng ty vin thng qun i ni chung v hot ng ca chi nhnh k thut c Trng Lm ng ni ring . - Hc hi c nhiu kin, thc k thut v kinh nghim trong thi gian lm vic ti chi nhnh. - Qua thi gian thc tp tch lu thm c mt s np sng cho bn thn nh tinh thn on kt ho ng v chia s kinh nghim vi mi ngi.

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CHNG VI: KT LUN Sau thi gian 4 nm hc tp trng i Hc S Phm K Thut Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, cng khong thi gian 3 thng thc tp gip cho sinh vin c iu kin va chm vi thc t c th vn dng kin thc c hc trong nh trng vo thc t. Ngoi ra cn c c hi tip thu hc hi thm nhiu kin thc mi cha c hc m rng vn kin thc ca mnh, nng cao trnh hiu bit. p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca sn xut trong thi i ngy nay. Trn y l ton b bo co thc tp ca em trong thi gian t ngy 28/07/2012 n 30/08/2012.

TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Tp on Vin Thng Qun i, S tay k thut, 2011. [2] Cisco Systems, Metro Ethernet WAN Service and Architecture, 2002. [3] Website: http://www.dientuvienthong.net [4] Website: http://vi.wikipedia.org/

CHNG VI: KT LUN