- 1 -

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lla
aao
oo

n
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ttr
rro
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ii
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c
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1 m u

-Theo kinh nghm cho bit c nhiu trng hp tai nn lao ng xy ra do nguyn nhn lin
quan n nhng thiu st trong h s thit k, ch yu l thiu bin php bo h lao ng.
-iu quan trng nht trong thit k t chc xy dng v thit k thi cng l phi ra c
bin php thi cng ti u vi yu cu trc tin l phi m bo an ton lao ng, sau mi
n vn kinh t v cc yu t khc.

2 ni dung ch yu ca cng tc thit k bin php k thut an ton

-Cng tc thit k bin php k thut an ton phi tin hnh song song vi cng tc thit k
bin php k thut v t chc thi cng. Ni dung phi cp n nhng bin php c bn sau
y:
Bin php bo m an ton thi cng trong qu trnh xy lp. V d: thi cng cng tc ch
trng khi o su; thi cng cng tc BT v BTCT ch nhng cng vic trn cao; thi
cng lp ghp cc cu kin s dng cc thit b k thut c khi lng, kch thc ln
v cng knh cn chn phng php treo buc v tho d kt cu an ton, bin php
a nhn cng ln xung v t chc lm vic trn cao; thi cng bc d, vn chuyn
cc kt cu v vt liu xy dng, thit b k thut, my mc trn cc kho bi.
Bo m an ton i li, giao thng vn chuyn trn cng trng, ch trng cc tuyn
ng giao nhau, h thng cp in, cp nc v thot nc.
Bin php phng tai nn in trn cng trng. Thc hin ni t cho cc my mc
thit b in, s dng cc thit b in t ng an ton trn my hn in; ro ngn,
treo bin bo nhng ni nguy him.
Lm h thng chng st trn cc cng trng, c bit cc cng trng c chiu cao ln.
Bin php bo m an ton phng chng chy chung trn cng trng v nhng ni d
pht sinh chy. Xy dng nh ca, kho tng, ni cha nhin liu theo ng ni quy
phng chy.

3 an ton lao ng khi lp tin thi cng

-Cn c vo bin php thi cng chn, kh nng v thi gian cung cp nhn lc, thit b
my mc, nguyn vt liu,... quyt nh chn thi gian thi cng sao cho m bo an ton
cho mi dng cng tc, mi qu trnh phi hon thnh trn cng trng. Tin thi cng c
th c lp trn s ngang, mng, lch hoc dy chuyn.
- m bo an ton lao ng khi lp tin thi cng phi ch nhng vn sau trnh
cc trng hp s c ng tic xy ra:
Trnh t v thi gian thi cng cc cng vic phi xc nh trn c s yu cu v iu kin
k thut m bo s nhp nhng tng hng mc hoc ton b cng trnh.
- 2 -
Xc nh kch thc cc cng on, tuyn cng tc hp l sao cho t, i cng nhn t
phi di chuyn nht trong 1 ca, trnh nhng thiu st khi b tr sp xp ch lm vic
trong mi ln thay i.
Khi t chc thi cng dy chuyn khng c b tr cng vic lm cc tng khc nhau trn
cng 1 phng ng nu khng c sn bo v c nh hoc tm thi; khng b tr
ngi lm vic di tm hot ng ca cn trc.
Trong tin t chc thi cng dy chuyn trn cc phn on phi m bo s lm vic
nhp nhng gia cc t, i trnh chng cho gy tr ngi v tai nn cho nhau.

4 an ton lao ng khi lp mt bng thi cng

-Mt bng thi cng quy nh r ch lm vic ca my mc, kho vt liu v ni cu kin;
h thng sn xut ca x nghip ph, cng trnh tm; h thng ng vn chuyn, ng thi
cng trong v ngoi cng trng; h thng in nc...
-B tr mt bng thi cng khng nhng m bo cc nguyn tc thi cng m cn phi ch
ti v sinh v an ton lao ng.
I.Tiu chun v bin php lp mt bng thi cng:
-Khi thit k mt bng thi cng phi cn c vo din tch khu t, a th, v tr cc cng trnh
xc nh v tr cc cng trnh phc v thi cng, v tr tp kt my mc, thit b, kho bi,
ng vn chuyn, h thng cung cp in nc, h tng thot nc,... ng thi phi cp
n nhng yu cu ni dung v k thut an ton, v sinh lao ng v phng chng chy sau
y:
Thit k cc phng sinh hot phc v cho cng nhn phi tnh ton theo quy phm m
bo tiu chun v sinh lao ng. Nn thit k theo kiu tho lp hoc c th di chuyn
c tit kim vt liu v tin li khi s dng. Khu v sinh phi cui hng
gi, xa ch lm vic nhng khng qu 100m.
T chc ng vn chuyn v ng i li hp l. ng vn chuyn trn cng trng
phi m bo nh sau:
ng 1 chiu ti thiu 4m, ng 2 chiu ti thiu 7m.
Trnh b tr giao nhau nhiu trn lung vn chuyn gia ng st v nngf t.
Ch giao nhau m bo phi nhn r t xa 50m t mi pha.
Bn knh ng vng nh nht t 30-40m.
dc ngang khng qu 5%.
Thit k chiu sng ch lm vic cho cc cng vic lm m v trn cc ng i li theo
tiu chun nh sng.
Ro chn cc vng nguy him nh trm bin th, khu vc vt liu d chy n, xung
quanh cc dn gio cc cng trnh cao, khu vc xung quanh vng hot ng ca cc
cn trc, h vi,...
Trn bnh xy dng phi ch r ni d gy ho hon, ng i qua v ng di chuyn
ca xe hoc ng chnh thot ngi khi c ho hon. Phi b tr chi tit v tr cc
cng trnh phng ho.
Nhng ch b tr kho tng phi bng phng, c li thot nc m bo n nh kho; vic
b tr phi lin h cht ch cng tc bc d, vn chuyn. Bit cch sp xp nguyn vt
liu v cc cu kin m bo an ton.
- 3 -
Cc vt liu cha bi, kho l thin nh cc loi, gch, ct, thp hnh, g
cy,...nn c gii khu bc d v vn chuyn gim cc trng hp tai nn
Cc nguyn vt liu thnh phm, bn thnh phm cn sp xp gn gng, ng nI
quy nh, khng vt ba bi, cn tr li i li. B tr tng khu vc ring bit cho
cc vt liu v ch n trnh t bc d v vn chuyn hp l.
Lm h thng chng st cho gin gio kim loi v cc cng trnh c lp nh tr n pha,
cng trnh c chiu cao ln.
Khi lm vic trn cao hoc xung su, n phi nu cc bin php a cng nhn ln
xung v h thng bo v.
B tr mng cung cp in trn cng trng. Mng phi c s ch dn, cc cu dao
phn on c th ct in ton b hay tng khu vc. Dy in phi treo ln cc ct
hoc gi chc chn (khng c tri trn mt sn, mt t) cao 3.5m so vi
mt bng v 6m khi c xe c qua li.
B tr nh ca theo tiu chun phng chy, cha chy.
II.Thit k v b tr mt bng thi cng:
1.Mt bng cng trng:
-Mt mt bng thi cng ti u l phc v cho an ton lao ng, sc kho cng nhn v cho
nng sut cao.
-Vic thit k tt l yu t thit yu trong cng tc chun b, em li hiu qu v an ton khi
thi cng xy dng.
-Trc khi thit k mt bng cn nghin cu k cc vn sau y:
Trnh t cng vic tin hnh, ch n cng vic nguy him.
B tr li vo v ng vnh ai cho cng nhn; cc li vo v ra cho phng tin cp cu;
cc ro chn bo v.
Li i cho phng tin giao thng, thc t cho thy b tr 1 chiu l tt nht.
Vt liu v thit b gn ni sn xut cng tt, nu khng cn quy nh thi gian biu a
ti, my mc ph v thi cng cn bit quy trnh hot ng ca n.
B tr xng lm vic, thng khng di chuyn n khi lm vic xong.
B tr trang thit b y t, chm sc cng nhn.
B tr nh sng nhn to ti nhng ni lm vic lin tc hoc tri ti, cn s dng dng
in h th cho chiu sng tm thi v thit b cm tay.
Ch vn an ninh trong cng trng.
Sp xp cng trng ngn np v cn tp hun cho cng nhn.
2.S ngn np ca cng trng:
- m bo, cn thc hin cc bc sau y:
Lm v sinh trc khi ngh, khng rc cho ngi sau dn.
Ct dn vt liu, thit b cha cn dng ngay khi li i, cu thang v ni lm vic.
Vt ph liu vo ch quy nh.
Nh ln hoc p bng cc inh nhn dng ngc cc vn ct pha.
3.Yu cu chung i vi cng trng xy dng:
Khng gy nhim qu gii hn cho php i vi mi trng xung quanh gy nh hng
xu n sinh hot, sn xut ca dn c xung quanh.
Khng gy nguy him cho dn c xung quanh cng trng.
- 4 -
Khng gy ln, st, l; nt nh ca, cng trnh v h thng k thut h tng xung
quanh.
Khng gy cn tr giao thng do vi phm lng ng, va h.
Khng c xy ra s c chy n.
Thc hin ro ngn xung quanh cng trng v c bin bo, tn hiu vng nguy him
ngn nga ngi khng c nhim v, m bo an ton, an ninh trt t.








































- 5 -
C
CCH
HH

N
NNG
GG i
iiI
II:
:: K
KK
t
tth
hhu
uu
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nn t
tto
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nn k
kkh
hhi
ii s
ss
d
dd
n
nng
gg m
mm
y
yy x
xx
y
yy d
dd
n
nng
gg

1 m u

-C gii ho cc cng vic trong xy dng khng nhng nng cao nng sut lao ng m cn
gim chn thng tai nn do cc iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn c gim nh v an ton
hn.
-Cc my mc thi cng thng dng trn cng trng: my lm t (my o, i, cp), my
nng chuyn (cn trc, thang ti, bng chuyn), my sn xut vt liu (my p, nghin, sng
, my trn BT), my gia cng kim loi, g, my ng cc, my khoan pht va, my lu,
my san, my pht in, bim p, my bm,... Hu ht cc loi my mc trn u c cc loi
ph tng nh dy cp, curoa, rng rc, puli, mc cu, xch,...
-Khi s dng cc my mc v cc ph tng ca chng nu khng hiu bit ht c cu v tnh
nng hot ng, khng nm vng quy trnh vn hnh, khng tun theo ni quy an ton khi s
dng c th gy ra nhng s c v tai nn lao ng.

2 cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s c, tai nn lao ng

-Nguyn nhn s c, tai nn khi s dng my mc, thit b bao gm thit k, ch to, lp t
v s dng. y ch xem xt v phn tch nhng nguyn nhn ch yu v lp t v s
dng.
My s dng khng tt:
My khng hon chnh:
Thiu thit b an ton hoc c nhng b hng, hot ng thiu chnh xc, mt tc
dng t ng bo v khi lm vic qu gii hn tnh nng cho php.
Thiu cc thit b tn hiu m thanh, nh sng (n, ci, chung).
Thiu cc thit b p k, vn k, ampe k, thit b ch sc nng ca cn trc vn
tng ng...
My h hng:
Cc b phn, chi tit cu to ca my b bin dng ln, cong vnh, rn nt, t gy.
Hp s b trc trc lm cho vn tc chuyn ng theo phng ngang, phng ng,
xoay khng chnh xc theo iu khin ca ngi vn hnh.
H thng phanh iu khin b g mn khng tc dng hm.
My b mt cn bng n nh:
y l nguyn nhn thng gy ra s c v tai nn.
Do my t trn nn khng vng chc: nn yu hoc nn dc qu gc nghing cho php
khi cu hng hoc vt liu.
Cu nng qu trng ti.
Tc di chuyn, nng h vt vi tc nhanh gy ra mmen qun tnh, mmen ly tm
ln. c bit hm phanh t ngt gy ra lt my.
My lm vic khi c gi ln (trn cp 6), c bit i vi my c trng tm cao.
Thiu cc thit b che chn, ro ngn nguy him:
- 6 -
Vng nguy him khi my mc hot ng l khong khng gian hay xut hin mi nguy
him cho sc kho v tnh mng con ngi. Trong vng ny thng xy ra cc tai
nn sau:
My kp, cun qun o, tc, chn tay cc b phn truyn ng.
Cc mnh dng c v vt liu gia cng vng bn vo ngi.
Bi, hi, kh c to ra cc my gia cng vt liu gy nn cc bnh ngoi da, nh
hng c quan h hp, tiu ho ca con ngi.
Cc b phn my va p vo ngi hoc t , vt cu t my ri vo ngi trong
vng nguy him.
Khoan o cc my o, vng hot ng trong tm vi cu cn trc.
S c tai nn in:
Dng in r r ra v v cc b phn kim loi ca my do phn cch in b hng.
Xe my ln dy in di t hoc va chm vo ng dy in trn khng khi my
hot ng gn hoc di chuyn pha di trong phm vi nguy him.
Thiu nh sng:
Chiu sng khng y lm cho ngi Iu khin my mc d mt mi, phn x thn
kinh chm, lu ngy gim th lc l nguyn nhn gin tip gy chn thng, ng
thi lm gim nng sut lao ng v h cht lng sn phm.
Chiu sng qu tha gy hin tng mt b chi, bt buc mt phi thch nghi. iu ny
lm gim s thu ht ca mt, lu ngy th lc gim.
Thiu nh sng trong nh xng hoc lm vic vo ban m, sng m lm cho ngi
iu khin my khng nhn r cc b phn trn my v khu vc xung quanh dn ti
tai nn.
Do ngi vn hnh:
Khng m bo trnh chuyn mn: cha thnh thc tay ngh, thao tc khng chun
xc, cha c kinh nghim x l kp thi cc s c.
Vi phm cc iu l, n quy, quy phm an ton: s dng my khng ng cng c, tnh
nng s dng.
Khng m bo cc yu cu v sc kho: mt km, tai nghnh ngng, b cc bnh v
tim mch,...
Vi phm k lut lao ng: ri khi my khi my ang cn hot ng, say ru bia trong
lc vn hnh my, giao my cho ngi khng c nghip v, nhim v iu khin...
Thiu st trong qun l:
Thiu hoc khng c h s, l lch ti liu hng dn v lp t, s dng bo qun my.
Khng thc hin ng kim, khm nghim, ch trung tu bo dng, sa cha theo
nh k.
Phn cng trch nhim khng r rng trong vic qun l s dng.

3 k thut an ton khi s dng cc my thi cng

I.m bo s c nh ca my:
-Cc my xy dng phi m bo n nh khi lm vic, di chuyn v c khi khng hot ng.
-S mt n nh do:
My ngh hoc lm vic ni qu dc.
- 7 -
Nn khng chc chn.
Lm vic qu ti trng cho php.
Lc qun tnh v lc ly tm ln hoc gp khi gi ln...
-H s n nh c trng cho mc an ton khi lt ca my l t s gia tng mmen ca
cc lc gi v tng mmen cc lc gy lt i vi im lt hoc ng lt:
1 > =

l
g
M
M
K (4.1)
Trong :
+K: h s n nh.
+M
g
: mmen gi.
+M
l
: mmen lt.
-H s n nh K c tnh khi c ti trng K
1
v khi khng c ti trng K
2
.
1.n nh ca cn trc t hnh:
a/Khi c ti:

Hnh 4.1: S d tnh n nh cn trc

15 . 1
) (
] sin cos ) ( [
6 5 4 3 2 1 1
1
>

+
=
b a Q
M M M M M M Gh c b G
K

(4.2)
Trong :
+G: trng lng my cn trc, im t ti trng tm (kg).
+Q: trng lng vt cu ti a (kg).
+G
c
: trng lng tay cn, t u tay cn (kg).
+M
1
: mmen do tc dng ly tm khi quay cn c ti trng

H n
h a n Q
M


=
2
2
1
900

+M
2
: mmen do lc qun tnh khi phanh h vt

t g
b a v Q
M

=
) (
2

+M
3
: mmen to ra khi di chuyn u tay cn theo phng ngang

1
1
3
) (
t g
h v Q Q
M
c

+
=
+M
4
: Mmen to ra khi thay i vi tay cn
- 8 -

2
2
4
) ( ) (
t g
b a v Q Q
M
c

+
=
+M
5
=WxP: mmen do lc gi tc dng ln cabin cn trc
+M
6
=W
1
xh: mmen do lc gi tc dng ln vt cn cu
+a: khong cch t trc quay ca cn cu n trng tm vt cu trn mt phng
ngang (m).
+b: khong cch t trc quay n ng lt(m).
+c: khong cch t trc quay n trng tm cn trc (m).
+H: khong cch t u tay cn n trng tm vt cu (m).
+h: khong cch t u tay cn n mt t (m).
+h
1
: khong cch t trng tm cn trc n mt t (m).
+P: khong cch t lc gi ln cabin n mt t (m).
+v: tc nng vt (m/s).
+v
1
: tc di chuyn ngang ca u tay cn (m/s).
+v
2
: tc di chuyn ng ca tay cn (m/s).
+n: s vng quay cn trc trong 1 pht.
+t: thi gian khi ng, hm c cu nng (s).
+t
1
: thi gian khi ng, hm c cu quay cn trc (s).
+t
2
: thi gian khi ng, hm c cu thay i vi tay cn (s).
+W, W
1
: lc gi tc dng ln cabin, vt cu (c tnh an ton vi im t u tay
cn).
+: gc nghing mt t so vi phng ngang.
+g: gia tc trng trng, ly bng 9.81m/s
2
.
Trong trng hp my cn trc lm vic trn mt t nm ngang, nu khng khng xt n
cc thnh phn lc ly tm, qun tnh, gi,...th h s n nh tI trng K
1
l:
4 . 1
) (
) (
1


+
=
b a Q
c b G
K (4.3)
b/Khi khng c ti:

15 . 1
] sin cos ) [(
2 2
1
2

=
h W
h c b G
K

(4.4)



Hnh 4.2: S d tnh n nh cn trc khi
khng ti


-9-
2/Bin php an ton khi s dng my xy dng:
- m bo n nh cho cn trc khi vn hnh phi thc hin:
Khng cu qu ti lm tng mmen lt.
Khng t cn trc ln nn hoc ray c dc ln hn quy nh.
Khng phanh t ngt khi h vt cn cu.
Khng quay cn trc hoc tay cn nhanh.
Khng nng h tay cn nhanh.
Khng lm vic khi c gi ln (cp 6).
i vi cn tr thp thng c trng tm cao gp 1.5-3 ln chiu rng ng ray, cho nn
nghng ca ng ray nh hng rt ln n n nh cn trc thp. V th khng
cho php ray c dc ngang, dc dc c th l 1-2.5% tc khong 0
o
35-1
o
30.
II.An ton khi di chuyn my:
-S dng cc my mc xy dng trn cc cng trng xy dng c lin quan n vic vn
chuyn chng trn ng st v cc ng vn chuyn khc. ngn nga s dch chuyn ca
nhng my thng c buc cht vo toa tu.
-Lc tc dng ln cn trc hoc my o khi vn chuyn pht sinh khng ln. N ph thuc
vo iu kin di chuyn ca tu v tc dng ca gi. Nguy him nht l lc gy ra s trt
dc, l lc qun tnh khi tng tc v hm.
Lc qun tnh khi hm tu:

l g
v Q
T
qt

=
2
2
6 . 3
(4.5)
Trong :
+Q: trng lng my c di chuyn (kg).
+v: tc di chuyn ca tu khi bt u hm (km/h).
+g: gia tc trng trng, 9.81m
2
/s.
+l: chiu di ng hm (m).
Lc ly tm:

R g
v Q
T
lt

=
2
2
6 . 3
(4.6)
Trong :
+R: bn knh ng vng (m).
Thng tr s lc ly tm ly bng 170kg/tn nu R=300m v v=80km/h.
Lc gi:
k q F W = (4.7)
Trong :
+F: din tch hng gi ca my c di chuyn trn tu (m
2
).
+q: p lc gi n v ly bng 100kg/m
2
.
+k: h s kh ng hc, ly 1.0-1.4


4 k thut an ton khi s dng cc thit b nng h


-10-
-Trn cng trng thng dng cc loi thit b bc d nh cn trc t, cn trc bnh xch,
cn trc thp,... hoc cc loi my cn trc n gin nh kch ti, palng,... nng h, vn
chuyn hng ho, vt liu, cc cu kin...
-Khi s dng cc loi my ny, nhiu trng hp xy ra tai nn do nhiu nguyn nhn
nhng nguyn nhn ch yu thng gp l do tnh ton, s dng hoc iu khin cc thit b
nng h ca cc loi my mc khng ng mc ch hoc khng theo quy phm an ton.
-Khi dng my bc d phi c bit ch n bn dy cp, dy xch v tin cy ca
phanh hm.
I.Cc tiu chun v an ton khi s dng cp:
1.Phng php buc kp u dy cp:
- buc cht u dy cp, mi ni bn khng c ngn hn 15 ln ng knh dy cp v
300mm:

-Nu kp cht bng bulng th s bulng phi tnh ton nhng khng c t hn 3 v bulng
phi p 2 nhnh dy cp li vi nhau. Khong cch giac 2 bulng ph thuc vo s lng
bulng kp v ng knh dy cp.
-Ngoi ra nu khng c phng php chng buc tt th vt d b ri. C mt s cch buc cp
nh sau:


2.Tnh ton sc chu ti ca cp:
-Tnh ton cc loi dy cp theo cng thc sau:

k
P
S (4.8)
Trong :
+P: lc ko t dy cp (kg).
+S: lc ko thc t dy cp (kg).
+k: h s d tr sc bn, i vi loi cp thp ly nh sau:
Cp un treo nng vt ti trng n 50 tn k=8
Cp un treo nng vt ti trng nng hn 50 tn k=6
Cp buc cht vt nng treo trn mc cu hoc vng treo k=6
Cp ko, dy chng, dy ging c xt n lc gi k=3.5

-11-
Palng vi ti tay k=4.5
Palng vi ti in k=5
a/Khi dy cp v tr thng ng:

k m
Q
S
n

= (4.9)
Trong :
+Q: khi lng vt nng (kg).
+S
n
: lc ko thc t trn nhnh dy cp (kg).
+m: s nhnh dy.
+k: h s d tr sc bn.
b/Khi dy cp v tr nm nghing:
-Kh nng nng vt ca n gim v s tng ln gc nghing th lc ko cc nhnh cng tng
ln


Hnh 4.3: S phn b cc lc trong dy cp

-Lc ko trong mi nhnh c xc nh theo cng thc:

m
Q
c
m
Q
S
n
= =
cos
1
(4.10)
Trong :
+Q: khi lng vt nng (kg).
+c: h s ph thuc gc nghing ca cp, c th ly nh sau:




3.Xc nh di ca nhnh dy:
Gc () 0 30 45 60
H s c 1 1.15 1.42 2

-12-
-Trong trng hp c 4 nhnh dy th di dy ca cc nhnh ng u nh nhau c
ngha rt quan trng v m bo s phn b ng u ti trng ln cc nhnh, nu khng s c
nhnh chu vt ti lm gim tui th ca dy v c khi gy tai nn.
-Chiu di ca mi nhnh dy c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

2
2
2
h
b
L + |

\
|
= (4.11)
Trong :
+L: di ca nhnh dy cp (m).
+h: chiu cao tam gic to thnh bi cc nhnh(m).
+b: khong cch gia cc im c nh dy cp theo ng cho (m).
4.Loi b dy cp trong qu trnh s dng:
-Trong qu trnh s dng cp phi thng xuyn kim tra s si t hoc mc g ca cp m
loi b.
-Vic loi b cn c vo s si t trn on di 1 bc bn, cng nh da vo s h hng b
mt hoc mn g cc si. (*Bc bn cp l khong cch dc trn mt cp trong cha tt c
s si cp trong tit din ngangtng t nh bc xon*).
-Cc quy nh:
Tiu chun quy nh loi b cp ph thuc vo kt cu dy cp, phng php bn (tri
chiu hay cng chiu) v h s d tr sc bn c xc nh trong bng sau:

S si c trong tit din ngang ca cp
6*19=114 6*37=222 6*61=366 18*19=342
S si t trong 1 bc bn cp khi cp c dng xon
H s
an ton
ban u

Tri
chiu
Cng
chiu
Tri
chiu
Cng
chiu
Tri
chiu
Cng
chiu
Tri
chiu
Cng
chiu
6
12 6 22 11 36 18 36 18
6-7 14 7 26 13 38 19 38 19
>7 16 8 30 15 40 20 40 20

Cp ca nhng my nng dng cu ngi, vn chuyn cc kim loi nng, nu chy, cc
cht c, d n, d chy th phi loi b i khi s si t t hn 2 ln so vi loi dy cp
khc.
Khi mt cp b mn hoc g th s si t phi gim i tng ng so vi phn trm tiu
chun quy nh.
Khi dy cp b mn hoc g n 40% kch thc ng knh ban u hoc bn ngoi b
xy xt th coi nh b b i.
II.Quy nh i vi tang quay v rng rc:
1.ng knh ca tang quay, puli, rng rc:
-ng knh ca tang quay, puli v rng rc c ngha thit thc i vi s lm vic an ton
ca cp khi s dng cp thp trong nhng thit b nng h.
- m bo bn mn ca cp v trnh cho cp khi bin dng th ng knh ca n phi
tnh theo ng knh ca cp b un trong .

-13-
-ng knh cho php nh nht ca rng rc hoc tang cun cp xc nh theo cng thc:
( ) 1 e d D (4.12)
Trong :
+D: ng knh ca tang quay hoc rng rc ch cp tip xc (o theo y rnh) ca
thit b nng h (mm).
+d: ng knh cp thp (mm).
+e: h s ph thuc vo kiu dng ca my nng h v ch lm vic ca n:
i vi cn trc c tay cn, e=16-25.
i vi palng in, e=20.
i vi ti tay, e=16.
i vi ti nng ngi, e=25.
-Th tch qun ca tang qun cp s c xc nh t iu kin l khi mc ca cn trc v tr
thp nht th trn tang qun cp cn li khng c t hn 1.5 vng cp.
2.Quy nh v tang hm:
-Tt c cc my vn chuyn v nng h nht thit phi trang b phanh hm phanh khi nng
hoc di chuyn vt nng.
-Phanh hm phi tt. nh gi trng thi phanh hm bng h s hm. H s ny thng ly
bng 1.75, 2.00 v 2.50 tng ng vi ch s dng my nh, trung bnh v nng.
-Khi s dng ti quay nht thit phi c 2 phanh hm: mt phanh gi vt trn cao v cn
phanh kia h vt t t. Trong mt s ti, s kt hp ny c th thc hin c d dng bng
cch s dng tay quay an ton.
-Palng cn c trang b loi thit b hm c th t hm v gi vt cao bt k khi nng
cng nh khi h. Thng c th truyn ng bng trc vt, bnh vt hoc bnh xe cc.
-Thit b rng rc phi c bulng chng phng nga trng hp cp hoc xch b tt vo khe
v kt li trong .
III.n nh ca ti:
1.Phng php c nh ti:
- ngn nga hin tng trt v lt ca ti trong khi s dng th phi c nh chng mt
cch chc chn. C th thc hin theo cc trng hp sau:
ng cc cc neo thng ng vo t c nh ti bng c chn v i trng.
Chn neo di h th, tc l dng 1 cy hoc b g chn su (theo kiu nm ngang)
di t 1.5-3.5m; dng cp buc vo g, cn u kia ko ln mt t xin 1 gc 30
o
-
45
o
ni vo dy neo ti.
-Trong tt c mi trng hp, qun dy cp vo trc ti phi tin hnh t pha di tang qun
gim mmen ng lc trong dy cp.
2.Tnh ton n nh ti:


-14-

Hnh 4.4: S tnh ton n nh ca ti

a/Trng hp c i trng 1 bn v dy cp nm ngang:
-iu kin n nh khi ko ti theo phng ngang:
b P c Q a G = + (4.13)
Trong :
+P: lc ko dy cp.
+G: trng lng ti.
+Q: trng lng i trng.
+a, b, c: cc cnh tay n cc lc i vi im A.
T cng thc trn, trng lng ca i trng l :
k
c
a G b P
Q

= (4.14)
Trong :
+k: h s an ton k=1.3-1.5

b/Trng hp c i trng ph v dy cp c nghing:
-iu kin n nh ca ti khi ko xin:
b P l Q d Q c G c P + + + = cos sin
1
(4.15)
T cng thc trn, trng lng ca i trng l :
k
l
b P d Q c G c P
Q

=
cos sin
1
(4.16)
Trong :
+Q
1
: trng lng i trng ph.
3.Tnh ton h th c nh ti:
-Khi neo bng h th cn tnh ton kim tra cng chu p ca t v tit din thanh g neo.
a/Trng hp neo khng c g gia cng:
-Kim tra n nh ca neo di tc dng ca lc thng ng:
Q+T kN
2
(4.18)
Trong :
+Q: trng lng t tc dng ln neo, tnh theo cng thc:

-15-

+
= l H
b b
Q
2
2 1
(4.19)
+b
1
,b
2
: b rng pha di v pha trn h th.
+H: chiu su t neo.
+l: chiu di thanh neo.
+: khi lng n v ca t.
+T: lc ma st gia t v g neo, tnh theo cng thc:
T = fN
1

+f: h s ma st gia g v t, f=0.50
+N
1
: thnh phn nm ngang ca lc S.
+k: h s n nh, k=3.

-Kim tra p sut cho php ln t do lc ngang N
1
:
[ ]
l h
N
d

1
(4.20)
Trong :
+: h s gim p sut cho php ca t v cng chu lc ca t khng ng u,
=0.25
+h: chiu cao b g neo.
-Kim tra tit din thanh neo:
Khi ko bng 1 dy, mmen un ln nht gn ng:

8 8
2
Sl ql
M = =
Trong :
+q: lc phn b ca lc S trn sut chiu di ca thanh g neo.
+S: lc trong dy cp.
Khi ko bng 2 dy vi gc nghing , thanh neo c kim tra iu kin un v nn:
Mmen un ln nht:

l
Sa qa
M
2 2
2 2
= =
Trong :
+a: khong cch t u thanh neo n ch buc dy cp.
Lc dc trong thanh neo:
cos
2
S
N =
Trong :

-16-
+: gc gia dy no v thanh neo trong mp phng cha 2 nhnh dy cp.
-ng sut tnh ton trong thanh neo:
mR
F
N
W
M
g
+ = (4.21)
Trong :
+W: mmen chng un ca tit din thanh g neo, W=0.1nd
3
.
+d,n: ng knh 1 thanh g v s lng thanh g lm neo.
+F: din tch tit din ngang ca thanh neo.
+m: h s iu kin lm vic ca thanh neo.
+R: cng tnh ton ca g lm neo.
b/Trng hp h th c g gia cng:
-Kim tra tnh ton tng t nh trn nhng trng lng Q ca t c tnh Q=H.b.l. (b: b
rng h th).

-Kim tra p sut cho php ln t do lc ngang N
1
:
[ ]
( ) l h h
N
d
+

2 1
1
(4.22)
Trong :
+h
1
, h
2
: chiu cao ca g gia cng pha trn v pha di lc ngang N
1
.


















-17-
C
CCH
HH

N
NNG
GG I
III
III
II:
:: K
KK
t
tth
hhu
uu
t
tt a
aan
nn t
tto
oo
n
nn k
kkh
hhi
ii

o
oo

t
tt

v
vv
l
ll
m
mm v
vvi
ii
c
cc t
ttr
rr
n
nn
g
ggi
ii
n
nn g
ggi
ii
o
oo

1 phn tch nguyn nhn gy chn thng khi o t v h su

I.Nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn:
-Trong xy dng c bn, thi cng t l mt loi cng vic thng c khi lng ln, tn
nhiu cng sc v cng thng xy ra chn thng.
-Cc trng hp chn thng, tai nn xy ra khi thi cng ch yu l khi o ho, h su v khai
thc m.
-Cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra tai nn:
Sp t khi o ho, h su:
o ho, h vi thnh ng c chiu rng vt qu gii hn cho php i vi t
bit m khng c gia c.
o h vi mi dc khng n nh.
Gia c chng thnh ho, h khng ng k thut, khng m bo n nh.
Vi phm cc nguyn tc an ton tho d h chng .
t ln ri t trn b xung h hoc ln theo vch ni xung ngi lm vic
di.
Ngi ng:
Khi lm vic mi dc qu ng khng eo dy an ton.
Nhy qua ho, h rng hoc leo tro khi ln xung h su.
i li ngang tt trn sn ni i khng theo ng quy nh hoc khng c bin php
m bo an ton.
Theo di khng y v trnh trng an ton ca h o khi nhn khng thy r lc ti
tri, sng m v ban m.
B nhim bi kh c xut hin bt ng cc ho, h su.
B chn thng do sc p hoc t vng vo ngi khi thi cng n mn.
Vic nh gi khng hon ton y v kho st, thm d v thit k bi v:
Hin nay cc tnh cht c hc ca t vn cha th hin hon ton trong c hc t.
t cng khng phi l 1 h tnh nh theo thi gian, cho nn trong qu trnh thi cng
nhng yu t c trng ca t c th sai khc so vi khi thit k.
II.Phn tch nguyn nhn lm st l mi dc:
-S sp mi dc ho, h xy ra do cc iu kin cn bng ca khi lng tr ABC b ph
hoi. Khi ny c gi bi cc lc ma st v lc dnh tc dng ln mt trt AC:
-Khi mi dc n nh tc l khi khi lng tr trng thi cn bng gii hn theo lc ma st v
lc dnh dng chung c th biu hin sau:

c Ntg T + = (5.1)
tc l c tg s Q Q + = cos sin
Trong :
+Q: trng lng khi lng tr ABC (tn).
+, c: gc mi dc t nhin v lc dnh ca t.

-18-
+: gc gia mt phng trt v mt nm ngang.

Hnh 5.1: S tnh n nh mi dc

-Tr s lc dnh v ma st gim i khi m ca t tng. Khi tng cc lc ny tr nn nh hn
lc trt, iu kin cn bng ca khi lng tr ABC s b ph hoi, mi dc o s b sp l
S n nh ca mi dc h o khng gia c cng ch c gi tm thi cho n khi cc tnh
cht c l ca t thay i do nc ngm v ma l lm cho t m t.
- loi tr cc nguyn nhn lm st l t khi o mng, o h su, knh mng, th vic
thit k quy trnh cng ngh hoc s thi cng cn phi xt cc yu t sau:
c trng c th ca t.
su, chiu rng ca khi o v thi hn thi cng.
S dao ng ca mc nc ngm v nhit ca t trong sut thi k thi cng khi o.
H thng ng ngm c sn v v tr phn b ca chng.
iu kin thi cng.
Trong quy trnh cng ngh v s thi cng t cn ch r phng php thi cng v bin
php ngn nga st l, m bo s n nh ca t v an ton thi cng.

2 cc bin php phng chn thng khi o h, ho su

- phng chn thng, ngn nga tai nn khi khai thc t v o cc h su, ng
ho thng dng cc bin php k thut sau y:
I.m bo s n nh ca h o:
1.Khi o vi thnh ng:
-Khi o h mng, ng ho khng c mi dc cn phi xc nh n mt su m trong
iu kin cho c th o vi thnh vch thng ng khng c gia c.
a/Xc nh theo quy phm:
-i vi t c m t nhin, kt cu khng b ph hoi v khi khng c nc ngm ch cho
php o thnh thng ng m khng cn gia c vi chiu su hn ch do quy phm quy nh
nh sau:
t ct v si: khng qu 1m.
t ct: khng qu 1.25m.
t st v st: khng qu 1.5m.
t cng (dng x beng, cuc chim): khng qu 2m.

-19-
b/Xc nh theo cng thc:
-Chiu su ti hn khi o h, ho thnh ng c th xc nh theo cng thc ca Xklpski:

) sin 1 (
cos 2

=
c
H
gh
(5.2)
Trong :
+H
gh
: su gii hn ca thnh ng h o (m).
+c, , : lc dnh, gc ma st trong v dung trng ca t (t/m
2
, , t/m
3
).
-Khi xc nh su gii hn ca h mng hoc ng ho vi thnh thng ng nn a h
s tin cy >1, thng ly bng 1.25:

25 . 1
gh
ch
H
H = (5.3)
-Khi o ho, h su hn chiu su cc hn th phi gia c thnh h hoc o thnh dt cp.
2.Khi o ho, h c mi dc:
-i vi nhng khi o su c mi dc th gc mi dc c th c xc nh theo tnh ton.
Tnh gc mi dc c th tin hnh theo phng php ca Matslp da trn 2 gi thit:
Gc mi dc n nh i vi bt k loi t no l gc chng trt ca n
t
.
ng sut cc hn trong chiu dy lp t c xc nh bng ng thc cu 2 ng sut
chnh do trng lng ca ca ct t c chiu cao bng khong cch t mc ang xt
n b mt nm ngang ca t.
-H s chng trt F
t
th hin bng ng thc:

tn
t
P
c
tg F + = (5.4)
Trong :
+c, , : lc dnh, gc ni ma st v dung trng ca t.
+P
tn
=H: ti trng t nhin hay p lc thng ng ca t chiu su H.
-i lng F
t
=tg
t
khi h s an ton n nh n=1. Do khi lp gc mi dc xut pht t
ng thc:

n
tg
tg
t

= (5.5)
Trong :
+n: h s an ton c la chn xut pht t thi hn tn ti ca khi o. Nu thi
gian trn 10 nm th n=1.5-1.8 v khi s n nh ca n s c m bo ngay c lc
ma l.
-Khi khai thc t v o h su, iu nguy him c bit i vi cng nhn l kh nng st
l, trt v x mi dc. nhng khi o su t 20-30m, nguy him nht l hin tng
trt t c th lp h o di cng vi my mc, thit b v ngi lm vic. Hin tng ny
thng xuyn xy ra nhiu v ma ma l.
- phng trt t v sp l khi o c th thc hin cc bin php nh:
Gia c y mi dc bng cch ng cc b tr theo hnh bn c.
Lm tng chn bng loi rn v va m bo bn chu lc.
Lm gim gc mi dc hoc chia mi dc thnh ra nhiu cp, lm b thm trung gian v
thi t tha ra khi mi dc.

-20-
3.Khi o ho, h c thnh dt cp:
-i vi ho, h rng chiu su ln, khi thi cng thng tin hnh o theo dt cp:
Chiu cao mi t dt cp ng khng c vt qu chiu cao theo quy nh an ton
trng hp o vi thnh vch thng ng.
Khi dt cp theo mi dc th gc mi dc phi tun theo iu kin m bo n nh
mi dc.
-Gia cc t git cp c cha li c trung gian (b trin, thm). Cn cn c vo chiu rng cn
thit khi thi cng ngi ta phn ra c lm vic, c vn chuyn t v c bo v;
C lm vic v c vn chuyn t c xc nh xut pht t iu kin k thut o, cn
phi c nn n nh v chiu rng hon thnh cc thao tc lm vic 1 cch bnh
thng. Chiu rng c vn chuyn t ly nh sau:
Khi vn chuyn th cng ly rng 3-3.5m.
Khi vn chuyn bng xe sc vt ko ly rng 5m.
Khi vn chuyn bng xe c gii ly rng 7m.
Trn mi dt cp khi o phi li c bo v, khi tun theo mi dc t nhin ca t
th chiu rng c c th xc nh theo iu kin:
H a 1 . 0 (5.6)
Trong :
+a: chiu rng ca c (m).
+H: chiu cao t cp (m).
4.B tr ng vn chuyn trn mp khi o:
-Thi cng cng tc t trn cng trng v khai thc m c lin quan n vic s dng my
mc v cng c vn chuyn cng nh vic b tr ng n ng vn chuyn gn h o
ngoi phm vi sp ca khi lng tr.

Hnh 5.2: B tr ng vn chuyn trn mp h o

-Khong cch t mp khi o n tuyn vn chuyn c th c xc nh theo cng thc:

(

+
+ =
) (
1 1
1
tg tg
H l l (5.7)
Trong :
+l
1
: khong cch t tuyn vn chuyn n c giao nhau vi ng c to bi mi
dc t nhin ca t (m).
+H: chiu su khi o (m).
+: gc mi dc t nhin ca t ().

-21-
+: gc gia mi c o thc t v mi dc t nhin.
II.Bin php ngn nga t ln ri:
-Khi o nu trn thnh h o ngu nhin to ra cc t treo th nh ch cng vic di
v ph i t pha trn sau khi chuyn ngi v my ra ni an ton.
-Cha b bo v ngn gi cc tng t ln t pha trn xung. m bo tt hn, mp
b cn ng cc tm vn thnh bo v cao 15cm.
-t o ln phi xa cch mp h, ho t nht 0.5m.
-Khi o t tuyt i khng o theo kiu hm ch. Nu o bng my gu thun th chiu
cao tng xc khng c ln chiu cao xc ti a ca gu xc, phi xc theo gc quy
nh theo thit k khoan o.
-Trong qu trnh o ho, h, ngi ta phi thng xuyn xem xt vch t v mch t pha
trn nu thy c k nt hoc hin tng st l e do th phi nh ch vic o ngay. Cn b
k thut phi tin hnh nghin cu ra bin php gii quyt thch hp v kp thi.
-c bit sau mi trn ma phi kim tra vch o trc khi cng nhn xung h o tip.
III.Bin php ngn nga ngi ng:
-Cng nhn ln xung h, ho su phi c thang chc chn, cm leo tro ln xung theo cc
vng chng.
-Cng nhn phi eo dy an ton v dy phi buc vo ch tht chc trong trng hp sau:
Khi lm vic trn mi dc c chiu cao hn 3m v dc 45
o
.
Khi b mt mi dc trn trt, m t v dc 30
o
.
-Khi o ti su 2m tr ln bng th cng th khng cng nhn lm vic 1 ngi m
phi b tr t nht 2 ngi.
-Tuyt i cm ng ngi trn ming hoc st di chn thnh ho h c vch ng ang o
d ngh gii lao hoc i ch cng vic. Trng hp di chn thnh ho h c khong cch
t rng th c th ng hoc ngi cch chn thnh ho h 1 khong cch ln hn chiu cao
ca thnh h t 1m tr ln.
-H o trn ng i li phi c ro chn, ban m phi c n sng bo v.
IV.Bin php phng nhim c:
-Trc khi cng nhn xung lm vic cc h su, ging khoan, ng hm phi kim tra
khng kh bng n th m. Nu c kh c phi thot i bng bm khng kh nn. Trng hp
kh CO
2
th n lp lo v tt, nu c kh chy nh CH
4
th n s chy sng.
-Khi o su xung lng t, pht hin c hi hoc khi kh ngi th phi ngng ngay cng
vic, cng nhn tn ra xa trnh nhim c. Phi tm nguyn nhn v p dng cc phng
php trit ngun pht sinh, gii to i bng my nn khng kh, qut,...cho n khi x l xong
v m bo khng cn kh c hoc nng kh c rt nh khng nguy him n sc kho th
mi ra lnh cho tip tc thi cng.
-Khi o t trong hm, di h mng c cc loi ng dn hi xng du hoc c th c hi
c, kh mtan, d n th khng c dng en t du thng soi ri, khng c dng la
v ht thuc.
-Nu cn phi lm vic di h, ging khoan, ng hm c hi kh c, cng nhn phi trang
b mt n phng c, bnh th v phi c trn theo di h tr.
V.Phng nga chn thng khi n mn:

-22-
-Trong n ph cn ch phm vi nguy him ca n ph gy ra cho ngi, my mc thi cng,
cc vt kin trc xung quanh v phi c bin php an ton tng ng.
-Nghin cu tnh cht nguy him ca n ph c my phng din sau:
Phm vi nguy him ca hiu ng ng t.
C ly nguy him n ly.
Phm vi tc dng nguy him ca sng khng kh xung kch.
C ly nguy him mnh vn t bay c bit.
-Vic tnh ton an ton cho cng tc n ph l xc nh chinh xc khong cch an ton.
Khong cch an ton l khong cch tnh t ch n, m ngoi phm vi sc p mt kh nng
gy ra tc hi i vi ngi, my mc thi cng v cng trnh ln cn.
1.Khong cch an ton v sng ng t khi n mn:
a/C ly an ton v chng sng ng t:

3
. . Q K r
C C
= (5.8)
Trong :
+r
C
: khong cch an ton, l c ly t a im n ph n nh ca hoc vt kin trc
(m).
+Q: khi lng thuc n (kg).
+K
C
: h s ph thuc vo loi t nn cng trnh cn bo v.
+: h s ph thuc vo ch s tc dng n ph.

Loi t nn ca cng trnh cn bo v K
C
Ghi ch
1. nguyn, rn chc 3
2. rn b phong ho v c rn nt 5
3. ln si v dm 7
4.t ct 8
5.t st 9
6.t lp v t mt thc vt 15
7.t bo ho nc (t nho hoc than bn) 20
Khi bao thuc
trong nc v
trong t c
nc, K
C
phi
tng ln 0.5-1
ln

iu kin n

Ghi ch
1.Khi n ph bu thuc n0.5
1.2
2.Khi ch s tc dng n ph:
n=1 1.0
n=2 0.8
n3
0.7
Khi n ph trn
mt t, tc
dng sng
ng t khng
cn xem xt.
[*Ch s tc dng n ph
W
r
n = biu th phu n hnh dng khc nhau vi r: bn knh phu
n (bn knh y hnh nn ngc), W l ng khng nh nht, chnh l khong cch thng
gc t trung tm gi thuc n (nh hnh nn) n mt t (mt t do) v cng c th gi l
chiu cao hnh nn ngc:
Khi n>1 gc y phu l gc t, c gi l gc thuc n tung mnh.
Khi 0.75<n<1 gc y phu l gc nhn, c gi l gc thuc n tung yu.

-23-
Khi n<0.75 sau khi n t b y vng ln m khng th vng ra ngoi ming
phu, c gi l n om.*]

-Nu khong cch tng pht mn hoc nhm pht mn n i tng cn bo v khng chnh
lch qu 10% th khong cch an ton chn ng c tnh theo cng thc (5.8) vi Q l tng
khi lng thuc n trong nhm.
-Nu khong cch tng pht mn n i tng cn bo v chnh lch qu 10% th khong
cch chn ng tnh theo cng thc:

=
=
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
m
i
i
m
i
i i
m
m m
E
Q
r Q
Q Q Q
r Q r Q r Q
r
1
3
1
3
3 3
2
3
1
3
2
3
2 1
3
1
.
...
. .... . .
(5.9)


3
1
3 3
2
2
3
1
1
...
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
+ +
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=

= i
E
m
i
i
m
E
m
E E
E
r
r
Q
r
r
Q
r
r
Q
r
r
Q Q (5.10)
Trong :
+Q
E
: khi lng hiu qu ca cc pht mn tng ng v tc ng chn ng (kg).
+r
E
: c ly hiu qu tng ng ca cc pht mn (m).
b/Tnh ton thit k vng nguy him ca sng ng t do n ph gy ra:
-Vt kin trc trn mt t hoc di t, trong mi tnh hung, u phi c xc nh xem
n c nm trong khu vc nguy him hay khng v c tnh ton theo cng thc (5.8).
-Tuy nhin, khi xc nh vt kin trc c pht sinh nguy him hay khng, mc nguy him nh
th no, cn c kinh nghim thc tin phn on theo cc mt sau:
Dng cng thc (5.8) tnh ra tr s r
C
, khi c ly thc t vt kin trc r
E
>r
C
s khng xy
ra nguy him.
Khi r
E
<r
C
nhng
C E
r r
3
2
th c th tin hnh n ph ch tr vt kin trc c th hoc
my mc c th.
Khi r
E
<r
C
nhng
C E
r r
3
2
< th nguy him s ln, phi kinh qua nghin cu c bit, nu
khng th khng c n ph.
i vi kt cu hm ngm di t nh phng my, hm, dn dng nc, ng hm v
cng trnh ngm, c th p dng cng thc kinh nghim bn knh ph hoi trc tip
tin hnh nghim ton:

3
) ( . n f W K r
C C
(5.11)
Trong :
+f(n): hm s ch trng lng gi thuc theo ch s n no trong cc iu kin
nh nhau. Theo kinh nghim Phlrov a ra phm vi ca f(n) nh sau:
n>1 1<f(n)<n
3
.
n<1 1>f(n)>n
3
.
n=1 f(n)=1.
Tng qut f(n)=A+Bn
3
vi A+B=1. Cng thc thc nghim: f(n)=0.5+0.5n
3


-24-
i vi vt kin trc c th nh thp, nh chc tri, cung in, kt cu c bit phc
tp khc cu treo, cu nhp ln,...cn tin hnh nghin cu chuyn m bo an
ton.
c/V d tnh ton:
c1/V d 1: N ph rn chc xy dng ng, bit ch s n n=1.5, tng lng thuc
Q=70.420kg. Hy xc nh vng nh hng sng ng t i vi vt kin trc xung quanh.
Gii:
-Vi n=1.5v rn chc, tra bng =0.9, K
C
=3.0.
-p dng cng thc (5.8), m Q K r
C C
112 70420 9 . 0 3 . .
3
3
= = =
- m bo an ton, cc vt kin trc c c ly ln hn 112m.
c2/V d 2: N ph nh hng xy dng 1 trm thu in. Bit rng: trung tm bao thuc n
th 1 n ca vo ca hm, ng trc p, ca ra ca hm ln lt l 305m, 225m, 310m; bao
thuc th 2 ln lt l 338m, 272m, 287m; bao thuc th 3 ln lt l 334m, 307m, 324m v
bao thuc th t l 354m, 304m, 308m. Hy kim tra xem khi chng ng lot gy n th nh
hng ca tc dng sng ng t ng hm dn nh th no? Bit lng thuc n bao thuc
th 1 bng bao thuc th 2 l 146800kg, bao thuc th 3 bng bao thuc th 4 l 57000kg.
-Bn hm thuc n tuy n ph cng 1 lc nhng cc c ly n ng hm, ng trc p u
khc nhau nn tc dng nguy him ca chng cng khc nhau. p dng cng thc (5.9), (5.10):
Tnh i vi ca vo hm:
m
Q
r Q
r
m
i
i
m
i
i i
E
331
57000 57000 146800 146800
354 . 57000 334 . 57000 338 . 146800 305 . 146800
.
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
1
3
1
3
=
+ + +
+ + +
= =

=
=

kg
r
r
Q Q
i
E
m
i
i E
427600
354
331
57000
334
331
57000
338
331
146800
305
331
146800
3 3 3 3
3
1
= |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

=

Tnh i vi ng trc p:
m
Q
r Q
r
m
i
i
m
i
i i
E
272
57000 57000 146800 146800
304 . 57000 307 . 57000 272 . 146800 225 . 146800
.
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
1
3
1
3
=
+ + +
+ + +
= =

=
=

kg
r
r
Q Q
i
E
m
i
i E
486600
304
272
57000
307
272
57000
272
272
146800
225
272
146800
3 3 3 3
3
1
= |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

=

Tnh i vi ca ra ca hm:
m
Q
r Q
r
m
i
i
m
i
i i
E
306
57000 57000 146800 146800
308 . 57000 324 . 57000 287 . 146800 310 . 146800
.
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
1
3
1
3
=
+ + +
+ + +
= =

=
=

kg
r
r
Q Q
i
E
m
i
i E
423000
308
306
57000
324
306
57000
287
306
146800
310
306
146800
3 3 3 3
3
1
= |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
+ |

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

=



-25-
-p dng cng thc (5.8) cho tng lng thuc hiu qu tng ng, tra bng vi =0.9,
K
C
=3-5, ta lp c bng sau:

C ly an ton r
C
H s an ton V tr trn hm dn Q
E
(kg)
r
E
(m) K
C
=3 K
C
=4 K
C
=5 K
C
=3 K
C
=4 K
C
=5
Ca vo hm 427600 331 203 271 339 1.63 1.22 0.98
ng trc p 486600 272 212 283 354 1.28 0.96 0.77
Ca ra hm 423000 306 203 270 338 1.51 1.13 0.91

_-Nhn xt: Hu ht cc c ly hiu qu tng ng ln hn so vi c ly an ton ngha l i
b phn hm dn trong phm vi khng nguy him. Tuy nhin vn c r
E
nh hn tr s r
C

nhng u ln hn
C
r
3
2
. Mt khc c th xem hm dn trong lng t c tnh nng chng ng
t tt cho nn ta c th kt lun l khng th ph hoi c.
-Ngoi ra cn tnh ton theo cng thc kinh nghim:

3
) ( . n f W K r
C C

Vi K
C
=3, n=1.75, W=30mf(n)=0.5+0.5n
3
=0.5+0.5(1.75)
3
=3.18r
C
=132m. Ta bit
khong cch t bao thuc n hm dn ngn nht l 225m.
Theo cng thc kinh nghim l rt an ton.
2.Khong cch an ton v sng khng kh xung kch:
-Khi n ph trn mt t s pht sinh song khng kh xung kch, khi gp chng ngi vt phn
hi tr li. Khi phn hi sng xung kch, p lc tc dng ln chng ngi vt s tng ln nhiu
ln nu sng m thanh, p lc ln b mt tng 1 ln, i vi sng xung kch mnh nh sng n,
p lc tng ln n 1atmosphere. Hin tng ny rt quan trng khi chng may kho thuc trn
mt t n, sng khng kh xung kch s c tc dng ph hoi i vi vt kin trc v ngi.
-Khi n di mt t, sng n s tiu hao 1 phn ph t v y cc khi bn i. Theo
kinh nghim, cng sng xung kch ca khng kh khi n di mt t khng th vt qu
0.1-0.2 phm vi tc dng ca sng xung kch khng kh khi n l thin.
a/Vng an ton v sng xung kch khng kh:
-Vung an ton tc dng sng xung kch khng kh i vi nh ca, kho vt liu n ph v vt
kin trc. C ly an ton c th tin hnh tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Q K r
B B
. = (5.12)
Trong :
+r
B
: khong cch an ton (m).
+Q: khi lng thuc n (kg).
+K
B
: h s t l, c lin quan tnh cht ph hoi v iu kin n ph, c th chn trong
bng sau:

V tr thuc n Cp an
ton
Mc ph hoi c th
L
thin
Chn
vi
n=3 n=2
1 Hon ton khng b h hi 50-150 10-40 5-10 2-5

-26-
2 Ph hoi ngu nhin ca thit b knh 10-30 5-9 2-4 1-2
3 Thit b knh b ph hoi hon ton,
ca ln, khung ca s ph hoi cc
b, vi va v tng ngn trong b
rn nt.
5.8 2-4 1-1.5 0.5-1
4 Ph hoi tng ngn khung ca s,
ca ln, nh g, ln g,...
2-4 1.1-1.9 0.5 Ch b ph
hoi trong
phm vi phu
n
5 Ph hoi nh khng kin c, lt
toa xe ng st, ph hng ng
dy in
1.5-2 0.5-1 Ch b ph hoi trong
phm vi phu n
6 Xuyn thng tng gch kin c, ph
hoi hon ton nh thnh ph, nh
xng, ph hng cu v nn ng.
1.4 Ch b ph hoi trong phm vi
phu n

Ghi ch:
Trong tnh hnh bnh thng, ly cp an ton l cp 3 khi tnh ton c ly an ton t
kho thuc n n im dn c, quc l, ng st, ng thu vn ti chnh, nh my,
kho vt liu n v kho tng d chy, vt cu trc trng yu.
Ly cp 4 cho vt kin trc th yu ng b, ng st thng xe khng ln, vt c
cu trc c bit kin c (nh cu BTCT, cu thp...), cc kho nm trn b sng cao.
b/Vng an ton v sng xung kch khng kh i vi ngi:
-Vng an ton ny vn tnh theo cng thc (5-12) nhng h s K
B
cn chiu theo trnh thnh
tho ngh nghip ca nhn vin n ph v iu kin cng tc, thng ly t 5-15. iu ny ch
p dng cho n l thin, cn khi gi thuc t trong t th ly 0.5-1.0 tnh ton.
-Trong thi cng n ph ln, i vi c ly an ton cho ngi lun ly c ly mnh vn t bay
c bit m khng cn cn nhc sng khng kh xung kch. Nhng i vi cng nhn t kp v
trm in n ph th cn xt thm sng khng kh xung kch ny.
3.Xc nh c ly an ton mnh vn t bay c bit:
-Hin tng ny rt ph bin trong n ph ln, l hin tng nguy him nht i vi con ngi.
-Theo kinh nghim, c th tham kho cng thc sau:
W n K r
A
. . 20 .
2
max
= (5.13)
Trong :
+n: ch s n ph.
+W: ng khng nh nht (m).
+K
A
: h s n ton c quan h vi a hnh a cht, kh hu v su chn thuc, c
th ly nh sau:
Thng thng ly 1.0-1.5
Khi gp gi ln v thun gi ly 1.5-2.0
Khi n ph nh hng hoc n tung theo ng khng nh nht ly 1.5
Khi a hnh thung lng ni ly 1.5-2.0
-Sau khi tnh ton xong, cn phi em so snh vi c ly an ton ti thiu theo quy nh:

-27-

Stt Phng php n ph C ly an ton
ti thiu (m)
A N ph l thin:

1 -Bao thuc p ngoi 300
2 -N ph l su 200
3 -Phng php hm thuc hoc l ng knh
ln (bao thuc mnh)
300
4 -Phng php hang thuc hoc hm thuc
(bao thuc mnh)
300
5 -Bu thuc ln, phng php l su, hm
thuc (n tung)
400
6 -Hm thuc n ph ln. 400
7 -Phng php bao thuc b sung 400
8 -M rng bu thuc 50
9 -M rng l mn, l su 100
10 -N ph bng chn 200
11 -Ph nh, ph v cc mng 100
12 -o gc cy 200
B N ph trong hm, ng l:

13 -Tnh hnh thng thng 100
14 -Khi c kh CH
4
200

3.Nhng quy nh bo m an ton khi n mn:
-Khi n mn phi s dng cc loi thuc no t nguy him nht v kinh t nht c cho php
dng i vi mi loi cng vic.
-Trng hp phi d tr thuc n qu 1 ngy m th phi bo qun thuc n kho c bit
ring, c s ng ca c quan cng an a phng nhm hn ch lng thuc n v bo
m an ton.
-Khu vc kho thuc n phi b tr xa khu ngi , khu vc sn xut v c ro bo v xung
quanh cch kho t nht 40m. Kho thuc n nu c th lm chm xung t hoc p t bao
quanh, mi lm bng kt cu nh.
-Nu thi cng n mn theo lc ti tri th ch lm vic phi c chiu sng y v phi
tng cng bo v vng nguy him.
-Trong trng hp n mn bng dy chy chm m cng nhn khng chy ra c vng an
ton kp thi th dng phng php n bng in iu khin t xa hoc bng dy dn n.
-Sau khi n mn phi quan st vng n, kim tra pht hin thy mn cm hay nghi ng c mn
st th phi nh du, cm bin bo khng cho ngi vo v tm cch x l.

2 gin gio v nguyn nhn chn thng khi lm vic trn cao

I.Yu cu v mt an ton i vi gin gio:

-28-
-Hu ht tt c cc cng vic xy dng v lp ghp, trang tr, sa cha v cc cng vic khc
lm trn cao u cn c gin gio. Do mun i su k thut an ton ca tng loi cng vic
xy lp trn cao, cn nm vng k thut na ton chung cho cc cng vic . chnh l k
thut an ton trong trong vic lp dng v s dng gin gio.


Hnh 5.3: V d cu to gin gio
-Tc dng ca gin gio l kt cu tm vt liu v ngi lm vic trn cao, cho nn yu
cu c bn i vi gin gio v mt an ton l:
Tng thanh ca gin gio phi cng v cng, ngha l khng b cong vng
qu mc, khng b gc gy.
Khi chu lc thit k th ton b gin gio khng b mt n nh, ngha l ton b kt
cu khng b nghing, vn, bin dng qu ln hoc b sp di tc dng ca ti trng
thit k.
-Nu kt cu ca gin gio khng tt hoc khi s dng khng theo ch dn k thut an ton th
nht nh d xy ra tai nn nghim trng cho nhng ngi lm vic trn gin gio v c ngi
lm vic di t gn gin gio. Cho nn m bo an ton trong vic dng gin gio cn
phi:
Chn loi gin gio thch hp vi tnh cht cng vic.
Lp dng gin gio ng yu cu ca thit k, c kim tra k thut trc khi s dng.
Qu trnh s dng phi tun theo k thut an ton khi lm vic trn gin gio.
-Khi la chn v thit k gin gio, phi da vo:
Kt cu v chiu cao ca tng t btng, t xy trt, loi cng vic.
Tr s ti trng, vt liu sn c lm gin gio.
Thi gian lm vic ca gin gio v cc iu kin xy dng khc.
-Khi lp dng v s dng gin gio, phi m bo cc nguyn tc an ton c bn sau:
Bo m bn kt cu, s vng chc v n nh trong thi gian lp dng cng nh
thi gian s dng.
Phi c thnh chn phng ngi ng hoc vt liu, dng c ri xung.

-29-
Bo m vn chuyn vt liu trong thi gian s dng.
Bo m cc iu kin an ton lao ng trn gin gio trong thi gian lp dng v s
dng.
Ch c s dng gin gio khi lp dng xong hon ton v c kim tra ng
ca cn b k thut.
II.Nguyn nhn s c lm gy gin gio v gy chn thng:
1.Nhng nguyn nhn lm gy gin gio:
-Nguyn nhn thuc v thit k tnh ton: lp s tnh ton khng ng, sai st xc nh ti
trng,...
-Nguyn nhn lin quan n cht lng gia cng, ch to: gia cng cc b phn kt cu khng
ng kch thc thit k, cc lin kt hn, buc cc mi ni ko km cht lng,...
-Nguyn nhn do khng tun theo cc iu kin k thut khi lp dng gin gio:
Thay i tu tin cc kch thc thit k ca s khung khng gian.
t cc ct gin gio nghing lch so vi phng thng ng lm lch tm ca cc lc
tc dng thng ng gy ra qu ng sut.
Khng m bo cng, n nh v bt chuyn vi ca cc mt gin gio; s vng chc
ca h gia c gin gio vi tng hoc cng trnh.
Gin gio ta ln nn khng vng chc, khng ch n iu kin a hnh v cc yu
cu cht lng lp ghp khc.
-Nguyn nhn pht sinh trong qu trnh s dng gin gio:
Gin gio b qu ti so vi tnh ton do d tr vt liu hoc tch lu rc ri trn sng
cng tc qu nhiu.
Khng kim tra thng xuyn v tnh trng gin gio v s gia c ca chng vi tng
hoc cng trnh.
H gia c gin gio vi tng b ni lng hoc h hng.
Cc on ct chn gin gio b h hng do cc cng c vn chuyn va chm gy ra.
Cc chi tit mi ni b ph hoi hoc tng ti trng s dng do ti trng ng.
2.Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra chn thng:
-Ngi ng t trn cao xung, dng c vt liu ri t trn cao vo ngi.
-Mt phn cng trnh ang xy dng b sp .
-Chiu sng ch lm vic khng y .
-Tai nn v in.
-Thiu thnh chn v thang ln xung gia cc tng.
-Cht lng vn sn km.
III.Yu cu i vi vt liu lm gin gio:
-Thng thng gin gio c th lm bng tre, g, kim loi, hoc lm kt hp g v kim loi.
Hin nay gin gio lm bng g v thp l ch yu.
-Ni chung trn cng trng nn dng cc loi gin gio c ch to sn hoc c
thit k theo tiu chun.. Trng hp gin gio khng theo tiu chun th phi tin hnh tnh
ton theo bn v n nh.

3 m bo an ton khi s dng gin gio

-30-

I. bn ca kt cu v n nh ca gin gio:
- bn v n nh ca gin gio l yu t c bn m bo an ton, trnh s c gy khi
s dng chng. Tuy nhin h s an ton bn v n nh cng khng ly ln qu trnh lng
ph vt liu, lm gim cc ch tiu kinh t.
1. bn ca kt cu gin gio:
- m bo an ton lm vic trn gin gio, phi tnh ton vi s ti trng tc dng ph
hp vi iu kin lm vic thc t, tc l kt cu phi chu c trng lng bn thn gin
gio, ngi lm vic v s lng my mc vt liu cn thit.
-Thc cht tnh ton bn lm vic ca gin gio rt phc tp. V vy, ngi ta tnh vi mc
chnh xc tng i da trn 1 s gi thit c ch n s d tr cn thit ca bn. Cc
gi thit l:
Cc ct gin gio lin tc theo chiu cao, nhng ch ni coi nh tuyt i cng.
Chiu cao ca tt c cc tng gin gio coi nh bng nhau.
Tt c cc u mi u c gn cht vo phn v xy ca cng trnh, c thanh
ging cho gi khi b chuyn v theo mt phng ngang.
Lin kt gia sn chu lc v ct bng ct thp ai to ra mmen ph thm trong
cc ct ng do s nn lch tm.
-T cc gi thit trn, ta c s tnh cho 1 ct gin gio sau:

+P: lc tc dng tng tng bao gm lc thng xuyn, lc tm thi,...(kg).
+h: chiu cao ca tng gin gio (m).
+e
o
: lch tm gia im t lc v cc b phn lin kt (m).
-Lc tc dng vo ct c xc nh theo cng thc:
( ) [ ]
tth g tx tt
P P P n K P . 3 . + + = (5.14)
Trong :
+P
tx
: ti trng thng xuyn trn ct (kg).
+P
g
: ti trng gi, c th ly bng 25kg mi tng.
+P
tth
: ti trng tm thi trn sng cng tc, c th ly bng 200kg trn 1m
2
sng.
+n: s tng ca gin gio.
+K: h s an ton ly bng 2.
-Sau kim tra lc ti hn trong ct theo cng thc Euler:

2
2
.
h
EJ
P
E

= (5.15)
Trong :

-31-
+E, J: mun n hi v mmen qun tnh ca tit din ct.
-iu kin kim tra:

E tt
P P (5.16)
Nu khng tho mn th phi tng bn ca kt cu gin gio.
2. n nh ca gin gio:
-S n nh ca gin gio ph thuc vo:
Tr s t cc ti trng thng ng.
H thng lin kt ca on gin gio vi cc b phn c nh ca cng trnh.
iu kin lm vic ca ct khi un dc.
iu kin t ln t ca ct gin gio, sc chu ti ca t nn di gin gio.
-Khi tnh n nh ca gin gio, coi rng gin gio c lp t trn nn t chc, dng cht,
p ng c nhng yu cu k thut v bo m thot nc.
-Nhng nguyn tc c bn lm mt tnh n nh cc b phn ca nhng on gin gio c th
dn n s c ca c gin gio v tai nn c th phn ra lm 4 loi chnh sau y:
S lng gia c khng so vi yu cu k thut lm cho chiu di tnh ton ca ct
tng ln nhiu.
S tng gi to nhng tr s tnh ton ca cc ti trng tm thi v thng xuyn ln ct
do vic tng tu tin khong cch gia cc ct 2 phng ca gin gio lm cho ct b
qu ti.
S ln ca cc ch ta ring bit cng gy ra qu ti cc ct khc do s phn b li ti
trng tm thi.
Gi bo.
-Ngoi ra mt nguyn nhn na l t hp bt k trong 4 nguyn nhn trn. Do m bo
n nh ca gin gio th phi m bo cc yu cu sau y:
Trc khi lp dng gin gio phi san nn cho phng, nu dc qu ln th phi lm
bc, m ln k v phi c rnh thot nc tt.
tng cng ca gin gio, thng lm cc thanh ging cho.
Chiu cao gin gio ng vi tit din ca ct chn khng phi l v hn bi v ng
sut on di ca ct s tng ln khi tng chiu cao ca gin gio. Do chiu cao ti
a ca n c xc nh theo iu kin sao cho ng sut on di ca ct khng
c vt qu ng sut cho php, c ngha l lc tnh ton cho php P
tt
on di s
l:
[ ] . .F P
tt
= (5.15)
Trong :
+F: din tch tit din ct.
+: h s un dc.
+[]: ng sut cho php ca vt liu ct.
II.Cc iu kin lao ng an ton trn gin gio:
-Sn gin gio thng lm bng g, khng nn dng tre. Khi lt sn cn c bit ch s lin
kt chc chn gia sn v thanh ngang sn. Mt sn cng tc phi bng phng, khng c l
hng, khng ht vn, khe h gia cc tm vn khng c rng qu 5mm.

-32-
-Chiu rng sn trong cng tc xy dng khng hp hn 2m, trong cng tc trt l 1.5m, trong
cng tc sn l 1m.
-Sn cng tc khng nn lm st tng:
Nn cha mp sn v mt tng kim tra thng ng bc tng khi xy, khe h
khng rng hn 6cm.
Khi trt bc tng th khe h khng rng hn 10cm.
-Trn mt gin gio v sn cng tc phi lm thnh chn ngn nga ng v dng c, vt liu
ri xung di. Thnh chn cao hn 1m, phi c tay vn. Thnh chn, tay vn phi chc chn v
lin kt vi cc ct gin gio v pha trong, chu c lc y ngang ca 1 cng nhn bng 1
lc tp trung l 25kg. Mp sn phi c tm g chn cao 15cm.
-S tng gin gio trn cng 1 lc c th tin hnh lm vic khng vt qu 3 tng, ng
thi phi b tr cng vic sao cho cng nhn khng lm vic trn 1 mt phng ng.
- thun tin cho vic ln xung, gia cc tng phi t cc cu thang:
Khong cch t cu thang n ch xa nht khng qu 25m theo phng nm ngang.
dc cu thang khng c qu 10
o
.
Chiu rng thn thang ti thiu l 1m nu ln xung 1 chiu v 1.5m nu ln xung 2
chiu.
Nu gin gio cao di 12m, thang c th bt trc tip t trn sn; khi cao hn 12m
ln xung phi c lng cu thang ring.
Ln gin gio phi dng thang, cm tro ct, bu vu u ngi ln, khng c mang
vc, gnh gng vt liu nng ln thang; khng c php cht vt liu trn thang.
- bo v cng nhn khi lm vic khi b st nh phi c thit b chng st t yu cu k
thut an ton. Gin gio kim loi phi c tip t.
-Trong thi gian lm vic phi t chc theo di thng xuyn tnh trng ca gin gio ni
chung, c bit sn v thnh chn. Nu pht hin c h hng phi sa cha ngay. Khi c ma
dng hoc gi ln hn cp 6, sng m dy c th khng c lm vic trn gin gio. Sau
cn gi ln, ma dng phi kim tra li gin gio trc khi tip tc dng.
-Khi lm vic v ban m, ch lm vic trn gin gio phi c chiu sng y . Tt c li
i li cu thang trn gin gio v mt t xung quanh chn cu thang cng phi c chiu
sng theo tiu chun chiu sng chung.
-Gin gio lp dng cnh cc ng i c nhiu ngi v xe c qua li phi c bin php bo
v chu o cc phng tin vn ti khi va chm lm gy gin gio.
-Cng nhn lm vic trn gin gio phi c dy an ton, i giy c nhm, u i m cng.
Khng cho php:
i cc loi dp khng c quai hu, cc giy dp trn nhn d b trt ng.
T tp nhiu ngi cng ng trn 1 tm vn sn.
Ngi trn thnh chn hoc leo ra ngoi thnh chn.
-Nhng cng nhn phi leo ln cao lm vic trn gin gio, cng nhn lm vic di t xung
quanh gin gio u phi hc tp v k thut an ton c lin quan. Nhng ngi c bnh tim,
ng kinh, huyt p cao, tai ic, mt km, ph n c thai, di 18 tui khng c lm vic
trn cao.
III.An ton vn chuyn vt liu trn gin gio:

-33-
- a cc b phn chi tit gin gio ln cao trong khi lp dng, trn cng trng thng
c dng puli, rng rc v ti ko tay. Lc lp gin gio trn cao, khi cha c sn cng tc,
cng nhn phi eo dy an ton buc vo cc b phn chc chn hoc ct gin gio bng cp
hay xch.
- a vt liu xy dng ln gin gio trong qu trnh s dng c th p dng 2 dng vn
chuyn:
Khi phng tin vn chuyn trc tip lin quan n gin gio c th dng cu thiu nhi
hoc thng ti. Ch t cn trc v ch nhn vt liu phi nghin cu trc trong thit k
v tnh ton chu lc.
Khi cn trc v thang ti b tr ng ring, c lp vi gin gio th phi c nh chng
vi cc kt cu ca cng trnh hoc dng neo xung t chc chn.
-Cc thao tc bc xp vt liu t cn trc ln gin gio phi nh nhng, khng c qung vt
vt liu v hoc tha khng dng n. Mun a xung phi dng cn trc hoc ti.
-Ch cho php vn chuyn vt liu trn gin gio bng xe ct kt hay xe ci tin khi gin gio
c tnh ton thit k vi nhng ti trng v phi lt vn cho xe i.
IV.An ton khi tho d gin gio:
-Trong thi gian tho d gin gio, tt c cc ca ra vo tng 1 v cc ban cng cc tng
gc trong khu vc tin hnh tho d u phi ng li.
-Trc khi lt vn sn, gin gio phi dn sch vt liu, dng c, rc ri trn sn vn v ro
kn ng i dn n ch .
-Trong khu vc ang tho d gin gio phi c ro du di ng t cch chn gin giao t nht
bng 1/3 chiu cao ca gin gio, phi c bin cm khng cho ngi l vo.
-Cc tm vn sn, cc thanh kt cu gin gio c tho d ra khng c php lao t trn cao
xung t m phi dng cn trc hoc ti a xung t 1 cch t t.






















-34-










C
CCH
HH

N
NNG
GG I
IIv
vv:
:: K
KK
t
tth
hhu
uu
t
tt a
aan
nn t
tto
oo
n
nn v
vv

i
ii
n
nn

1 nguyn nhn v tc hi ca tai nn in

I.Tc dng ca dng in i vi c th con ngi:
-Khi ngi tip xc vi in s c 1 dng in chy qua ngi v con ngi s chu tc dng
ca dng in .
-Tc hi ca dng in i vi c th con ngi c nhiu dng: gy bng, ph v cc m, lm
gy xng, gy tn thng mt, ph hu mu, lm lit h thng thn kinh,...
-Tai nn in git c th phn thnh 2 mc l chn thng in (tn thng bn ngoi cc m)
v sc in (tn thng ni ti c th).
1.Chn thng in:
-L cc tn thng cc b ngoi c th di dng: bng, du vt in, kim loi ho da. Chn
thng in ch c th gy ra 1 dng in mnh v thng li du vt bn ngoi.
a/Bng in:
-Do cc tia h quang in gy ra khi b on mch, nhn b ngoi khng khc g cc loi bng
thng thng. N gy cht ngi khi qu 2/3 din tch da ca c th b bng. Nguy him hn
c l bng ni tng c th dn n cht ngi mc d pha ngoi cha qu 2/3.
b/Du vt in:
-L 1 dng tc hi ring bit trn da ngi do da b p cht vi phn kim loi dn in ng
thi di tc dng ca nhit cao (khong 120
o
C).
c/Kim loi ho da:
-L s xm nhp ca cc mnh kim loi rt nh vo da do tc ng ca cc tia h quang c bo
ho hi kim loi (khi lm cc cng vic v hn in).
2.Sc in:
-L dng tai nn nguy him nht. N ph hu cc qu trnh sinh l trong c th con ngi v
tc hi ti ton thn. L s ph hu cc qu trnh in vn c ca vt cht sng, cc qu trnh
ny gn lin vi kh nng sng ca t bo.
-Khi b sc in c th trng thi co git, m man bt tnh, tim phi t lit. Nu trong vng 4-
6s, ngi b nn khng c tch khi kp thi dng in co th dn n cht ngi.
-Vi dng in rt nh t 25-100mA chy qua c th cng gy sc in. B sc in nh c
th gy ra kinh hong, ngn tay t au v co li; cn nng c th lm cht ngi v t lit h
hp v tun hon.

-35-
-Mt c im khi b sc in l khng thy r ch dng in vo ngi v ngi tai nn
khng c thng tch.
II.Cc nhn t nh hng ti mc trm trng khi b in git:
1.Cng dng in i qua c th:
-L nhn t chnh nh hng ti in git. Tr s dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo in p
t vo ngi v in tr ca ngi, c tnh theo cng thc:

ng
ng
R
U
I = (6.1)
Trong :
+U: in p t vo ngi (V).
+R
ng
: in tr ca ngi ().
-Nh vy cng chm vo 1 ngun in, ngi no c in tr nh s b git mnh hn. Con
ngi c cm gic dng in qua ngi khi cng dng in khong 0.6-1.5mA i vi
in xoay chiu (ng tn s f=50Hz) v 5-7mA i vi in 1 chiu.
-Cng dng in xoay chiu c tr s t 8mA tr xung c th coi l an ton. Cng
dng in 1 chiu c coi l an ton l di 70mA v dng in 1 chiu khng gy ra co rt
bp tht mnh. N tc dng ln c th di dng nhit.
2.Thi gian tc dng ln c th:
-Thi gian dng in i qua c th cng lu cng nguy him bi v in tr c th khi b tc
dng lu s gim xung do lp da sng b nung nng v b chc thng lm dng in qua
ngi tng ln.
-Ngoi ra b tc dng lu. dng in s ph hu s lm vic ca dng in sinh vt trong cc c
ca tim. Nu thi gian tc dng khng lu qu 0.1-0.2s th khng nguy him.
3.Con ng dng in qua ngi:
-Tu theo con ng dng in qua ngi m mc nguy him c th khc nhau. Ngi ta
nghin cu tn tht ca tri tim khi dng in i qua bng nhng con ng khc nhau vo c
th nh sau:
Dng in i t chn qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tin l 0.4% dng in qua
ngi.
Dng in i tay qua tay th phn lng dng in qua tin l 3.3% dng in qua ngi.
Dng in i t tay tri qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tin l 3.7% dng in
qua ngi.
Dng in i t tay phi qua chn th phn lng dng in qua tin l 6.7% dng in
qua ngi.
trng hp u l t nguy him nht nhng nu khng bnh tnh, ngi b ng s rt d
chuyn thnh cc trng hp nguy him hn.
4.Tn s dng in:
-Khi cng cng , tu theo tn s m dng in c th l nguy him hoc an ton:
Nguy him nht v mt in git l dng in xoay chiu dng trong cng nghip c tn
s t 40-60Hz.

-36-
Khi tn s tng ln hay gim xung th nguy him gim, dng in c tn s 3.10
6
-
5.10
5
Hz hoc cao hn na th d cng ln bao nhiu cng khng git nhng c th
b bng.
5.in tr ca con ngi:
-in tr ca ngi c nh hng ht sc quan trng. in tr ca c th con ngi khi c
dng in chy qua khc vi vt dn l n khng c nh m bin thin trong phm vi t 400-
500 v ln hn:
Lp da v c bit l lp sng c tr in tr ln nht bi v trn lp da ny khng c
mch mu v t bo thn kinh:
in tr ca da ngi gim khng t l vi s tng in p. Khi in p l 36V th
s hu hoi lp da xy ra chm, cn khi in p l 380V th s hu hoi da xy ra
t ngt.
Khi lp da kh v sch, lp sng khng b ph hoi, in tr vo khong 8.10
4
-
40.10
4
/cm
2
; khi da t c m hi th gim xung cn 1000/cm
2
v t hn.
in tr cc t chc bn trong ca c th ph thuc vo tr s in p, ly trung bnh
vo khong 1000. i lng ny c s dng khi phn tch cc trng hp tai nn
in xc nh gn ng tr s dng in i qua c th con ngi trong thi gian tip
xc, tc l trong tnh ton ly in tr ca ngi l 1000 (khng ly in tr ca lp
da ngoi tnh ton).
6.c im ring ca tng ngi:
-Cng chm vo 1 in p nh nhau, ngi b bnh tim, thn kinh, ngi sc kho yu s nguy
him hn v h thng thn kinh chng t lit. H rt kh t gii phng ra khi ngun in.
7.Mi trng xung quanh:
-Mi trng xung quanh c bi dn in, c nhit cao v c bit l m cao s lm in
tr ca ngi v cc vt cch in gim xung, khi dng in i qua ngi s tng ln.
III.Phn tch mt s trng hp tip xc vi mng in:
-Khi ngi tip xc vi mng in, mc nguy him ph thuc vo s ni mch gia
ngi v mng in. Ni chung c th phn ra 3 trng hp ph bin sau y:
1.Chm ng thi vo hai pha khc nhau ca mng in:
-Trng hp chm vo 2 pha bt k trong mng 3 pha hoc vi dy trung ho v 1 trong cc
pha s to nn mch kn trong ni tip vi in tr ca ngi, khng c in tr ph thm
no khc.


-37-
-Khi in p tip xc bng in p trong mng, cn dng in qua ngi nu b qua in
tr tip xc c tnh gn ng theo cng thc:

ng
d
ng
R
U
I = (6.2)
Trong :
+U
d
: in p mng ng kn bi s tip xc vi 2 pha ca ngi (V).
-Chm vo 2 pha ca dng in l nguy him nht v ngi b t trc tip vo in p dy,
ngoi in tr ca ngi khng cn ni tip vi mt vt cch in no khc nn dng in i
qua ngi rt ln. Khi d c i giy kh, ng cch in hay ng trn gh g, thm cch
in vn b git mnh.
2.Chm vo mt pha ca ding in ba pha c dy trung tnh ni t:


-y l trng hp mng in 3 pha c in p 100V. Trong trng hp ny, in p cc dy
pha so vi t bng in p pha tc l ngi ngi t trc tip di in p pha U
p
. Nu b
qua in tr ni t R
o
th dng in qua ngi c tnh nh sau:

ng
d
ng
p
ng
R
U
R
U
I
. 3
= = (6.3)
Trong :
+U
p
: in p pha (V).
3.Chm vo mt pha ca mng in vi dy trung tnh cch in khng ni t:


-Ngi chm vo 1 pha coi nh mc vo mng in song song vi in tr cch in ca pha
v ni tip vi cc in tr cu 2 pha khc.

-38-
-Tr s dng in qua ngi ph thuc vo in p pha, in tr ca ngi v in tr ca cch
in c tnh theo cng thc:

c ng
d
c
ng
d
ng
R R
U
R
R
U
I
+
=
+
=
. 3
. 3
3
. 3
(6.4)
Trong :
+U
d
: in p dy trong mng 3 pha (V).
+R
c
: in tr ca cch in ().
Ta thy r rng dng in qua ngi trong trng hp ny l nh nht v th t nguy him
nht.
IV.Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn in:
-Tai nn in c th chia lm 3 hnh thc:
Do tip xc trc tip vi dy dn hoc b phn thit b c dng in i qua.
Do tip xc b phn kt cu kim loi ca thit b in hoc thn ca my c cht cch
in b hng.
Tai nn gy ra do in p ch dng in r trong t.
Ngoi ra, cn1 hnh thc na l do s lm vic sai lm ca ngi sa cha nh bt ng ng
in vo thit b c ngi ang lm vic.
-Nhng nguyn nhn lm cho ngi b tai nn in:
S h hng ca thit b, dy dn in v cc thit b m my.
S dng khng ng cc dng c ni in th trong cc phng b m t.
Thiu cc thit b v cu ch bo v hoc c nhng khng p ng vi yu cu.
Tip xc phi cc vt dn in khng c tip t, dch th dn in, tay quay hoc cc
phn khc ca thit b in.
B tr khng y cc vt che chn, ro li ngn nga vic tip xc bt ng vi b
phn dn in, dy dn in ca cc trang thit b.
Thiu hoc s dng khng ng cc dng c bo v c nhn: ng, gng, tay cch in,
thm cao su, gi cch in.
Thit b in s dng khng ph hp vi iu kin sn xut.

2 cc bin php chung an ton v in

I.S dng in th an ton:
-Tu thuc vo mc nguy him v in ca cc loi phng sn xut m yu cu an ton v
in c mc khc nhau. Mt trong nhng bin php l vic s dng ng mc in p
i vi cc thit b in. in p an ton l in p khng gy nguy him i vi ngi khi
chm phi thit b mang in.
1.Phn loi cc ni lm vic theo mc nguy him v in:
-Tt c cc phng sn xut tu theo mc nguy him v in chia thnh 3 nhm:
a/Cc phng, cc ni t nguy him:
-L cc phng kh ro vi quy nh:
m tng i ca khng kh khng qu 75%.

-39-
Nhit trong khong 5-25
o
C (khng qu 30
o
C).
Sn c in tr ln bng vt liu khng dn in (g kh ro, ri nha).
Khng c bi dn in.
Con ngi khng phi ng thi tip xc vi c cu kim loi c ni vi t v vi v
kim loi ca thit b in.
b/Cc phng, cc ni nguy him nhiu:
-Cc phng m vi:
m tng i lun lun trn 75%.
m tng i c th nht thi tng n bo ho.
Nhit trung bnh ti 25
o
C.
-Cc phng kh khng c h thng l si v c tng mi.
-Cc phng c bi dn in.
-Cc phng nng vi nhit khng kh ln hn 30
o
C, trong thi gian di con ngi phi tip
xc ng thi vi v kim loi ca cc thit b in v vi cc c cu kim loi cng trnh ca
dy chuyn cng ngh c ni t.
-Cc phng c sn l vt liu dn in (bng kim loi, t, btng, g b m, gch,...)
c/Cc phng, cc ni c bit nguy him:
-Rt m t trong m tng i ca khng kh thng xp x 100% (trn, tng, sn v
cc c trong phng c ng ht nc).
-Thng xuyn c hi kh c.
-C t nht 2 trong nhng du hiu ca phng hoc ni nguy him nhiu (mc B).
-Nguy him v mt n (kho cha cht n trn cng trng).
2.Mt s quy nh an ton:
-i vi cc phng, cc ni khng nguy him mng in dng thp sng, dng cho cc
dng c cm tay,... c s dng in p khng qu 220V. i vi cc ni nguy him nhiu v
c bit nguy him n thp sng ti ch cho php s dng in p khng qu 36V.
-i vi n chiu cm tay v dng c in kh ho:
Trong cc phng c bit m, in th khng cho php qu 12V.
Trong cc phng m khng qu 36V.
-Trong nhng trng hp c bit nguy him cho ngi nh khi lm vic trong l, trong thng
bng kim loi,... nhng ni nguy him v c bit nguy him ch c s dng in p khng
qu 12V.
-i vi cng tc hn in, ngi ta dng in th khng qu 70V. Khi hn h quang in nht
thit l in th khng c cao qu 12-24V.
II.Lm b phn che chn v cch in dy dn:
1.Lm b phn che chn:
- bo v dng in, ngi ta t nhng b phn che chn gn cc my mc v thit b
nguy him hoc tch cc thit b ra vi khong cch an ton.
-Cc loi che chn c, li hay c l c dng trong cc phng kh khi in th ln hn
65V, trong cc phng m khi in th ln hn 36V v trong cc phng c bit m in th
ln hn 12V.

-40-
- cc phng sn xut trong c cc thit b lm vic vi in th 1000V, ngi ta lm
nhng b phn che chn c (khng ph thuc vo cht cch in hay khng) v ch c th ly
che chn ra khi ngt dng in.
2.Cch in dy dn:
-Dy dn c th khng lm cch in nu dy c treo cao trn 3.5m so vi sn; trn cc
ng vn chuyn t, cn trc i qua dy dn phi treo cao 6m.
-Nu khi lm vic c th ng chm vo dy dn th dy dn phi c cao su bao bc, khng
c dng dy trn.
-Dy cp in cao th qua ch ngi qua li phi c li ging trn khng phng khi dy b
t.
-Phi ro quanh khu vc t my pht in hoc my bin th.
III.Lm tip t bo v:
-Cc b phn ca v my, thit b bnh thng khng c in nhng nu cch in hng, b
chm mt th trn cc b phn ny xut hin in p v khi ngi tip xc vo c th b git
nguy him.
- phng trng hp nguy him ny, ngi ta c th dng dy dn ni v ca thit b in
vi t hoc vi dy trung tnh hay dng b phn ct in bo v.
1.Ni t bo v trc tip:
-Dng dy kim loi ni b phn trn thn my vi cc ni t bng st, thp chn di t c
in tr nh vi dng in r qua t v in tr cch in cc pha khng b h hng khc.

-H thng tip t phi c in tr nh sao cho ngi khi tip xc vo v ca thit b c
in p r r (coi nh ngi mc song song vi mch tip t) th dng in chy qua c th
khng n tr s c th gy nguy him cho sc kho v s sng. Hnh thc ny p dng mng
3 pha c trung ho cch in.
-Theo quy nh hin hnh th:
i vi thit b in c in p n 1000V trong cc li in c trung tnh t cch
in i vi mt t, tr s in tr ni t phi khng ln hn 4.
i vi thit b in c cng sut ngun nh hn 100KVA cho php in tr ni t ti
10.
-Trong trng hp tip xc nh trn, ngi c coi l mc vo dng in r song song vi
cu ni t. Theo nh lut phn b dng din, ta c:

nd d n n
R I R I . . = (6.5)

-41-
hay
n
nd
d n
R
R
I I . =
Trong :
+I
n
: cng dng in qua ngi (A).
+I
d
: cng dng in r (A). Trong cc mng vi trung ho cch in c in p
di 1000VI
d
khng ln qu 10A (thng 4-6A).
+R
n
: in tr tnh ton ca ngi ().
+R
nd
: in tr cc ni t ().
Khi tr s dng in r nh hn v in tr ngi ln hn, dng in i qua ngi s cn nh
na, bo m an ton cho ngi.
2.Ni t bo v qua dy trung ho:

-Dng dy dn ni vi thn kim loi ca my vo dy trung ho c p dng trong mng c
in p di 1000V, 3 pha 4 dy c dy trung tnh ni t, ni t bo v trc tip nh trn s
khng m bo an ton khi chm t 1 pha. Bi v:
Khi c s c (cch in ca thit b in hng) s xut hin dng in trn thn my th
lp tc 1 trong cc pha s gy ra on mch v tr s ca dng in mch s l:

o d
nm
R R
U
I
+
= (6.6)
Trong :
+U: in p ca mng (V).
+R
d
: in tr t ().
+R
o
: in tr ca ni t ().
Do in p khng ln nn tr s dng in I
nm
cng khng ln v cu ch c th khng
chy, tnh trng chm t s ko di, trn v thit b s tn ti lu di 1 in p vi tr
s:

o d
d
nm d d
R R
U
I R U
+
= = . (6.7)
-R rng in p ny c th t n mc nguy him. V vy cu ch v bo v khc ct
mch th phi ni trc tip v thit b vi dy trung tnh v phi tnh ton sao cho dng in
ngn mch I
nm
vi iu kin:

-42-
Ln hn 3 ln dng in nh mc ca cu ch gn nht I
cc
:
3
cc
nm
I
I

Hoc ln hn 1.5 ln dng in cn thit c cu t ng ct in gn nht I
a
:
5 . 1
a
nm
I
I

-Vic ni trc tip v thit b in vi dy trung tnh l nhm mc ch tng tr s dng in
ngn mch I
nm
cho cu ch v cc bo v khc ct c mch in.
3.Ct in bo v t ng:
-Dng trong trng hp khi 2 phng n trn khng t yu cu an ton. C cu ny c th s
dng c mng 3 pha cch in i vi t, ln mng c trung tnh ni t.
-c im c bn ca n l c th ct in nhanh trong khong thi gian 0.1-0.2s khi xut hin
in p trn v thit b n tr s quy nh.
-i vi mng 3 pha, c cu ny c mc ni tip vo dy ni thn ng c in vi cc ni
t hoc vi dy trung ho v s hot ng di tc dng ca dng in r hoc dng in
ngn mch trong thi gian in mt ra thn my v s ct in khi my.

1.ng c in 2.L xo 3.Cu dao 4.Li st 5.Cun dy
-Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu ct in bo v t ng nh sau:
Khi trn v ng c khng c in p, ng cu dao, l xo b ko cng v li st gi cu
dao t th , ng c c in lm vic.
Nu cch in ca ng c hng, 1 pha chm v ng c th in p xut hin, 1 dng
in chy trong cun dy rt li st xung pha di, l xo ko cu dao ct in ngun
cung cp.
-So vi tip t bo v v ni dy trung tnh th ct in bo v c nhng u im sau:
in p xut hin trn i tng bo v khng th qu in p quy nh nn bo m
iu kin tuyt i an ton.
in tr ni t ca c cu khng yu cu qu nh m c th ti 100-500. Do
dng b tr v ch to h thng ni t ca c cu my.
IV.Dng cc dng c phng h:
- bo v ngi khi tai nn in khi s dng cc thit b in th phi dng cc loi thit b
v dng c bo v.
1.Tu theo in p ca mng in:

-43-
-Cc phng tin bo v chia ra loi di 1000V v loi trn 1000V. Trong mi loi li phn
bit loi dng c bo v chnh v loi dng c bo v ph tr.
-Cc dng c bo v chnh l loi chu c in p khi tip xc vi phn dn in trong 1 thi
gian di lu.
-Cc dng c ph tr l cc loi bn thn khng m bo an ton khi in p tip xc nn
phi dng kt hp vi dng c chnh tng cng an ton hn.
2.Tu theo chc nng ca phng tin bo v:
a/Cc dng c k thut in:
-Bo v ngi khi cc phn dn in ca thit b v t l bc cch in, thm cch in, ng
v gng tay cch in.
-Bc cch in dng phc v cc thit b in c in p bt k, thng c kch thc
75*75cm hoc 75*40cm, c chn s cch in.
-Thn cch in dng phc v cc thit b in c in p t 1000V tr xung, thng c
kch thc 75*75cm, dy 0.4-1cm.
-Gng tay cch in dng cho phc v cc thit b in c in p di 1000V i vi dng
c bo v chnh v in p trn 1000V i vi dng c ph tr. ng, giy cch in l loi
dng c bo v ph tr, ng cch in dung vi in p trn 1000V, cn giy cch in dng
in p di 1000V.
b/Cc dng c bo v khi lm vic di in th:
-Ngi ta dng so cch in, km cch in v cc dng c th in khc.
-So cch in dng ng m cu dao cch ly v t thit b ni t. N c phn mc chc
chn trn u, phn cch in v cn cm (di hn 10cm lm bng vt liu cch in nh
ebonit, tectonit,...).
-Km cch in dng tho lp cu ch ng, thao tc trn nhng thit b in c in p
trn 35000V. Km cch in cng phi c tay cm di hn 10cm v lm bng vt liu cch
in.
-Cc loi dng c th in khc dng kim tra xem c in hay khng, c th s dng cc
loi sau:
Vi thit b c in p trn 1000V th s dng ng h o in p hoc km o in.
Vi cc thit b c in p di 500V th s dng bt th in, n c quy.
c/Cc loi dng c bo v khc:
-Cc loi phng tin trnh tc hi ca h quang in nh knh bo v mt, qun o khng
bt chy, bao tay vi bt, mt n phng hi c,...
-Cc loi phng tin dng lm vic trn cao nh tht lng bo him, mc chn c quai da,
dy eo, xch an ton, thang xp, thang nng, thang g, chi ng lng,...
3.Cc bin bo phng nga:
-Ngoi ra m bo an ton cn c cc bin bo phng nga dng :
Bo v ngn khng cho ngi ti gn cc trang thit b c in.
Ngn khng thao tc cc kho, cu dao c th phng in vo ni ang sa cha hoc
lm vic.
-Theo mc ch, cc loi bin bo c th chia lm 4 nhm:
Bin bo ngn nga: Cm s m-cht ngi, in cao p-nguy him cht ngi,...

-44-
Bin bo cm: Khng ng in-c ngi lm vic, Khng ng in-lm vic trn
ng dy,...
Bin bo loi cho php: Lm vic y ch r ch lm vic cho cng nhn,...
Bin bo loi nhc nh nhc nh v cc bin php cn thit: Ni t,...
-Cc loi bin bo di ng dng trong cc trang thit b c in p trn v di 1000V cn lm
bng vt liu cch in hoc dn in xu (cht do hoc ba cng cch in). Cm dng st
ty lm bin bo. Pha trn bin bo phi c l v mc treo.

3 cp cu ngi b nn

-Khi ngi b tai nn in mc nguy him th phi c cp cu ngay. Cp cu chia lm 2
giai on:
Cu ngi ra khi mng in.
Sau l h hp nhn to hoc thi ngt.
-Cp cu ngi b in git rt quan trng. Nn nhn c th sng hay cht l do cp cu c
c nhanh chng v ng phng php hay khng. Bt k lc no cng phi tin hnh khn
trng v kin tr. Bi v ch tr 1 cht c th dn n hu q khng cu cha c hoc thiu
kin tr h hp nhn to s lm cho ngi b nn khng hi tnh c mc d mi mc c
th cu cha c.
I.Cu ngi b nn khi ngun in:
-Lp tc ct cng tc, cu dao.
-Nu khng lm nh vy c th dng dng c ngt in ct t mch in nh dng dao
ct c cn g kh, ng trn tm g kh v ct ln lt tng dy mt.
-Cng c th lm ngn mch bng cch qung ln trn dy dn 1 on kim loi hoc dy dn
lm chy cu ch. Khi lm nh vy phi ch phng ngi b nn c th b ng hoc
chn thng.
-Nu khng th lm c bng cch trn th phi tch ngi b nn ra khi thit b bng sc
ngi tht nhanh chng nhng nh vy d nguy him cho ngi cu nn i hi ngi cu phi
kh ro v ch cm vo qun o kh ca ngi b nn m git.
-a ngay ngi b nn ra ni thong kh, p qun o m v i gi bc s. Nu khng kp gi
bc s th phi tin hnh h hp nhn to.
II.Phng php h hp nhn to:
-H hp nhn to cn phi c tin hnh ngay khi thy thuc cha n. Nn lm ngay ti ch
b nn, khng mang i xa. Thi gian h hp cn phi kin tr, c trng hp phi h hp n 24
gi. Lm h hp nhn to phi lin tc cho n khi bc s n.
-Mc d khng cn du hiu ca s sng cng khng c coi l nn nhn cht. Ch c
xem l cht nu nn nhn v s hoc chy en. Trc khi h hp cn phi ci v ni qun o
ca nn nhn, cy ming ra khi ming cn cht.
-C 2 phng php h hp nhn to l h hp do 1 ngi v h hp do 2 ngi.
1.Phng php h hp do 1 ngi:
-t nn nhn nm sp, mt nghing sang 1 bn v k tay phi gp li cho d th, tay tri dui
thng v pha trc. Ngi cp cu qu st i gi vo xng hng, 2 tay ln sn nn
nhn:

-45-
Lc bp sn (n vo phn di ca lng ngc 1 cch nhp nhng) phi ng ngi v
pha trc, ng ln 1 t cho c sc xung. y l ng tc th ra, ming m 1, 2, 3
v tay vn nh c.
Khi lm ng tc ht vo, phi t t h ngi xung, th tay ra v m 4, 5, 6.
-Phng php ny c u im:
m ri v nhng cht trong d dy khng tri ln hng.
Li khng tt vo hng, do khng lm cn khng kh lt qua.
2.Phng php h hp do 2 ngi:
-Nu c 2 ngi cp cu th 1 ngi chnh v 1 ngi ph:
Nn nhn t nm nga, dng gi hoc qun o k lng, u nga ra pha sau.
Ngi ph cm li ca nn nhn kh ko n xung di cm.
Ngi chnh qu pha trc ko 2 tay nn nhn gi ln v a v pha trc m 1, 2,
3 y l ng tc ht vo; cn ng tc th ra th t t co tay nn nhn li cho ci tay
nn nhn p vo lng ngc ng thi hi ng ng ngi ln 1 cht cho c sc
xung v m 4, 5, 6.
-c im ca phng php ny l to cho nn nhn th ra ht vo c nhiu khng kh hn
nhng phi theo di cung hng v m ri v nhng cht trong d dy c th lm cn tr
khng kh i qua.
*/Ch : Cp cu phi dng nhp th bnh thng tc l vi tc 13-16 ln trong 1 pht.
III.Phng php h hi thi ngt:
-y l phng php c hiu qu v khoa hc, tin li v d lm.
-Trnh t lm nh sau:
Trc khi thi ngt cn mc ht m ri v ly ra cc d vt nh rng gi, thc
n,...kim tra xem kh qun c thng sut khng.
Ngi lm cp cu ko nga mt nn nhn ra pha sau, cm nga ln trn.
Ht 1 hi tht mnh, tay bt mi nn nhn, p mi vo mm ca nn nhn v thi tht
mnhLc ny phi nn nhn y hi.
Ngi cp cu ri mm nn nhn ht tht mnh ri li thi nh c. Lm 10 ln lin
tip i vi ngi ln, 20 ln i vi tr em. Nh dng kh tha trong hi th ca ngi
cp cu m hng cu c dng kh, c quan h hp v tun hon ca ngi b nn c th
hi phc li.
-Nu cp cu 2 ngi th kt hp 1 ngi thi ngt, 1 ngi xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc.