giáo trình xử lý tín hiệu số

NGUYN LINH TRUNG, TRN C TN, HUNH HU TU
X L TN HIU S
NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page 1 #1
X L TN HIU S
Nguyn Linh Trung, Trn c Tn, Hunh Hu Tu
Trng i hc Cng ngh
i hc Quc gia H Ni
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page i #3
Mc Lc
Danh sch hnh v
iv
Danh sch bng
xii
Li ni u
xv
1 GII THIU V X L TN HIU S
1.1 Tn hiu l g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 H thng l g? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 X l tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4 Cng ngh DSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 S HA TN HIU TNG T
2.1 M u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
9
2.2 Phng php ly mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.3 Ly mu thc tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Lng t ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.5 M ha v biu din nh phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6 Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Bi tp chng 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
i
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Mc Lc
3 TN HIU V H THNG RI RC
25
3.1 M u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Tn hiu ri rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.1 Mt s tn hiu quan trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.2 Phn loi tn hiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.3 Mt s tnh ton n gin trn tn hiu . . . . . . 35
3.3 H thng ri rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3.1 M hnh h thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.2 Phn loi h thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3.3 Kt ni cc h thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4 H thng tuyn tnh bt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4.1 ngha ca p ng xung v tch chp . . . . . . 47
3.4.2 p ng xung ca h thng ni tip . . . . . . . . 49
3.4.3 H thng tuyn tnh n nh . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5 Bin i Z v p dng vo h thng tuyn tnh bt bin 51
3.5.1 Bin i Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.5.2 Bin i Z ngc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5.3 Bin i Z v h thng tuyn tnh bt bin . . . 60
3.6 Bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri rc . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.6.1 nh ngha bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri rc 64
3.6.2 p dng bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri rc
vo h thng tuyn tnh bt bin . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.6.3 Lin h gia bin i Z v bin i Fourier theo
thi gian ri rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.7 Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Bi tp chng 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4 CU TRC CC B LC S
71
4.1 H thng ARMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.2 S khi ca h thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
ii
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Mc Lc
4.3 Dng trc tip ca h thng ARMA . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4.3.1 Dng trc tip I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3.2 Dng trc tip II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4 Dng ni tip v song song ca h thng ARMA . . . . . 78
4.4.1 Dng ni tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.4.2 Dng song song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5 Dng cho ca h thng MA c h s i xng . . . . . . 82
4.6 nh hng ca lng t ha thng s . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Bi tp chng 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5 THIT K B LC S IIR
91
5.1 Lc tng t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.1.1 Cc phng php xp x Butterworth v Chebychev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.2 Php bin i mt b lc thng thp thnh b
lc thng di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
lc trit di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
lc thng cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.1.5 p ng tn s ca b lc theo bc . . . . . . . . . 118
5.2 Phng php p ng bt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2.1 Thit k theo p ng xung bt bin . . . . . . . 125
5.2.2 Thit k theo p ng bc thang bt bin . . . . 130
5.3 Phng php bin i song tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.3.1 Bin i song tuyn tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.3.2 Thit k theo bin i song tuyn tnh . . . . . . 138
5.4 Thit k b lc s thng di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.5 Thit k b lc s trit di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.6 Thit k b lc s thng cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
iii
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Mc Lc
Bi tp chng 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6 THIT K B LC S FIR
165
6.1 Phng php ca s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

6.1.1 B lc l tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.1.2 Phng php thit k ca s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.1.3 Thit k b lc thng cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.1.4 Thit k b lc thng di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.2 Phng php ly mu trn min tn s . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.3 Phng php thit k Parks-McClellan . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.3.1 Tiu ch sai s minmax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Bi tp chng 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
7 THIT K B LC S A VN TC
221
7.1 H tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.1.1 Nhng kt qu c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.1.2 Ph ca tn hiu h tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.2 Tng tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.3 Thay i vn tc theo mt h s hu t . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.4 Biu din a pha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.5 Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Bi tp chng 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
iv
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page v #7
Danh sch hnh v
1.1 Biu din tn hiu lin tc bng hm ton hc. . . . . .
1.2 Biu din tn hiu ri rc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Cc loi tn hiu tun hon, nng lng v ngu nhin.
1.4 H thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5 Lc tng t v lc s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Qu trnh s ha tn hiu lin tc thnh chui bit. . . . 11

2.2 Xung Dirac v chui xung Dirac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3 Ph tun hon theo vi chu k 0 (a) v phn ph
mong mun (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4 Lc s dng b lc l tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Ly mu thc t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6 Cc kiu lng t ha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.1 Biu din tn hiu ri rc bng th. . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2 Xung Kronecker (n). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 Tn hiu thang n v u(n). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Tn hiu dc n v u r (n). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.5 Tn hiu m ri rc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
v
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Danh sch hnh v
3.6 Tn hiu i xng v phn i xng. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.7 Minh ha tn hiu tr v tn hiu li. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.8 i chiu thi gian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.9 S khi h thng ri rc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.10 S m t h thng thc thi bi cc b cng, b
khuch i v v b dch tr n v. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.11 Kt ni ni tip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.12 Kt ni song song. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.13 Tch chp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.14 Vng hi t ca tn hiu nhn qu nm ngoi vng
trn c bn knh |a| ca mt phng z. . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.15 Vng hi t ca tn hiu phn nhn qu nm trong

vng trn c bn knh | b| ca mt phng z. . . . . . . . . 55
3.16 Vng hi t ca tn hiu khng nhn qu nm trong
vnh |a| < | z| < |b| trn mt phng z. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.17 S khi h thng biu din bng hm truyn h
thng H ( z). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.1 Hnh minh ha cc b dch tr n v, b khuch i

v b cng c s dng trong s khi h thng. . . . 74
4.2 Hnh minh ha cc b dch tr n v, b khuch i
v b cng trong s dng chy tn hiu. . . . . . . . . 75
4.3 Biu din mc chng tng ca h thng ARMA. . . . . . 76
4.4 Thc thi cu trc h thng mc chng tng. . . . . . . . 77
4.5 Cu trc trc tip I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.6 Hon v hai cu trc H1 ( z) v H2 ( z). . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.7 Cu trc trc tip II (cu trc trc tip chuyn v). . . . 80
4.8 Cu trc ni tip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.9 Thc thi cu trc trc tip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.10 Ghp ni song song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.11 Cu trc khi thang cho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
vi
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Danh sch hnh v
4.12 Cu trc thang cho trong trng hp M l. . . . . . . . 83

4.13 Cu trc thang cho trong V d 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.14 Cu trc thang cho trong V d 4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.15 S h thng cho bi tp 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.16 S h thng cho bi tp 4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.17 Gin nghim cc nghim khng cho bi tp 4.6. . . 89
4.18 Gin nghim cc nghim khng cho bi tp 4.7. . . 89
5.1 u vo v u ra ca mt h thng khng lm mo. . 94
5.2 p ng bin v p ng pha ca b lc l tng. . . 95
5.3 p ng bin v p ng pha ca b lc thc tin. . 97
5.4 tr pha v tr nhm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.5 Minh ha nghim khng v nghim cc trong mt phng
s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.6 Nghim khng v nghim cc ca H (s)H (s) trong phng
trnh (5.17). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.7 p ng tn s ca h b lc Butterworth vi cc bc
khc nhau, v c cng tn s ct chun ha r = 1 rad/s.101
5.8 Gin im cc im khng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

5.9 Gn sng di trit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.10 Gn sng di thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.11 Bin i thng thp thnh thng di. . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.12 p ng bin ca lc thng thp v b lc thng di
tng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.13 p ng bin ca b lc thng thp v b lc trit
di tng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.14 Bin i thng thp thnh trit di. . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.15 Bin i thng thp thnh thng cao. . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.16 p ng bin ca b lc thng thp v b lc thng
cao tng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.17 B lc Butterworth vi n nghim cc. . . . . . . . . . . . 118
vii
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page viii #10

Danh sch hnh v
5.18 p ng tn s bin ca b lc Chebyshev vi

gn sng 0.1 v 0.5 dB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
gn sng 1 v 1.5 dB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
gn sng 2.5 v 3 dB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.21 nh ngha B v B x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.22 M t ly mu f a ( t). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.23 p ng tn s ca b lc tng t v b lc s ca V
d 5.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
d 5.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.25 B lc tng t v s c p ng bc thang ging nhau. 131
d 5.10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
d 5.11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.28 Phn tch tch phn Hnh thang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.29 Mi lin h gia p v z qua php bin i song tuyn
tnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.30 Mi lin h gia v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.31 Mi lin h gia |G ( j )| v | H ( e j )|. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
d 5.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
d 5.13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
d 5.14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.35 p ng tn s bin b lc thng di bc 4 ca V
d 5.17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.36 p ng tn s bin b lc trit di trong V d 5.19. 157
viii
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page ix #11

Danh sch hnh v
5.37 p ng tn s bin ca b lc s thng cao trong

V d 5.20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.38 H thng cn xc nh hm truyn tng ng. . . . . 163
6.1 B lc l tng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2 p ng tn s ca h thng xp x. . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.3 Hm ch nht rect( t) v ca s ch nht wcn (n). . . . . . 171
6.4 p ng tn s Wcn ( e j ) ca ca s ch nht wtg (n). . . 172
6.5 Hm tam gic tri( t) v ca s tam gic wtg ( n). . . . . . . 173
6.6 p ng tn s Wtg ( e j ) ca ca s tam gic wtg ( n) vi
cc chiu di khc nhau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.7 So snh p ng tn s ca ca s ch nht v tam gic.175
6.8 So snh p ng tn s ca b lc thit k dng ca s
ch nht v ca s tam gic, vi tn s ct c = 0, 25. . . 176
6.9 Cc tham s tn s gc thit k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.10 So snh p ng tn s cc ca s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.11 Minh ha p ng tn s ca mt b lc thng thp. . . 180
6.12 Minh ha chiu di b lc ph thuc vo tn s ct v
b rng ca di chuyn tip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.13 nh hng ca cc ca s, vi chiu di L = 21. . . . . . 184
6.14 p ng bin b lc s FIR dng ca s Hanning, c

c thng qua hai bc thit k: (1) thit k ln th
nht v (2) iu chnh thit k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.15 Thit k b lc FIR thng thp bng ca s Blackman. 188
6.16 Thit k thng cao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.17 Thit k b lc thng cao s dng ca s Hanning theo
hai cch, vi L = 33 v c = 0, 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.18 Thit k thng di. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

6.19 Thit k b lc FIR thng thp tng ng vi ca s
Hamming, dng thit k b lc thng di theo yu
cu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
ix
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page x #12

Danh sch hnh v
6.20 Thit k b lc FIR thng di, L = 27, c = 0, 956. . . . . . 195
6.21 Minh ha phng php thit k bng ly mu tn s. . 198

6.22 So snh p ng tn s bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.23 p ng tn s l tng ca b lc thng di c ly
mu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.24 So snh p ng tn s bin khi c im bt lin
tc (nt lin) v khi c s gim bt bt lin tc (nt t).200
6.25 Mt n bin ca A ( e j ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.26 p ng tn s c gn sng u, vi p = 0, 2, s = 0, 3.
C bn tn s ti u trong di thng v bn trong di
trit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.27 p ng tn s bin b lc thng thp [v d 6.8]. . . 211
6.28 p ng tn s bin b lc thng thp trong di
thng v di trit [v d 6.8]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.29 p ng tn s bin b lc thng thp v di thng
trong di trit sau khi nng bc b lc [v d 6.8]. . . . 212
6.30 p ng tn s bin b lc thng di [v d 6.9]. . . . 212
6.31 p ng tn s bin b lc thng di trong di thng
v di trit [v d 6.9]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.32 p ng tn s bin b lc thng di trong di thng
v di trit sau khi nng bc b lc [v d 6.9]. . . . . . . 213
6.33 p ng tn s bin v pha ca b lc vi phn. . . . 214
6.34 p ng tn s bin v pha ca b lc Hilbert. . . . . 215
6.35 p ng tn s bin ca b lc vi phn [bi tp 6.9]. 218
7.1 S khi ca php h tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
7.2 Ph tn hiu trc v sau khi h tc M ln. . . . . . . . . 223
7.3 p dng lc thng thp trnh gp ph. . . . . . . . . 224
7.4 p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp [v d 7.1]. . . . . 225
7.5 Mi lin h gia x(n), x e ( n) v x M (n), vi M = 2. . . . . . 228
7.6 Minh ha ph tn hiu h tc M = 2 ln. . . . . . . . . . . 229

x
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Danh sch hnh v
7.7 Minh ha ph tn hiu h tc M = 3 ln. . . . . . . . . . . 230
7.8 ng thc Noble trong trng hp h tc: (a) v (b) l

tng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.9 M rng ng thc Noble trong trng hp h tc: (a)
v (b) l tng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.10 Mi lin h gia x( n) v x N ( n) vi N = 3. . . . . . . . . . . 232
7.11 S biu din php tng tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

7.12 B lc tng tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.13 Minh ha ph tn hiu tng tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.14 Lc thng thp loi nh ph trong b tng tc. . . . . 234
7.15 B lc ni suy c tn s ct 0, 125. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.16 Thay i vn tc theo h s hu t M / N . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.17 Kt hp hai b lc. Tn s ct ca b lc kt hp l gi
tr nh nht ca
n cc otn s ct ca cc b lc thnh
0.5
phn: c = min 0,5
N , M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.18 ng thc Noble trong trng hp tng tc: (a) v (b)

l tng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.19 M rng ng thc Noble trong trng hp tng tc:
(a) v (b) l tng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.20 H thng chuyn i tn hiu t CD sang DAT [V
d 7.3]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
7.21 p ng b lc a vn tc kt ni CD vi DAT [V d 7.3].239
7.22 H thng chuyn i tn hiu t CD sang DAT trong
thc tin. Cc vn tc hu t l 3/4, 7/4 v 7/10. . . . . . 240
7.23 Ghp ni b sm pha v b h tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

7.24 Phn tch thnh M thnh phn pha. . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.25 S khi b lc a pha: (a) v (b) l tng ng. . . . 243
7.26 p dng biu din a pha vo mt h thng c chiu
di ln. H thng (a) c phn tch a pha thnh hai
h thng tng ng (b) v (c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
xi
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page xii #14

Danh sch hnh v
7.27 p dng biu din a pha vo mt h thng c chiu

di ln: thc hin v mt in t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.28 Ph tn hiu trc khi h tc, cho bi tp 7.3. . . . . . . 247
xii
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page xiii #15
Danh sch bng
3.1 Mt s bin i Z thng dng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

3.2 Tnh cht ca bin i Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.1 a thc Butterworth chun ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2 a thc Chebychev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.1 Cc hm ca s thng dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.2 Bng tra gi tr ca cc ca s thng dng . . . . . . . . 182
6.3 Tp hp cc di tn c c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
7.1 H s ca b lc thng thp trong v d 7.1 . . . . . . . . 226
xiii
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page xiv #16

Danh sch bng
xiv
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page xv #17
Li ni u
Gio trnh X l tn hiu s" m bn ang cm trong tay c

xy dng theo chui cc mn hc v lnh vc x l tn hiu, c
ging dy thng dng cc trng i hc trn th gii cng nh
Vit Nam bc i hc v sau i hc, bao gm: Tn hiu v h
thng, X l tn hiu s, X l tn hiu nng cao, X l tn hiu ngu
nhin, v.v.
"Tn hiu v h thng" thng cp n cc khi nim v tn
hiu theo thi gian lin tc v theo thi gian ri rc, ph tn s ca
chng, v h thng v cc c trng c bn ca mt h thng nh
tuyn tnh, bt bin, nhn qu v n nh.
Vi kin thc c bn v tn hiu v h thng, gio trnh X l
tn hiu s ny s tp trung phn tch vai tr lc ca mt h thng
tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian ri rc v tm hiu cc phng
php thit k cc b lc tuyn tnh bt bin p ng yu cu m
b lc cn tha mn trong min tn s.
Phng php trnh by ca gio trnh tng i khc nhng
gio trnh quen thuc bng ting Vit hay ting nc ngoi. Phn
ch o l ngha vt l ca cc phng php c trnh by. Trc
khi tho lun v lc, cc khi nim v ngha quan trng v tn hiu
v h thng c trnh by kh cht ch. T , cc phng php c
bn v thit k cc b lc s c gii thiu v khai trin mt cch
t nhin. Ngoi ra, gio trnh cng s dng cc v d vi nhiu kha
cnh thc t gip ngi hc hiu r hn ngha v tnh thc tin
ca cc phng php thit k.
y l mt gio trnh vi tt c rng buc ca n, khng phi l
mt cun sch dnh cho tham kho. V vy, cc ti c chn la
kh k lng, nhm c th trnh by nhng khi nim c bn thnh
mt th thng nht, gip ngi hc hiu r nhng l do v ngha
ca nhng khi nim cng nh cc phng php thit k. Mc tiu
xv
DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page xvi #18

Li ni u
ca ging dy l lm cho ngi hc hiu r rng pha sau ca cc

cng thc, cc chng trnh tnh ton. c nh vy, th sinh vin c
th s dng d dng nhng cng c c tip cn trong giai on
o to ti i hc cho cng vic thc t ca mnh.
Hy vng gio trnh ny p ng c nhu cu hc tp ca sinh
vin v quan im s phm ca gio trnh c c hi gip sinh vin
hiu r hn phng php t duy m mt k s cn nm vng. Rt
mong nhn c kin ng gp ca c gi nhm tc gi hon
thin gio trnh ny cho nhng ln ti bn sau. Mi phn hi xin
lin h v linhtrung@vnu.edu.vn.
Cui cng, nhm tc gi xin trn trng cm n tp th thnh
vin ca Phng th nghim X l tn hiu ca Trng i hc Cng
ngh gp nhng kin qu bu trong qu trnh bin son v
chnh sa gio trnh, v c bit l s mit mi v cn mn ca ThS.
Trng Minh Chnh trong ch bn ton b gio trnh bng LaTeX
c c phin bn p v r rng nh cc bn ang cm trong
tay. Bn cnh, cc kin ng gp qu bu ca cc hi ng nghim
thu, v c bit l ca cc phn bin PGS.TS. Bch Gia Dng v
TS. Nguyn Quc Tun trong Khoa in t Vin thng ca Trng
i hc Cng ngh, PGS.TS. Trn Xun Nam t Hc vin K thut
Qun s, PGS.TS. Ngc Minh t i hc Illinois, gp phn lm
cho ni dung gio trnh phong ph hn. Cui cng, chng ti xin
trn trng cm n Trng i hc Cng ngh h tr kinh ph
nhm tc gi c iu kin thc hin bin son gio trnh ny.
Nguyn Linh Trung
Trn c Tn
Trng i hc Cng ngh
i hc Quc gia H Ni
Hunh Hu Tu
Trng i hc Quc t
i hc Quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh
xvi
Chng 1
GII THIU V X L TN HIU S
Gio trnh ny phn tch vai tr lc ca mt h thng tuyn
tnh bt bin theo thi gian ri rc v nghin cu cc phng php
thit k cc b lc tuyn tnh bt bin p ng yu cu m b lc
cn tha mn trong min tn s. hiu r hn ni dung chnh ca
gio trnh, trong chng gii thiu ny chng ti trnh by nhng
khi nim c bn ni trn mt cch ngn gn v nhn mnh c bit
vai tr ca x l tn hiu s trong thi i m cc h vi x l pht
trin mnh m.
1.1
Tn hiu l g?
Khi nghin cu mt hin tng vt l no , ngi ta thng

quan st nhng i lng vt l c trng ca hin tng ny.
Phng php quan st chnh thng dng l o lng. Cc i lng
vt l c chuyn thnh nhng dng in hay hiu in th, c
gi l tn hiu m cc my o c th thu nhn c. Nh vy, thng
tin c trng ca cc i lng vt l ang c quan tm s hon
ton c cha ng trong cc tn hiu ny.
Hnh 1.1 biu din mt tn hiu bng mt hm ton hc x( t)
bin thin theo bin c lp t. Thng thng, t ch nh thi gian,
tuy nhin tng quan hn t c th c bt c dng no, v l mt bin
v hng hoc l nhiu bin v hng c lp (theo dng vc-t).
1

Chng 1. Gii thiu v x l tn hiu s
./figures/Overview_0 2012/6/11 18:07 page 1 #1

x( t)
Hnh 1.1: Biu din tn hiu lin tc bng hm ton hc.

x( n)
Hnh 1.2: Biu din tn hiu ri rc.

Trong gio trnh ny, trng hp t l mt bin v hng s c
quan tm gii quyt. Nu min xc nh ca t l ng thng thc
R th x( t) c gi l tn hiu thi gian lin tc hay l tn hiu
tng t. Cn nu min ny l tp cc s nguyn Z th x( t) c gi
l tn hiu theo thi gian ri rc v thng c vit l x(n) vi
n l bin nguyn. Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu thi gian ri rc l
mt chui cc gi tr {. . . , x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xk , . . .}. Hnh 1.2 biu din mt
tn hiu ri rc x(n).
2

1.1. Tn hiu l g?
Cc tn hiu quan trng thng gp c phn thnh ba loi:

tn hiu tun hon, tn hiu nng lng hu hn v tn hiu ngu
nhin. Dng lin tc v dng ri rc ca cc loi tn hiu ny c
minh ha hnh
1.3.
./figures/Overview_2
2012/7/24
20:27 page
2
2012/7/24
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20:27
x( t)
x( n)
2012/7/24
2
2012/7/24
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20:28
(a)
(b) 20:27 page
x( t)
x( n)
2012/7/24
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2012/7/24
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20:28
(c)
(d) 20:28 page
x( t)
x( n)
(e)
(f)
Hnh 1.3: Cc loi tn hiu tun hon, nng lng v ngu nhin.
3

1.2
H thng l g?
Cc tn hiu thng chy xuyn qua cc mch in, cc h c

in t hoc mt h vt l bt k no cho mt tn hiu khc
k hiu l y( t). Khi nim ny c minh ha hnh 1.4, trong
x( t) c gi l tn hiu u vo hoc tn hiu vo, y( t) c gi l tn
hiu u ra hay tn hiu ra. Ta cng gi x( t) l tn hiu kch thch
v y( t) l tn hiu p ng. Hnh 1.4 thng c dng m t mt
y( t)
x( t)
Hnh 1.4: H thng.

cch tng qut tt c cc h thng m chng ta quan tm, tc l h
thng ny c th l mt h thng vt l c sn, mt h thng c in
t c sn, mt dy chuyn sn xut, mt phn ng ha hc, v.v. M
t mi lin h bng mt phng trnh ton hc ni kt u ra y( t)
v u vo x( t) c gi l m hnh ca h thng. M hnh ny cha
ng tt c cc c trng ca h thng vt l, chng hn nh tuyn
tnh, bt bin, n nh, nhn qu.
1.3
X l tn hiu
Trong gio trnh ny, ta c bit quan tm n cc h thng do

chnh chng ta thit k. Thit k mt h thng thu thp thng
tin ta quan tm cha trong tn hiu u vo x( t) c gi l x l tn
hiu. Nh th, ni mt cch rt tng qut, x l tn hiu bao gm tt
c nhng p dng m chng ta c th hnh dung, cn s dng tt
c cc phng php lun hin hu trong in t, lc tn hiu, x l
thng tin, l thuyt nhn dng, v.v. Tm li, x l tn hiu l tt c
nhng g lin quan n x l thng tin ngy hm nay.
Gio trnh ny ch gii hn vo mt lnh hp v rt c bn c tn
l lc. Lc mt tn hiu tc loi ra khi tn hiu nhng thnh phn
4

1.4. Cng ngh DSP
c xem l nhiu. Khi nim lc ny xut hin t u th k 20 v

ch yu c trin khai mnh m trc, trong v sau th chin th
hai, c tn l thit k cc b lc tng t.
Nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, khi my tnh c a vo s
dng th cc nh nghin cu tm cch chuyn ha tc ng cc b lc
tng t thnh cc thut ton m my tnh c th thc hin c.
Cc thut ton ny c mang tn l b lc s. Trong gio trnh
ny, x l tn hiu s tng ng vi chuyn ha cc h thng lin tc
thnh cc h thng ri rc, xy dng cc thut ton lc cc tn
hiu ri rc. Nu cn thit, tn hiu ri rc sau khi lc c chuyn
ha thnh tn hiu theo thi gian lin tc.
Trong hnh 1.5, tn hiu tng t x( t) s c s ha cho ta
mt tn hiu x(n) v c b lc s x l cho u ra l y( n). Hnh ny
minh ha kt qu l tt c cc b lc tng t u c th thc hin
bng my tnh.
1.4
Cng ngh DSP
Hin nay, ngi ta thit k nhng my tnh nh c bit

s dng cho x l tn hiu c cht lng tt hn rt nhiu v gi r
hn rt nhiu so vi cc my tnh ph cp. Nhng my tnh x l tn
hiu s ny c tn l b vi x l tn hiu s (DSP)* .
B vi x l tn hiu DSP l mt b vi x l c bit c cu trc
c thit k mt cch ti u thc hin nhanh chng mt s khi
lng tnh ton ln v phc tp cn thit cho cc thut ton x l tn
hiu s. Trong cc thut ton x l tn hiu, php tnh c bn nht
l nhn ri cng v lu gi kt qu . Php tnh ny sau y s
c go l ton t c bn. Ngoi hot ng tnh ton, DSP cng
cn thng xuyn c d liu u vo v vit d liu u ra tht
nhanh, v hu ht cc p dng thc t u theo thi gian thc. Nh
th nu ta mun b DSP c cht lng cao, n cn c mt cu trc
thch hp, khc vi mt b vi x l bnh thng.
* DSP: Digital Signal Microprocessor.
Multiply-Accumulate


B lc tng t
x( t)
y( t)
y( t)
x( t)
t
2012/6/11
18:17 page 4 #1
(a) Lc tng
t
ADC
x( t)
y( t)
DAC
B lc s
y( n)
x( n)
y( n)
x( n)
n
(b) Lc s
Hnh 1.5: Lc tng t v lc s.

Phn ln, cc DSP u s dng tnh ton vi du chm c
nh* , bi v mt mch in t nhn c cu trc n gin v nhanh
hn rt nhiu so vi du chm ng . Hn na, php tnh vi du
chm ng c chnh xc hon ton chp nhn c i vi hu
ht cc p dng trong lnh vc x l tn hiu s. Tt nhin l, trong
* Fixed point.
Multiplier.
Floating
point.

1.4. Cng ngh DSP
mt s trng hp c bit i hi chnh xc tnh ton cao, lc

ta phi s dng mt DSP c du chm ng nh b vi x l s
TMS320C67x do hng Texas Intruments sn xut.
Trong mt thit b c s dng DSP nh cc modem, in thoi
di ng, TV cht lng cao, vn tc x l l yu t quan trng hng
u. Thng thng l chy cc chng trnh ch vi trm hng, c
cha vng lp. bo m cht lng ca h thng, nhiu nh lp
trnh s dng ngn ng Assembly v phn tch chi ly hot ng ca
h thng lc chy chng trnh ny, nhm iu chnh chng trnh
th no c kt qu tt nht. Tuy nhin, nu DSP c cu trc
phc tp, th kh c th ti u ha chng trnh mt cch th cng
nh vy. Trong trng hp ny, ta c th s dng ngn ng C lp
trnh v hy vng trnh bin dch* s cho ta kt qu tt. Tuy nhn, ta
vn c th theo di hot ng ca h thng v vn c th iu chnh
m lnh c th t kt qu c cht lng cao hn. Ngoi ra, trong
MATLAB c mt s chng trnh cho php lp trnh trn DSP.
S chn la gia cc ngn ng ph thuc vo mt s yu t nh
phc tp ca chng trnh, vn tc x l ta mun c, gi c ca
thnh phm, cc cng c pht trin h thng ca cng ty sn xut
DSP, v.v.
Hin nay, c kh nhiu cng ty a ra trn th trng mt s
DSP c cu trc khc nhau, tch hp hay khng tch hp hai b
phn ADC v DAC (xem hnh 1.5), v vi nhiu gi c khc nhau,
t vi n vi trm -la, c bit l ba cng ty Microchip, Analog
Devices v Texas Instruments.
* Compiler.
ADC: AnalogtoDigital
Converter. DAC: Digital-to-Analog Converter.

Chng 2
S HA TN HIU TNG T
2.1
M u
Nh bit, mt i lng vt l c biu din bi mt hm

bin thin theo thi gian lin tc, cn gi l mt tn hiu theo thi
gian lin tc. x l tn hiu theo thi gian lin tc ny bng my
tnh, trc ht cn s ha n, tc l biu din n bng mt chui s
m my tnh c th c v x l c. Qu trnh s ha gm ba bc
theo th t sau: ly mu* , lng t ha v m ha .
Ly mu l ly cc gi tr ca tn hiu ti cc thi im ri rc.
Do , ly mu cn gi l ri rc ha. Lng t ha l lm gn ng
gi tr ca tn hiu ti thi im ly mu vi cc mc lng t (gi
tr ri rc). Lng t ha c xc nh bi chnh xc ca my
tnh. M ha l biu din mt s theo h thng nh phn m my
tnh c th c c. Do , y l hot ng quan trng nht trong
qu trnh s ha. Ba thao tc trn c kt hp thc hin trong b
bin i tng t s, vit tt l ADC . Hnh 2.1 m t qu trnh
s ha tn hiu theo ba bc ny.
Cho tn hiu tng t x( t) nh trong hnh 2.1(a). Ly mu x( t)
* Sampling.
Quantization.
Coding.
ADC:
Analog-to-Digital Converter.

Chng 2. S ha tn hiu tng t
ti cc thi im cch u nhau T giy c tn hiu x(nT ) nh

trong hnh 2.1(b), vi n l s nguyn. Thng s T c gi l chu k
ly mu. Phng php ny gi l ly mu u (uniform sampling).
Thay v dng x(nT ) theo thi gian nT cho tn hiu c ly mu,
ta c th k hiu x( n) theo mu n v gi n l tn hiu ri rc, nh
m t trong hnh 2.1(c).
V x( n) c th c v s gi tr khc nhau, khng th lu tr trong
mt b nh s in t hu hn, cho nn cn xp x x( n) vi mt s
hu hn cc mc gi c gi l mc lng t. Chng hn, chn tm
mc {1, 2; 0, 8; . . . ; 1, 6}, nh trong hnh 2.1(d). Sau lm trn x(n)
c tn hiu lng t ha x (n) nh trong hnh hnh 2.1(e).
Bc lm trn ny to ra sai s, gi l sai s lng t.
Vi tm mc lng t la chn, ta c th dng ba bit nh
phn biu din chng, nh trong hnh 2.1(f). Nh vy, tn hiu
lng t x ( n) c biu din thnh chui nh phn x = {010101 },
nh trong hnh 2.1(g). Ta thy rng, gim sai s lng t, ta c
th dng nhiu mc lng t hn. Tuy nhin, iu c ngha cn
dng bit nh phn biu din cc mc ny v v vy dung lng lu
tr chui s s tng ln.
Cc phn tip theo trong chng ny trnh by khi qut c ba
bc ly mu, lng t ha v s ha. Tuy vy, trong cc chng tip
theo th ta ch quan tm n phn ly mu m thi v y l hot
ng c bn nht.
2.2
Phng php ly mu
C nhiu phng php ly mu, ty thuc vo tnh cht ca tn

hiu hay l thng tin m ta cn ly. Tuy nhin, gio trnh ny ch
cp n phng php n gin nhng cn bn nht, chnh l
ly mu u. Ly mu u (sau y gi tt l ly mu) mt tn hiu
lin tc x( t) tc l ghi li chui gi tr ca tn hiu ny ti cc thi
im t = nT , trong n l mt s nguyn bin thin t n +,
T l mt hng s c n v l giy (s) v c gi l chu k ly mu.
Ri rc ha tn hiu x( t) c chui x(nT ) ch c gi tr khi t chui
10

2.2. Phng php ly mu
./figures/ADC_0 2012/6/11 ./figures/ADC_1

18:24 page
6
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x( t)
x( nT )
(a) Tn./figures/ADC_2
hiu lin tc.
2012/6/11
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18:24
2012/6/11
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18:25
(b) Ly mu
vi
chu k
T . page 6
x( n)
x( n)
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
-0.4
-0.8
-1.2
./figures/ADC_4
(c) Tn hiu
ri rc s(n)
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18:25
(d) Chn
cc
mc
lng
x q ( n)
x q ( n)
1.6
111
1.2
110
0.8
0.4
0.0
101
100
011
-0.4
010
-0.8
001
-1.2
000
./figures/ADC_6
(e) Tn hiu
lng t ha
2012/6/11
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18:25
mc
page 6 #1
(f) Biu din
phn cc
x( n)
x=
010 101 111 111 110 110 110 111 111 101 010 000 011 110 101 111 011 000 011
(g) Chui bit s nh phn x
Hnh 2.1: Qu trnh s ha tn hiu lin tc thnh chui bit.
11

ny c th xy dng li x( t) mt cch hon ho. Nhng iu kin

m bo tnh hon ho ny c gi l nhng iu kin ly mu tn
hiu. hiu r nhng iu kin ly mu ny, cn phi xt ph ca
tn hiu c ly mu. Gi X () l ph ca x( t), s dng nh ngha
X () thng qua bin i Fourier ca x( t) nh sau:
X ( ) =
x ( t) e j t dt.
(2.1)
Ch rng, trong nh ngha ny (c l -m-ga ln) c

n v l (radians/giy). Trc y, trong cc gio trnh khc, ngi
ta thng dng (c l -m-ga nh) ch nh bin s ny.
Trong gio trnh ny, c dng ch nh mt thng s khc
ca lnh vc x l s s c cp trong nhng phn tip theo.
xc nh iu kin ly mu, trc ht xt tn hiu ton hc
sau y
( t) =
n=
( t nT ) ,
(2.2)
trong ( t) l xung Dirac, biu din nh trong Hnh 2.2. Tn hiu

( t) l mt tn hiu tun hon c chu k T , gm cc xung Dirac xut
hin ti cc thi im nT .
Trin khai ( t) thnh chui Fourier ta c:
( t) =
n=
C n e jn0 t .
(2.3)
trong 0 = 2/T v
Cn =
1
T
( t) e jn0 t dt.
(2.4)
Tch phn trn T l tch phn ly trn bt k chu k no ca tn

hiu ( t), thng thng ta ly trong khong t T /2 n T /2. S
12

2.2. Phng php ly mu
./figures/ADC_7 2012/6/11 18:25 page 7 #1

( t )
1
t
(a) Xung Dirac
./figures/ADC_8 2012/6/11 18:25 page 7 #1

( t)
1
t
3T 2T T
2T
3T
(b) Chui xung Dirac
Hnh 2.2: Xung Dirac v chui xung Dirac.

dng chui Fourier trong biu thc (2.3) dn n
Cn =
1
T
1
=
T
T
2
T2
T
2
T2
( t) e jn0 t dt
"
k=
( t kT ) e jn0 t dt
Z T2
1 X
=
( t kT ) e jn0 t dt
T k= T2
Z T
1 2
=
( t) e j00 t dt
T T2
1
T
(2.5)
Thay kt qu (2.5) vo (2.3) cho ta

( t) =
1 X
e jn0 t .
T n=
(2.6)
Tip n, dng tn hiu ( t) ly mu tn hiu x( t) bng cch

13

xt tn hiu sau:
x ( t) = x( t)( t).
(2.7)
Tn hiu ny c xem nh l ly mu tn hiu x( t) vi chu k T bi

cc xung Dirac. Trong min thi gian, ( t) c th c biu din bng
hai cch khc nhau: bng chui tun hon cc xung Dirac theo (2.2)
hoc bng chui Fourier theo (2.5). Nh th, phng trnh (2.7) cho
thy x ( t) cng c th c biu din trong min thi gian bi hai
biu thc ton hc khc nhau. Cch th nht cho ra
x ( t) =
=
n=
X
n=
x( t) ( t nT )
x( nT ) ( t nT ) ,
(2.8)
v cch th hai cho ra

x ( t) =
1 X
e jn0 t x( t).
T n=
(2.9)
Ph X () ca x ( t) chnh l bin i Fourier ca x ( t), c

nh ngha l
Z
X ( ) =
x ( t) e j t dt
(2.10)
Vi hai biu din khc nhau ca x ( t), c th suy ra hai cch biu
din khc nhau cho ph X () nh sau:
X () =
n=
x( nT ) e jnT
(2.11)
1 X
jn0 t
X () =
e
x( t) e j t dt
T n=
Z
1 X
=
x( t) e j(n0 t) dt
T n=
1 X
=
X ( n 0 )
T n=
Z
14
(2.12)

2.2. Phng php ly mu
./figures/ADC_9 2012/6/11 18:29 page 9 #1

X ( )
./figures/ADC_10
2012/6/11 18:29 page 9 #1
(a)
X ()
W
(b)
Hnh 2.3: Ph tun hon theo vi chu k 0 (a) v phn ph mong

mun (b).
Hai biu thc (2.11) v (2.12) cho thy ph X () c th c biu
din trc tip theo cc mu x( nT ) hoc theo ph X () ca tn hiu
tng t. V cng v th cho thy mi lin gia ph X () v tn hiu
ly mu x( nT ). Di y, ch quan tm ti cch biu din (2.12), cn
kt qu (2.11) s c biu din trong chng tip theo.
Phng trnh (2.12) cho thy t X () ta c th suy ra X ()
vi chnh xc hon ho nu cc thnh phn X ( + 0 ), X (),
X ( 0 ) hon ton khng ng nhau, nh trn hnh 2.3. iu kin
ny c gi l khng c hin tng gp ph* . tha mn, c th
thy ph X () ca tn hiu gc x( t) phi c b rng hu hn. B rng
ny c gi l b rng ph ca tn hiu v c k hiu l W . Ngoi
ra, X ( + 0 ), X (), X ( 0 ) khng ng nhau, phi c thm
mt iu kin khc l 0 > 2W . Hai iu kin ny c gi l nh
l ly mu Nyquist v c tm li nh sau: Tn hiu x( t) v tn
* Frequency
aliasing.
15

hiu mu x( nT ) l hon ton tng ng nu ph ca tn hiu gc

x( t) c b rng hu hn W v vn tc ly mu phi ln hn hai ln
ca b rng ph tn hiu.
Kt qu ny cho thy, x l mt tn hiu tng t hay tn hiu
s tng ng u cho cng mt kt qu nu hai iu kin ly mu
c tha mn. ng vy, nu hai iu kin ny c tha mn th
v mt ton hc, t ph X () ch cn lc n vi mt b lc l tng
H r () c c u ra X () nh c m t trn trong hnh 2.4.
H r () c xc nh nh sau:
./figures/ADC_11 2012/6/11 18:39 page 10 #1
X ( )
H r ()
X ( )
Hnh 2.4: Lc s dng b lc l tng
H r () =
1,
0,
nu || W0
nu ngc li
(2.13)
trong W0 phi tha W < W0 < 0 W . Thng thng, ngi ta hay

chn W0 = 0 /2. Tn s B0 = (0 /2)/2 tnh theo n v Hz c gi l
tn s Nyquist.
Kt qu trn c biu din trong min thi gian nh sau:
x( t) = h r ( t) ? X ( t),
(2.14)
trong h r ( t) l p ng xung ca b lc H r (), m ta va s dng

tch thnh phn X () t X (), v ? l tch chp. p ng xung
h r ( t) ny l bin i Fourier ngc ca H r () v c cho bi
h r ( t) = 2B0 sinc(Bt),
(2.15)
vi sinc( x) = sin( x)/ x. Phng trnh (2.14) cho ta

x ( t ) = 2 B 0
n=
x( nT ) sinc B ( t nT ) .
(2.16)
Ta thy rng, khi cc iu kin ly mu c tha mn, phng

trnh (2.16) khng nh l x( t) s c ti to mt cch hon ho t
16

2.3. Ly mu thc tin
cc mu x( nT ) ca n. Cng thc (2.16) thng c gi l cng thc

ni suy ca tn hiu x( t). Cng thc ny c Shannon s dng trong
l thuyt ton hc v thng tin xut bn nm 1947, do nh l ly
mu Nyquist cng thng c gi l nh l ly mu Shannon* .
i vi my tnh th cc mu x(n) vn l mt s thc cn c
biu din vi chnh xc tt nht ca my tnh. thc hin qu
trnh biu din ny, cc mu x( n) cn c lng t ha vi s mc
xc nh bi chnh xc ca my tnh.
S mc lng t l mt hm m ca 2. Cu trc ny cho php
m ha mi mc bng mt chui bit. Nh vy, thng qua qu trnh
ly mu, lng t ha v m ha, c th thy ngay mt tn hiu tng
t c my tnh c nh mt chui bit nh phn.
2.3
Ly mu thc tin
Trong phn trc, tn hiu ton hc ( t) c s dng ly

mu tn hiu. Qu trnh ny cha ng xung Dirac nn khng th
xy dng c mt mch thc tin thc hin thao tc ny.
minh ha khi nim ny, c th thay th tn hiu ( t) bng tn hiu
p( t) c nh ngha nh sau:
p ( t) =
n=
(2.17)
w( t nT ),
trong T l chu k ly mu v
w( t) =
(
1,
0,
nu T20 t
T0
2
nu ngc li
(2.18)
Dng tn hiu p( t) ly mu x( t) theo s 2.5.

Nh vy
x p ( t ) = x ( t ) p ( t ).
(2.19)
* Thc ra, cng thc ni suy ny c chng minh hi u th k 20 bi nh ton

hc ngi Anh Whitaker.
17

./figures/ADC_12 2012/6/11 18:41 page 12 #1

x p ( t)
x( t)
p ( t)
Hnh 2.5: Ly mu thc t.

Tn hiu p( t) l mt tn hiu tun hon, c chu k l T . Ta c th
khai trin chui Fourier c
p ( t) =
trong
1
Cn =
T
T0
2
n=
T0
2
C n e jn0 t ,
(2.20)
T0
T0
dt =
sinc n
.
T
T
(2.21)
jn0 t
Vi chui Fourier ny, x p ( t) c th biu din di dng

x p ( t) =
n=
C n e jn0 t x( t).
(2.22)
Ly bin i Fourier hai v ca phng trnh (2.22), ta c

X p ( ) =
n=
C n X ( n 0 ) .
(2.23)
Kt qu ny cho thy rng ph X () c th suy ra t ph X p () nu

hai iu kin ly mu c tha mn.
Trong thc tin, n gin ha thit k mch in t cho vic
ly mu, ngi ta chn T0 = T , trong trng hp ny, cch ly mu
ny c gi l ly v gi mu* .
2.4
Lng t ha
Sau khi ly mu, bc tip theo ca thao tc s ha l lng t

ha cc mu. Lc ly mu, gi tr mi mu c th bin i lin tc
* Sample-and-Hold.
18

2.5. M ha v biu din nh phn
t mc thp nht n mc cao nht ca tn hiu. Do , biu din

nh phn tng ng phi cn mt chiu di v hn mi c chnh
xc tuyt i.
Trong thc tin, cc my tnh ch c chnh xc nht nh, bt
buc phi chp nhn xp x cc mu vi mt s mc c xc nh
bi chnh xc ca my tnh. B dy ca mi mc c gi l mc
lng t v thit b xp x ny c gi l b lng t.
Cc mc ca cng mt b lng t c th khc nhau c th
hot ng cho nhiu tnh hung khc nhau m lun lun bo m
cht lng ca h thng. Trong trng hp cc mc cch u nhau
th b lng t c gi l b lng t u, nh c biu din trn
hnh 2.6. Php xp x ny c th c thc hin bng cch lm trn
hoc ct ui. Nh vy, lng t ha xp x mt tn hiu vi mt sai
s
x ( n ) = x q ( n ) + e q ( n ).
(2.24)
Sai s e q (n) c gi tr tuyt i nh hn q/2, trong q l mc lng

t.
Ta thy, lng t ha v ly mu c th hon v vi nhau m
khng thay i kt qu. Thng thng th ly mu c thc hin
trc khi lng t ha. Tuy nhin, nu ly mu c thc hin sau
lng t ha th vn tc ly mu phi cao hn vn tc ly mu
Nyquist ca tn hiu gc. Bi v trong trng hp ny, cng c th
ly mu tn hiu sai s, m tn hiu sai s ny c th c ph vi b
rng ln hn ph ca tn hiu gc. Nh vy, nu khng cn thn, tn
hiu sau khi ly my c th b nh hng bi hin tng gp ph.
2.5
M ha v biu din nh phn
Sau khi lng t ha, c mu x q (n) cn biu din x q (n) sao

cho my tnh c th hiu c; my tnh ngy nay s dng tnh ton
nh phn. Nh vy, ch cn biu din x q ( n) theo h thng nh phn.
Tuy nhin, cn ch phn bit gia biu din du phy tnh* v du
* Fixed-point
presentation.
19

./figures/ADC_13 2012/6/11 18:39 page 13 #1

Q ( x)
3q
2q
q
3 q
2 q
x
q
2q
3q
q
2 q
3 q
./figures/ADC_14
2012/6/11 18:39 page 13 #1
(a) Ct ui
Q ( x)
3q
2q
q
3 q
2 q
x
q
2q
3q
q
2 q
3 q
(b) Lm trn
Hnh 2.6: Cc kiu lng t ha.
20

2.6. Kt lun
phy ng* , bi v hai phng php ny tng ng vi s la chn

chnh xc khc nhau.
i vi tnh ton du phy tnh th php nhn lun dn n sai
s lm trn trong khi php cng th khng to ra sai s. Trong khi,
tnh ton vi du phy ng th c php nhn ln php cng u to
ra cc sai s loi ny. Ngoi ra, tnh ton vi du phy tnh c th
lm ny sinh hin tng vt trn kh nng my tnh. Ngc li
th hin tng vt trn kh nng my tnh khng xut hin vi cc
phng php tnh ton du phy ng.
2.6
Kt lun
Trong chng ny, ta va trnh by ngn gn thao tc s ha cc

tn hiu tng t. Cc thao tc ny c thc hin bi cc b bin
i ADC vi gi kh r. Tuy nhin, lc s dng b bin i ADC ta
cn ch phi s dng mt b lc u vo gii hn hin tng
gp ph. B lc ny thng c gi l b lc u vo . i vi cc
b bin i ADC t tin th b lc u vo ny thng c thit k
nh mt b phn ca thit b.
Trong kh nhiu p dng thc tin, tn hiu u vo cng nh
tn hiu u ra ca h thng u l tng t, do ta phi bin i
cc tn hiu s thnh cc tn hiu tng t. Thao tc ny c thc
hin bi b bin i DAC. Cu trc ca b bin i ny ni chung
cng kh n gin.
* Floating-point
Prefilter.
presentation.
21

Bi tp chng 2
2.1. Cho mt tn hiu tng t nh sau:
x( t) = 10 cos(20 t) + 3 sin(40 t) 5 cos(60 t + 0, 5).
Hy xc nh tn s Nyquist khi ly mu tn hiu ny.

x( t) = sin(40 t) 2 cos(60 t + 0.5).
a) Hy xc nh tn s Nyquist khi ly mu tn hiu ny.

b) Hy xc nh biu thc ca tn hiu ri rc x(n) sau khi ly mu
vi tn s FS = 120 Hz.
2.3. Cho mt tn hiu tng t c tn s cc i l 5 kHz.
a) Xc nh tn s ly mu ti thiu cn thit c th khi phc
chnh xc tn hiu tng t ban u.
b) Nu ly mu tn hiu trn vi tn s ly mu FS = 4 kHz th hin
tng g s xy ra vi thnh phn tn s 3 KHz.
x( t) = cos(50 t) + 3 sin(40 t) cos(60 t + 0, 5).
Ly mu tn hiu trn vi tn s ly mu FS = 100 Hz, hy xc nh

cc thnh phn tn s s c mt trong tn hiu thu c.
x( t) = e j60 t + 3 sin(50 t) cos(60 t + 0, 6).
Ly mu tn hiu trn vi tn s ly mu FS = 200 Hz, hy xc nh

cc thnh phn tn s s c mt trong tn hiu thu c.
22

Bi tp
2.6. Cho mt tn hiu tng t

x( t) = cos(100 t) + 3 sin(250 t)
i qua mt b bin i tng t s (ADC) c chu k ly mu T =

5 ms, tip qua mt b bin i s tng t (DAC) hot ng
tn s FS0 = 1 kHz v cui cng qua mt b lc thng thp (b lc lm
trn hay b lc ni suy) c tc dng loi b tt c cc tn s ln hn
100 Hz. Hy xc nh tn hiu y( t) khi phc c.
2.7. Tn hiu x(n) = 3(n + 1) + 2(n) + 4( n 1). Hy xc nh
a) x(n 1)
b) x(n + 1)
c) x(n)
d) x(n + 1)
e) x(n 1)
f) x(n + 1) x(n)
g) x( n) x(n 1)
2.8. Tn hiu x(n) = u( n + 3) u( n 4). Hy xc nh
a) x(n 2)
b) x(n + 2)
c) x(n)
d) x(n + 2)
e) x(n 2)
f) x(n + 2) x(n)
g) x( n) x(n 2)
2.9. Biu din tn hiu x(n) = (n + 1) + (n) + ( n 1) theo hm nhy

bc n v.
2.10. Biu din tn hiu x(n) = r (n) u(4 n) bng phng php lit
23

k.
2.11.
Biu din tn hiu x(n) = r (n) r (n 3) 3 u(n 3) bng hnh v.
2.12. Cho mt tn hiu ri rc x( n) = 3 sin(0, 1 n) c lng t ha

vi phn gii = 0, 1. C bao nhiu bit cn s dng trong b m
ha ca ADC trong trng hp ny?
2.13. Xc nh tc bit v phn gii khi ly mu tn hiu c
thay i 1 V nu tn s ly mu FS = 40 mu/giy v s dng ADC 8
bit.
2.14. Xc nh tc bit v phn gii khi ly mu tn hiu c
thay i t 0 n 5 V nu tn s ly mu FS = 100 mu/giy v s
dng ADC 12 bit.
2.15. Trong 1 b ADC s dng 8 bit m ha th c th phn bit
bao nhiu gi tr in th khc nhau?
2.16. Trong 1 b ADC s dng 12 bit m ha th c th phn
bit bao nhiu gi tr in th khc nhau?
2.17. Mt b DAC 4-bit th bit c trng s nh nht s chim bao
nhiu phn trm gi tr ton di.
2.18. Mt b DAC 12-bit th bit c trng s nh nht s chim bao
nhiu phn trm gi tr ton di.
24
Chng 3
TN HIU V H THNG
RI RC
3.1
M u
hiu r cc phng php thit k cc b lc s, trc ht cn

nm vng nhng khi nim c bn v tn hiu v h thng ri rc. L
thuyt h thng ri rc bt ngun t l thuyt iu khin h thng
ri rc* c xy dng vo nhng nm 50 ca th k 20. Nhng cng
c ny c a vo lnh vc x l tn hiu s nhng nm sau v
tr thnh nhng cng c c bn i vi cc k s in t, vin thng,
iu khin, v.v.
Nh trnh by trong chng 2, khi ly mu mt tn hiu lin
tc x( t) bng chui cc xung Dirac l tng, ta c tn hiu mu
x ( t) =
n=
x( nT )( t nT ),
(3.1)
trong T l chu k ly mu. Nh vy, tn hiu mu x ( t) l mt tn

hiu tng t, theo nh ngha, v bin c lp ca tn hiu l thi
gian lin tc t. Mt khc, theo (3.1), x ( t) hon ton ph thuc vo
mu x(nT ) ca tn hiu x( t). Xt tn hiu ri rc xd ( n) c to bi
xd ( n) = x( nT ).
* Sampled-data
control system.
25
(3.2)

Chng 3. Tn hiu v h thng ri rc
Nh vy, mi lin h gia tn hiu tng t x ( t) v tn hiu ri rc

xd ( n) c xc nh bi biu thc sau:
x ( t) =
n=
(3.3)
xd ( n)( t nT ).
T (3.3) c th thy, c x ( t) ta suy ra ngay xd (n) v ngc li c

xd ( n) ta suy ra c x ( t). iu hin nhin ny cho thy rng x l
tn hiu ri rc xd (n) hay x l tn hiu tng t x ( t) l hon ton
tng ng.
Mt cch lin h khc gia lnh vc tng t v lnh vc ri rc
c th hin bi bin i Laplace. Ly bin i Laplace hai chiu
ca tn hiu tng t x ( t) nh xc nh trong (3.3) cho ta
Z
x ( t) est dt
Z X
=
xd ( n)( t nT ) est dt
x ( s) =
n=
Z
n=
xd ( n)
( t nT ) e
st
(3.4)
dt .
v cui cng l
x ( s) =
n=
xd ( n) ensT ,
(3.5)
Biu thc (3.5) ng vai tr quan trng lc ta chuyn i t lnh vc

tng t sang lnh vc ri rc v ngc li.
By gi, t
z = e sT .
(3.6)
Nh th, biu thc (3.5) tr thnh

x ( z ) =
n=
xd ( n) zn .
(3.7)
C th nhn thy rng, lc ta khng quan tm n chu k T (hoc

vn tc ly mu tng ng) th z l mt bin c lp. Tuy nhin,
ngha ca z lc tho lun n h thng ly mu th chnh l mi lin
26

3.2. Tn hiu ri rc
h c nh ngha bi (3.6). Biu thc (3.7) c gi l bin i Z

ca tn hiu ri rc xd (n) v s c cp chi tit trong Mc 3.5.
Thc ra, quan h gia cc bin phc c lp z v s nh trong (3.6)
khng ng vai tr quan trng hiu x l tn hiu s. Tuy nhin,
iu ny gip hiu r mi lin h gia lnh vc x l tn hiu lin
tc v lnh vc x l tn hiu s. T , gip a ra ci nhn tng
qut v h thng v tn hiu m khng cm thy ngn ngi trc
bn cht tng t hay ri rc ca d liu m ta phi x l. Do vy,
sau y, khi cp n tn hiu ri rc th vn tc ly mu s khng
c xem xt v v th bin i Z c s dng cho cc tn hiu ri
rc v cc h thng ri rc bt k.
3.2
Tn hiu ri rc
Nh nu phn trc, tn hiu ri rc thc cht l mt chui

s x( n) vi n l bin s thi gian c lp ri rc, c gi tr bin thin
t n +. Bin n ch nh s th t ca cc mu tn hiu v
nh vy x( n) l mu th n ca tn hiu.
Tn hiu x(n) c th t thn l mt chui ri rc chng hn nh
s tin li hng thng trong ti khon ngn hng. Hay n cng c
th l chui mu lc ta ly mu mt tn hiu tng t. Nh vy, khi
cp n mt tn hiu ri rc x(n), khng cn quan tm n vn
tc ly mu. Mt tn hiu ri rc c th c biu din bng hm s
ton hc, th hoc mt chui s, nh trong v d sau.
V d 3.1 (Biu din tn hiu ri rc) Cho tn hiu ri rc c nh
ngha bng hm ton hc nh sau:
x( n) =
n + 1,
0,
vi 3 n 3
vi n khc
Tn hiu ny cng c th c biu din bng chui s

x( n) = {4; 3; 2; 1; 1; 2},
trong ch im gc thi gian, hoc bng th nh hnh 3.1.

27

./figures/SignalsSystems_0 2012/6/11 18:50 page 7 #1

x( n)
Hnh 3.1: Biu din tn hiu ri rc bng th.

Lc biu din bng chui s, cn phi xc nh im gc thi
gian, n = 0, ca chui mt cch tng minh. Trong trng hp tn
hiu c gi tr trit tiu ti cc thi im m th c th xem nh
im gc thi gian l mu u tin ca chui v khng cn dng
ch im gc thi gian. Xt cc chui tn hiu sau
x1 ( n) = {. . . ; 0, 25; 0, 5; 1; 0, 5; 0, 25; . . .}
x2 ( n) = {1, 2; 3; . . .}
x3 ( n) = {1; 1; 3; 5; 0; 4; 1}
x4 ( n) = {1, 5; 0; 7}
Theo th t, cc chui x1 ( n), x2 ( n), x3 (n) v x4 ( n) c gi tr ti gc thi

gian l 1, 1, 5, v 1. Cc chui x1 ( n) v x1 (n) c s mu l v hn, cc
chui x3 ( n) v x4 (n) c s mu l hu hn, cc chui x2 (n) v x4 ( n)
trit tiu ti cc thi im m.
3.2.1
Mt s tn hiu quan trng
Trong lnh vc ri rc, c mt s tn hiu ng vai tr quan

trng trong trin khai l thuyt h thng ri rc. Sau y l nhng
dng tn hiu quan trng nht thng gp trong gio trnh ny.
28

3.2. Tn hiu ri rc
./figures/SignalsSystems_1 2012/6/11 17:00 page 22 #

( n )
1
Hnh 3.2: Xung Kronecker ( n).

Xung Kronecker
Trong l thuyt h thng lin tc, ta gp xung Dirac, thng
c k hiu l ( t). Xung ( t) trit tiu vi mi t 6= 0, tin n +
R
khi t tin n 0 sao cho
( t) dt = 1. Trong lnh vc ri rc, c mt
tn hiu c vai tr tng t l xung Kronecker, c k hiu l (n)
v c nh ngha nh sau:
( n ) =
0,
1,
vi n 6= 0
vi n = 0
(3.8)
Ch rng, khc vi xung Dirac, xung Kronecker c gi tr n v

ti im gc thi gian n = 0. Hnh 3.2 minh ha xung Kronecker.
Tn hiu bc thang n v
Tn hiu thang n v thng c k hiu l u(n) v c
nh ngha nh sau:
u ( n) =
1,
0,
Hnh 3.3 minh ha u( n).

29
vi n 0
vi n < 0
(3.9)


u ( n)
1
n
1
Hnh 3.3: Tn hiu thang n v u( n).

Tn hiu dc n v
Tn hiu dc n v, thng c k hiu l u r (n), c nh
ngha nh sau:
(
n, vi n 0
u r ( n) =
(3.10)
0, vi n < 0
v c minh ha nh trn hnh 3.4.

u r ( n)
n
1
Hnh 3.4: Tn hiu dc n v u r (n).
Tn hiu m ri rc
Tn hiu m ri rc c nh ngha nh sau:
x( n) = a n ,
(3.11)
trong a l mt hng s. Nu a l mt s thc th x(n) l mt tn

hiu thc. Hnh 3.5 minh ha dng tn hiu m ri rc vi 0 < a < 1
v vi a > 1.
30

3.2. Tn hiu ri rc

x( n)
1
n
1
./figures/SignalsSystems_5
2012/6/11 18:50 page 9 #1
(a) 0 < a < 1
x( n)
n
1
(b) a > 1
Hnh 3.5: Tn hiu m ri rc.
Nu a l mt s phc c biu din bi a = re j , ta c x(n) =

r n [cos( n ) + j sin( n )]. Trong trng hp ny x( n) l tn hiu phc.
Phn thc xR (n) = r n cos(n ) v phn o xI (n) = r n sin(n ) ca n c
biu din bng cc th ring bit.
31

3.2.2
Phn loi tn hiu
Ty thuc vo tnh cht ca tn hiu, c th p dng cc phng

php x l khc nhau. C th phn loi cc tn hiu ri rc theo
nhng tnh cht c trng ca n.
Tn hiu nng lng v tn hiu cng sut
Nng lng ca mt tn hiu x( n) c nh ngha l
Ex =
n=
| x ( n )| 2 .
(3.12)
Trong nh ngha (3.12), E s c th hu hn hay v hn. Trong trng

hp E s hu hn, x(n) c gi l tn hiu nng lng. Trong trng
hp tn hiu c nng lng v hn, cng sut trung bnh ca n c
th hu hn hoc v hn. Cng sut trung bnh ca mt tn hiu ri
rc x( n) c nh ngha l
N
X
1
| x( n)|2 .
N 2 N + 1 n= N
P x = lim
(3.13)
Trong trng hp P s hu hn, x(n) c gi l tn hiu cng sut.

Tn hiu tun hon
Tn hiu x( n) c gi l tn hiu tun hon vi chu k N ,
trong N l s nguyn dng, nu v ch nu
x( n + N ) = x( n),
(3.14)
vi mi n. Chu k nh nht ca mt tn hiu tun ton c gi l

chu k c bn ca tn hiu.
Lu rng, mt tn hiu lin tc lun tun hon nhng tn
hiu ri rc tng ng cha chc nh vy. iu ny s c lm
r trong v d sau.
32

3.2. Tn hiu ri rc
V d 3.2 (Tn hiu ri rc tun hon) Xt tn hiu ri rc

x( n) = cos (2 f 0 n) ,
trong f 0 l mt hng s dng. Ta bit rng, cos( t) tun hon vi

chu k 2, tc l cos( t + 2) = cos( t). Tuy nhin, mun bit x(n) c tun
hon hay khng, ta phi tm xem c hin hu mt s nguyn dng
N ln tha mn iu kin (3.14) hay khng, tc l ta phi c
cos (2 f 0 n + 2 f 0 N ) = cos (2 f 0 n) .
iu kin trn ch c tha mn nu f 0 N l mt s nguyn dng.

T iu kin ny, ta suy ra f 0 phi l mt s hu t p/ q, lc ta ch
cn chn N = kq th iu kin tun hon c tha mn.
Mt cch tng qut, khi ly mu mt tn hiu lin tc tun hon,
nu vn tc ly mu khng c mi lin h hu t vi chu k ca tn
hiu lin tc th chc chn tn hiu ri rc s khng bao gi c lp
li, c ngha l tn hiu ri rc khng tun hon. i vi mt tn hiu
ri rc tun hon c chu k N th cng sut trung bnh ca n l:
P=
1
1 NX
| x( n)|2
N n=0
(3.15)
Nu tn hiu tun hon khng c mu c gi tr v cc th cng sut

trung bnh ca n lun lun hu hn.
Tn hiu chn v tn hiu l
Mt tn hiu thc x(n) c gi l tn hiu chn nu
x ( n ) = x ( n ),
(3.16)
vi mi n. Tn hiu chn cng c gi l tn hiu i xng, c

minh ha trn hnh 3.6(a). Mt tn hiu thc x(n) c gi l tn
hiu l nu
x( n) = x( n),
(3.17)
vi mi n. Tn hiu l c gi l tn hiu phn i xng, c minh

ha trn hnh 3.6(b). Ch l i vi tn hiu l, x(0) phi trit tiu.
33


x( n)
2012/6/11 18:52 page 12 #1
(a) i xng
x( n)
(b) Phn i xng
Hnh 3.6: Tn hiu i xng v phn i xng.
Mt tn hiu x(n) bt k no cng u c th phn tch thnh

34

3.2. Tn hiu ri rc
hai thnh phn chn v l. Tht vy, t

1
[ x( n) + x( n)]
2
1
x o ( n) = [ x( n) x( n)]
2
x e ( n) =
(3.18)
(3.19)
R rng, x e (n) l mt tn hiu chn v x o (n) l mt tn hiu l, ng

thi x(n) c phn tch thnh
x( n) = x e ( n) + x o ( n).
3.2.3
(3.20)
Mt s tnh ton n gin trn tn hiu
Trong l thuyt tn hiu v h thng ri rc, mt s thao tc

bin i thi gian v bin i bin c s dng ph bin.
Dch gc thi gian
Thao tc bin i thi gian th nht l dch gc thi gian,
thay th bin c lp n bi n n0 trong n0 l mt hng s nguyn,
c th m hay dng. Thao tc ny c biu din ton hc bng
ton t dch tr thi gian Dn0 {}:
Dn0 { x( n)} = x( n n 0 ).
(3.21)
Nu n0 > 0 th thao tc ny dch tr tn hiu n0 bc v nu n0 < 0 th

n lm sm (ko li) tn hiu | d | bc. Hnh 3.7 minh ha dch tr
v ko li tn hiu. i vi tn hiu lin tc, thc thi ton t dch tr
thi gian rt phc tp cn ton t ko li thi gian l bt kh thi.
Ngc li i vi tn hiu ri rc, x( n) c ghi li trong b nh cho
nn dch tr thi gian hay ko li thi gian ca x( n) tr nn rt n
gin.
i chiu thi gian
Thao tc th hai ca bin i thi gian l i chiu thi gian,
thay th bin c lp n bng n, nh c mnh ha trn hnh 3.8.
35


x( n)
n
1
(a) Tn hiu ban u

2012/6/11 18:52 page 13

2012/6/11
#1
18:52
x( n + 1)
x( n 1)
n
1
(b) Tn hiu li 1 bc
(c) Tn hiu tr 1 bc
Hnh 3.7: Minh ha tn hiu tr v tn hiu li.

Thao tc ny c biu din ton hc bng ton t i chiu thi
gian I {}:
I { x( n)} = x( n).
(3.22)
Lu l l dch gc thi gian v i chiu thi gian khng c tnh
kh hon. Tht vy, nu thc hin i chiu thi gian ca x(n) trc
ri sau dch gc n i n0 bc, kt qu l
Dn0 {I { x( n)}} = Dn0 { x( n)} = x( n n 0 ).
(3.23)
Trong khi , nu dch gc i n0 bc trc ri mi i chiu, kt qu

l
I Dn0 { x( n)} = I { x( n n 0 )} = x( n + n 0 ).
(3.24)
R rng, hai kt qu trn l hon ton khc bit.

36

3.2. Tn hiu ri rc
./figures/SignalsSystems_11 ./figures/SignalsSystems_12
2012/6/11 18:53 page
13 2012/6/11
#1
18:5
x( n)
x( n)
n
2
(a) Tn hiu gc
(b) Tn hiu o
Hnh 3.8: i chiu thi gian.

i thang thi gian
Thao tc bin i thi gian th ba l i thang thi gian, thay
th n bng n trong l mt hng s nguyn dng. Ton t i
thang thi gian c k hiu l {}:
{ x( n)} = x( n)
(3.25)
Thao tc i thang thi gian cn c gi l gim tc ly mu,

nh l gii trong v d sau.
V d 3.3 (Gim tc ly mu v i thang thi gian) Tht vy, xt
tn hiu lin tc xa ( t). Ta c th ly mu xa ( t) vi hai chu k ly mu
khc nhau T1 v T2 c hai tn hiu ri rc khc nhau. Gi s, chu
k ly mu th nht l T1 = T v th hai l T2 = 2T . Gi x1 (n) v
x2 ( n) l hai tn hiu ri rc c c do hai qu trnh ly mu ny,
x1 ( n) v x2 ( n) c xc nh nh sau:
x1 ( n) = xa ( nT )
x2 ( n) = xa ( n2T )
(3.26)
(3.27)
C th thy ngay x2 (n) = x1 (2n). y chnh l kt qu i thang thi

gian vi = 2, tc l x2 (n) =2 { x1 ( n)}.
37

Khuch i tn hiu
i vi bin i bin ca tn hiu, mt thao tc quan trng
l khuch i tn hiu, nhn tt c cc mu ca mt tn hiu vi
cng mt hng s a
y( n) = ax( n),
(3.28)
vi mi n.
Cng tn hiu
i vi tnh ton trn nhiu tn hiu, ta c thao tc cng tn
hiu. Tng ca hai tn hiu x1 ( n) v x2 (n) l mt tn hiu y(n) c mu
ti mi thi im n c xc nh bi tng ca hai mu ca x1 (n) v
x2 ( n) ti cng thi im :
y( n) = x1 ( n) + x2 ( n),
(3.29)
vi mi n.
Nhn tn hiu
Tng t, mt thao tc bin i bin khc l nhn tn hiu.
Tch ca hai tn hiu x1 (n) v x2 (n) l mt tn hiu y(n) c mu ti
mi thi im n c xc nh bi tch ca hai mu ca x1 (n) v x2 ( n)
ti cng thi im :
y( n) = x1 ( n) x2 ( n)
(3.30)
vi mi n.
3.3
H thng ri rc
Trong rt nhiu p dng thc tin, cn thit k mt thit b

hoc mt thut ton thc hin nhng thao tc trn cc tn hiu
ri rc. Thit b hay thut ton ny c gi l mt h thng ri rc.
Mt cch tng qut bng ton hc, mt h thng ri rc l mt ton
38

3.3. H thng ri rc

H thng ri rc
u vo
u ra
y( n)
x( n)
n
Hnh 3.9: S khi h thng ri rc.

t, thng k hiu l T {}, bin i mt tn hiu ri rc c gi l
tn hiu u vo thnh mt tn hiu ri rc khc c gi l tn
hiu u ra. Tn hiu u vo cn c gi l tn hiu kch thch v
tn hiu u ra l tn hiu p ng. Gi x( n) l tn hiu u vo v
y( n) l tn hiu u ra, ta c mi quan h
y( n) = T { x( n)}.
(3.31)
Quan h ny c minh ha bng s khi nh trn hnh 3.9.
3.3.1
M hnh h thng
Trong gio trnh ny, vn quan tm l mt h h thng c

biu din bi cc phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh c h s l hng
s. Mi lin h gia u vo v u ra ca h h thng ny l mt
phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh c dng:
N
X
k=0
a k y( n k) =
M
X
k=0
b k x( n k),
(3.32)
trong a k v b k l cc h s c th ph thuc vo n nhng hon

ton c lp vi mi x(n) v mi y(n). N v M l hai hng s nguyn
dng. Chnh v N v M hu hn nn h h thng c biu din
bi (3.32) cn c gi l h thng bc hu hn.
C th c t phng trnh sai phn (3.32) bng mt s h
thng c xc nh bi ba ton t c bn l cng tn hiu, khuch
i bin v dch tr thi gian. minh ha tnh hu ch ca s
, xt v d n gin sau y.
39

V d 3.4 (S h thng)
Xt phng trnh sai phn
y( n) + 2 y( n 1) = 3 x( n) + 0, 5 x( n 1) + 0, 6 x( n 2).
xy dng s m t h thng c biu din bi phng trnh

trn, ta vit li n di dng biu din mu u ra y(n) ti thi im
hin ti n theo cc mu u vo ti cc thi im hin ti v qu
kh v cc mu u ra ti cc thi im qu kh nh sau:
y( n) = 2 y( n 1) + 3 x( n) + 0, 5 x( n 1) + 0, 6 x( n 2)
= 2 y( n 1) + v( n)
Kt qu trn gip m t h thng bng mt s nh trn hnh 3.10.

3
x( n)
v( n)
y( n)
z1
z1
0, 5
z1
0, 6
Hnh 3.10: S m t h thng thc thi bi cc b cng, b khuch

i v v b dch tr n v.
Trong chng 4, ta s trnh by k lng hn cch chn s
h thng mt cch thch hp cho tng p dng v cch gin lc mt
s .
3.3.2
Phn loi h thng
Trong qu trnh phn tch v thit k cc h thng ri rc, tnh

cht c trng ca h thng ng mt vai tr rt quan trng. Cc h
thng c phn loi theo cc tnh cht c trng ny.
40

3.3. H thng ri rc
H thng tnh v h thng ng

Mt h thng ri rc c gi l h thng tnh hay h thng
khng nh nu mu u ra y(n) ti thi im n ch ph thuc mu
u vo x( n) ti cng mt thi im n.
Ngc li, nu mu u ra y(n) ti thi im n ph thuc vo
nhiu mu ti cc thi im khc nhau ca u vo x(n) th h thng
c gi l h thng ng hoc c nh.
V d 3.5 (H thng tnh v h thng ng)
bi cc phng trnh sai phn sau:
y( n) = 10 nx( n)
y( n) = 7 x( n) + 0, 2 x3 ( n)
Xt cc h thng cho
(3.33)
(3.34)
y( n) = 2 x( n) 0, 5 x( n 1)
n
X
y( n) =
x( n)
(3.35)
x( n)
(3.37)
y( n) =
k=0
X
k=0
(3.36)
Cc h thng m t bi cc phng trnh (3.33) v (3.34) l tnh v

bi cc phng trnh (3.35), (3.36) v (3.37) l ng. Cc h thng
trong (3.35) v (3.36) c b nh hu hn v trong (3.37) c b nh v
hn.
H thng bt bin
V mt vt l, h thng thng gp c gi l bt bin nu
vic quan st h thng ti cc thi im khc nhau u cho ra kt
qu ging nhau. C ngha l nu dng cng mt tn hiu kch thch
nhng ti cc thi im khc nhau th cc p ng ca h thng
l ging nhau. Xt mt h thng T c kch thch bi x(n) v c p
ng
y( n) = T { x( n)}.
41
(3.38)

Gi s kch thch li h thng bi chnh tn hiu nhng c

dch tr n0 bc bt k th c p ng l
z( n) = T { x( n n 0 )}.
(3.39)
H thng ny bt bin nu z( n) chnh l p ng y( n) nhng c

dch tr ng n0 bc
z ( n ) = y ( n n 0 ).
(3.40)
H thng tuyn tnh
Gio trnh ny quan tm n mt loi h thng c c tnh l
tuyn tnh. Loi h thng ny tha mn hai tnh cht vt l quan
trng. Th nht l, nu u vo ca h thng c khuch i a ln
th u ra ca h thng cng c khuch i a ln. Th hai l, nu
u vo l tng ca hai tn hiu th u ra l tng ca hai tn hiu
u ra tng ng.
Khi nim tuyn tnh ny cho thy l nu u vo ca h thng
tuyn tnh l mt t hp ca nhiu tn hiu th u ra ca n l t
hp ca cc u ra tng ng
T
X
k
a k x k ( n) =
X
k
a k T { x k ( n )} .
(3.41)
Tnh cht tuyn tnh ng vai tr cc k quan trng khi xy

dng m hnh cc h thng. Gio trnh ny quan tm n h cc h
thng va tuyn tnh va bt bin. Cc h thng loi ny c th c
thit k bi cc mch in t tng t hay ri rc ph cp.
H thng nhn qu
Mt h thng c gi l nhn qu khi tn hiu u ra xut
hin sau khi u vo xut hin. Khi nim nhn qu trong vt l
va c tnh trc gic, va c tnh c bn.
Cho tn hiu u vo x(n) tha mn
x( n) = 0
vi mi n < n0 .
42
(3.42)

3.3. H thng ri rc
Nu h thng l nhn qu th u ra y( n) cng tha mn

y( n) = 0
vi mi n < n0 .
(3.43)
iu ny cho thy, ti thi im quan st hin ti n, u ra y( n) ch

ph thuc vo hin ti v qu kh ca u vo, tc l x(n), x(n 1),
x( n 2), ... Hay ni cch khc, nu y( n) ph thuc vo tng lai ca
x( n), tc l x( n + 1), x( n + 2), ..., th h thng khng cn l nhn qu.
H thng n nh
c tnh quan trng nht trong cc c tnh ca h thng l n
nh, c Lyapunov nh ngha bng ton hc da trn nhng
quan st vt l. Ti thi im ny, vn cha c s thng nht v khi
nim, tuy nhin c th khi qut ha nh sau: Mt h thng c
gi l n nh nu ta ko n ri khi qu o hot ng bnh thng
th sau mt thi gian n s quay tr li qu o bnh thng ca
n. Nh th ta hnh dung c ngay, nu h thng l n nh lc ta
kch thch n vi nhng tn hiu c bin hu hn th u ra cng
s c bin hu hn.
Khi nim n nh ny c mang tn l BIBO* . Nu tn li
mt s nguyn dng M x sao cho u vo x(n) ca mt h thng n
nh tha mn
| x( n)| < M x < ,
(3.44)
vi mi n, th tn ti mt s nguyn dng M y sao cho u ra y(n)
tha mn
| y( n)| < M y < ,
(3.45)
vi mi n.
3.3.3
Kt ni cc h thng
Cc h thng ri rc thng c kt ni vi nhau to nn

mt h thng ln hn. C hai cch kt ni n gin v c bn nht l
kt ni ni tip v kt ni song song.
* BIBO:
Bounded Input Bounded Output.
43


x( n)
v( n)
T1
T2
y( n)
Hnh 3.11: Kt ni ni
tip.
2012/6/11 17:01 page 34 #1
x1 ( n)
y1 ( n)
T1
y( n)
x2 ( n)
y2 ( n)
T2
Hnh 3.12: Kt ni song song.

Hnh 3.11 m t m hnh kt ni ni tip ca hai h thng T1
v T2 . Theo , tn hiu u ra y( n) c tnh l
y( n) = T2 {v( n)} = T2 {T1 { x( n)}}.
(3.46)
Trong qu trnh kt ni ni tip, v tr ca h thng rt quan trng

bi v mt cch tng qut
T2 {T1 { x( n)}} 6= T1 {T2 { x( n)}} .
(3.47)
Tuy nhin, nu T1 v T2 l tuyn tnh v bt bin th ta c th hon

i v tr ca chng m u ra ca h thng ni tip khng thay i.
Kt lun ny s c khng nh sau khi chng ta nghin cu su
hn v h thng tuyn tnh bt bin ngay trong phn tip theo.
Hnh 3.12 m t m hnh kt ni song song ca hai h thng T1
v T2 . Tn hiu u ra l
y( n) = y1 ( n) + y2 ( n) = T1 { x1 ( n)} + T2 { x2 ( n)}.
3.4
(3.48)
H thng tuyn tnh bt bin
Xt mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin T . Gi h(n) l p ng

ca h thng lc c kch thch n bi mt xung Kronecker (n).
44

3.4. H thng tuyn tnh bt bin
Lc , h( n) c gi l p ng xung ca h thng. Nu chiu di

ca chui h(n) l hu hn th h thng c gi l h thng c p
ng xung chiu di hu hn (FIR). Trong trng hp ngc li,
ta gi l h thng c p ng xung chiu di v hn (IIR).
V d 3.6 (H thng FIR v h thng IIR) Cho cc h thng c p
ng xung c m t bng cc chui s nh sau:
h 1 ( n) = {. . . ; 0, 25; 0, 5; 1; 0, 5; 0, 25; . . .}
h 2 ( n) = {1, 2; 3; . . .}
h 3 ( n) = {1; 1; 3; 5; 0; 4; 1}
h 4 ( n) = {1, 5; 0; 7}
Nh vy, cc h thng c p ng xung h1 (n) v h2 (n) c s mu l

v hn, nn chng l h thng IIR. Cc h thng h3 (n) v h4 (n) l
IIR.
Xt mt tn hiu u vo bt k x( n) thay v xung Kronecker.
Ti thi im k, mu ca tn hiu x(k). Mu ny cng c th xem
nh mt xung Kronecker xut hin ti thi im k, tc l ( n k),
vi bin c gi tr bng mu x(k). Ta thy ngay x( n) c th biu
din di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca cc xung Kronecker nh sau:
x( n) =
k=
x( k)( n k).
(3.49)
Nh phn tch (3.49) m ta s thy l mt h thng tuyn tnh

bt bin, thng c vit tt l h thng LTI* , hon ton c xc
nh bi p ng xung h(n) ca n. Hay ni cch khc, ta c th dng
h( n) tnh u ra ca h thng lc c kch thch bi bt k tn
hiu no.
Tht vy, nu h thng c kch thch bi x(n), th c ngha l
n c kch thch bi mt t hp tuyn tnh cc xung Kronecker,
theo (3.49). Nu h thng l tuyn tnh th, theo nh ngha, u ra
* LTI:
Linear-Time Invariant.
45

y( n) l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc u ra c c lc kch thch bi cc

xung (n k) vi mi k, c vit nh sau
y( n ) =
k=
x( k)T {( n k)} .
(3.50)
Hn na, nu h thng trn cng l bt bin th, theo nh

ngha, p ng ca h thng c kch thch bi mt xung Kronecker
xut hin ti thi im k, tc l (n k), s l h(n k). Nh vy, c
th biu din tip u ra bng
y( n) =
k=
x ( k ) h ( n k ).
(3.51)
Kt qu ny cho thy i vi mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin th

mi lin h gia tn hiu ra v tn hiu vo c biu din mt cch
tng minh vi phng trnh (3.51), l mt biu thc hon ton c
xc nh bi p ng xung h(n). Nh th, ta c th kt lun rng, mt
h thng tuyn tnh bt bin hon ton c c trng ha bi p
ng xung ca n.
Phng trnh (3.51) thng c k hiu nh sau:
y( n) = h( n) ? x( n),
(3.52)
trong php ton ? c gi l tch chp* . Nh vy, u ra y(n)

ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin bng tch chp gia p ng
xung h(n) v tn hiu u vo x(n).
Bng cch i bin s m = n k, phng trnh (3.51) c th c
vit li di dng sau y:
y( n) =
m=
h ( m ) x ( n m ).
(3.53)
Ch trong phng trnh ny, nu ta thay ch s cm m bng ch s

k m kt qu hon ton khng thay i, ngha l
y( n) =
* Convolution
k=
h ( k ) x ( n k ).
product, cn c gi tt l Convolution.
46
(3.54)

So snh (3.51) v (3.54) ta thy tch chp l kh hon, ngha l

h ( n ) ? x ( n ) = x ( n ) ? h ( n ).
3.4.1
(3.55)
ngha ca p ng xung v tch chp
Mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c th l nhn qu hoc

khng. Nu h thng l nhn qu th p ng xung ca n ch xut
hin lc c kch thch bi xung Kronecker (n) u vo, tc l
h( n) = 0 nu n < 0. Nu p ng xung h( n) khng tha mn iu kin
ny th h thng khng nhn qu. c bit, nu h(n) = 0 lc n 0
th h thng c gi l phn nhn qu. Trong trng hp h thng
tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu, tch chp (3.54) tr thnh:
y( n) =
k=0
h ( k ) x ( n k ).
(3.56)
i vi u ra ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin bt k,

phng trnh (3.51) cho thy u ra ti thi in n0 l
y( n 0 ) =
k=
x( k) h( n 0 k).
(3.57)
Trong (3.57) ta thy ch s cm ca tng s l k. Nh th x(k) v

h( n 0 k l ph thuc vo bin s k, hai chui ny nhn vi nhau
c mt chui tch ph thuc vo k. Cui cng, u ra y( n0 ) ch l
tng ca tt c cc thnh phn ca chui tch ny. Chui h(n0 k) c
c bng i chiu thi gian k c h(k) v sau dch h(k) i
n 0 bc. Cc bc tnh tnh chp c m t trong Phng php 3.1.
hiu r hn cch tnh tch chp, ta xt v d sau y.
47

Phng php 3.1 Tnh tch chp.

1. i chiu thi gian ca chui h( k) c h(k).
2. Chn mt gi tr n0 sao cho sau khi dch gc thi gian ca chui
h( k) i n 0 bc c h( n 0 k) th h( n 0 k) bt u chng ln
x( k) t pha bn tri (ti thi im k 0 nh nht m c mu x( k 0 )
v h( n0 k0 ) u khc 0).
3. Nhn hai chui x( k) v h(n0 k) c chui tch vn0 ( k).
4. Ly tng tt c cc mu ca vn0 (k) c gi mu u ra y(n0 )
ti thi im n0 .
5. Dch gc thi gian ca h( n0 k) dn sang pha phi (tng dn
n 0 ) v thc hin cc bc 3 v 4 i vi tt c n 0 m x( k) v
h( n 0 k) cn chng ln nhau, c tt c cc gi tr cc mu
cn li ca y(n).
V d 3.7 (Tnh tch chp)
Xt h thng c p ng xung l
h( n) = {1; 1}
v tn hiu u vo l
x( n) = {1; 3; 2} .
Thc hin bc 1, ta c chui h(k) = {1; 1}, nh trn hnh 3.13(b).
Thc hin bc 2, ta chn n0 = 0 c chui h(0 k) (hnh 3.13(e))

bt u chng ln chui x(k) (hnh 3.13(a)).
Thc hin bc 3 tnh
y(0) =
k=
x( k) h(0 k) = (1)(1) = 1.
Thc hin bc 4 bng cch tng dn n0 t 0 n 3 c cc

chui h(1k), h(2k) v h(3k) chng ln x(k), nh cc hnh 3.13(f,g,h),
48

v tnh cc gi tr mu u ra tng ng nh sau:

y(1) =
y(2) =
y(3) =
k=
k=
k=
x( k) h(1 k) = (1)(1) + (3)(1) = 2,

x( k) h(2 k) = (3)(1) + (2)(1) = 1,
x( k) h(3 k) = (2)(1) = 2.
Vi cc gi tr n0 khng thuc {0, 1, 2, 3}, cc chui x(k) v h( n0 k)

khng chng ln nhau, nn tch ca chng trit tiu, ko theo tng
cc mu ca chui tch cng trit tiu, v th y(n0 ) trit tiu. Cui
cng, ta c chui u ra ca h thng h( n) l
y( n) = x( n) ? h( n) = {1; 2; 1; 2},
nh m t trong hnh 3.13(d).

Hy a ra cng thc tng qut ca chiu di ca chui u
ra y(n) so vi chiu di ca chui u vo x( n) v ca p ng xung
h( n)?
3.4.2
p ng xung ca h thng ni tip
Xt hai h thng tuyn tnh bt bin mc ni tip hai h thng

T1 v T2 vi cc p ng xung tng ng l h 1 ( n) v h 2 ( n). Bi v c
T1 v T2 u tuyn tnh, nn h thng ni tip ny l tuyn tnh.
Gi h(n) l p ng xung ca n, ta c:
h( n) = T2 {T1 {( n)}}
= T2 { h( n)}
= h 2 ( n ) ? h 1 ( n ).
(3.58)
Kt qu (3.58) cho thy p ng xung ca h thng ni tip l tch

chp ca hai p ng xung thnh phn; v tch chp l kh hon, do
i vi cu trc ni tip, c th hon v v tr hai h thng m cu
trc khng thay i.
49

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x( k )
h( k )
h( k)
y( n)
2
1
n
1
(a) x( k)
(b) h( k)
(c) h(k)
(d) y( n)
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h(0 k)
h(1 k)
h(2 k)
(f) n0 = 1
y(0)
(e) n0 = 0
h(3 k)
(g) n0 = 2
y(1)
(h) n0 = 3
y(2)
y(3)
2
1
(i)
3.4.3
x( k) h(0 k)
(j)
(k)
x( k) h(1 k)
x( k) h(2 k)
Hnh 3.13: Tch chp.
(l)
x( k) h(3 k)
H thng tuyn tnh n nh
Khi nim n nh c cp trong phn 3.3.2. p dng

khi nim n nh BIBO vo h thng tuyn tnh bt bin, trc tin
ta xt mi lin h gia u vo v u ra thng qua p ng xung
h( n), theo (3.51), nh sau:
y( n) =
k=
h ( k ) x ( n k ).
50
(3.59)

3.5. Bin i Z v p dng vo h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
Suy ra
y( n)
k=
| h( k)| | x( n k)| .
(3.60)
Xt trng hp u vo c bin hu hn, tc tn ti mt s thc

dng M x sao cho
| x( n)| M x ,
< n < .
Theo tnh n nh BIBO ca h thng, nu u vo x(n) c bin

hu hn th u ra y( n) cng c bin hu hn. Nu tn ti mt s
nguyn dng M hu hn chn trn ca v phi ca (3.60), ta c
y( n)
k=
| h( k)| | x( n k)|
k=
| h( k)| M x < M.
(3.61)
V hai ca bt ng thc (3.61) cho ta
k=
| h ( k )| <
M
< .
Mx
(3.62)
Vy, iu kin h thng tuyn tnh bt bin n nh l
k=
| h( k)| < .
(3.63)
Cng c th chng minh d dng rng bt ng thc (3.63) l iu

kin cn cho tnh n nh ca h thng.
3.5
Bin i Z v p dng vo h thng

tuyn tnh bt bin
i vi tn hiu v h thng theo thi gian lin tc, bin i

Laplace cho php bin i v phn tch h thng mt cch n gin,
trnh nhng tnh ton phc tp trong min thi gian. Tng t, i
vi mt tn hiu ri rc, ta s s dng bin i Z phn tch v biu
din cc tn hiu cng nh cc h thng ri rc. Gio trnh tp trung
vo tng hp v thit k cc b lc ri rc, b lc s do ta khng
quan tm n phn tch v x l trong min thi gian lin tc.
51

3.5.1
Bin i Z
Cho mt tn hiu ri rc x(n), bin i Z ca tn hiu ny, k

hiu l S ( z) hoc Z { x(n)} hoc vit tt l ZT* , c nh ngha nh
sau:
X ( z) =
n=
x( n) z n .
(3.64)
Bin i Z l mt chui theo bin c lp phc z. H s ca mi zn

ti thi im n l mu ca tn hiu x(n) ti thi im n. Chui ny
c th c xem l mt chui hnh thc cho php ta xc nh cc
mu x(n) ca tn hiu. Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton, c nhng kt qu
gii tch buc phi c iu kin hi t cho chui, tc l tng v hn
trong (3.64) c gi tr hu hn. Vng cha cc im z X ( z) hi t
gi l vng hi t, thng k hiu l ROC .
hiu r ni dung cc khi nim ny, xt mt s v d sau y.
Trc ht xem xt tnh hi t ca mt tn hiu c chiu di hu hn.
V d 3.8 (Bin i Z ca mt tn hiu c chiu di hu hn)
tn hiu ri rc sau
Xt
x( n) = 1, 1, 0, 3, 5, 7 .
Bin i Z ca x(n) l
X ( z) = z3 z2 + 0.z + 3 z0 + 5 z1 + 7 z2
= z3 z2 + 3 + 5 z1 + 7 z2 .
Nh vy, bin i Z ca mt tn hiu c chiu di hu hn l

lun lun hi t.
Do tn hiu Kronecker l quan trng trong lnh vc x l tn
hiu s, ta xc nh bin i Z ca n nh trong v d tip theo.
* ZT: Z transform.
ROC: Region of Convergence.
52

V d 3.9 (Bin i Z ca xung Kronecker) Xt tn hiu xung Kronecker: x(n) = ( n). Bin i Z ca n l
X ( z ) = 1.
Sau y ta xem xt bin i Z ca mt tn hiu nhn qu, l

mt tn hiu trit tiu ti cc thi im m nh ta bit.
V d 3.10 (Bin i Z ca tn hiu nhn qu) Xt tn hiu m sau
x( n) =
an ,
nu n 0
nu n < 0
0,
(3.65)
Nh vy, x( n) l tn hiu nhn qu. Bin i Z ca n l

S ( z) = 1 + az1 + a2 z2 +
a n
X
X
=
a n zn =
.
n=0
n=0 z
Chui hnh thc ca X ( z) c th c n gin ha trong vng chui

ny hi t. Ta bit rng
n=0
dn =
1
,
1d
vi | d | < 1.
p dng kt qu ny ta c
X ( z) =
1
,
1 az1
vi | z| > |a| ,
Nhn thy, chui hnh thc ca X ( z) hi t trong vng xc nh bi

| z| > |a|, tc l vng nm ngoi vng trn c bn knh |a| nh c
minh ha hnh 3.14.
Nh vy, vng hi t ca tn hiu nhn qu nm ngoi vng

trn. Kt qu ny rt tng qut v dng tnh cht ca hm phc c
53

ROC
| a|
Hnh 3.14: Vng hi t ca tn hiu nhn qu nm ngoi vng trn

c bn knh |a| ca mt phng z.
th chng minh c d dng l cc tn hiu nhn qu c vng hi
t nm ngoi mt vng trn no .
Ch rng, khi a = 1 th x( n) trong v d trn bin thnh tn
hiu bc thang n v u(n) v do bin i Z ca tn hiu bc thang
n v l
X ( z) =
1
,
1 z1
vi | z| > 1,
Vng hi t ca bin i Z ca tn hiu bc thang n v ny l vng

nm ngoi vng trn n v.
V d 3.11 (Bin i Z ca tn hiu phn nhn qu) Xt tn hiu
m c nh ngha nh sau:
x( n) =
bn,
nu n < 0
nu n 0
0,
Tn hiu ny trit tiu ti cc thi im khng m nn c gi l

54

phn nhn qu. Bin i Z ca n l

X ( z) =
=
1
X
b n zn
n=
z n
X
n=1 b
z n
X
1
b
1
=
,
1 bz1
=
n=0
vi | z| < | b| .
Ta thy chui hnh thc ca X ( z) hi t trong vng trn c bn knh

l | b|, minh ha nh trn hnh 3.15.
ROC
| b|
Hnh 3.15: Vng hi t ca tn hiu phn nhn qu nm trong vng

trn c bn knh | b| ca mt phng z.
Nh vy, vng hi t ca tn hiu phn nhn qu nm trong
vng trn c bn knh | b| ca mt phng z. Kt qu ny rt tng
qut trong ngha cc tn hiu phn nhn qu u c vng hi t
nm trong mt vng trn no .
V d 3.12 (Bin i Z ca tn hiu khng nhn qu) Mt tn hiu
khng nhn qu l mt tn hiu hin hu ti c thi im tng lai
55

ln qu kh. Xt tn hiu khng nhn qu sau y:

x( n) =
an ,
vi n 0
bn,
vi n < 0
Bin i Z ca x( n) c biu din bi chui hnh thc sau y:

X ( z) = + b2 z2 + bz + 1 + az1 + a2 z2 +
=
1
X
n=
b n zn +
n=0
a n zn .
Chui hnh thc ny c th tch thnh hai chui nhn qu v phn

nhn qu nh sau
X ( z) =
1
1
+
,
1 bz1 1 az1
vi | z| < | b| , | z| > |a| .
iu kin hi t ca chui hnh thc ny ch hin hu khi |a| < | b| v

nh th vng hi t ca mt tn hiu khng nhn qu l mt vnh,
nh trn hnh 3.16).
ROC
| a|
| b|
Hnh 3.16: Vng hi t ca tn hiu khng nhn qu nm trong vnh

|a| < | z| < | b| trn mt phng z.
56

Bng 3.1: Mt s bin i Z thng dng.

x( n)
S ( z)
( n )
u ( n)
anu( n)
ena u( n)
a n u ( n)
1
,
1 z1
ROC: | z| > 1
az1
2 , ROC: | z| > 1
1 z1
a
1
e
|
|
,
ROC:
z
>
1 e1 z1
1
,
1 az1
1
,
1 az1
ROC: | z| > |a|
a n [1 u( n)]
sin( n0 ) u( n)
sin(0 ) z1
1 2 z1 cos(0 ) + z2
cos( n0 ) u( n)
ROC: | z| < |a|
1 cos(0 ) z1
1 2 z1 cos(0 ) + z2
Mt s bin i Z ph cp c trnh by trong bng 3.1 v mt

s tnh cht quan trng ca bin i Z c trnh by trong bng 3.2.
Ba tnh cht quan trng nht ca bin i Z lin quan n gio trnh
ny l tnh cht tuyn tnh, dch tr v tch chp. Nhng tnh cht
ny c phn tch v chng minh trong gio trnh tn hiu v h
thng.
3.5.2
Bin i Z ngc
Thao tc t tn hiu x(n) suy ra X ( z) l bin i Z . Ngc li,

thao tc t X ( z) suy ra x(n) c gi l bin i Z ngc* v c
* Inverse
Z transform.
57

Bng 3.2: Tnh cht ca bin i Z .

x( n)
S ( z)
a 1 x1 ( n) + a 2 x2 ( n)
a 1 x1 ( z) + a 2 x2 ( z)
s( n n 0 )
zn0 X ( z)
ena x( n)
S ( e a z)
n x( n)
S ( z )
h( n) ? x( n)
H ( z) X ( z)
k hiu ton t l Z 1 {}:

x( n) = Z 1 { X ( z)} .
(3.66)
Nu bin i Z c biu din bi chui hnh thc theo (3.64)

th hin nhin bin i Z ngc l hon ton xc nh bi cc h s
ca chui hnh thc ny. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh tnh ton, trong
cc vng hi t th chui ny c biu din bi cc hm tng minh
nh c minh ha bi cc v d trc y. Trong trng hp cc
biu thc tng minh ny ta c th dng cng thc bin i ngc
da trn nh l Cauchy trong lnh vc hm phc, c th nh sau:
x( n) = Z
1
{ X ( z )} =
2 j
X ( z) zn dz.
(3.67)
Tuy nhin, trong gio trnh ny, cc hm tng minh ca bin

i Z c dng hu t theo z1 . Trong trng hp , khng cn dng
cng thc (3.67) tnh bin i ngc m dng trc tip cc kt
bin i Z hu dng, nh cho trong bng 3.1. Khi tnh bin i
ngc theo phng php ny, cn ch n vng hi t ca chui,
tc l vng trong vng biu thc tng minh ca bin i Z mi
c gi tr.
58

V d 3.13 (Tm bin i Z ngc t bng) Tm x(n) t X ( z) cho

sau y bng cch tnh bin i Z ngc ca X ( z).
X ( z) =
3z
,
z 0, 5
| z | > 0, 5.
T bi, bit rng vng hi t ca X ( z) l vng nm ngoi

vng trn c bn knh 0, 5 v nh th x(n) l mt tn hiu nhn qu.
ng thi c th biu din
X ( z) =
3z
1
= 3
.
z 0, 5
1 0, 5 z1
Vi hai thng tin ny, i chiu vi cc kt qu bin i Z hu dng

trong bng 3.1 c th thy cp sau y l ph hp
a n u( n)
Z
Suy ra
1
1 az1
1
Z 1
(0, 5)n u( n).
1
1 0, 5 z
Cui cng, p dng tnh cht tuyn tnh ca bin i Z trong bng 3.2
c
x( n) = 3(0, 5)n u( n).
Ch rng
1
z
=
.
1
za
1 az
V vy, khi phn tch mt hm hu t thnh tng cc thnh phn

n, thay v dng trc tip X ( z), phn tch X ( z)/ z thnh cc phn
n c dng 1/( z a), t ra suy ra d dng kt qu nh s c
minh ha trong v d sau.
V d 3.14 (Tnh bin i Z ngc bng phn tch thnh phn n)
Tm bin i Z ngc ca X ( z) cho bi
X ( z) =
z( z 4)
,
( z 1)( z 2)
59
1 < | z | < 2.

C th thy vng hi t l mt vnh, nn tn hiu x(n) khng

nhn qu. V vy, tnh bin i ngc, cn phn tch n thnh hai
thnh phn nhn qu v phn nhn qu. c th dng bng bin
i ph cp, trc tin ta phn tch X ( z)/ z thnh cc phn t n,
trong trng hp ny s c
X ( z)
z4
3
2
=
=
.
z
( z 1)( z 2) z 1 z 2
Suy ra
X ( z) = 3
z
z
1
1
2
=3
2
.
1
z1
z2
1 z
1 2 z2
Bit rng, vng hi t ca X ( z) l 1 < | z| < 2 nhn thy thnh phn

1/(1 z1 ) c bin i ngc l nhn qu v thnh phn 1/(1 2 z1 ) l
phn nhn qu. Do , i chiu vi bng 3.1, ta c
x( n) = 3 u( n) + 2.2n (1 u( n)) .
Trong kt qu trn, 1 u( n) = 1 lc n m v trit tiu lc n 0.
3.5.3
Bin i Z v h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
Bin i Z rt hu ch lc nghin cu tn hiu ri rc v h

thng ri rc, c bit l i vi cc h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
bc hu hn. i vi loi h thng ny, nh ta bit phng
trnh (3.32), u vo v u ra ca h thng c ni kt bi mt
phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh c h s l hng s nh sau:
N
X
k=0
a k y( n k) =
M
X
k=0
b k x ( n k ).
(3.68)
p n ca phng trnh ny, tc l y(n), c th biu din di hai

dng khc nhau.
Dng th nht
y( n) = yh ( n) + yp ( n).
60
(3.69)

Trong (3.74), yp ( n) l mt nghim bt k tha mn phng trnh

sai phn (3.74). Nghim ny thng c gi l nghim ring hay
nghim c bit ca phng trnh sai phn. Cn yh (n) l nghim ca
phng trnh thun nht sau:
N
X
k=0
Do vy, yh ( n) c dng
a k yh ( n k) = 0.
yh ( n) = A 1 r 1n + A 2 r 2n + + A N r nN ,
(3.70)
(3.71)
trong A 1 , A 2 , . . ., A N l hng s v r 1 , r 2 , . . ., r N l N nghim ca

phng trnh sau:
a 0 r N + a 1 r N 1 + + a N 1 r + a N = 0.
(3.72)
Phng trnh (3.72) c gi l phng trnh c trng. Ch

kt qu tng qut trong (3.71) ch ng khi N nghim ca phng
trnh c trng l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp nghim
kp th r nk vn xut hin trong p n ca h thng. Cc thng s
A 1 , A 2 , . . . , A N c xc nh bi cc iu kin ban u y( N ), y(1
N ), . . . , y(1) ca phng trnh sai phn. p n ca h thng, tc
nghim ca phng trnh sai phn (3.74) c th c trnh by di
mt dng c nhiu ngha vt l hn, nh tip theo.
Dng th hai
y( n) = yz.s ( n) + yz.i ( n).
(3.73)
Trong (3.73), yzs ( n) l nghim ca phng trnh sai phn vi N iu

kin ban u trit tiu; k hiu zs l vit tt ca zero-state c
ngha l h thng khi ng t gc. Cn yzi ( n) l nghim ca
phng trnh thun nht c xc nh vi N iu kin ban u ca
phng trnh sai phn. Theo cch trnh by ny th (3.73) l hon
ton tng ng vi phng trnh (3.69), nhng ngha vt l th
r rng hn rt nhiu. Ngoi ra, vi phn tch ny, cng thy ngay
61

x( n)
y( n )
H ( z)
Hnh 3.17: S khi h thng biu din bng hm truyn h thng

H ( z ).
rng yzs (n) c tnh cht tuyn tnh. Ngha l nu h thng c kch
thch bi mt t hp tuyn tnh cc tn hiu u vo th yzs (n) s l
mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc p ng tng ng vi cc kch thch
u vo. Kt qu ton hc ny cho thy phng trnh sai phn (3.74)
nh ngha cho ta mt h thng l tuyn tnh nu cc iu kin ban
u l trit tiu. Trong tinh thn ny, t nay v sau, ta ch xt h
thng tuyn tnh bt bin c nh ngha bi mt phng trnh
sai phn tuyn tnh vi h s hng s, vit tt l LCCDE* .
Ly bin i Z hai v ca phng trnh sai phn (3.74) vi iu
kin ban u trit tiu v p dng tnh cht tuyn tnh v dch tr
ca bin i Z , ta c
N
X
k=0
a k zk Y ( z) =
M
X
k=0
b k zk X ( z),
(3.74)
trong X ( z) v Y ( z) l bin i Z ca u vo v u ra. t

H ( z) =
Y ( z)
X ( z)
(3.75)
v gi H ( z) l hm truyn h thng. Nh vy, ta c

H ( z) =
b 0 + b 1 z1 + + b M z M
a 0 + a 1 z1 + + a N z N
(3.76)
v mi lin h gia Y ( z) v X ( z) c cho bi

Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z).
(3.77)
Nh vy, cng c th biu din h thng bng s khi nh trn

hnh 3.17.
* LCCDE:
Linear Constant Coefficient Difference Equation.
62

Nu h thng c kch thch bi mt xung Kronecker x( n) =

( n), tc l X ( z) = 1, ta s c u ra l Y ( z) = H ( z). Kt qu ny cho
thy hm truyn ca h thng l bin i Z ca p ng xung ca
h thng , tc l
H ( z ) = Z { h ( n )} .
(3.78)
Ty tnh cht nhn qu, phn nhn qu hay khng nhn qu

m ta c cc iu kin hi t khc nhau cho hm H ( z). Nh th, H ( z)
vn c th biu din cho hai h thng khc nhau, nh trong v d
sau.
V d 3.15 (Hai h thng khc nhau nhng c cng bin i Z ) Xt
h thng c hm truyn sau:
H ( z) =
z
.
1 0, 5 z1
Nu h thng l nhn qu th vng hi t l ngoi vng trn c bn

knh 0, 5. Nu h thng l phn nhn qu th vng hi t nm trong
vng trn bn knh 0, 5. Nh vy, trong trng hp l nhn qu ta c
h( n) = 3(0, 5)n u( n),
v trong trng hp phn nhn qu ta c

h( n) = 3(0, 5)n [1 u( n)].
Ngoi ra, phng trnh (3.71) v phng trnh (3.73) cho thy
h thng nhn qu ch n nh khi tt c cc nghim r k ca h thng
u c tr tuyt i nh hn 1. Ngc li, nu h thng l phn nhn
qu th gi tr tuyt i ny phi ln hn 1.
Trong thc t, mc d vn quan tm n cc h thng khng
nhn qu, nhng p ng ca h thng thng bt u ti mt thi
im hu hn n0 no . Bng cch dch tr n0 bc, h thng dch
tr tr thnh nhn qu, do gio trnh ny ch quan tm n h
thng nhn qu v n nh m thi.
63

Vi hm truyn H ( z) cho bi (3.76), nghim ca a thc t

s gi l nghim khng ca hm truyn v nghim ca a thc
mu s gi l nghim cc ca hm truyn. Ngoi ra, nghim cc l
nghim ca phng trnh c trng ca h thng (3.72). Do , tnh
n nh ca h thng ph thuc vo nghim cc ca h thng, h
thng l n nh khi cc nghim cc ca H ( z) nm trong vng trn
n v.
3.6
3.6.1
Bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri rc

nh ngha bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri
rc
Ph ca mt tn hiu theo thi gian lin tc x( t) l bin i

Fourier ca x( t), vit tt l FT* , c nh ngha bng ton hc nh
sau
Z
X () =
x( t) e j t dt.
ngha vt l ca X () c phn tch k lng trong gio trnh

tn hiu v h thng. Lc x( t) c ly mu bi chui xung Dirac v
hn ( t) (xem (2.2)) vi chu k ly mu T , ta c tn hiu c ly mu
x ( t) = x( t)( t) =
k=
x( kT )( t kT ).
Ly bin i Fourier ca x ( t), ta c

X ( ) =
k=
x( kT ) e jk t .
Nu ta t = T th c n v l radian. Gi xd (n) = x(nT ) v t

X d ( ) =
n=
xd ( n) e jn .
(3.79)
Biu thc xc nh bi phng trnh (3.79) c gi l bin i

Fourier theo thi gian ri rc, vit tt l DTFT , ca tn hiu ri
* FT: Fourier transform.
DTFT: Discrete-time Fourier
transform.
64

3.6. Bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri rc
rc xd (n). Nu khng xt ti vn tc ly mu th l mt bin c

lp, c th phn tch bin i Fourier ny m khng cn quan tm
n qu trnh ly mu, tc l nh ngha bin i Fourier ny p
dng cho bt c tn hiu ri rc no. Nhn thy X d () l mt hm c
chu k 2, do e jn = e jn(+2) . V v vy khi phn tch X d () ch cn
nhn vo mt chu k ca n m thi, c th l t 0 n 2 hoc t
n . i lng c gi l tn s s, c n v l radian.
Trong trng hp xd (n) l mt tn hiu thc, ta c tnh cht sau
X d () = X d ().
(3.80)
Kt qu ny cho thy bin ca X d () l mt hm chn v pha ca

n l mt hm l. Kt qu ny hm , tt c mi thng tin ca ph
u cha trong vng tn s dng. Nh vy, i vi mt tn hiu
xd ( n) thc, khi phn tch ph ca n ch cn xt t 0 n l .
Cui cng, nu tnh c X d () c th suy ra X () v t c th
suy ra ph ca tn hiu x( t), nu cc iu kin ly mu Nyquist l
tha mn (nh trnh by trong chng 2).
3.6.2
p dng bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri rc

vo h thng tuyn tnh bt bin
Bin i Fourier ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong l thuyt

h thng tuyn tnh bt bin. Tht vy, xt h thng ri rc tuyn
tnh bt bin c p ng xung l h(n). Khi kch thch h thng ny
vi tn hiu iu ha phc x(n) = e jn0 , tn hiu u ra ca h thng
l tch chp ca u vo v p ng xung ca n, tc l
y( n) =
k=
h( k) x( n k).
Bit rng x( n k) = e j(nk)0 , ta c

y( n) =
"
k=
h( k ) e
jk0
e jn0 .
Biu thc trong du ngoc vung chnh l bin i Fourier ca p

ng xung h(n) tnh ti = 0 , H (0 ). V th
y( n) = H (0 ) e jn0 .
65
(3.81)

Kt qu (3.81) cho thy, lc ta kch thch mt h thng tuyn tnh

bt bin ri rc vi mt tn hiu iu ha phc t n = th u ra
s c cng dng tn hiu iu ha e jn0 nhng bin c khuch
i bi h s H (0 ), v th H (0 ) c gi l khuch i phc ca
h thng. Kt qu ny ch c ngha khi H (0 ) hin hu. iu ny
ch c c nu h thng tuyn tnh bt bin ri rc l n nh.
Tm li, H () l khuch i phc ca h thng tuyn tnh
bt bin ri rc. Lc h thng c kch thch bi mt tn hiu iu
ha vi tn s gc th tn hiu ny s c khuch i bi H (),
khuch i ny thay i vi tn s gc v vy H () cng c gi l
p ng tn s ca h thng.
3.6.3
Lin h gia bin i Z v bin i Fourier

theo thi gian ri rc
So snh bin i Z , c nh ngha bi (3.64), v bin i

Fourier theo thi gian ri rc, c nh ngha bi (3.79), ca mt
tn hiu ri rc x(n), ta thy rng nu thay th z ca bin i Z bng
e j th
X ( ) = X ( z ) | z = e j .
(3.82)
Biu thc (3.82) th hin mi lin h cht ch gia bin i Fourier

v bin i Z . Bin i Fourier ch hin hu nu vng hi t ca X ( z)
cha vng n v. i vi mt h thng nhn qu n nh th iu
kin ny lun lun c tha mn.
3.7
Kt lun
Chng ny trnh by tm tt nhng khi nim v cng c c

bn p dng vo lnh vc x l tn hiu s. Nhng khi nim quan
trng nht l dch tr tn hiu, tnh n nh, tnh nhn qu ca h
thng tuyn tnh bt bin. T nhng khi nim ny, ta xy dng
khi nim hm truyn h thng ri rc H ( z) c mi lin h su sc
vi p ng xung h thng ri rc h( n). Khi nim c bn cui cng
66

3.7. Kt lun
l p ng tn s H () ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin ri rc.

Ta thy c mi lin h cht ch gia bin i Fourier v bin i Z
thng qua bin i z = e j .
Thit k mt h thng theo tinh thn ca gio trnh ny l tm

mt h thng H ( z) sao cho p ng tn s H () ca n tha mn cc
iu kin c t ca h thng cn thit k. Cc phng php thit
k s c trnh by trong cc chng tip theo.
67

Bi tp chng 3
3.1. Cho tn hiu ri rc x( n) = u(n 2) u(n 3). Hy biu din tn
hiu trn theo hm (n). y c phi tn hiu nng lng hay khng?
3.2. Cho tn hiu ri rc x( n) = A cos(0 n). y c phi tn hiu nng
lng hay khng?
3.3. Hy xc nh nng lng v cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu
nhy bc n v.
3.4. Cho tn hiu ri rc x( n) = A cos(0 n). y c phi tn hiu cng
sut hay khng?
3.5. Hy xc nh chu k c s ca cc tn hiu sau:
a) x(n) = 2 cos(0, 1 n)
b) x(n) = cos(0, 3 n)
c) x(n) = cos(0, 3 n)
d) x(n) = sin(0, 2 n + 0, 25)
e) x(n) = e0,35n+0,2
f) x(n) = sin(0, 01 n) + sin(0, 02 n + /3)

g) x(n) = e j0,03n
h) x(n) = sin(0, 01 n)sin(0, 24 n + /3)

3.6. Hy xc nh tnh cht tuyn tnh v bt bin ca cc h thng
sau:
a) y(n) = nx(n)
b) y(n) = x3 ( n)
3.7. Hy xc nh tnh cht nhn qu ca cc h thng sau:

a) y(n) = x( n4 )
68

Bi tp
b) y( n) = x(2 n)
c) y(n) = x(n) 2 x( n 2)
d) y(n) = x(n) 2 x( n + 2)
e) y(n) = x(| n|)
3.8. Tm bin i Z ca cc tn hiu sau:

a) x(n) = (n 2)
b) x(n) = u(n) u(n 4)

c) x( n) = (0, 5)n u(n)
d) x( n) = (0, 5)n u(n) + (0, 25)n1 u( n)
e) x( n) = (0, 5)n u(n 1) + (0, 25)n1 u( n)

3.9. Hy tnh php tch chp x( n) = x1 (n) x2 ( n) vi x1 ( n) = (n 1) v
x2 ( n) = ( n 1) + ( n 2)
3.10. Cho mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin m t bi phng trnh

y( n) = x( n) 0.5 x( n 1). Xc nh y( n) nu kch thch u vo x( n) =
( n 1). Cc iu kin u bng 0.
3.11. Cho mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin m t bi phng trnh
y( n) = 0, 5 x( n) + 0, 5 x( n 1). Xc nh y( n) nu kch thch u vo x( n) =
u( n) u( n 2). Cc iu kin u bng 0.
3.12. u ra ca mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin c dng y( n) =
(0.5n + 0.01) u( n) s n nh quanh gi tr no?
3.13. H thng c p ng xung h(n) = 2 n[u( n) u(n 2011)] c phi
l h thng n nh khng? Ti sao?
3.14. Hy xc nh bin i Z ngc ca cc tn hiu sau:
a) X ( z) =
1
1 0, 5 z1
69

b) X ( z) =
1
(1 0, 5 z1 )(1 0, 2 z1 )
3.15. Cho mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu c hm truyn

l
H ( z) =
1
.
1 0, 4 z1
Hy xc nh u ra y(n) nu u vo l x(n) = 0, 2n1 u( n).

3.16. Hy xc nh bin i Fourier theo thi gian ri rc ca tn
hiu x( n) = 0, 5|n| .
3.17. Hy xc nh ph bin ca tn hiu x(n) = u( n) u( n 3).
3.18. Xc nh tn hiu x(n) bit ph ca n l
X () =
(
1,
0,
vi || | c |
vi || > | c |
70
Chng 4
CU TRC CC B LC S
Nh gii thiu trong phn 3.3.1 ca chng 3, gio trnh ny
tp trung vo mt h h thng tuyn tnh bt bin ri rc m c
m t bng mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh c h s l hng
s. Chng ny s tm hiu cu trc ca cc b lc s ca h h thng
ny, nhm chn c cu trc ph hp va tit kim c ngun
ti nguyn linh kin in t (s b dch tr, b cng, b khuch i)
cng nh nng cao cht lng khi thc thi (gim cc hin tng sai
s). Cc chng k tip s tm hiu cc phng php thit k nhng
b lc ny.
4.1
H thng ARMA
Nhc li rng, theo biu thc (3.32), phng trnh ny biu din
quan h gia u vo x(n) v u ra y(n) nh sau:
N
X
k=0
a k y( n k) =
M
X
k=0
(4.1)
b k x( n k).
V ta cng bit rng, theo (3.76), vi iu kin ban u trit tiu,

phng trnh (4.1) m t mt h thng bt bin tuyn tnh c hm
truyn H ( z) c xc nh bi
H ( z) =
b 0 + b 1 z1 + + b M z M
a 0 + a 1 z1 + + a N z N
71
(4.2)

Chng 4. Cu trc cc b lc s
Ngi ta thng phn loi hm truyn tng qut (4.2) thnh ba

dng ph bin v quan trng sau y. Dng n gin nht ca H ( z)
l
H ( z) = b 0 + b 1 z1 + b 2 z2 + + b M z M .
(4.3)
p ng xung tng ng l h( n) = {b0 , b1 , b2 , . . . , b M }. Nh vy, y l
mt h thng FIR v h thng ny l nhn qu. Mi lin h gia u
vo v u ra ca h thng FIR l
y( n) = b 0 x( n) + b 1 x( n 1) + b 2 x( n 2) + + b M x( n M ).
(4.4)
Ti thi im n, y(n) l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca M mu ca u

vo, v vy h thng FIR cng c gi l h thng trung bnh
ng, hay cn gi l h thng MA* . H thng FIR c M nghim
khng v mt nghim cc bc M ti gc. Nghim cc ti gc ch ng
vai tr dch tr nn khng c tc ng n hot ng ca h thng,
do ngi ta khng cp n. V th, ngi ta cn gi h thng
FIR l mt h thng ton khng .
Dng quan trng tip theo ca H ( z) l
H ( z) =
1 + a1
b0
1
z ++ a
Nz
(4.5)
p ng xung ca h thng ny c chiu di v hn nn y l h

thng IIR. H thng ny c N nghim cc v mt nghim khng bc
N ti gc. Nghim khng ti gc ch c tc ng dch li tn hiu m
khng nh hng g n hot ng ca h thng, v vy h thng ny
cng c gi l h thng ton cc . Mi lin h gia u vo v
u ra ca h thng ny l
y( n) = [a 1 y( n 1) + a 2 y( n 2) + + a N y( n N )] + b 0 x( n).
(4.6)
Nhn thy, ti thi im n, y( n) l t hp tuyn tnh ca N mu trc

ca n. V vy, h thng ny cng c tn l h thng t hi quy
hay cn gi l h thng AR .
* Moving Average
All-zero system.
All-pole
(MA) system.
system.
(AR) system.
Autoregressive
72

4.2. S khi ca h thng
Dng tng qut nht ca H ( z) l mt phn thc, nh c biu

din trong biu thc (4.2). H thng ny va c cu trc AR, va c
cu trc MA cho nn n cn c gi l h thng ARMA. H thng
ny c M nghim khng v N nghim cc.
Do nhng rng buc k thut, cc h thng bc hai thng c
thit k tng i chnh xc so vi cc h thng bc cao hn theo
ngha l trnh c nhiu hin tng sai s tnh ton lm gim cht
lng ca h thng ton cc (s c tho lun phn 4.6). Do ,
trong thit k cc b lc s, ngi ta hay phn tch hm H ( z) thnh
tch ca cc h thng con nh sau
H ( z) = H1 ( z) H2 ( z) H L ( z),
(4.7)
trong cc h thng H i ( z) c bc ti a l hai.
4.2
S khi ca h thng
S khi l dng cc khi v cc lin kt biu din cu trc

ca h thng. Trong hnh 3.10 ca chng 3, ta thy s khi
ca mt h thng trong cc ng dn kt ni cc h thng con
n gin m ta gi l b dch tr n v, b khuch i v b
cng. Cc b ny dng thc thi cc php tnh trong hm truyn
h thng H ( z), chng hn, trong h thng MA, tnh cc i lng
zk , nhn chng vi cc h s b k c b k zk v cui cng l cng
cc kt qu ny vi nhau c b0 + b1 z1 + + b M z M . Php chia,
nh trong h thng AR hay ARMA, s c thc hin gin tip t
cch to cc ng dn quy (recursive/feedback) trong s h
thng.
B dch tr n v dng thc thi thao tc dch gc thi gian
tn hiu x(n) tr i n0 = 1 mt bc c tn hiu x(n 1), theo cng
thc (3.21). Nu X ( z) l bin i Z ca s(n), theo tnh cht ca bin
i Z trong bng (3.2), ta c bin i Z ca s(n 1) l
Z { x( n 1)} = z1 X ( z).
(4.8)
H thng c m t bng z1 chnh l b dch tr n v v c

biu din nh trn hnh 4.1(a). Trong thc t thit k, nu mt tn
73

./figures/Structures_0 2012/6/11 19:05 page 64 #1

z1
x( n)
x( n 1)
(a) B dch tr n v
x( n)
ax( n)
(b) B khuch i
./figures/Structures_2
2012/6/11 19:05 page 64 #1
x1 ( n)
x1 ( n) + x2 ( n)
x2 ( n)
(c) B cng
Hnh 4.1: Hnh minh ha cc b dch tr n v, b khuch i v b

cng c s dng trong s khi h thng.
hiu c dch i n0 bc, tc l m t bi zn0 , th ngi ta s dng
n 0 b dch tr n v c ghp ni tip vi nhau.
B khuch i thc thi thao tc khuch i tn hiu theo cng
thc (3.28). Theo tnh cht tuyn tnh, bin i Z ca as(n), trong
h s a l mt hng s, l
Z {ax( n)} = aX ( z).
(4.9)
Thng thng, n gin ha s h thng, b khuch i c

trc tip k hiu trn ng dn, nh trn hnh 4.1(b).
B cng thc thi thao tc cng cc tn hiu vi nhau, nh theo
cng thc (3.29). Do bin i Z cng c tnh tuyn tnh nn b v
c m t nh trn hnh 4.1(c).
S h thng c th n gin hn na nu ta hnh dung s
h thng c dng biu din hm truyn bng cch thay th cc
b dch tr n v, b khuch i v b cng nh trn hnh 4.1 bi
cc th c minh ha trn hnh 4.2. th loi ny c tn l
74

4.2. S khi ca h thng
./figures/Structures_3 2012/6/11 19:05 page 64

z1
x( n)
x( n 1)
(a) B dch tr n v
./figures/Structures_4 2012/6/11 19:05 page 64
x( n)
ax( n)
(b) B khuch i
./figures/Structures_5 2012/6/11 19:05 page 64 #
x1 ( n)
x1 ( n) + x2 ( n)
x2 ( n)
(c) B cng
Hnh 4.2: Hnh minh ha cc b dch tr n v, b khuch i v b

cng trong s dng chy tn hiu.
th dng chy* .
Phn tip theo s trnh by chi tit cch xy dng cc cu trc
h thng thng dng. Mt v d hm truyn ca mt h thng ARMA
sau y s c dng minh ha tt c cc khi nim v cu trc
ca h thng cc phn tip theo:
H ( z) =
* Flow
0, 0095 + 0, 0380 z1 + 0, 0570 z2 + 0, 0380 z3 + 0, 0095 z4

. (4.10)
1 2, 2870 z1 + 2, 5479 z2 1, 4656 z3 + 0, 3696 z4
graph.
75

4.3
Dng trc tip ca h thng ARMA
4.3.1
Dng trc tip I
t
v( n)
0, 0095 x( n) + 0, 0380 x( n 1) +
0, 0570 x( n 2) + 0, 0380 x( n 3) + 0, 0095 x( n 4). (4.11)
C th vit li u ra y(n) ca hm truyn h thng ARMA cho

bi (4.10) nh sau:
y( n)
2, 2870 y( n 1) 2, 5479 y( n 2) +
1, 4656 y( n 3) 0, 3696 y( n 4) + v( n),
(4.12)
Gi H1 ( z) l h thng c biu din bi phng trnh sai phn (4.11)

vi u vo x(n) v u ra v(n). Gi H2 ( z) l h thng c biu din
bi (4.12) vi u vo v(n) v u ra y(n). Nh vy, p ng ca h
thng h thng ton cc H ( z) chnh l mc chng tng (kt ni ni
tip) ca H1 ( z) v H2 ( z), nh m t trn hnh 4.3.
x( n)
H1 ( z)
v( n)
H2 ( z)
y( n)
Hnh 4.3: Biu din mc chng tng ca h thng ARMA.

Dng cc b dch tr n v, khuch i v b cng, c th xy
dng s h thng ca H1 ( z), H2 ( z) v ghp ni chng c H ( z)
nh trn hnh 4.4.
Do tnh cht cng ca s dng chy, c th tch hp hai cu
trc thc thi H1 ( z) v H2 ( z) thnh mt cu trc chung nh hnh 4.5.
Cu trc ny c gi l cu trc dng trc tip I. Tn cu trc
trc dng tip I suy ra t cch ghp hai cu trc hnh 4.4 mt cch
trc tip.
76

4.3. Dng trc tip ca h thng ARMA

H1 (z)
0, 0095
x(n)
H2 (z)
v(n)
y(n)
z1
z1
0, 0380
2, 287
z1
z1
0, 0570
2, 5479
z1
z1
0, 0380
1, 465
z1
z1
0, 0095
0, 3696
Hnh 4.4: Thc thi cu trc h thng mc chng tng.
4.3.2
Dng trc tip II
Xt hnh 4.4, do H1 ( z) v H2 ( z) l hai h thng tuyn tnh bt

bin nn ta c th hon v chng m mi lin h gia u vo v u
ra khng thay i, tc l H ( z) khng thay i, nh hnh 4.6. Ghp
chung cu trc H2 ( z) v H1 ( z) sau khi hon v cho kt qu c minh
ha hnh 4.7. Cu trc ny c gi l dng trc tip II hay dng
trc tip chuyn v.
77


0, 0095
x(n)
y(n)
z1
z1
0, 0380
2, 287
z1
z1
0, 0570
2, 5479
z1
z1
0, 0380
1, 465
z1
z1
0, 0095
0, 3696
Hnh 4.5: Cu trc trc tip I.
4.4
4.4.1
Dng ni tip v song song ca h thng

ARMA
Dng ni tip
Hm truyn H ( z) xy dng cu trc ni tip cn c phn

tch thnh tch ca nhiu thnh phn n (bc mt hoc bc hai).
Vi hm truyn nh cho trong phng trnh (4.10), c th d dng
thy
H ( z) = 0, 0095 H3 ( z) H4 ( z)
78
(4.13)

4.4. Dng ni tip v song song ca h thng ARMA

H2 (z)
H1 (z)
0, 0095
v(n)
x(n)
z1
y(n)
z1
2, 287
0, 0380
z1
z1
2, 5479
0, 0570
z1
z1
1, 465
0, 0380
z1
z1
0, 3696
0, 0095
Hnh 4.6: Hon v hai cu trc H1 ( z) v H2 ( z).
vi
H3 ( z) =
H4 ( z) =
1 + 2 z1 + z2
1 1, 0328 z1 + 0, 7766 z2
1 + 2 z1 + z2
1 1, 2542 z1 + 0, 4759 z2
(4.14)
(4.15)
Cu trc ni tip thc hin h thng ny c minh ha nh hnh

4.8. n gin ha cu trc thc thi hnh 4.8, cng c th dng
cu trc dng trc tip I v II cho H3 v H4 nh m t hnh 4.5
v hnh 4.7.
79


0, 0095
x(n)
y(n)
z1
2, 287
0, 0380
z1
2, 5479
0, 0570
z1
1, 465
0, 0380
z1
0, 3696
0, 0095
Hnh 4.7: Cu trc trc tip II (cu trc trc tip chuyn v).
x( n)
0, 095
H3 ( z)
w( n)
H4 ( z)
y( n)
Hnh 4.8: Cu trc ni tip.
4.4.2
Dng song song
xy dng s song song, cn phn tch hm truyn thnh

tng ca cc thnh phn n. Vi hm truyn nh cho trong
phng trnh (4.10), s dng phng php phn tch thnh phn
n c
H ( z) = k + H5 ( z) + H6 ( z)
80
(4.16)

4.4. Dng ni tip v song song ca h thng ARMA

x(n)
0, 0095
y(n)
z1
1, 0328
z1
1, 2542
z1
0, 7766
z1
0, 4759
Hnh 4.9: Thc thi cu trc trc tip.

vi
(4.17)
k = 0, 0257
H5 ( z) =
H6 ( z) =
0, 1171 0, 1118 z
1 1, 0328 z1 + 0, 7767 z2
0, 1009 + 0, 1059 z1
.
1 1, 2542 z1 + 0, 4759 z2
(4.18)
(4.19)
Cu trc song song c m t nh hnh 4.10. Trong , ta c th

k
x( n)
H5 ( z)
y( n)
H6 ( z)
Hnh 4.10: Ghp ni song song

s dng cu trc trc tip dng I hoc dng II xy dng H5 ( z)
v H6 ( z). Ch rng, trong cc phng trnh (4.18) v (4.19), t s
ca hai hm H5 ( z) v H6 ( z) c bc nh hn mu s. Phn tch theo
81

phng trnh (4.16) cho ta p n duy nht. Tuy nhin, nu ta mun

s dng cc hm truyn bc hai c t s cng l bc hai th phn tch
ny cho ta v s nghim. Tht vy, ta ch cn chia k lm hai thnh
phn bt k gn v H5 ( z) v H6 ( z) c kt qu nh va cp.
Dng ni tip v song song c th kt hp trong mt cu trc
chung, cu trc kt hp ny c gi l cu trc hn hp.
4.5
Dng cho ca h thng MA c h s i

xng
Nh trnh by trong phn 4.1, h thng MA c p ng xung

hu hn c m t bi phng trnh ni kt u vo v u ra c
dng sau:
y( n) = b 0 x( n) + b 1 x( n 1) + b 2 x( n 2) + . . . + b M x( n M ).
(4.20)
Hm truyn H ( z) ca h thng ny l
H ( z) = b 0 + b 1 z1 + . . . + b M z M .
(4.21)
v p ng xung h( n) tng ng l
h( k ) =
bk,
0,
nu 0 k M
(4.22)
nu k khc
i vi hm truyn ny, c th dng s khi dng ni tip

biu din n m khng c s song song tng ng. Tuy nhin,
trong trng hp c bit khi p ng xung h(n) c tnh i xng
c nh ngha nh sau
h( k) = h( M k),
(4.23)
k = 0, . . . , M,
ta c th s dng nhng cu trc thang cho c bit.

Trong trng hp M chn, ta c
M
M
k = h
+k ,
h
2
2
82
k = 0, . . . ,
M
.
2
(4.24)

4.5. Dng cho ca h thng MA c h s i xng

x(n)
h(0)
z1
z1
z1
z1
z1
z1
z1
z1
h(M/2 1)
h(M/2)
h(1)
h(2)
y(n)
Hnh 4.11: Cu trc khi thang cho.

S khi thang cho tng ng c minh ha hnh 4.11.
Trong trng hp M l, tnh i xng ca p ng xung c
biu din nh sau:
h
M 1
M +1
k = h
+k ,
2
2
k = 0, . . . ,
M 1
.
2
(4.25)
Cu trc thang cho tng ng c minh ha hnh 4.12.

z1
x(n)
z1
z1
z1
z1
h(0)
h(1)
z1
z1
h((M 1)/2)
h(2)
y(n)
Hnh 4.12: Cu trc thang cho trong trng hp M l.
V d 4.1 (H thng MA c h s i xng v bc chn)

83
Xt mt h

thng MA c hm truyn nh sau:

H ( z) = 4 + 3 z1 + 2 z2 + 3 z3 + 4 z4 .
y l mt hm truyn thuc loi FIR bc 4 c cc h s i

xng
h(0) = h(4) = 4
h(1) = h(3) = 3
h(2) = 2
Do , c th m t h thng bng s thang cho, nh trn hnh 4.13.

x(n)
z1
z1
z1
z1
y(n)
Hnh 4.13: Cu trc thang cho trong V d 4.1.
V d 4.2 (H thng MA c h s i xng v bc l)

c cho bi hm truyn H ( z)
Xt h thng
H ( z) = 3 + 2 z1 + 2 z2 + 3 z3 .
R rng, h thng ny l i xng v c bc l. Do , ta c cu trc

thang cho tng ng c minh ha hnh 4.14.
84

4.6. nh hng ca lng t ha thng s

z1
x(n)
z1
z1
3
y(n)
Hnh 4.14: Cu trc thang cho trong V d 4.2.
4.6
nh hng ca lng t ha thng s
s dng cc thit b x l tn hiu s, cn lng t ha tt

c cc s liu, gm cc mu tn hiu cng nh cc h s ca b lc.
Thao tc lng t ha ny l ngun gc ca ba loi sai s khc nhau.
Loi th nht l sai s do xp x trong qu trnh lng t ha
cc mu ca tn hiu. Sai s ny thng c gi l sai s lng
t* .
Loi th hai xut hin khi ghi cc h s ca b lc vo cc thanh
ghi c chiu di hu hn ca thit b s ha (c th l mt b vi x l
hay mt my tnh PC). Hai loi sai s ny c cng bn cht l sai s
lm trn, c tch ly bi cc tnh ton thc hin thng qua b ton
t s hc . nh hng ca sai s ny tng nhanh theo vn tc ly
mu v bc ca hm truyn, tc l bc ca phng trnh sai phn.
Loi th ba l sai s tch ly, xut hin sau cc php cng v
php nhn lc kt qu vt qua s bit ca thanh ghi do s bit s
dng c nh hn s bit cn thit. C mt s nh hng hi bt
thng c th xut hin v loi sai s lm trn ny nh lc b lc
c kch thch bi mt u vo hng s v u ra s b kha vo
* Quantization error.
Arithmetic unit.
85

mt mc c nh, hoc u ra c dao ng nh xung quanh gi tr

ca n.
Trong kh nhiu trng hp th sai s lng t hon ton c
xc nh trong qu trnh thit k. i vi sai s lm trn, ngi ta
chng minh rng, nu h thng bc cao c biu din bi cc
h thng bc thp hn, di dng ni tip hoc song song, th nh
hng ca n c ti thiu ha mt cch ng ngc nhin. Kt qu
ny cho thy, ta phi rt cn thn lc s dng dng trc tip I hoc
trc tip II v i vi cc h thng bc cao hn hai, cn phn tch k
lng nh hng ca thao tc lng t ha cc h s cc b lc ca
h thng.
86

Bi tp
Bi tp chng 4
4.1. Hy xc nh hm truyn H ( z) ca h thng c thc thi nh
trn hnh 4.15.
z1
x( n)
d1
y( n)
Hnh 4.15: S h thng cho bi tp 4.1.
4.2. Cho mt h thng nhn qu c phng trnh sai phn nh sau:

y( n) = 0, 7 y( n 1) 0, 1 y( n 2) + x( n) + 0, 25 x( n 1).
a) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi trc tip I v II ca h thng ny.

b) Hy phc ha p ng bin tn s ca h thng.
4.3. Cho mt h thng nhn qu c hm truyn nh sau:
H ( z) =
3 + 1, 5 z1 + 0, 5 z2
.
2 + 3, 5 z1 + 2, 5 z2 + 4 z4

b) H thng trn c n nh khng? V sao?
4.4. Cho mt h thng LTI nhn qu c u vo l
x( n) = (0, 25)n u( n) + (0, 25)n+1 u( n 1)
v u ra l
n
1
u( n).
y( n) =
3
87


b) Hy xc nh p ng tn s bin v p ng tn s pha ca
b lc ny.
4.5. Cho mt h thng c cu trc thc thi trc tip II nh trn
hnh 4.16.
2
x( n)
y( n)
z1
3
z1
2
Hnh 4.16: S h thng cho bi tp 4.5.

a) Hy xc nh hm truyn H ( z) ca h thng.
b) Hy xc nh p ng xung h(n) ca h thng.
c) Biu din h thng theo cu trc song song v ni tip.
4.6. Cho mt h thng LTI c gin nghim cc nghim khng
nh trn hnh 4.17.
a) Hy xc nh hm truyn ca h thng ny.
b) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi trc tip I v II ca h thng.
c) Tm p ng xung ca h thng.
4.7. Cho mt h thng LTI c gin nghim cc nghim khng
nh trn hnh 4.18.
a) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi trc tip ca h thng.
88

Bi tp
0, 5
2
0, 5
Hnh 4.17: Gin nghim cc nghim khng cho bi tp 4.6.

0, 5
Hnh 4.18: Gin nghim cc nghim khng cho bi tp 4.7.

b) y l b lc loi g.
H ( z) =
3 + 1, 5 z1 + 0, 5 z2
.
1 + 4 z1 + 9 z2 + 16 z4
a) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi kiu song song v ni tip ca h

thng ny.
c) V gin im cc im khng ca h thng trn
d) Xc nh p ng xung n v ca h thng.
89


y( n) + 0, 5 y( n 1) + 2 y( n 2) = 2 x( n) + 3 x( n 1) + 2 x( n 2)
a) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi kiu song song ca h thng ny.

2 y( n) + y( n 1) = 4 x( n) + 6 x( n 1) + x( n 2)
a) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi kiu ni tip ca h thng ny.

4.11. Cho mt h thng FIR c hm truyn
H ( z) = 4 + 3 z1 + 2 z2 + 3 z3 + 4 z4 .
a) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi trc tip v thang cho ca h

thng ny.
b) Hy xc nh p ng tn s bin ca b lc ny. y l b lc
loi g (thng thp, thng cao,...)?
c) V p ng tn s pha ca b lc ny.
4.12.
Cho mt h thng FIR c p ng xung

h( n) = 2( n) + 3( n 1) + 3( n 2) + 2( n 3).
a) Hy xc nh cu trc thc thi thang cho ca h thng ny.

b) Hy xc nh p ng tn s bin ca b lc ny. y l b lc
loi g (thng thp, thng cao, ...)?
90
Chng 5
THIT K B LC S IIR
Thit k mt b lc s l xy dng mt hm truyn ca mt h
thng tuyn tnh bt bin ri rc th no n p ng nhng iu
kin ca bi ton thit k t ra. Hm truyn ny phi l nhn qu
v n nh, tc l cc nghim cc ca hm truyn phi nm trong
vng trn n v v p ng xung ca n phi khi u t mt thi
im hu hn* .
Trong qu trnh thit k cc b lc s IIR, ngi ta s dng cc
b lc tng t bit thit k cc b lc s c c t cn thit k
l tng ng. Vic p dng kin thc lc tng t l do lc tng
t c nghin cu rt k lng trc y. Mc 5.1 trnh by phng
php thit k b lc tng t phc v cho thit k cc b lc s
IIR trong cc mc tip theo. Gio trnh ny ch cp n hai h b
lc tng t ph cp l Butterworth v Chebyshev.
C hai phng php thit k b lc s da trn b lc tng t.
Phng php th nht thit k mt h thng ri rc sao cho p ng
h thng (p ng xung hoc p ng bc thang n v) ging vi
p ng ca b lc tng t tng ng. C th: ly mu p ng
xung hoc p ng bc thang n v ca b lc tng t v t suy
* Ta bit rng h thng l nhn qu nu p ng xung h( n) ca n trit tiu ti cc
thi im n < 0. Tuy nhin, trong thit k lc s, nu h(n) trit tiu ti cc im n < n0 ,
vi n0 l mt s hu hn dng, th ta d dng thit k b dch tr n0 bc dch h(n)
thnh h( n n0 ) v lc h( n n0 ) l nhn qu. V th, iu kin h(n) khi u ti mt
im hu hn l .
91

Chng 5. Thit k b lc s IIR
ra hm truyn ca b lc s. Ni dung ca phng php ny c

trnh by trong Mc 5.2.
Phng php th hai thit k mt h thng ri rc sao cho p
ng tn s ca h thng ging vi p ng tn s ca h thng tng
t tng ng. lm iu ny, cn tm mt php bin i t min
bin i Laplace sang min bin i Z th no tnh cht ca p
ng tn s c bo ton. Phng php ny s c trnh by trong
Mc 5.3.
Hai phng php thit k nu trn u cho thy hm truyn
ca b lc s c cha thnh phn c m t theo m hnh h thng
ARMA (xem Mc 4.1) sau
H ( z) =
b 0 + b 1 z1 + + b M z M
a 0 + a 1 z1 + + a N z N
(5.1)
tc l dng hu t trong mu s c bc N 1 v N > M . Do , cc

b lc s ny c chiu di l v hn. V vy, cc phng php thit k
trong chng ny c gi chung l thit k b lc s IIR.
Ni chung, phng php thit k theo hng dng b lc tng
t thng bt u bi nhng b lc thng thp v t dng cc
php bin i c cc b lc thng di, trit tn v thng cao. Cc
phng php thit k cc b lc thng di, trit di v thng cao c
trnh by trong Mc 5.4, Mc 5.5 v Mc 5.6.
5.1
Lc tng t
Mc ny gii thiu mt cch c ng khi nim b lc tng

t v hai loi b lc ph cp, Butterworth v Chebyshev, c
nghin cu k lng sut th k hai mi.
Cho mt h thng tng t tuyn tnh bt bin nhn qu c u
vo l x( t) v u ra l y( t). Gi X ( s) v Y (s) l bin i Laplace*
* Bin
i Laplace ca hm f ( t) c nh ngha l:
F ( s) =
f ( t) est dt,
trong s l bin phc. Mt phng phc s cn c gi l min Laplace.
92

5.1. Lc tng t
ca x( t) v y( t). Gi h( t) l p ng xung ca h thng ny, v H (s) l

bin i Laplace ca h( t). H ( s) c gi l hm truyn ca h thng
tng t. V h( t) l nhn qu nn ta c
H ( s) =
h( t) est dt.
u vo v u ra ca h thng lin h vi nhau trong min thi

gian thng qua tch chp
y( t) =
h() x( t ) d ,
(5.2)
hay trong min Laplace thng qua tch trc tip

Y ( s ) = H ( s ) X ( s ).
(5.3)
Tt c cc tnh cht quan trng ca h thng nh bt bin, nhn qu

v n nh u c cha ng trong H ( s). Trong thc t, h thng
phi n nh. Khi , theo biu thc (5.2), kch thch h thng bi tn
hiu iu ha e j t s cho u ra
y( t) = H () e j t ,
(5.4)
H () = H ( s)|s= j .
(5.5)
trong
Phng trnh (5.5) cho thy H () l bin i Fourier ca h( t) (xem
nh ngha trong cng thc (2.1)) v lc h thng n nh ta c th
suy c H () t hm truyn H (s) bng cch th s bng j . Phng
trnh (5.4) cho thy lc h thng c kch thch bi mt tn hiu
iu ha ( e j t ) th h thng ng x nh mt b khuch i vi h s
khuch i l H (), v th H () c gi l p ng tn s ca h
thng.
Tng qut hn th, ly bin i Fourier hai v ca tch chp (5.2),
ta c
Y () = H () X ().
(5.6)
Phng trnh (5.6) cho thy p ng tn s l khuch i trong

min tn s ca h thng. Ph u ra Y () bng ph u vo X ()
93

khuch i bi H (). Gi | H ()| v () l bin v pha ca H ().

Nh th, ti tn s , bin X () c khuch i bi | H ()| v lch
pha i (). Nh vy, nu h thng l mt b lc th | H ()| lm mo
bin ca ph v () lm mo pha ca ph tn hiu u vo X ().
Mt b lc khng lm mo tn hiu nu u vo v u ra lin
quan vi nhau theo biu thc sau y:
(5.7)
y( t) = kx( t T0 ),
vi T0 l mt gi tr thi gian lm tr no . Hnh 5.1 m t tn

hiu u vo v u ra ca
mt b lc khng
lm
mo. Tcl17:59
tn page 80 #1
./figures/IIRnew_0
2012/6/11
x( t)
(a) u vo
./figures/IIRnew_1
2012/6/11 17:59 page 80 #1
y( t)
k
t
T0
(b) u ra
Hnh 5.1: u vo v u ra ca mt h thng khng lm mo.

hiu c khuch i bi mt hng s k v dch tr bi hng s T0 .
Trong min tn s, mi lin h gia ph u vo v ph u ra c
cho bi
Y () = ke jT0 X ().
(5.8)
94

5.1. Lc tng t
So snh (5.6) v (5.8) cho ta hm truyn cho b lc khng lm mo

ny
H () = ke jT0 .
Do , bin v pha ca hm truyn l

(5.9)
| H ( )| = k
(5.10)
() = T0
Mt b lc khng lm mo tn hiu c gi l b lc l tng. Nh

vy, theo (5.9) v (5.10), mt b lc l tng c bin p ng tn
s l hng s v c pha tuyn tnh, nh m t hnh 5.2.
./figures/IIRnew_2 2012/6/11 17:59 page 80 #1
| H ( )|
k
(a) p ng bin
./figures/IIRnew_3
2012/6/11 17:59 page 80 #1
()
(b) p ng pha
Hnh 5.2: p ng bin v p ng pha ca b lc l tng.

95

Khi thit k b lc, p ng bin khng i v p ng pha

tuyn tnh l nhng c tnh m chng ta c gng t c trong
di thng tn* , hay gi tt l di thng, ca tn hiu. Ngoi ra,
trong di trit tn , hay gi tt l di trit, p ng tn s ca
b lc rt nh cho nn ta khng cn quan tm n nhng c tnh
l tng ny. Trong thc tin, lc thit k b lc, min tn s c
phn chia thnh nhiu di khc nhau. c th thit k c nhng
b lc in t, thng thng ta cn chp nhn mt di tn chuyn
tip , cn gi tt l di chuyn tip, ni kt di thng v di trit.
Hnh 5.3 m t p ng bin v p ng pha ca mt b lc thc
tin, vi cc di tn khc nhau.
Hai thng s tng i quan trng lc cn phn tch mo ca
b lc l tr pha T p () v tr nhm T g () (cn gi l
tr bao|| ), c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
d ()
T g () =
d
T p ( ) =
(5.11)
(5.12)
ngha ca hai tr ny c minh ha trn hnh 5.4. Khi nim

tr nhm ng vai tr quan trng lc mt tn hiu c di thng
hp c truyn qua mt h thng thng di. tr nhm th hin
mo m h thng tc ng ln tn hiu.
Trong bi ton thit k, c t ca h thng thng qua mt php
xp x no s c din t bi phng trnh
A 2 () = | H ()|2 .
(5.13)
Gi s tm c hm A 2 (), vn tip theo l phi xc nh

c hm truyn H ( s) tha mn (5.13), tc l tm H ( s) th no c
H ( s) H ( s)|s= j = A 2 ().
* Passband.
Stopband.
Transition
band.
delay.
Group delay.
|| Envelop delay.
Phase
96
(5.14)

5.1. Lc tng t

| H ( )|
Di chuyn tip
Di trit
Di thng
./figures/IIRnew_5

2012/6/11 17:59 page 81 #1
(a) p ng bin
()
(b) p ng pha
Hnh 5.3: p ng bin v p ng pha ca b lc thc tin.

Gio trnh ny tp trung ch yu vo cc h thng c hm truyn l
mt hm hu t. V H () l mt hm hu t theo , cho nn
A 2 ( ) = H ( ) H ( ).
(5.15)
Nh vy, A 2 () c th xem l mt hm c bin c lp 2 . Do

phng trnh (5.14) c th c t di dng
H ( s) H ( s) = A 2 ()|2 =s2 .
(5.16)
Hm hu t A 2 (s2 ) cha cc h s thc cho nn nu c mt

97


()
T g ()
T p ( )
Hnh 5.4: tr pha v tr nhm.

nghim khng* z0 khng nm trn trc o hay trc thc th cng s
c ba nghim khng khc tng ng vi n l z0 , z0 v z0 . Nu
c nghim khng z1 nm trn trc thc hoc trc o th ch c thm
z1 l nghim khng. Nghim cc cng c tnh cht ny. Hnh 5.5
minh ha cc nghim khng z0 , z1 v cc nghim cc p 0 , p 1 , cng vi
cc nghim tng ng vi chng. Sau khi tnh cc nghim khng v
nghim cc ca A 2 (s2 ), ta thy ngay phi chn H (s) sao cho nghim
khng v nghim cc ca n na bn tri ca mt phng s, tc l
{ s} < 0, h thng ny l n nh v c pha ti thiu .
V d 5.1
Cho
A 2 () =
25(4 2 )2
.
(9 + 2 )(16 + 2 )
Tm H (s) sao cho | H ( j )|2 = A 2 ().

* Zero.
Pole.
Mt h thng c bin cho trc c th c nhiu pha khc nhau. H thng tng
ng vi pha ti thiu c gi l h thng pha ti thiu (minimum phase systems). iu
khin mt h thng c pha ti thiu d hn rt nhiu so vi h thng khng c pha ti
thiu.
98

5.1. Lc tng t

j
z0
p0
z0
p0
z1
p1
p1
p0
p0
z1
z0
z0
Hnh 5.5: Minh ha nghim khng v nghim cc trong mt phng

s.
Theo phn tch trn y, ta c
H ( s) H ( s) =
25(4 + s2 )2
(9 s2 )(16 s2 )
(5.17)
Hm ny c hai nghim khng kp 2 j v 2 j v bn nghim cc

3 v 4, nh m t trn hnh 5.6.
Nh ch ra rng h thng l n nh, H (s) cn c nghim

khng v nghim cc na tri ca mt phng s. Do ta c
H ( s) =
5.1.1
5( s 2 j )( s + 2 j )
5( s2 + 4)
=
.
( s + 3)( s + 4)
( s + 3)( s + 4)
Cc phng php xp x Butterworth v

Chebychev
C mt s loi b lc tng t quan trng nhng gio trnh

ny ch quan tm ti hai loi ph cp nht, l Butterworth v
Chebychev.
99


j
2
Hnh 5.6: Nghim khng v nghim cc ca H ( s)H (s) trong phng

trnh (5.17).
H b lc Butterworth
Loi b lc thng thp ph bin nht l b lc Butterworth,
cng gi l b lc phng ti a* . Loi b lc ny c A 2 (s2 ) c
xp x bi biu thc
A 2 () =
1
,
1 + (/ c )2n
(5.18)
trong n l bc ca b lc v c l tn s ct (rads/s) ca b lc.

Ti = c , p ng tn s c bin thp hn 3 dB so vi bin
cc i H (0), c xc nh bi A (0). Khi c = 1, ta gi l tn s ct
chun ha v k hiu l r . Hnh 5.7 m t A () v p ng bin
h thng | H ()| tng ng cho h b lc Butterworth vi cc bc
khc nhau v cng c tn s ct chun ha r = 1 rad/s. p ng
tn s l mt hm suy gim u, c tr cc i ti = 0 v lc s bc
cng tng th p ng tn s cng tr nn phng. ng thi suy
gim trong min tn s ln hn tn s ct l 6 n dB/octave.
* Maximally flat filter.
Cutoff frequency
Normalized
cutoff frequency.
100

5.1. Lc tng t

A 2 ( )
1
1
2
./figures/IIRnew_10
2012/6/11 18:00 page 84 #1
(a) A 2 ()
| H ( )|
1
p1
2
1
(b) | H ()|
Hnh 5.7: p ng tn s ca h b lc Butterworth vi cc bc khc

nhau, v c cng tn s ct chun ha r = 1 rad/s.
V d 5.2 Xc nh hm truyn ca b lc Butterworth bc 3 c

tn s ct c = 1 rad/s.
101

p dng biu thc (5.18) vi bc n = 3 v tn s ct c = 1, ta c

1
1 + ( )6
1
=
1 + ( 2 )3
A 2 ( ) =
v nh th
A 2 ( ) = H ( s ) H ( s )
1
1 + ( s 2 )3
1
=
.
1 + s6
j 2 k
Biu thc trn y l mt hm hu t cha 6 nghim cc s = e 6 vi

k = 0, 1, . . . , 5, c biu din nh trn hnh 5.8. Ta chn cc nghim
j
Hnh 5.8: Gin im cc im khng
102

5.1. Lc tng t
Bng 5.1: a thc Butterworth chun ha

n
1
2
3
4
5
6
1/ H ( s)
s+1
s2 + 1.4142 s + 1
( s + 1)( s2 + s + 1)
( s2 + 0.7654 s + 1)( s2 + 1.8478 s + 1)
( s + 1)( p2 + 0.6180 s + 1)( s2 + 1.6180 s + 1)
( s2 + 0.5176 s + 1)( s2 + 1.4142 s + 1)( s2 + 1.9319 s + 1)
cc na tri mt phng s cho H ( s), tc l cc nghim

z1 = e j
2 2
6
z2 = e j
2 3
6
z3 = e
j 264
p
1
3
= + j
,
2
2
= 1,
p
1
3
= + j
.
2
2
Do , ta c
H ( s) =
1
1
=
.
( s + 1)( s2 + s + 1) s3 + 2 s2 + 2 s + 1
Bng 5.1 bao gm a thc Butterworth chun ha cho cc bc

t 1 n 6.
H b lc Chebychev
B lc Chebychev l mt b lc m p ng tn s c gn
sng u trong di thng. Php xp x ny c xy dng da trn
cc a thc Chebychev C n ( x) c xc nh nh sau:
C n ( x) =
cos( n arcos( x))
cosh( n arcosh( x))
| x | < 1,
| x | > 1,
(5.19)
trong n l bc ca a thc. y l mt h cc a thc trc giao

trn khong (1, 1), trong n c gn sng u, c gi tr cc i
103

Bng 5.2: a thc Chebychev

n
1
2
3
4
5
6
C n ( x)
x
2 x2 1
4 x3 3 x
8 x4 8 x2 + 1
15 x5 20 x3 + 5 x
32 x6 48 x4 + 18 x2 1
l 1 v gi tr cc tiu l 1. C n ( x) bin thin cc nhanh lc x > 1.

Bng 5.2 cho ta cc a thc Chebychev c minh ha trn hnh 5.9.
Ta thy, C n ( x) l mt hm chn lc n chn v l lc n l.
B lc thng thp Chebychev bc n c bnh phng ca p
ng bin c dng:
A 2 () =
1 + 2 C 2n
(5.20)
trong 2 l mt thng s c chn c gn sng thch hp,

l mt hng s c chn tha mn khuch i cho tn hiu
d.c. v c l tn s ct. p ng bin cho n = 3 (n l) v c gn
sng 2 dB c minh ha hnh 5.10(a). p ng bin vi n = 4
(n chn) v gn sng 2 dB c minh ha hnh 5.10(b).
p ng bin ca b lc Chebychev c mt s tnh cht quan
trng nh sau. Di thng c nh ngha l khong tn s trong
gn sng dao ng gia hai gii hn tc l t 0 n c . Tn
s ct c l tn s cao nht ca p ng tn s m gii hn ca
gn sng c tha mn. Vt qua c , ta c di chuyn tip. gn
sng di thng* , k hiu l r v c n v l dB, c nh ngha
nh sau:
r = 10 log10
A 2max
A 2min
= 20 log10
A max
,
A min
(5.21)
trong A max v A min l gii hn cc i v cc tiu ca gn sng

* Passband
ripple.
104

5.1. Lc tng t

C n ( x)
n=5
n=4
n=6
n=3
n=2
n=1
1
x
0
Hnh 5.9: Gn sng di trit

trong di thng. Phng trnh (5.20) cho ta
A max = ,
A min =
T ta suy ra
(5.22)
1 + 2
(5.23)
r = 10 log10 (1 + 2 )
(5.24)
2 = 10r/10 1.
(5.25)
trit ti mt tn s trong di trit s tng nu ta tng gn

sng. Nh th, khi chn b lc Chebychev th hin tng ny l iu
105


A 2 ( )
1+2
./figures/IIRnew_14
2012/6/11 18:00 page 87 #1
(a) n l
A 2 ( )
1+2
0
(b) n chn
Hnh 5.10: Gn sng di thng
kin trao i gia cht lng lc trong di trit v mo trong di

thng.
S cc tr (cc i hoc cc tiu) trong di thng bng bc ca
b lc. Ti = 0, A () t cc i nu n l v cc tiu nu n chn.
Nu ta mun c khuch i d.c. l n v th i vi b lc bc l
chn = 1 v i vi b lc bc chn chn = 1 + 2 . Nu ta mun
chn A max = 1 th chn = 1.
106

5.1. Lc tng t
Tn s ct c ca b lc Chebychev khng c cng tnh cht nh

i vi b lc Butterworth. Trong trng hp b lc Butterworth c
l tn s ct 3 dB, cn trong trng hp Chebychev c l tn s ln
nht tha mn iu kin gn sng ca di thng. c tnh ny rt
quan trng lc thit k b lc Chebychev.
V d 5.3 Xc nh hm truyn ca b lc Chebychev bc 2 c
gn sng trong di thng l 1 dB, tn s ct l c = 1 rad/s v
khuch i ti d.c. l n v.
Theo cng thc (5.25) ta c
=
10r/10 1 = 0, 25892541.
T bng 5.2 v phng trnh (5.20) ta c

A 2 ( ) =
1, 2589254
1, 03570164 1, 03570162 + 1, 2589254
v vit theo s l
A 2 ( s) =
1, 2589254
1, 0357016 s4 + 1, 0357016 s2 + 1, 2589254
Nh vy, H ( s)H (s) c 4 nghim cc sau:

s 1 = 0, 54886717336682 + 0, 89512857959049 i,
s 2 = 0, 54886717336682 0, 89512857959049 i,
s 3 = 0, 54886717336682 + 0, 89512857959049 i,
s 4 = 0, 54886717336682 0, 89512857959049 i.
Ta chn 2 cc n nh l s 1 v s 2 xy dng H (s). Cui cng, ta tm

c
H ( s) =
1, 1025103
s2 + 1, 0977343 s + 1, 1025103
Da trn b lc thng thp, c mt s bin i cho php ta thit

k nhng b lc thng di, trit di v thng cao. Cc bin i ny
s c trnh by ngn gn trong cc phn tip theo.
107

5.1.2
Php bin i mt b lc thng thp thnh b

lc thng di
Mt phng php rt ph cp thit k cc b lc thng di l

s dng mt b lc thng thp v mt php bin i chuyn hm
chuyn thnh thng di. phn bit b lc thng thp v b lc
thng di, ta s dng cc nh ngha sau y:
p: Bin Laplace cho b lc thng thp.
s: Bin Laplace cho b lc thng di.
: Bin tn s tng ng vi p ( p = j ).
: Bin tn s tng ng vi s ( s = j ).
h lp ( p): Hm truyn thng thp.
h bp ( s): Hm truyn ca b lc thng di.
r (rads/s): Mt tn s c bit no ca b lc thng thp
(thng l tn s ct c ).
F r (Hz): Tn s tng ng vi r v tnh theo n v Hz (F r =
r /2).
1 : Tn s ct di ca b lc thng di tng ng vi r ca
b lc thng thp.
3 : Tn s ct trn ca b lc thng di tng ng vi r ca b
lc thng thp.
2 : Tn s gc trung bnh hnh hc ca di thng.

F1 , F2 , F3 (Hz): Tn s ca di thng tng ng vi 1 , 2 , 3 .
Php bin i chuyn b lc thng thp sang b lc thng di l

p=
s2 + 22
s
108
(5.26)

5.1. Lc tng t
v mi lin h trong min tn s l

=
2 22
(5.27)
hay l
F 2 F22
(5.28)
Bin i thng thp thnh thng di c minh ha nh trn

th 5.11.
y=a
1
0
Hnh 5.11: Bin i thng thp thnh thng di.

th ny cho thy, qua bin i (5.26), di thng thp [r , r ]
s thnh di thng di [1 , 3 ]. Nh vy b lc thng thp tr thnh
b lc thng di thng qua php bin i ny v c minh ha
hnh 5.12.
109


A 2 ()
./figures/IIRnew_17
2012/6/11 18:00 page 90 #1
(a) Lc thng
thp
A 2 ( )
(b) Lc thng di
Hnh 5.12: p ng bin ca lc thng thp v b lc thng di

tng ng.
Mi lin h cc thng s c suy ra nh sau
Fr =
F r =
F32 F22
F3
2
F1 F22
p
F1
(5.29)
(5.30)
F1 F3
(5.31)
B = F3 F1
(5.32)
F2 =
Thng s B l di thng ca b lc thng di, l mt thng s quan

trng trong qu trnh thit k. Nh vy, mun thit k mt b lc
thng di thng qua mt b lc thng thp, phi chn cc thng s
110

5.1. Lc tng t
ca b lc thng thp tng ng vi cc thng s ca b lc thng

di cn phi thit k. Cc bc thit k c m t trong phng
php (5.1).
Phng php 5.1 Thit k b lc thng di.
1. Cc thng s c trng ca di thng l cc tn s ct F1 v F3 .
T ta suy ra di thng B = F3 F2 v tn s trung bnh hnh
p
hc F2 = F1 F3 .
2. Chn b lc thng thp c nhng c t mong mun v c bit

l c tn s ct F r = B.
3. T hm truyn Hlp ( p) ca b lc thng thp, th p theo (5.26),
ta suy ra hm truyn ca b lc thng di tng ng Hbp (s).
Thng thng, nu b lc thng thp c bc n th b lc thng di
tng ng c bc l 2 n gm 2 n nghim cc hu hn.
V d 5.4 Thit k mt b lc thng di loi Butterworth c 4
nghim cc vi tn s trung bnh hnh hc l 1 KHz v di thng
3 dB l 200 Hz.
Bi v b lc thng di l bc 4, b lc thng thp s c bc l 2
v hm truyn chun ha (r = 1) l
Hlp ( p) =
p2 + 1, 4142136 p + 1
Bit b lc thng thp c tn s ct l 200 Hz, hm truyn ca n c

th suy ra t Hlp ( p) bng cch th p = p/2 200 c
Hlp ( p) =
1, 5791367 106
p2 + 1, 7771532 103 p + 1, 5791367 106
Bit rng 2 = 2 103 , php bin i thng thp thnh thng di l

p=
s2 + 3, 9478418 107
s
111

v hm truyn ca b lc thng di l
Hbp ( s) =
1, 5791367 106 s2
,
B ( s)
vi
B( s) = s4 + 1, 7771532 s3 + 8, 535973 107 s2 + 7, 0159197 1010 s
+ 1, 5585455 1015 .
5.1.3

lc trit di
Php bin i m ta tm cch xy dng phi bin p ng thng

thp thnh thng di nh c minh ha hnh 5.13. Da theo quan
st ca php bin i t thng thp sang thng di, ta thy php
bin i t thng thp sang trit di phi c dng
p=
22 s
s2 + 22
(5.33)
Th s = j v p = j trong phng trnh (5.33), ta suy ra

=
22
hoc
(5.34)
22 2
F22 F
F22 2
(5.35)
H thc (5.34) c minh ha trn hnh 5.14. im = 0 c

bin i thnh = 0 v = v im = c bin i thnh
= 2 , r v r c bin i thnh 1 v 3 . Ta c th suy ra
F2 =
hoc
B = F3 F1 =
(5.36)
F1 F3
F22
Fr
112
F1 F3
.
Fr
(5.37)

5.1. Lc tng t

A 2 ( )
./figures/IIRnew_19
2012/6/11 18:00 page 92 #1
(a) Lc thng thp
A 2 ( )
(b) Lc trit di tng ng
Hnh 5.13: p ng bin ca b lc thng thp v b lc trit di

tng ng.
Ta thy, biu thc (5.36) hon ton ging nh php bin i t thng
thp sang thng di, nhng khc ch di trit B li t l nghch vi
Fr .
Do vy, thit k b lc trit di c tm tt nh trong phng
php 5.2.
113

= 2
3
0
Hnh 5.14: Bin i thng thp thnh trit di.

Phng php 5.2 Thit k b lc trit di.
1. Xc nh hm truyn ca b lc thng thp Hlp ( p) trong di
thng F r l t l nghch vi di thng B ca b lc trit di ta
mun thit k (xem phng trnh (5.37)). Lc chn thng s, ta
phi cn thn v hu ht cc t in b lc thng tng ng
vi cc thng s c chun ha.
2. Xy dng hm truyn ca b lc trit di Hbl (s) bng cch th
p ca b lc thng thp bi phng trnh (5.33). Thng thng,
nu b lc thng thp c bc k th b lc trit di s c bc l
2 k. Nu nhng nghim 0 ca b lc thng thp u nm
th b lc trit di s c 2 k nghim 0 trn trc j tng ng vi
k cp nghim thun o lin hp.
Sau y l v d minh ha phng php thit k b lc thng di.
114

5.1. Lc tng t
V d 5.5 Xc nh hm truyn ca mt b lc trit di c cc c

t sau y: 4 nghim cc, dng Butterworth, tn s trung tm hnh
hc ca di trit l 1 KHz v di trit 3 dB l 200 Hz.
B lc thng thp tng ng l b lc Butterworth bc 2 ca v
d 5.4. Phng trnh (5.36) v(5.37) cho ta
Fr =
F1 F3 (103 )2
=
= 5 103 .
B
200
Nh vy, hm truyn ca b lc thng thp phi c iu chnh

thng s th no tn s ct 3 dB l 5 103 Hz. thc hin iu
kin ny, ta ch cn th p bi p/(2 5 103 ). Hm truyn ca b lc
thng thp s l
Hlp ( p) =
9, 8696044 108
p2 + 4, 4428829 104 p + 9, 8696044 108
Vi php bin i
p=
3, 9478418 107 s
,
s2 + 3, 9478418 107
ta suy ra hm truyn ca b lc trit di l

Hbs ( s) =
( s2 + 3, 9478418 107 )2
B ( s)
trong
B( s) = s4 + 1, 7771532 103 s3 + 8, 0535973 107 s2 +
+ 7, 0159196 1010 s + 1, 5585455 1015 .
5.1.4

lc thng cao
Php bin i ny n gin hn, n bin i im = 0 thnh

= v im = thnh = 0. Nh th, php bin i s l
p=
r r
115
(5.38)

Trong min tn s ta c
r
=
.
2
(5.39)
Php bin i ny c minh ha hnh 5.15. N bin p ng tn

0
r
Hnh 5.15: Bin i thng thp thnh thng cao.

s thng thp thnh p ng tn s thng cao nh c minh ha
hnh 5.16.
Cc bc thit k b lc thng cao c m t trong phng
php 5.3.
Phng php 5.3 Thit k b lc thng cao.
1. Xc nh hm truyn ca b lc thng thp Hlp ( p) v ch nh
tn s ct thng thp r tng ng vi tn s ct thng cao r .
2. Dng php bin i (5.38) suy ra hm truyn Hhp ( s) ca
b lc thng cao. Thng thng, Hhp (s) c cng bc vi Hlp ( p)
tng ng. Nu tt c nghim 0 ca Hlp ( p) u nm th tt
c nghim 0 ca Hhp ( s) nm gc. Nh th, vng tn s thp,
dc ca p ng bin l vo khong 6 n dB/octave.
116

5.1. Lc tng t

A 2 ()
./figures/IIRnew_23
2012/6/11 18:00 page 95 #1
(a) Lc thng thp
A 2 ()
3
(b) Lc thng cao tng ng
Hnh 5.16: p ng bin ca b lc thng thp v b lc thng

cao tng ng.
V d 5.6 Xc nh hm truyn ca mt b lc thng cao loi Butterworth c 3 nghim cc v c tn s ct 3 dB l 100 Hz.
Theo bng 5.1, b lc thng thp Butterworth bc 3 c hm
truyn l
Hlp ( p) =
p3 + 2 p2 + 2 p + 1
(5.40)
Tn s ct chun ha ca b lc thng thp l r = 1 rad/s phi c

bin i thnh r = 2 100 rad/s. Nh th, php bin i l
p=
200
.
s
117
(5.41)

Th (5.41) vo (5.40), suy ra hm truyn ca b lc thng cao l

s3
.
s3 + 1.2566371 103 s2 + 7.8956835 105 s + 2.4805021 108
Hhp ( s) =
5.1.5
p ng tn s ca b lc theo bc
Trong phng php thit k b lc, trong mt s trng hp

suy gim phi bo m mc tiu ti mt tn s no . Nh th
tha mn iu kin ny, cn phi bit cch chn bc ca b lc thch
ng c th xc nh nhanh chng thng s cc b lc l biu din
p ng tn s bin trong min trit di ca cc h b lc ta quan
tm. Thng thng ta quan tm h b lc Butterworth hoc h b lc
Chebyshev vi cc gn sng 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 v 3 dB. Cc p
ng tn s ny c trnh by ti cc hnh 5.17, 5.18, 5.19 v 5.20.
0
| H ()| (dB)
n=1
20
n=2
40
n=3
n=9
60
100
n = 10
2 100
3 100
101
Hnh 5.17: B lc Butterworth vi n nghim cc.

Nhng th ny cho thy suy gim ca p ng tn s bin
trong di trit tc l t tn s ct chun ha bng 1 tr i. S
118

5.1. Lc tng t

0
| H ()| (dB)
n=1
20
n=2
40
60
n=3
n=7
100
2 100
3 100
101
./figures/IIRnew_26
(a) Gn sng 0.1
dB 2012/6/11 18:00 page 97 #1
| H ()| (dB)
n=1
20
40
60
100
n=2
n=7
n=3
2 100
3 100
101
r
(b) Gn sng 0.5 dB
Hnh 5.18: p ng tn s bin ca b lc Chebyshev vi gn

sng 0.1 v 0.5 dB.
119

| H ()| (dB)
20
n=1
40
60
n=2
n=7
n=3
100
2 100
3 100
101
./figures/IIRnew_28
2012/6/11 18:00 page 97 #1
(a) gn sng 1 dB
| H ()| (dB)
20
n=1
40
60
100
n=2
n=7
n=3
2 100
3 100
101
r
(b) gn sng 1.5 dB

sng 1 v 1.5 dB.
120

5.1. Lc tng t
| H ()| (dB)
20
n=1
40
60
n=2
n=7
100
2 100
3 100
n=3
101
./figures/IIRnew_30
2012/6/11 18:00 page 97 #1
(a) gn sng 2.5 dB
| H ()| (dB)
20
n=1
40
60
n=2
n=7
100
n=3
2 100
3 100
101
r
(b) gn sng 3 dB

sng 2.5 v 3 dB.
121

tr cc tng ng vi bc ca b lc thng thp m ta s dng cho

qu trnh thit k. Nh th cc th tng ng vi Butterworth
v Chebyshev c gn sng 3 dB s bt u 3 dB thp hn tr cc
i ca p ng tn s tn s chun ha 1. Trc honh ca cc
th t hnh 5.17 n 5.20 c tn l tn s chun ha c th c ct
ngha theo cc cch khc nhau ph thuc vo b lc ta chn la. Xt
hnh 5.21, gi B l thng s ca thng di c nh ngha cho
tng loi b lc, gi B x l mt di thng no m ta mun c
suy gim chn trc. Tn s chun ha c nh ngha l
NF =
Bx
B
(5.42)
cho trng hp lc thng thp v lc thng di hoc

NF =
B
Bx
(5.43)
vi trng hp lc thng cao v lc trit di. Ch l p ng tn s

tnh theo dB theo mi tnh hung l so snh vi gi tr cc i ca
p ng tn s.
Nu h Butterworth v Chebyshev c bc l, ta s khng gp
kh khn g v tr cc i xut hin tn s d.c. Mt khc h Chebyshev bc chn th tr cc i ca p ng tn s bin khng xut
hin tn s d.c. V trong trng hp ny th n v dB l so snh
vi tr tn s cc i ch khng phi tr tn s d.c. V vy ta cn
ch lc thit k nu ta chn p ng tn s d.c. l 0 dB th trong
mt s tnh hung ngay trong di thng p ng tn s cao hn 0 dB.
V d 5.7
Mt b lc thng thp c cc c trng sau
a) p ng tn s bin khng c bin thin qu 3 dB t 0 n

5 kHz.
b) suy gim ln hn 23 dB vi nhng tn s ln hn 10 kHz.

Chng ta xc nh s nghim cc ti thiu nu ta chn b lc Butterworth hoc chn b lc Chebyshev.
Ta c th trc tip dng cng thc tnh kt qu nhng thun
tin nht l s dng cc th t 5.17 n 5.20.
122

5.1. Lc tng t
./figures/IIRnew_31 2012/6/11
./figures/IIRnew_32
18:00 page
98 2012/6/11
#1
18:00
| H ()|
| H ()|
B
Bx
Bx
(a) Thng thp
(b) Thng cao

./figures/IIRnew_33 2012/6/11
./figures/IIRnew_34
18:01 page
98 2012/6/11
#1
18:01
| H ()|
| H ()|
B
Bx
Bx
(c) Thng di
(d) Chn di
Hnh 5.21: nh ngha B v B x .

i vi b lc Butterworth th tn s ct l tng ng vi 3 dB
v tn s chun ha m suy gim phi ln hn 23 dB s l
NF =
10 kHz
= 2.
5 kHz
T th 5.17 ta suy ra bc ti thiu l 4. Tht vy ti tn s chun

ha 2, suy gim l 24 dB tc l c 1 dB tt hn yu cu ti thiu.
i vi b lc Chebyshev ta c th chn loi b lc c gn sng
3 dB. T th 5.20 ta thy ti tn s chun ha NF = 2 th b lc
bc 3 c suy gim ln hn 28 dB tc l 5 dB ln hn cn thit. i
vi v d ny ta thy c th mt b lc Butterworth bc 4 hoc mt
b lc Chebyshev bc 3 c gn sng 3 dB s tha mn iu kin thit
k. Trong c hai trng hp th suy gim trong di trit u ln
hn cn thit nu tn s ct 3 dB l 10 kHz. Ch l suy gim
ca b lc Chebyshev y vt qua kh nhiu yu cu thit k. Ta
thy c th s dng Chebyshev bc 3 vi gn sng nh hn 3 dB
m vn c th tha tt c cc c t.
123

Phn ny trnh by v hai loi b lc tng t truyn thng

l b lc Butterworth v b lc Chebyshev. Trong cc phn tip theo
ca chng, h b lc Butterworth v Chebyshev s c p dng
thit k cc b lc s IIR.
5.2
Phng php p ng bt bin
Phng php p ng bt bin trong min thi gian da trn

mi lin h gia bin i Laplace ca mt tn hiu tng t v bin
i Z ca tn hiu ri rc tng ng.
Cho tn hiu tng t f a ( t). Ta ri rc ha tn hiu ny vi chu
k ly mu T s c tn hiu ri rc f d (n) = T s f a (nT s ). H s nhn
T s trong nh ngha ca f d ( n) nhm bo m ph ca tn hiu lin
tc v ph ca tn hiu ri rc ging nhau trong di tn ta quan tm.
Hnh 5.22 m t ly mu f a ( t) v cc ng tc minh ha trong hnh
ny c c ng trong biu thc sau:
Z { f d ( n)} = Z T s L 1 [ f a ( t)] .
(5.44)
f a ( t)
F a ( p ) = L { f a ( t )}
Ts
f d ( n) = T s f a ( nT s )
F d ( z) = Z { f d ( n)}
Hnh 5.22: M t ly mu f a ( t).

Gi s f a ( t) l mt tn hiu hm m, c cho bi
f a ( t ) = e t u ( t ).
124
(5.45)

5.2. Phng php p ng bt bin
Bin i Laplace ca f a ( t) cho ta

Fa ( p) =
1
.
p
(5.46)
Nh vy, Fa ( p) c bc 1 v c mt nghim cc n l . Ta ly mu
f a ( t) c tn hiu ri rc
f d ( n) = T s enT s u( n),
(5.47)
t c bin i Z ca f d (n) l
F d ( z) =
Ts
1 eT s z1
(5.48)
Thng thng, cc tn hiu f a ( t) m ta quan tm y u l tn

hiu thc. V th trong trng hp Fa ( p) c mt nghim cc phc l
th n cn c thm mt nghim cc phc lin hp l . Hai thnh
phn n tng ng vi v cho ta mt thnh phn bc 2 vi cc
h s thc. Do , Fa ( p) s c dng
Fa ( p) =
p
ap + b
p2 + c p + d
(5.49)
t = c/2 v 0 = d c2 /4, ta suy ra

F d ( z) = T s
h
i
a eT s a cos(0 T s ) + a0 b sin(0 T s ) z1
1 2 eT s cos(0 T s ) z1 + e2T s z2
(5.50)
Trong thc tin, dng tng qut nht ca f a ( t) l hm m hoc

hm dao ng vi suy hao m, nh th Fa ( p) c th phn tch thnh
cc phn t n bc 1 hoc bc 2 nh tho lun trn. Ta thy
ngay cc cng thc (5.46) v (5.49) trong lnh vc tng t tr thnh
cc cng thc (5.48) v (5.50) trong lnh vc ri rc. Cc cng thc
ny l cng c chnh cho phng php thit k bt bin trong min
thi gian.
5.2.1
Thit k theo p ng xung bt bin
Gi G ( p) l hm truyn ca b lc tng t c la chn

v H ( z) l hm truyn ca b lc s ta phi thit k. Gi g( t) v h(n)
tng ng l p ng xung ca b lc tng t v ca b lc s.
125

Xt hm truyn G ( p) bc 1
G ( p) =
1
.
pa
(5.51)
p ng xung tng ng vi G ( p) l
t
g ( t) = e u ( t) =
e t ,
0,
vi t 0
(5.52)
vi t < 0
Ly mu g( t) vi chu k T s th p ng xung ca b lc s tng ng

s l:
h( n) = T s enT s u( n).
(5.53)
T , hm truyn H ( z) ca b lc s l
H ( z) =
Ts
1 eT s z1
(5.54)
Kt qu ny cho thy tnh nhn qu ca G ( p) s dn n tnh nhn

qu ca H ( z). iu ny l hin nhin v p ng xung ca b lc s
chnh l p ng xung ca b lc tng t sau khi c ly mu.
Quan trng hn na, tnh n nh ca G ( p), c ngha l { p} < 0, s
dn n tnh n nh ca H ( z), c ngha l e aT s < 1.

Trong trng hp hm truyn G ( p) c cp nghim cc phc lin
hp a v a th, theo (5.49), chng to nn mt thnh phn n bc
2 ca G ( p) c dng nh sau
G ( p) =
ap + b
p2 + c p + d
(5.55)
Ta s dng cng thc (5.50) suy ra H ( z) l

H ( z) = T s
h
i
a eT s a cos(0 T s ) + a0 b sin(0 T s ) z1
1 2 eT s cos(0 T s ) z1 + e2T s z2
(5.56)
T cc phn tch trn, c th thy rng sau khi chn G ( p) bt

k ta c th s dng cc biu din (5.54) v (5.56) thit k H ( z).
Nh th, phng php thit k gm nhng bc nh trong Phng
php 5.4.
Sau y l mt s v d v thit k b lc IIR bng phng php
p ng xung bt bin trong min thi gian.
126

Phng php 5.4 Thit k theo p ng xung bt bin.

1. Chn hm truyn tng t G ( p) v phn tch n thnh tng cc
phn n bc 1 (nghim thc) v bc 2 (cp nghim phc lin
hp).
2. Xc nh hm truyn ri rc H ( z) tng ng:
1
bng v phi ca (5.54);
pa
ap + b
b) i vi cp nghim phc lin hp, th 2
bng v
p + cp + d
a) i vi nghim thc, th
phi ca (5.56).
V d 5.8 (Thit k theo p ng xung bt bin vi thnh phn n)

Xc nh mt hm truyn nhn qu H ( z) c p ng xung ging nh
p ng xung ca mt h thng tng t c hm truyn G ( p) c
cho bi
G ( p) =
1
.
( p + 5)( p + 12)
vi chu k ly mu l T s = 0, 05 giy.
Trc tin, ta thy rng G ( p) c hai nghim n l a 1 = 5 v

a 2 = 12. Theo Bc 1 ca phng php thit k (Phng php 5.4),
ta phn tch hm truyn G ( p) theo cc hm n v c c
G ( p) =
1/7
1/7
.
p + 5 p + 12
Theo Bc 2 ca phng php thit k, ta p dng cng thc (5.54)

v suy ra
0, 05
1
1
H ( z) =
7
1 e(5)(0,05) z1 1 e(12)(0,05) z1
0, 0164
=
.
1 1, 3276 z1 + 0, 4274 z2
T kt qu hm truyn H ( z), ta thy ngay b lc s ny l IIR.

Hnh 5.23 biu din p ng tn s bin ca b lc tng t G ( p)
v b lc s H ( z).
127


100
|G( j )| (dB)
101
102
103
104
10
./figures/IIRnew_37
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(rad)
100
| H(e j )| (dB)
101
102
103
104
10
(rad)
Hnh 5.23: p ng tn s ca b lc tng t v b lc s ca V

d 5.8.
Trong v d tip theo, ta s xt n thit k vi thnh phn lin

hp phc.
V d 5.9 (Thit k theo p ng xung bt bin vi thnh phn lin
128

hp phc) Thit k mt b lc s thng thp tng ng vi mt b

lc tng t Butterworth bc 2 c tn s ct 3 dB l 50 Hz v vn tc
ly mu l 500 Hz.
Theo bng 5.1, ta c hm truyn Butterworth bc 2 c tn s
ct c chun ha (r = 1 rad/s) l
G 1 ( p) =
1
.
p
1 + 2 p + p2
(5.57)
Tn s ct chun ha r = 1 rad/s ca G 1 ( p) chnh l tn s ct F r =

50 Hz ca b lc tng t G ( p) cn dng chuyn i thnh b lc
s. Do , ta suy ra hm truyn ca G ( p) nh sau:
G ( p) = G 1
9, 8696044 104
p
.
= 2
2 50
p + 444, 28829 p + 9, 8696044 104
(5.58)
Ly bin i Laplace ngc ca G ( p) cho ta p ng xung ca b lc

tng t l
g( t) = 444, 28829 e222,14415t sin(222, 14415 t).
Ly mu p ng xung g( t) vi vn tc ly mu F s = 500 Hz, tc vi

chu k ly mu
Ts =
1
= 0.002,
500
ta s c p ng xung ca b lc s tng ng
h( n) = T s g( nT s ).
Bin i Z ca h( n) cho ta hm truyn H ( z) nh sau:

H ( z) =
0, 2449203 z1
.
1 1, 1580459 z1 + 0, 41124070 z2
(5.59)
Ch rng, ta c th c kt qu (5.59) trc tip bng cch s

dng Bc 2 ca phng php thit k 5.4 v hm truyn trong cng
thc (5.58). Hnh 5.24 biu din p ng bin ca b lc tng t
G ( p) v b lc s H ( z).
129

|G( j )| (dB)
100
101
102
50
100
150
200
250
./figures/IIRnew_39
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(rad)
| H(e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
50
100
150
200
250
(rad)

d 5.9.
5.2.2
Thit k theo p ng bc thang bt bin
Cng ging nh trng hp p ng xung bt bin, cn thit k

mt b lc s da trn b lc tng t sao cho c hai c p ng bc
thang ging nhau. Khi nim ny c minh ha hnh 5.25.
Gi hst (n) v g st ( t) tng ng l p ng bc thang ca b lc
s v b lc tng t. c h s ( n) tng t nh g st ( t) ta lm tng t
nh phng php p ng xung bt bin, bng cch ly mu g st ( t)
vi chu k ly mu T s c:
h st ( n) = g st ( t)| t=nT s .
(5.60)
Do , mi lin h gia hm truyn ca hst ( n) trong min bin i Z

130


g st ( t)

h st ( n)
Hnh 5.25: B lc tng t v s c p ng bc thang ging nhau.

v hm truyn ca g st ( t) trong min Laplace l
Hst ( z) = Z T s L 1 [G st ( p)] .
(5.61)
Gi H ( z) l hm truyn ca b lc s, ta c
1
H ( z).
1 z1
(5.62)
H ( z) = (1 z1 ) Hst ( z).
(5.63)
Hst ( z) =
Do vy,
Cc biu thc (5.61), (5.62) v (5.63) c mt ngha vt l tng

i quan trng. Cho mt h thng c p ng bc thang l g st ( t).
131

Hm truyn G ( p) chnh l pG st ( p). Mt khc cho mt tn hiu ri rc

x( n) kch thch mt mch lu bc khng* , u ra ca h thng l mt
tn hiu nhiu bc thang c chiu cao tng ng ti tng thi im
l x(n). Tn hiu ny kch thch h thng c hm truyn G ( p) v u
ra c ly mu vi chu k T s th tn hiu ri rc ny chnh l tn
hiu c c lc kch thch h thng c hm truyn H ( z) vi tn hiu
x( n). V l do ny m b lc thit k bng phng php bt bin bc
thang thng cn c gi l b lc lu bc khng.
V d 5.10 (Thit k p ng bc thang bt bin) Ta s dng
phng php p ng bc thang bt bin thit k mt b lc s
thng thp tng ng vi c t ca V d 5.9.
Trong v d 5.9, hm truyn G ( p) c cho bi cng thc (5.58),
nn hm truyn tng ng vi p ng xung g st ( t) l
G st ( p) =
G ( p)
.
p
Do , ly bin i Laplace ngc ca G st ( p) s cho p ng bc

thang g st ( t) ca b lc
g st ( t) = 1 e222,14415t [sin(222, 144415 t) + cos(222, 144415 t)],
t > 0.
Ly mu g st ( t) vi chu k T s = 0, 002 s c hst (n) v ly bin i Z

ca n c
Hst ( z) =
1
1 0, 30339071 z1
.
1 z1 1 1, 1580459 z1 + 0, 41124070 z2
Cui cng, hm truyn ca b lc s tng ng l

H ( z) = (1 z1 ) Hst ( z) =
0, 14534481 z1 + 0, 10784999 z2
.
1 1, 1580459 z1 + 0, 41124070 z2
Hnh 5.26 biu din p ng bin ca G ( p) v H ( z).

V d 5.11 Mt h thng tng t c hm truyn
G ( p) =
* Zeroth
2
.
( p + 1)( p + 2)
order holding circuit.
132

|G( j )| (dB)
100
101
102
50
100
150
200
250
./figures/IIRnew_43
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(rad)
| H(e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
50
100
150
200
250
(rad)

d 5.10.
H thng ny c iu khin bi mt my tnh vi vn tc ly mu
l 10 Hz. Ta dng phng php p ng bc thang bt bin xc
nh hm truyn H ( z) tng ng.
p ng bc thang ca h thng cho l
g st ( t) = 1 2 e t + e2t .
Vi chu k ly mu l 0, 1 s, ri rc ha g st ( t) c hst (n) v ly bin

i Z ca hst (n) ta c
Hst ( z) =
1
1
1
+
.
0,1
1 z
1 e
z
1 e 0,2 z1
133

|G( j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
./figures/IIRnew_45
2012/6/11 18:01 page 107 #1
(rad)
| H(e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
(rad)

d 5.11.
Suy ra
H ( z) =
9, 055917 103 z1 (1 + 0, 90483747 z1 )

.
1 1, 7325682 z1 + 0, 74081822 z2
Hnh 5.27 biu din p ng bin ca G ( p) v H ( z).
5.3
Phng php bin i song tuyn tnh
Mc 5.2 trnh by phng php bt bin trong min thi

gian thit k b lc s IIR thng qua khi nim tng ng gia
134

5.3. Phng php bin i song tuyn tnh
min tng t v min ri rc ca p ng xung hoc p ng bc

thang. T , thay h thng tng t c biu din bi bin p trong
bin i Laplace bi mt h thng ri rc tng ng biu din bi
bin z trong bin i Z .
Mc ny trnh by mt cch nhn khc trong thit k b lc IIR
thng qua thit lp s tng quan gia phng trnh vi phn m
hnh ha h thng lin tc v phng trnh sai phn m hnh ha
h thng ri rc. C th l tm cch thay th o hm d /dt (tc l
p trong min bin i Laplace) trn min lin tc bi mt biu thc
tng ng trong min ri rc. Phng php thit k c xy dng
trn cch nhn ny gi l phng php bin i song tuyn tnh.
5.3.1
Bin i song tuyn tnh
Trc ht, xt phng trnh vi phn n gin sau:

d y( t )
= x ( t ).
dt
(5.64)
Ly tch phn 2 v ca (5.64) cho kt qu

y( t) = y( t 0 ) +
t
t0
x( u) du.
(5.65)
Ri rc ha y( t) vi chu k T s v s dng phng php tnh tch phn

hnh thang m t nh trong Hnh 5.28 c
y( n) = y( n 1) + 0, 5T s [ x( n) + x( n 1)].
(5.66)
Ly bin i Z ca y(n), ta c
Y ( z) =
T s 1 + z1
X ( z).
2 1 z1
(5.67)
Kt qu (5.67) cho thy ton t tch phn trong min bin i Laplace
1/ p tng ng vi 0.5T s (1 + z1 )/(1 z1 ) trong min z. Nh vy, t mt
hm truyn tng t G ( p), ta xc nh c hm truyn ri rc H ( z)
bi
H ( z) = G ( p)|
p= T2s
135
1 z1
1+ z1


x( t)
t
(n 1)T s
nT s
Hnh 5.28: Phn tch tch phn Hnh thang.

Ch rng c th th 2/T s bng bt c h s no khc th kt qu
vn tng ng vi phng php tnh tch phn hnh thang, tt nhin
vi cc trng s khc. y l c s ca phng php bin i song
tuyn tnh.
V c bn phng php thit k b lc s bng php bin i
song tuyn tnh ging nh cc phng php thit k bt bin trong
min thi gian. im chnh yu l xc nh cho c hm truyn
G ( p) trong min tng t c cc tnh cht p ng cc c t ca bi
ton thit k. T ch cn th p bng mt biu thc tng ng
theo z suy ra hm truyn ca b lc s m ta mun thit k.
Nh ni trn, biu thc ton hc tng ng gia p v z l
p=C
1 z1
.
1 + z1
(5.68)
Php bin i ny nhm chuyn ha nhng g xy ra trong mt

phng p thnh nhng chuyn ng tng ng trong mt phng
z. t
p = + j
z = re j
136
(5.69)
(5.70)

Th cc biu thc ny vo trong phng trnh (5.68), suy ra

r2 1
r 2 + 2 r cos + 1
2 r sin
=C 2
.
r + 2 r cos + 1
=
(5.71)
(5.72)
S tng ng gia mt phng p v mt phng z theo mi quan

h (5.71) v (5.72) c m t trn Hnh 5.29, trong cc im a, b,
c, d v e trong mt phng p tng ng vi cc im a0 , b0 , c0 , d 0 v e0
trong mt phng z. Ta thy, > 0 tng ng vi r > 1, = 0 vi r = 1
v < 0 vi r < 1. Kt qu ny cho thy rng, nu hm truyn G ( p)
l n nh v nhn qu th php bin i song tuyn tnh s cho ta
hm truyn H ( z) cng n nh v nhn qu.
Ngoi ra, mi lin h gia cc p ng tn s ca b lc tng
t, G ( j ), v ca b lc s, H ( e j ), c xc nh bi mi lin h sau
gia v :
sin
= C tan .
1 + cos
2
(5.73)
|G ( j )|=C tan = | H ( e j )|
(5.74)
=C
Nh vy, ta c
2
Mi lin h gia v c minh ha Hnh 5.30. Bi v

H ( e ) c chu k l 2 v | H ( e j )| i xng qua trc tung, nn ta ch
xt bin thin theo trn khong [0; ]. T Hnh 5.30, ta thy ngay,
trong vng nh, ta c C2 , tc l c quan h gn nh tuyn tnh.
Nh vy, trong di thng thp, nhng c tnh di thng thp ca
b lc tng t G ( j ) cng l nhng c tnh ca b lc s tng ng
H ( e j ). Tuy nhin, trong di thng cao, th mi lin h gia v
l phi tuyn, nn s to ra nhng mo m ta cn ch lc thit
k. Hnh 5.31 m t s khc nhau gia G ( j ) v H ( e j ), tc mi lin
h tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn gia G ( j ) v H ( e j ) theo tng di tn
khc nhau. Lu l trong hnh ny, min xc nh ca l [0; ],
tuy nhin tin so snh vi , ta ch xem xt trong khong [0; ].
j
137

mt phng p
c ()
b
a
e ()
./figures/IIRnew_48
2012/6/11 18:01 page 109 #1
b0
c0
e
mt phng z
e j
a0
d0
Hnh 5.29: Mi lin h gia p v z qua php bin i song tuyn tnh.
5.3.2
Thit k theo bin i song tuyn tnh
Thit k H ( z) bng phng php bin i song tuyn tnh tc l

chn cc thng s C v T s th no chuyn c nhng tnh cht
ca hm p ng tn s tng t G ( j ) vo hm p ng tn s s
H ( e j ).
138

= C tan
2
Hnh 5.30: Mi lin h gia v .

|G( j )|
| H(e j )|
Hnh 5.31: Mi lin h gia |G ( j )| v | H ( e j )|.
Phng php th nht l p t gi tr ca p ng tn s ca

b lc s ti mt tn s cho trc. Thng thng, i vi cc b lc
thng thp v thng cao, tn s c bit ny thng c chn l tn
s ct. Gi s ta mun c p ng tn s tng t v p ng tn s
139

s . bng nhau ti r v r . Thng s C s c xc nh bi:

C = r cot
h i
r
Fr
Fr
= r cot
= r cot
,
Fs
2 FN
(5.75)
trong F r (Hz) l tn s vt l ca b lc tng t (F r = r /2) v F N

l tn s Nyquist (F N = F2 /2). Phng php ny khng i hi phi
thay i thang tn s c khong tn s tng ng bi v thang tn
s c t thay i bi gi tr ca C va c tnh xong. Phng
php ny tng i thun li v khng cn phi iu chnh nhiu.
Phng php th hai l th C bng T s /2 trong (5.73), trong
khi vn bo ton c nhng tnh cht trong di thng thp nhng
khng th chn mt rng buc nh c m t trong phng php
th nht. Phng php ny hi bt tin v mt nh lng v ta
khng c mi lin h cht ch gia tn s tng t v tn s s.
Sau y l mt s v d v phng php thit k song tuyn tnh.
Cn nh rng thit k b lc s nhm s dng vo nhng p dng
c th, tc l b lc hot ng trong mt mi trng m phn ln
cc tn hiu l tng t. V vy, khi nim tn s tng t F = /2,
khi nim tn s ly mu F s = 1/T s , tn s Nyquist F N = F s /2 (cn gi
l tn s gp ph), gc s = T s v tn s s = F /F N = /.
Lu rng, v mt l thuyt, tn s s c nh ngha l F /F s ,

c ngha l, ch quan st bin thin tn s s trong khong [0; 0, 5].
Tuy nhin, trong thc tin tnh ton (nh khi s dng MATLAB),
ngi ta i thang quan st thnh [0; 1]. V vy, trong gio trnh ny,
tn s s c nh ngha l tn s vt l c chun ha theo F N ,
tc l = F /F N = /.
V d 5.12 Dng phng php bin i song tuyn tnh thit k
mt b lc s thng thp da trn mt b lc Butterworth tng t
bc 2 c tn s ct 3 dB l 50 Hz, bit rng tn s ly mu l 500 Hz.
B lc tng t Butterworth bc 2 chun ha c hm truyn l
G ( p) =
1
.
p
1 + 2 p + p2
Tn s chun ha l r = 1 rad/s, tng ng vi tn s F r = 50 Hz ca

140

b lc s. Lc thit k ta phi ch n im ny. Tn s gp ph l

500
= 250 Hz.
2
FN =
Cng thc (5.75) cho kt qu

C = 1 cot
50
2 250
= 3, 0776835.
Bin i song tuyn tnh tng ng s l

p = 3, 0776835
1 z1
.
1 + z1
S dng kt qu trn bin i hm G ( p), ta c hm truyn ca b

lc s tng ng nh sau.
H ( z) =
0, 0674553(1 + 2 z1 + z2 )
.
1 1, 14298 z1 + 0, 412802 z2
Kt qu m phng ca v d ny c trnh by trong hnh 5.32.

V d 5.13 Mt h thng x l tn hiu s hot ng vi tn s ly
mu l 2000 Hz. Ta mun thit k mt b lc s l mt b phn ca
h thng ny, c hot ng ging nh mt b lc thng thp bc 1 c
tn s ct 3 dB nm chung quanh 400 Hz. Tiu ch quan trng nht
l p ng tn s gii thng thp trng ging nh p ng tn s
ca b lc tng t tng ng.
gii quyt bi ton ny, ta nn s dng phng php bin
i song tuyn tnh m trong hng s C c xc nh l 2/T s .
Hm truyn ca b lc bc 1 thng thp l
G 1 ( p) =
1
.
p+1
Tn s ct 3 dB ca b lc ny l 400 Hz, do b lc tng ng c

hm truyn l
G ( p) = G 1
p
800
=
.
800
p + 800
141

|G( j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
50
100
150
200
250
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(rad)
| H(e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
50
100
150
200
250
(rad)

d 5.12.
Vi
C = 2 2000 = 4000,
php bin i song tuyn tnh c xc nh bi

p = 4000
1 z1
.
1 + z1
Suy ra hm truyn ca b lc s l
H ( z) =
0, 385870(1 + z1 )
.
1 0, 228261 z1
142

|G( j )| (dB)
100
101
102
200
400
600
800
1,000
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(rad)
| H(e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
200
400
600
800
1,000
(rad)

d 5.13.
C th kim chng l b lc s ny c tn s ct 3 dB tng ng vo
khong 357 Hz bng cch s dng mi lin h ca r v F r theo
cng thc (5.75). Kt qu m phng ca v d ny c trnh by
trong hnh 5.33.
V d 5.14 Hm truyn ca mt thit b phc v mt h thng iu
khin tng t c dng nh sau
G ( p) =
2
.
( p + 1)( p + 2)
Ta s xc nh hm truyn H ( z) ca h thng bit rng vn tc ly

mu l 10 Hz.
143

Ta thy h thng ny l mt h thng thng thp, vy ta c th

s dng phng php bin i song tuyn tnh c hm truyn s
tng ng, vi
C=
2
= 20 Hz.
Ts
Php bin i song tuyn tnh l

p = 20
1 z1
.
1 + z1
Suy ra hm truyn h thng s l

H ( z) = 0, 0043290043
(1 + z1 )2
.
1 1, 7229437 z1 + 0, 74025974 z2
Kt qu m phng ca v d ny c trnh by trong hnh 5.34.

V d 5.15 Thit k mt b lc thng thp v c cu trc ni tip
vi cc thnh phn c bc khng vt qu hai, tha cc thng s c
t sau y:
a) S dng phng php thit k bin i song tuyn tnh p dng
vo b lc Butterworth.
b) suy gim nh hn hoc bng 3 dB trong khong tn s 0 < F <
25 Hz. suy gim ln hn 38 dB cho F 50 Hz.
c) Tn s ly mu l 200 Hz.
Trc tin phi xc nh bc ca b lc Butterworth tng t

ta cn s dng. Tn s Nyquist l
FN =
200
= 100 Hz
2
v tn s s chun ha l
r =
25
Fr
=
= 0, 25.
F N 100
Hng s C ca php bin i song tuyn s c chn th no r

ng vi tn s ct chun ha r = 1 rad/s. Nh th, ta c
C = r cot
r = cot
= 2, 4142436.
2
8
144

|G( j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
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(rad)
| H(e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
(rad)

d 5.14.
t
a =
50
= 0, 5
100
l tn s s thp nht ca di trit, tc l tn s m suy gim bt

u ln hn 38 dB. Tn s tng t a tng ng s c xc nh
bi

a = C tan
a = 2, 4142136 tan
= 2, 4124136.
Kt qu trong phn lc tng t cho thy mt b lc Butterworth bc 5 s c suy gim 38 dB t tn s 2, 41 rad/s. Hm truyn
145

ca b lc Butterworth tng ng l
G ( p) =
1
1 + 3, 2360680 p + 5, 2360680 p2 + 5, 2360680 p3 + 3, 2360680 p4 + p5
Vi php bin i song tuyn tnh

p = 2, 4142132
1 z1
,
1 + z1
ta suy ra hm truyn ca b lc s l
H ( z) =
1 + 5 z1 + 10 z2 + 10 z3 + 5 z4 + z5
B( z)
vi
B( z) = 1 2, 4744163 z1 + 2, 8110065 z2 1, 7037724 z3 +
+ 0, 5444328 z4 0, 07231569 z5 .
Tip theo, ta xc nh cu trc ca b lc theo yu cu s dng

cc thnh phn c bc khng vt qu hai. Trong phn lc tng t
ta thy hm G ( p) c th phn tch thnh ba thnh phn n nh sau
G ( p) = G 1 ( p)G 2 ( p)G 3 ( p),
trong
G 1 ( p) =
1
,
1+ p
1
,
1 + 0, 6180340 p + p2
1
G 3 ( p) =
.
1 + 1, 6180340 p + p2
G 2 ( p) =
p dng php bin i song tuyn tnh cho tng thnh phn ta s c
H ( z ) = a 0 H 1 ( z ) H 2 ( z ) H 3 ( z ),
146

trong
a 0 = 3, 279216 103 ,
H1 ( z) =
H2 ( z) =
H3 ( z) =
1 + z1
,
1 0, 4142136 z1
1 + 2 z1 + z2
,
1 1, 1606108 z1 + 0, 6413515 z2
1 + 2 z1 + z2
.
1 0, 8995918 z1 + 0, 2722149 z2
Nhn thy dng ni tip ny n gin hn rt nhiu so vi dng tng

hp, cng gi l dng trc tip. Nh th, lc thit k dng dng ni
tip s n gin hn rt nhiu v c cht lng bo m hn.
V d 5.16 Thit k mt b lc thng thp tha cc iu kin sau
y:
a) suy gim nh hn 1 dB trong gii tn 0 F 0, 5 Hz,
b) suy gim ln hn 40 dB trong gii tn F > 10 Hz,
bit rng vn tc ly mu 100 Hz. Xc nh loi v bc ca b lc p

ng c t ny.
Tn s Nyquist l
FN =
100
= 50.
2
Vi nhng c t nu ra ta c th dng b lc Chebychev c gn

sng 1 dB v s s dng bin i song tuyn tnh thit k. Tn s
s
r =
5
= 0, 1
50
l tn s tng ng vi r = 1 rad/s ca b lc tng t. t

a =
10
= 0, 2
50
l tn s tng ng vi suy gim 40 dB v gi a l tn s tng

ng ca b lc tng t. Hng s C ca php bin i song tuyn
tnh l
C = cot
0, 1 = 6, 3137515.
147

S dng cng thc (5.73) ta c tn s a tng ng vi a l

a = 6, 3137515 tan
0, 2 = 2, 0514622 Hz.
Theo kt qu ca phn lc tng t, bc thp nht c suy gim

vt 40 dB t tn s 2, 05 Hz l 5.
Tht ra suy gim ti tn s ny vi mt b lc Chebyshev
bc 5 vt 46 dB, v nh th nhng yu cu ca c t l hon ton
c tha mn. o su hn mt cht, ta thy c th cho gn sng
nh hn 1 dB m vn tha mn cc c t vi mt b lc Chebyshev
bc 5. ng vy, kt qu trong lc tng t cho thy vi gn sng
0, 5 dB ca mt b lc Chebyshev bc 5 c suy gim 43 dB tn s
a = 0, 2. Ta c th chn mt trong hai b lc ny ty theo tnh hung
v nhng tiu ch khc.
5.4
Thit k b lc s thng di
Trong Mc ny, s xy dng mt phng php thit k mt b

lc IIR thng di da trn mt b lc thng thp tng t vi php
bin i song tuyn tnh. Cch thit k trc tip nht l nh sau.
Phng php 5.5 Thit k b lc s IIR thng di.
1. Chn mt b lc thng thp v dng mt php bin i t thng
thp sang thng di c mt b lc tng t thng di p ng
nhng c t mong mun.
2. T hm truyn ca b lc tng t thng di ny ta s dng
php bin i song tuyn tnh suy ra hm truyn ca b lc
s tng ng.
Qu trnh thit k trn gm hai bc, v vy cn ch s dng
cc bin v cc thng s cn thit. phn bit rch ri hai php
bin i tng ng vi hai bc thit k ny, cc thng s c nh
ngha nh sau.
F s (Hz): tn s ly mu (F s = s /2);
148

5.4. Thit k b lc s thng di
F N (Hz): tn s Nyquist (F N = F s /2);

p: bin Laplace ca b lc tng t thng thp;
(rads/s): tn s gc ca b lc thng thp ( p = j );
s: bin Laplace ca b lc tng t thng di;
(rads/s): tn s gc ca b lc tng t thng di ( s = j );
F = /2 (Hz): tn s vt l ca b lc tng t thng di;
r (Hz): mt tn s c chn trc, da trn c t thit k,
ca b lc tng t thng thp (thng thng l tn s ct);
3 v 1 (rad/s): hai tn s ca b lc tng t thng di tng

ng vi r v r (thng thng l cc tn s nh ngha di
thng);
2 (rad/s): tn s trung tm hnh hc (geometrical mean) ca

p
di thng (2 = 1 3 );
l tn s gc ca b lc s ( = /F s );
: tn s s ca b lc s ( = F /F N );
f (Hz): tn s vt l ca b lc s ( f = F N );
f1 , f2 v f3 : cc tn s tng ng vi 1 , 2 v 3 ;
1 , 2 v 3 l cc tn s tng ng vi f1 , f2 v f3 ;
B = f3 f1 l di thng vt l ca b lc s;
b: di thng s ca b lc s ( b = 3 1 = ( f3 f1 )/F N ).
p dng bc 1 trong Phng php 5.5, ta th

p = s+
22
s
(5.76)
i vi bc 2, ta s dng php bin i song tuyn tnh l

s=C
1 z1
1 + z1
149
(5.77)

v suy ra mi lin h gia p v z nh sau:
p=
C 2 + 22
C
1+2
22 C 2
22 +C 2
z1 + z2
1 z2
(5.78)
Trc khi suy ra mt s kt qu cn thit, nhc li rng mi lin h

ca php bin i song tuyn tnh l
= C tan
Bit rng 22 = 1 3 , ta suy ra

tan2
= C tan

.
2
(5.79)

2 = tan 1 tan 3
2
2
2
tan
tan
(5.80)
(5.81)
Hng s C c chn sao cho 2 ca b lc tng t thng di s

tng ng vi tn s f2 ca b lc s thng di. Nh vy
C = 2 cot
2 .
(5.82)
Tng kt li tt c cc kt qu, cho ta suy t mt b lc thng thp

tng t thnh mt b lc s thng di, th php bin i l
p=D
trong D v E c cho bi
1 Ez1 + z2
,
1 z2
B
D = r cot
= r cot
2F N
2
F2
E = 2 cos
= 2 cos(2 ),
FN
(5.83)
hay biu din theo cc tn s nh ngha di thng l
D = r cot (3 1 ) ,
2
2 cos 2 (3 + 1 )
.
E=
cos 2 (3 1 )
150
(5.84)
(5.85)

Kt qu (5.83) c ngha l t hm truyn G ( p) ca b lc thng thp

tng t ta suy ra hm truyn H ( z) ca b lc thng di bng php
bin i sau y:
H ( z ) = G ( p )|
(5.86)
1Ez1 + z2 .
p=D
1 z2
Biu thc (5.86) cho thy rng bc ca h thng ri rc gp i bc

ca h thng tng t. Hn th, mi lin h gia thang tn s tng
t ( p = j ) v thang tn s s ( z = e jT s ) c xc nh bi biu thc
sau y
cos(2 ) cos()
=
.
D
sin()
(5.87)
Biu thc (5.87) l mt cng c c s dng thng xuyn trong bi

ton thit k b lc s thng di. Sau y l mt s v d minh ha
phng php ny.
V d 5.17 S dng loi b lc Butterworth, ta mun thit k mt
b lc s thng di c tn s ly mu 2 kHz vi nhng c t nh
sau:
a) B lc c di thng t 300 n 400 Hz v ti hai tn s u v cui
ca di thng th suy gim khng c ln hn 3 dB.
b) suy gim ti thiu phi l 18 dB ti hai tn s 200 Hz v 500 Hz.
Trc ht, ta xc nh tn s Nyquist
FN =
Fs
= 1000 Hz.
2
Tip n ta tnh cc tn s s 1 , 2 v 3 . Theo c t (a) ca yu

cu thit k, ta chn c hai tn s vt l ca b lc s l f1 v f3
tng ng vi 300 Hz v 400 Hz. T , suy ra cc tn s s tng
ng
f1
= 0, 3,
FN
f3
3 =
= 0, 4.
FN
1 =
Do ta c di thng s
b = 3 1 = 0, 1.
151

Dng phng trnh (5.80), ta xc nh c tn s trung tm hnh

hc
2 = 0, 34797502.
Cc thng s D v E ca php bin i song tuyn tnh c xc

nh bi hai phng trnh (5.84) v (5.85). Vi tn s ct chun ha
r = 1 rad/s, ta suy ra
D = r = cot(0, 05) = 6, 31375152,
E=
2 cos(0, 35)
= 0, 91929910.
cos(0, 05)
Thng s cui cng ta phi xc nh l bc ca b lc Butterworth, tc l s nghim cc cn c. Di thng s b = 0, 1 lin h vi

hm truyn Butterworth chun ha c r = 1. xc nh bc ca b
lc, trc tin ta phi xc nh cc tn s s tng ng vi di trit
a v b . Theo c t (b) ca yu cu thit k, ta c cc tn s vt l
ca b lc s tng ng vi di trit l fa = 200 Hz v fb = 500 Hz. Do
, ta c
200
= 0, 2,
1000
500
b =
= 0, 5.
1000
a =
Nh vy, p dng cng thc (5.87) vi ly cc gi tr a v b

cos(0, 34797502) cos(0, 2)
,
D
sin(0, 2)
b cos(0, 34797502) cos(0, 5)
=
.
D
sin(0, 5)
a
T tnh ra c cc tn s di trit chun ho ca b lc tng

t tng ng l a = 3, 7527638 v b = 2, 9021131. Ta bit rng, p
ng bin ca b lc tng t c tnh i xng qua trc tung. Cho
nn, gi tr bin ti a v -a u ging nhau, dn n ta c th
i du ca kt qu ca a thnh a = 3, 7527638. By gi, i vi b
lc Butterworth, bi v b < a nn nu chn bin ti b tha iu
kin thit k (b) th mc nhin tha iu kin ti a . Nh th ta phi
152

chn bc b lc Butterworth th no ti tn s chun ha b

suy thoi ti thiu phi l 18 dB. Kt qu trong lc tng t cho thy
b lc Butterworth thng thp tng t bc 2 l thch ng vi rng
buc ny ti v p ng tn s ti a = 3, 7527638 l nh hn 23 dB.
Cui cng, vi b lc Chebyshev bc 2 tha mn c t thit k,

ta c bc ca b lc s tng ng l 4, v p dng phng trnh (5.86)
cho ta hm truyn ca b lc s thng di nh sau:
H ( z) =
0, 020083366(1 z2 )2
B( z)
vi
B( z) = 1 1, 63682036 z1 + 2, 2376739 z2 1, 3071151 z3
+ 0, 64135154 z4 .
p ng tn s ca hm truyn ny c cho trong hnh 5.35.
V d 5.18 Xc nh loi v bc ca mt b lc s thng di hot

ng tn s 200 Hz vi cc thng s c t sau y:
a) suy gim phi nh hn 1 dB trong khong t 19 Hz ti 21 Hz,
v
b) suy gim phi ln hn 30 dB vi nhng tn s thp hn 18 Hz
v cao hn 22 Hz.
Ta c, tn s Nyquist l
FN =
Fs
= 100.
2
Ta hai tn s ca di thng F1 = 19 Hz v F3 = 21 Hz, cc tn s s

tng ng l
f1
= 0, 19,
FN
f3
3 =
= 0, 21.
FN
1 =
153


1
| H(e j )|
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
(rads)
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(a)
| H(e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
0.5
1.5
2.5
(rads)
(b)
Hnh 5.35: p ng tn s bin b lc thng di bc 4 ca V

d 5.17.
Di thng s l
b = 3 1 = 0, 02.
Tn s trung tm hnh hc, c xc nh bi phng trnh (5.80),

l 2 = 0, 19978361. Vi r = 1 rad/s, v s dng phng trnh (5.84),
154

5.5. Thit k b lc s trit di
ta tnh c
0, 02
D = r = cot
= 31, 820516.
2
Ti cc tn s ct 18 Hz v 22 Hz, theo cng thc (5.87) ta c

cos(0, 19978361) cos(0, 18)
,
D
sin(0, 18)
b cos(0, 19978361) cos(0, 22)
=
.
D
sin(0, 22)
a
v suy ra a = 2, 0732504 v b = 1, 9420640.
Cn phi bo m suy gim phi c tha ti b . Chn hm

Chebyshev c gn sng 1 dB v ta phi xc nh bc thp nht th
no c suy gim 30 dB ti tn s 1, 9420640. Kt qu trong phn
lc tng t cho thy b lc Chebyshev bc 4 hon ton tha iu
kin suy gim (cn tha thm 2 dB na). Ti tn s a = 2, 0732504,
cng vi lp lun nh V d 5.17 tng ng vi tn s ct ca di
trit, p ng tn s c suy gim ln hn 35 dB. Nh th b lc
s thng di c bc l 8. Hm truyn H ( z) c th suy ra d dng nh
trong V d 5.17.
5.5
Thit k b lc s trit di
Phn ny s trin khai php bin i da trn cc kt qu ca

phn trc nhm thit k mt b lc s IIR trit di da trn hm
truyn ca b lc tng t thng thp. Tt c cc thng s c nh
ngha trong Mc 5.4 s c s dng y ngoi tr mt s iu
chnh nh nh sau:
1 , 2 v 3 (rad/s) tng ng vi di trit.
s l bin Laplace ca hm truyn tng t trit di.
Chi tit trin khai php bin i l tng t nh phn trc

ngoi tr php bin i thnh hm truyn trit di c kt hp
trc tip vi php bin i song tuyn tnh. Kt qu c c cho ra
155

dng tng qut ca php bin i nh sau:

p=
D 1 (1 z2 )
.
1 E 1 z1 + z2
(5.88)
Cc hng s D 1 v E 1 trong (5.88) c tnh theo di trit b v tn

s trung bnh hnh hc 2 nh sau:

D 1 = r tan
= r tan b ,
2 FN
2
F2
E 1 = 2 cos
= 2 cos (2 ) .
FN
B
(5.89)
(5.90)
Cng c th biu din D 1 v E 1 theo cc tn s ct ca di trit nh

sau:
D 1 = r tan (3 1 ) ,
2
2 cos 2 (3 + 1 )
.
E1 =
cos 2 (3 1 )
(5.91)
(5.92)
Cc tn s s 1 , 2 v 3 c ni kt vi nhau thng qua biu thc

sau y:

tan2 2 = tan 1 tan 3 .
(5.93)
2
Nh vy bc ca b lc s trit di s gp i bc ca b lc thng
thp m ta s dng bin i.
V d 5.19 (Thit k b lc s IIR trit di) Mt h thng x l tn
hiu s hot ng vi tn s ly mu 1 kHz. H thng ny cn loi
b thnh phn xung quanh 100 Hz. Ta mun xy dng mt b lc s
th hin mc tiu ny vi cc c t sau:
a) Ti tn s 95 Hz v 105 Hz th suy gim l 3 dB;
b) Hm truyn ca b lc s c bc l 2.
Bi v hm truyn b lc s l bc 2 nn hm truyn b lc tng
t l bc 1 v c dng
G ( p) =
1
.
1+ p
156

5.5. Thit k b lc s trit di
| H ( e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
0.5
1.5
2.5
Hnh 5.36: p ng tn s bin b lc trit di trong V d 5.19.

trong tn s ct 3 dB l r = 1 rad/s. Tn s Nyquist l F N =
500 Hz. Cc tn s ct ca b lc s tng ng vi 95 Hz v 105 Hz l
95
= 0, 19
500
105
= 0, 21.
3 =
500
1 =
T tnh c D 1 v E 1 nh sau:
(0.21 + 0.19) = 0, 031426266,

2
2 cos (0.21 + 0.19)

2
= 1, 61883279.
E1 =
cos (0.21 0.19)
2
D 1 = tan
Th D 1 v E 1 vo (5.88) ta suy ra hm truyn b lc s trit di l

H ( z) =
0, 96953125(1 1, 6188328 z1 + z2 )
,
1 1, 5695090 z1 + 0, 9390625 z2
c biu din nh trn hnh 5.36.
157

5.6
Thit k b lc s thng cao
Theo lp lun ca thit lp b lc thng thp ta thy ngay php

bin i ngc li s cho ta b lc thng cao. Nh th php bin i
song tuyn tnh bin mt b lc tng t thng thp G lp ( p) thnh
mt b lc s thng cao Hhp ( z) l
p=C
1 + z1
.
1 z1
(5.94)
Nhc li rng, l tn s ca G lp ( p) v l tn s ca Hhp ( z).

Mi lin h gia hai bin ny l
|| = C cot
2 FN
= C cot

.
2
(5.95)
Hng s bin i C c xc nh bi quy tc l |G lp ( j )| ti tn s

= r bng | Hhp ( e j )| ti tn s = F r . Lu rng, r l tn s ct
ca di thng thp ca G lp ( p) v ngc li F r l tn s ct ca di
thng cao ca Hhp ( z). Nh vy
C = r tan
Fr
2 FN
= r tan
r .
(5.96)
Theo nhng kt qu ny, bc ca b lc s Hhp ( z) bng bc ca G lp ( p)

c s dng trong qu trnh thit k.
V d 5.20 (Thit k b lc s IIR thng cao) Thit k b lc s
thng cao da trn b lc tng t thng thp Butterworth bc 2 c
tn s ct 3 dB l 200 Hz. Tn s ly mu ca h thng l 500 Hz.
Theo iu kin thit k th b lc thng thp Butterworth c
hm truyn l
G ( p) =
1
.
p
1 + 2 p + p2
(5.97)
Tn s ct tng t r = 1 rad/s. Thng qua bin i s tr thnh

F r = 200 Hz. Tn s Nyquist l F N = 250 Hz, cho nn
r =
200
= 0, 8.
250
158

5.6. Thit k b lc s thng cao
Hng s C l
C = tan
0, 8 = 3, 0776835
v php bin i (5.94) tr thnh
p = 3, 0776835
1 + z1
.
1 z1
(5.98)
Th (5.98) vo (5.97), ta suy ra hm truyn ca b lc thng cao

tng ng l
H ( z) =
0, 0674553(1 2 z1 + z2 )
.
1 + 1, 14298 z1 + 0, 412802 z2
Kt qu c m phng nh Hnh 5.37.
159


1
| H ( e j )|
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
(rad)
./figures/IIRnew_61
2012/6/12 10:20 page 127 #1
(a)
| H ( e j )| (dB)
100
101
102
103
0.5
1.5
2.5
(rad)
(b)
Hnh 5.37: p ng tn s bin ca b lc s thng cao trong V

d 5.20.
160

Bi tp
Bi tp chng 5
5.1. Mt h thng ri rc hot ng vi vn tc ly mu 100 Hz. Ta
mun lp mt chng trnh m phng h thng c hm truyn
G ( s) =
10
.
s( s + 10)
ng thi, ta mun h thng s v h thng tng t ng x ging

nhau min tn s thng thp.
a) Hy tm p n vi cc phng php khc nhau sau y: bin
i song tuyn tnh, bt bin p ng xung v bt bin p ng bc
thang.
b) So snh hiu qu ca ba p n ny.
5.2. Xc nh hm truyn h thng s ca bi tp 5.1 th no
p ng tn s bin ca hm truyn s v hm truyn tng t
ging nhau 400 Hz.
5.3. Mt b lc tng t c hm truyn
G ( s) =
s+2
.
( s + 1)2 + 16
a) Hy thit k b lc s t b lc tng t ny theo phng php bt

bin p ng xung. Cho chu k ly mu T = 0, 1 s.
b) Hy nhn xt tnh n nh ca b lc va thit k. L gii l do.

c) Thc thi b lc dng song song v dng ni tip.
5.4. Mt b lc tng t c im khng ti s = 0, 1 v hai im

cc ti -0, 1 j 3. Tm hm truyn ca b lc s IIR thu c bng
phng php bt bin p ng bc thang vi gi thit chu k ly
mu T = 0, 1 s.
5.5. Xc nh bc ca b lc s thng thp hot ng vi tn s ly
mu 2 kHz c cc thng s c t sau y:
161

a) Thit k dng phng php song tuyn tnh da trn b lc tng

t thng thp Chebyshev.
b) suy gim nh hn 2 dB cho di tn t 0 n 250 Hz.
c) suy gim ln hn 70 dB lc tn s ln hn 500 Hz.
5.6. Xc nh bc ca b lc s thng thp hot ng vi tn s ly
a) Thit k dng phng php p ng bt bin xung da trn b
lc tng t thng thp Chebyshev.
c) suy gim ln hn 50 dB lc tn s ln hn 250 Hz.
5.7. Xc nh bc ca b lc s thng cao hot ng vi tn s ly
a) Thit k dng phng php bt bin p ng bc thang da trn
b lc tng t thng thp Chebyshev.
b) suy gim nh hn 3 dB cho di tn t 1, 5 kHz n 2 kHz.
c) suy gim ln hn 70 dB lc tn s nh hn 1, 2 kHz.
5.8. Thit k b lc s hot ng vi tn s ly mu 2 kHz c cc
thng s c t sau y:
a) Thit k dng phng php song tuyn tnh da trn b lc tng
t thng thp Chebyshev.
c) suy gim ln hn 16 dB lc tn s nh hn 780 Hz v ln hn
820 Hz.
5.9. Thit k b lc s hot ng vi tn s ly mu 2 kHz c cc
thng s c t sau y:
a) Thit k dng phng php bt bin p ng bc thang da trn
b lc tng t thng thp Chebyshev.
162

Bi tp

c) suy gim ln hn 16 dB lc tn s nh hn 780 Hz v ln hn
820 Hz.
5.10. Xt h thng c minh ha hnh 5.38. u vo l mt tn
hiu ri rc v c chuyn thnh mt tn hiu lin tc bi mt b
lc lu bc 0. Tn hiu ny c p vo mt h thng tng t c
hm truyn G ( p) v u ra c ly mu cho tn hiu y(n). Chng
minh rng hm truyn H ( z) ca h thng ny c dng ging nh kt
qu ca tiu ch bt bin bc thang.
x( n)
z T
G ( p)
y( n)
Hnh 5.38: H thng cn xc nh hm truyn tng ng.
163

164
Chng 6
THIT K B LC S FIR
Chng 5 trnh by mt s phng php thit k cc b lc s
thuc h IIR da trn cc b lc tng t. Hng thit k ny khng
nhng tha hng nhiu kin thc v phng php thit k cc b
lc tng t c nghin cu nhiu trong na u th k 20 m
cn cho php thit k cc b lc s c p ng bin nh mong
mun.
Tuy nhin, khi quan tm thm n p ng pha ta gp phi tr
ngi l h h thng IIR c tr pha phi tuyn theo tn s. iu ny
gy tr ngi khi thc hin lc s trong nhng p dng i hi p
ng tn s ca h thng c mo pha ti thiu, nh thng gp
trong cc h thng truyn dn d liu. Khng nhng th, mt s h
thng cn i hi mo pha tuyn tnh. Nhu cu ny dn n vic
quan tm n cc b lc h FIR.
Nh s thy, thit k mt b lc FIR c pha tuyn tnh l tng
i d dng. Mt hm truyn FIR thng c dng
H ( z) = b 0 + b 1 z1 + b 2 z2 + + b n z N .
(6.1)
R rng ta khng th dng cc phng php da trn cc hm

truyn tng t thit k b lc c hm truyn nh trong 6.1.
Thay v vy, phng php thit k cc b lc FIR c thc hin mt
cch trc tip trong min ri rc, tc l xc nh trc tip cc h s
b 0 , b 1 , ..., b N , da trn cc c t thng s thit k.
165

Chng 6. Thit k b lc s FIR
Chng ny trnh by hai phng php c bn c s dng

i tr trong thc t, l phng php ca s v phng php
ParksMcClellan. Phng php ca s p t cc ca s trong min
thi gian ri rc xc nh cc h s b k . Phng php ny v mt c
bn rt d hiu. Hn na, n c nhng p dng quan trng lin quan
n phn tch ph ca mt tn hiu. V th, hiu r phng php s
dng ca s gip ta hiu r hn cc phng php phn tch ph c
in. Phng php ParksMcClellan c th s dng cho nhng tnh
hung m rng buc cht ch hn phng php ca s, nh
gn sng trong cc di tn khc nhau. Phng php ny, ch yu s
dng phng php xp x Chebyshev p t cc gn sng ny.
6.1
6.1.1
Phng php ca s
B lc l tng
hiu r phng php ca s, xt b lc FIR l tng c p

ng tn s Hid ( e j ) tun hon vi chu k 2 v c nh ngha trong
khong [, ] nh sau
j
Hid ( e ) =
1,
|| c
0,
(6.2)
c < || .
Hnh 6.1 m t Hid ( e j ). Do Hid ( e j ) l mt hm tun hon c chu k

./figures/FIR_0 2012/7/5 4:45 page x #1
Hid ( e j )
1
Hnh 6.1: B lc l tng.

166

6.1. Phng php ca s
2, khai trin n thnh chui Fourier
Hid ( e j ) =
trong
h id ( n) =
1
2
h id ( n) e jn ,
(6.3)
Hid ( e j ) e jn d .
(6.4)
n=
Th Hid ( e j ) ca b lc l tng c nh ngha trong biu thc (6.2)

vo biu thc (6.4) cho ta
h id ( n) =
1
2
e jn d
= 2 c sinc(2 n c ),
trong c = c /2 v
sinc( x) =
sin( x)
.
x
(6.5)
(6.6)
Biu thc (6.3) cho thy hid ( n) chnh l p ng xung ca b lc l

tng. Nh th, hm truyn Hid ( z) ca b lc c dng
Hid ( z) =
n=
h id ( n) zn .
(6.7)
R rng, Hid ( z) khng nhn qu v c p ng xung v hn, v vy

khng th thc hin c b lc ny v mt in t.
Theo l thuyt chui Fourier, hid ( n) suy gim theo n vi bin
thin hyperbol. Khi n vt qua mt mc M no , cc h s hid (n)
c th xem nh khng ng k v mt vt l. Vi nhn nh ny, ta
c th xp x hm truyn Hid ( z) bi H ( z) nh sau m vn chp nhn
c:
H ( z) =
M
X
n= M
h id ( n) zn Hid ( z).
(6.8)
Gi h( n) l p ng xung ca H ( z), ta c
h( n) =
h id ( n),
0,
| n| M,
| n| > M.
167
(6.9)

Tip theo, cn tnh p ng tn s ca b lc H ( z). T kt

qu (6.5), ta suy ra hid ( n) l hm chn (i xng qua trc tung),
do h(n) cng l hm chn, c ngha l h(n) = h(n). Do , ta c
p ng tn s ca H ( z) c dng
H ( e j ) =
M
X
n= M
= h0 +
h( n) e jn
M
X
n=1
= h0 + 2
h( n)( e jn + e jn )
M
X
n=1
(6.10)
h( n) cos( n).
C th kt lun rng, lc p ng xung ca mt b lc c tnh i

xng, p ng tn s ca b lc ny l mt hm thc. Nh th,
p ng pha tn s ca b lc ch c hai tr s: bng 0 lc p ng
l dng hoc bng lc p ng l m. p ng tn s H ( e j )
cho bi (6.10) c m t trong hnh 6.2. Ta thy H ( e j ) c gi tr
m tng i nh (cho M ln). Nh th, tc ng ca pha trong di
thng ny s nh hng khng ng k n cht lng ca h thng.
V vy, trong qu trnh thit k ta khng cn quan tm n di tn
m hm truyn c gi tr m nhng khng ng k.
./figures/FIR_1 2012/7/5 4:46 page xii #1
H ( e j )
1
Hnh 6.2: p ng tn s ca h thng xp x.

Quay tr li vi hm truyn xp x H ( z) c cho biu thc (6.8),
thy rng n khng nhn qu. Tuy nhin, v n bt u ti mt thi
im hu hn n = M nn c th d dng bin n thnh nhn qu
168

6.1. Phng php ca s
bng cch lm tr M bc. Nhc li rng khi nim ny c

trnh by trong phn (3.5.3) ca chng 3. Chnh v vy, ta s dng
trc tip dng cho trong biu thc (6.8) thit k b lc FIR m
khng nht thit phi quan tm n tnh cht khng nhn qu ca
n. lm r hn iu ny, c th tnh ton ton hc nh sau.
Hnq ( z) = z M H ( z)
=
2M
X
n=0
(6.11)
h nq ( n) zn
(6.12)
T cc biu thc (6.8) v (6.11), ta c

h nq ( n) = h( n M ).
Nu t N = 2 M , ta c
N
h nq ( n) = h n
.
2
(6.13)
(6.14)
p ng tn s ca Hnq ( e j ) v H ( e j ) ging nhau v mi lin h ca

pha ca chng l
H nq ( e j ) = H ( e j )
N
.
2
(6.15)
Nu khng quan tm n di tn m pha ca H ( e j ) c gi tr m

th v mt thc tin c th thy ngay pha ca Hnq ( e j ) l tuyn tnh.
V y l tnh cht mong i khi thit k mt b lc nhm p dng
vo bt c h thng x l tn hiu.
6.1.2
Phng php thit k ca s
Phng php thit k b lc FIR ta va thy nhm xp x p

ng xung v hn hid (n) ca b lc l tng Hid ( e j ) bng cch loi b
cc hid (n) lc | n| > M c mt p ng xung hu hn h( n). p
ng tn s H ( e j ) ca b lc xp x h(n) ny l mt hm s thc c
th c tr s m v c nhiu gn sng trong di thng cng nh di
trit (xem hnh 6.2). Hin tng ny xut hin bi v h( M ) 6= 0 lc
n = M v h( n) = 0 lc n > M , c ngha l h( n) b mt lin tc ti M .
169

gim thiu nh hng ca phng php xp x ny ta c th iu

chnh hid (n) bi cc trng s w(n) c
h( n) = w( n) h id ( n).
(6.16)
Trong min tn s, phng trnh (6.16) tng ng vi

H ( e j ) =
1
2
Hid ( e j )W ( e j( )) d
(6.17)
Chn w(n) th no p ng cc tiu ch thit k ti u tng

ng c gi l phng php ca s, v w( n) c gi l ca s thit
k. ng th, bin i Fourier ca h(n) l tch chp ca W ( e j ) v
Hid ( e j ) v tch chp ny s lm trn cc gn sng ca Hid ( e j ) m ta
quan st trong hnh 6.2.
Nhng tiu ch thng gp nh: di trit phi c suy gim
cao nht; hoc di thng c gn sng thp nht; hoc vn tc suy
gim trong di chuyn tip l ln nht. Phn tip theo s trnh by
r hn v cc loi ca s v tc ng ca chng.
Ca s ch nht
Hm ca s ch nht, k hiu l rect( t), c nh ngha nh
sau:
rect( t) =
1,
0,
| t|
| t| >
1
2
1
2
(6.18)
Phng php xp x va c trnh by trn tng ng vi s dng

ca s ch nht wcn (n) trong min ri rc s l
wcn ( n) = rect
n
.
2M
(6.19)
Cc hm rect( t) v wcn (n) c m t trong hnh 6.3.

p ng tn s ca ca s wcn ( n) c tnh ra
Wcn ( e j ) =
sin(L/2)
,
sin(/2)
170
(6.20)

6.1. Phng php ca s
./figures/FIR_2 2012/7/5 4:46 page xiv #1

rect( t)
t
0, 5
0, 5
./figures/FIR_3
2012/7/5 4:46 page xiv #1
(a) rect( t)
wcn ( n)
n
M
(b) wcn (n)
Hnh 6.3: Hm ch nht rect( t) v ca s ch nht wcn ( n).

trong L = 2 M +1 l chiu di ca wcn ( n) tng ng vi chiu di ca
b lc xp x. Hnh 6.4 biu din Wcn ( e j ) trong khong = [0, 5; 0, 5].
sau:
p ng tn s Wcn ( e j ) (theo n v dB) c mt s tnh cht
a) C M im cc i;
b) B rng bp chnh l 2/ M ;
c) p ng tn s ct trc honh ti 2 M im cch nhau 1 khong
l 1/L;
d) Din tch ca Wcn ( e j ) l 1 v t tr cc i L ti gc;
e) Ti tn s s = 0, 5 (tc l = ), Wcn ( e j ) c tr bng 1 lc M
chn v bng 1 lc M l;
g) Lc M tng th tr cc i tng v b rng ca bp chnh gim. T

l ca tr cc i ca bp chnh v bp ph bin ng gia 4 (lc M
nh) v 4, 71 (tc l 13, 5 dB lc M rt ln). Lc M tin v v cc th
171

./figures/FIR_4 2012/7/5 4:46 page xiv #1

L=7
L = 15
L = 21
| H ( e j )|
20
10
0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
./figures/FIR_5
2012/7/5 4:46 page xiv #1
(a)
L=7
L = 15
L = 21
H ( e j ) (dB)
20
40
60
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b)
Hnh 6.4: p ng tn s Wcn ( e j ) ca ca s ch nht wtg (n).

Wcn ( e j ) tin v xung Dirac n v.
Ca s tam gic
Hm tam gic, k hiu l tri( t), c nh ngha nh sau:
tri( t) =
(
1 | t |,
0,
172
| t| 1
| t| > 1
(6.21)

6.1. Phng php ca s
S dng ca s tam gic wtg (n), cn gi l ca s Barlett, trong min

ri rc nh sau:
n
wtg ( n) = tri
.
(6.22)
2M + 1
Ca s ny cng c th c tnh bng tch chp ca hai ca s ch

nht theo cng thc
wtg ( n) =
n
n
1
rect
rect
.
2M + 1
2M
2M
(6.23)
Hnh 6.5 m t tri( t) v wtg (n).

./figures/FIR_6 2012/7/5 4:47 page xv #1
tri( t)
t
1
./figures/FIR_7
2012/7/5 4:47 page xv #1
(a) tri( t)
wtg ( n)
n
2M 1
2M + 1
(b) wtg (n)
Hnh 6.5: Hm tam gic tri( t) v ca s tam gic wtg ( n).

p dng kt qu p ng tn s ca wcn (n) trong cng thc (6.20)
v biu din ca wtg ( n) trong (6.23), ta tnh ra p ng tn s ca
ca s wtg (n) nh sau
Wtg ( e j ) =
1 sin(L/2) 2
.
L sin(/2)
Hnh 6.6 m t p ng tn s ny.

173
(6.24)

./figures/FIR_8 2012/7/5 4:47 page xvi #1

L = 15
L = 21
L = 31
| H ( e j )|
15
10
0
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
./figures/FIR_9
2012/7/5 4:47 page xvi #1
(a)
L = 15
L = 21
L = 31
| H ( e j )| (dB)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
(b)
Hnh 6.6: p ng tn s Wtg ( e j ) ca ca s tam gic wtg ( n) vi cc

chiu di khc nhau.
174

6.1. Phng php ca s
So snh ca s ch nht v ca s tam gic

p ng tn s ca hai ca s ny c minh ha li theo n
v dB trong hnh 6.7. Dng hai ca s ny thit k mt b lc
FIR c chiu di l 21 (tc l M = 10) ta c hai p ng tn s tng
ng c minh ha nh hnh 6.8. Ch ca s tam gic cho ta kt
qu tt hn. Ta thy ca s ch nht gy ra nhng gn sng c tc
ng quan trng trong p ng tn s. Trong khi ca s tam gic
lm trn cc gn sng ny; cho nn kt qu thit k tt hn rt
nhiu. Nh th cht lng ca thit k ph thuc vo s la chn
ca s.
Ch nht
Tam gic
| H ( e j )| (dB)
20
40
60
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 6.7: So snh p ng tn s ca ca s ch nht v tam gic.
Thit k b lc bng ca s
Nh trnh by trn, thit k mt b lc FIR ta s dng
mt b lc khng nhn qu i xng qua gc c p ng xung l
h lt ( n) v p ng tn s l Hlt ( e j ). Nu ch loi b cc h s ca p
ng xung lc vt qua mt ch s no tc l ta va s dng ca
s hnh ch nht v to ra nhng gn sng. gim thiu hoc loi
b cc gn sng do hin tng Gibbs to ra, cn dng mt ca s
175

| H ( e j )| (dB)
20
40
Ch nht
Tam gic
60
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 6.8: So snh p ng tn s ca b lc thit k dng ca s ch

nht v ca s tam gic, vi tn s ct c = 0, 25.
iu chnh p ng xung ca b lc ta ang thit k.
Nhng quan st i vi ca s ch nht v tam gic nh trn
hnh 6.9 cho thy p ng bin tn s ca nhng ca s chiu di
hu hn lun cho xut hin mt bp chnh v cc bp ph suy gim
theo tn s; bi tnh i xng ca p ng xung nn p ng tn s
l mt hm thc lc c tr dng v lc c tr m. Cc k hiu 3 , 6 ,
s v m l nhng thng s thng c chn la lc thit k tng
ng vi di thng 3 dB, 6 dB, di thng bp ph v na di thng
bp chnh. Cc bp ph suy gim v vn tc suy gim thng c
biu din theo dB/octave hoc dB/decade. Cc thng s ny ng vai
tr quan trng trong qu trnh thit k b lc FIR.
Bng 6.1 cung cp cc cng thc ton hc ca ca s c
cc nh nghin cu thit k.
Hnh 6.10 biu din min tn s ca cc ca s ny. Thng
thng, thit k ca s da trn mt s tiu chun c xem nh ti
u. Tht ra, phi chn la gia cc tiu ch ti u v thng thng
cc tiu ch ny mu thun nhau. Chng hn, cn bp chnh hp
(hoc di chuyn tip nh) v mc suy gim ca bp ph nh. C
176

6.1. Phng php ca s
./figures/FIR_12 2012/7/5 4:48 page xvii #1

0
| H ( e j )| (dB)
20
40
60
80
3 6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Hnh 6.9: Cc tham s tn s gc thit k.

Bng 6.1: Cc hm ca s thng dng
Tn ca s
w0 ( n), (L 1)/2 n (L 1)/2
Ch nht
Tam gic
Cosine
Reimann
Hanning
Hamming
Blackman
Kaiser
L1
w ( n ) = w0 n
,0 n L 1
2
2n
,
vi 0 n L
2
L1
2 2 n , vi L1 < n (L 1)
2
1
L
n
cos
L1 2
2n
sincL
1
L1
2 n
0, 5 0, 5 cos
L1
2 n
0, 54 0, 46 cos
N 1
2 n
0, 42 0, 5 cos
L 1
4 n
+0, 08 cos
L1
!
r
2
I 0 1 L2n1 1
2| n|
L1
n
L1
2n
sincL
L1
2 n
0, 5 + 0, 5 cos
L1
2 n
0, 54 + 0, 46 cos
N 1
2 n
0, 42 + 0, 5 cos
L1
4 n
+0, 08 cos L
1
cos
r
!
2
I 0 1 L2n1
I 0 ()
I 0 ()
177

mt s ca s c xy dng nh t hp ca cc ca s n gin
hn. Chng hn ca s Hanning l tng ca mt ca s ch nht v
mt ca s cosine, hay ca s tam gic l tch chp ca hai ca s
ch nht. Mt s ca s khc c thit k c mt s tnh cht ta
mong mun. Chng hn ca s Hanning cho ta suy gim mnh
tn s cao nhng ng thi c bp sng chnh rng, trong khi ca
s Hamming nhm ti thiu ha cc bp ph nhng li lm suy
gim tn s cao chm i, cn ca s Kaiser cha thng s nhm
kim sot suy gim ca bp ph.
i vi mt ca s theo bin thi gian lin tc c chiu di hu
hn th ti u ha nng lng ca ph trn mt di bng tn no
s cho ra mt ca s c cu trc lin h n hm sng cu* bc 1.
Chnh ca s Kaiser l xp x tt nht trong min thi gian ri rc.
Mt s im cn ch trong qu trnh thit k bng phng
php ca s
p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp FIR c dng tng qut
c minh ha hnh 6.11. Nhng thng s c th xut hin trn
hnh ny gm gn sng, l gii hn gia hai tr s 1 p v 1 + p ,
tn s ct p (hay p ) dng nh ngha di thng v tn s trit
s (hay s ) nh ngha di trit. gn sng trong di trit c
tr cc i l s . Ta cng thy, khong [ p , s ] l tng ng vi di
chuyn tip. Theo n v dB ta c gn sng di thng A p (dB) v
gn sng di trit A s (dB) c nh ngha nh sau:
A p = 20 log
1 p
1 + p
s
A s = 20 log
20 log s ,
1 + p
(6.25)
p 1
(6.26)
Cng theo n v dB, gn sng c cho bi

p =
10 A p /20 1
10 A p /20 + 1
s = (1 + p )10 A s /20 10 A s /20 ,
* Prolate
spheroidal wave functions.
178
(6.27)
p 1.
(6.28)

6.1. Phng php ca s
./figures/FIR_13 2012/7/5 4:48 page xvii #1

Ch nht
Tam gic
Cosine
Hanning
| H ( e j )| (dB)
20
40
60
80
100
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
./figures/FIR_14
2012/7/5 4:48 page xvii #1
(a)
Ch nht
Hamming
Blackman
Kaiser
| H ( e j )| (dB)
20
40
60
80
100
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
(b)
Hnh 6.10: So snh p ng tn s cc ca s.
179

./figures/FIR_15 2012/7/5 4:48 page xviii #1

| H ( j )|
Di chuyn tip
1 + p
1 p
Di thng
Di trit
s
p c s
Hnh 6.11: Minh ha p ng tn s ca mt b lc thng thp.
Thit k mt b lc FIR bng phng php ca s tc l chn

loi ca s v chiu di ca b lc th no cc c t ca b lc
c tha mn. Thng thng, loi b lc c chn theo gn
sng v chiu di b lc, ph thuc vo tn s ct v b rng ca
di chuyn tip. hiu r, xt hnh 6.12, trong ly tch chp
ca W ( e j ) v Hid ( e j ) c p ng tn s ca b lc mun thit
k. Hnh v ny cho thy tch chp bin mt hm khng lin tc,
l Hid ( e j ), thnh mt hm mm mi hn, l H ( e j ). ng thi, di
chuyn tip ph thuc vo b rng ca bp chnh ca p ng tn
s ca s, m . B rng ny t l nghch vi chiu di ca ca s, L.
Nhng tnh cht nh tnh ny ph thuc vo p ng tn s ca cc
ca s. Sau y l mt s tnh cht:
a) i vi tt c cc ca s th gn sng trong di thng v trong di
trit u bng nhau ( p = s ).
b) gn sng cc i trong di trit thng nh hn nh ca bp

ph ca ca s. Tc l suy gim trong di trit ca b lc thng
ln hn suy gim ca nh bp ph ca ca s. nh bp ph ny
180

6.1. Phng php ca s
./figures/FIR_16 2012/7/5 4:49 page xix #1

| H ( j )|
Hid ( e j )
1 + p
1 p
H ( e j )
p c s
W ( e j() )
Hnh 6.12: Minh ha chiu di b lc ph thuc vo tn s ct v b

rng ca di chuyn tip.
cng nh tr cc i ca gn sng trong di thng v suy gim
trong di thng ph thuc rt t vo chiu di L ca b lc.
c) Mt khc, di chuyn tip, = p s , c tnh t tn s c bin
1 p n tn s c bin s , c th xem nh bng b rng ca
bp chnh ca p ng tn s ca s. Tht ra, di chuyn tip ny
thng thng nh hn b rng ca bp chnh ny. Nh cp n
trn, di chuyn tip t l nghch vi chiu di ca b lc, tc l
=
C
L
181
(6.29)

Bng 6.2: Bng tra gi tr ca cc ca s thng dng

Ca s
A p (dB)
A s (dB)
p = s
Ch nht
0,742
21
0,0819
Hanning
0,055
44
0,0063
3,21
Hamming
0,019
53
0,0022
3,47
Blackman
0,0015
75,3
0,00017
5,71
trong hng s t l C ph thuc vo b lc ta chn, c xc nh

bng cc phng php m phng v thc nghim, c gi tr c
trnh by Bng 6.2. Ring b lc Kaiser th chiu di v thng s
, thng qua thc nghim, c c tnh vi cc cng thc sau y:
0, 1102( A 8, 7),
0, 5842( A 21)0,4 + 0, 07886( A 21),
0,
A > 50,
21 A 50,
(6.30)
A < 21.
d) Ngoi ra, c th chn mt cch thch hp tn s c (tn s ct l

tng) l tr trung bnh ca p v s . Thng thng, tn s ct
tha mn chiu di L ngn nht thng nh hn tr s trung bnh
ny. bo m di L ti thiu ta c th tnh ton vi tr s c
ny ri iu chnh cc thng s sau . Chng hn, gim c hoc
gim L m vn tha cc c t c bit l ti cc tn s gii hn ca
di thng v di trit.
Cc bc thit k b lc FIR bng ca s c tm tt trong
phng php 6.1 cho sau y.
182

6.1. Phng php ca s
Phng php 6.1 Thit k b lc FIR bng phng php

ca s.
1. Chun ha cc c t tn s tng t bi tn s ly mu FS .
2. Xc nh cc tn s p v s ca b lc s thng thp v chn
tn s ct c ca b lc s thng thp: c = ( p + s )/2.
3. Chn ca s tha cc c t gn sng v suy gim (Bng 6.2).
4. c lng chiu di L bng cng thc C /(s p ) (Bng 6.2).
5. Tnh p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng hid (n) =
2 c sinc(2 n c ), | N | (L 1)/2.
6. Tnh p ng xung ca b lc thit k h(n) = w( n)hid (n).
V d 6.1 (nh hng ca cc ca s trong thit k b lc FIR) Ta
mun thit k mt b lc FIR thng thp c p ng tn s sau y
Hd ( f ) =
1,
0,
0 f 250 Hz
f > 250 Hz
bit rng tn s ly mu FS = 1 kHz v di b lc cn thit k l

L = 21.
Chun ha cc tn s c t tng t bi tn s, trong min tn

s, ta c
c =
250
= 0, 25
1000
v p ng xung tng ng l
h d ( n) = 2 c sinc(2 n c ) = 0, 5 sinc(0, 5 n).
nh hng ca ca s ch nht ch l loi b cc h d (n) nm

ngoi chiu di cn thit. Thc hin tng t cho cc ca s tam
gic, Hanning v Kaiser (vi = 1), ta c kt qu p ng tn s
c m t trong hnh 6.13. Ta thy rng, p ng tn s c c
khi s dng ca s ch nht cho thy b lc c suy gim hon
183

./figures/FIR_17 2012/7/5 4:49 page xxii #1
| H ( e j )| (dB)
20
40
Ch nht
Tam gic
Hanning
Kaiser
60
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 6.13: nh hng ca cc ca s, vi chiu di L = 21.

ton chp nhn c. Tuy nhin, nh ca bp ph tng i cao,
gn bng 21 dB.
V d 6.2 (Thit k b lc FIR thng thp bng ca s Hanning)

Ta mun thit k mt b lc FIR c nhng c t sau: F p = 2 kHz,
F s = 4 kHz, A p = 2 dB, A s = 40 dB, tn s ly mu F s = 20 kHz.
Ta bit rng y l mt b lc s thng thp c cc tn s s c

trng sau y:
Fp
2
=
= 0, 1
FS 20
Fs
4
s =
=
= 0, 2.
FS 20
p =
Vi suy gim A s = 40 dB, i chiu vi bng 6.2 ta thy c th chn

ca s Hanning mc suy gim thp hn, l 44 dB. Vi di chuyn
tip
= s p = 0, 2 0, 1 = 0, 1
184

6.1. Phng php ca s
th chiu di ca b lc s vo khong
L=
3, 21
C
33.
0, 1
Tn s ct l
c = 0, 5( p + s ) = 0, 15.
Do vy, p ng xung ca b lc l tng l

h id ( n) = 2 c sinc(2 n c ) = 0, 3 sinc(0, 3 n),
Vi kt qu ny, ta c p ng bin nh biu din hnh 6.14(a).

Kt qu ny cho thy b lc va thit k vt xa c t thit k. iu
ny l hin nhin v lc ta chn thng s vt mc cn thit. Nh
vy, cch lm trong ln thit k th nht l chn thng s tha mn
c t. Nu vi thng s chn m cht lng b lc c thit vt
qu xa mc cn thit th ta tin hnh iu chnh, m c th nht
y l gim thng s chiu di b lc nhm gim gi thnh sn xut.
Cch iu chnh s c trnh by sau y.
Mc tiu ca th v iu chnh l thay i c v L th no
vn m bo nhng c t l gn sng trong di thng nh hn
2 dB v suy gim di trit phi ln hn 40 dB. Vi phng tin
my tnh hin i th phng php th sai v iu chnh thc s
khng mt th gi. Trong trng hp ny ta ch cn th mt hai ln
l c. T c = 0, 15, ta iu chnh L, sau iu chnh c . Trong v
d ny, ta thy chn c = 0, 1313 v L = 23 th cc thng s hon ton
c tha mn. p ng bin c biu din trn hnh 6.14(b).
R rng, ta gim chiu di b lc i nhiu, t 33 xung cn 23, m
vn tha mn c t thit k.
V d 6.3 (Thit k b lc FIR thng thp bng ca s Blackman)

Ta mun thit k mt b lc FIR c nhng c t sau: F p = 2 kHz,
F s = 4 kHz, A p = 2 dB, A s = 70 dB, tn s ly mu FS = 20 kHz.
Ging nh v d 6.2, ta c c cc c t thit k cho b lc

thng thp FIR nh sau: tn s di thng p = 0, 1, tn s di trit
185

./figures/FIR_18 2012/7/5 4:49 page xxiii #1
| H ( e j )| (dB)
40
60
0.1 0.15 0.2
0.5
33,2012/7/5
(a) ./figures/FIR_19
Thit k ln th nht: L =
c = 0, 15.
4:49 page xxiii #1
| H ( e j )| (dB)
40
60
0.1 0.15 0.2
0.5
(b) iu chnh kt qu: L = 23, c = 0, 1313
Hnh 6.14: p ng bin b lc s FIR dng ca s Hanning, c

c thng qua hai bc thit k: (1) thit k ln th nht v (2) iu
chnh thit k.
s = 0, 2, di chuyn tip = 0, 1, tn s ct c = 0, 15 v p ng
xung ca b lc l tng hid (n) = 0, 3 sinc(0, 3 n).
i chiu bng 6.2 vi suy gim A s = 70 dB, ta c th chn

186

6.1. Phng php ca s
ca s Blackman vi suy gim l 75, 3 dB. Chiu di ca b lc l

L=
C
5, 71
58.
0, 1
Ch cho n gi ta ch quan tm ti cc b lc c chiu di l, v vy

c th chn chiu di cho ca s Blackman bng 57 hoc 59. Trong
ln thit k th nht ta chn L = 57. Trng hp L chn s tho lun
sau. p ng ca b lc c thit k nh hnh 6.15(a) v r rng
l n vt xa c t cn thit. Bng cch th v iu chnh nh v
d 6.2, ta thay i c v L th no vn m bo nhng c t l
gn sng trong di thng nh hn 2 dB v suy gim di trit phi
ln hn 70 dB. Trong v d ny, ta chn c c = 0, 1278 v L = 39
m vn tha mn c t thit k, nh hnh 6.15(b).
6.1.3
Thit k b lc thng cao
Cho n by gi ta mi ch quan tm n thit k b lc FIR

thng thp c p ng xung l h( n). phn bit cc tnh hung
khc, ta k hiu p ng xung thng thp l hlp ( n) v p ng tn
s thng thp tng ng l Hlp ( e j ). Thy rng, nu ta dch chuyn
Hlp ( e j ) mt khong th s c c mt p ng tn s thng cao,
k hiu l Hhp ( e j ). iu ny c minh ha trong hnh 6.16. Nh
vy
Hhp ( e j ) = Hlp ( e j() )
(6.31)
v p ng xung tng ng ca b lc thng cao l

h hp ( n) = (1)n h lp ( n).
(6.32)
Kt qu ny cho thy thit k mt b lc thng cao tha c t

cho trc, ta c th thit k mt b lc thng thp tng ng.
V d 6.4 (Thit k b lc FIR thng cao) Ta mun thit k mt
b lc FIR c nhng c t sau: F p = 4 kHz, F s = 2 kHz, A p = 2 dB,
A s = 40 dB, tn s ly mu FS = 20 kHz.
187

./figures/FIR_20 2012/7/5 4:49 page xxiv #1
| H ( e j )| (dB)
40
70
0.1 0.15 0.2
0.5
57,2012/7/5
Thit k ln th nht: L =
c = 0, 15
4:49 page xxiv #1
| H ( e j )| (dB)
40
70
0.1 0.15 0.2
0.5
(b) iu chnh thit k: L = 39, c = 0, 1278
Hnh 6.15: Thit k b lc FIR thng thp bng ca s Blackman.
T c t, ta thy b lc cn thit k l b lc thng cao. Do ,

188

6.1. Phng php ca s
./figures/FIR_22 2012/7/5 4:50 page xxv #1

| Hlp ( e j )|
./figures/FIR_23
p
s 2012/7/5 4:50
0, 5 page xxv #1
| Hhp ( e j )|
0, 5
Hnh 6.16: Thit k thng cao.

cc thng s c t tn s s l
Fp
4
=
= 0, 2
FS 20
Fs
2
s =
=
= 0, 1
FS 20
p =
v di chuyn tip l
= p s = 0, 2 0, 1 = 0, 1.
Vi A s = 40 dB, ta dng bng 6.2 chn ca s Hanning hoc Hamming. Nu chn ca s Hanning, ta c chiu di ca b lc l
L=
C
3, 21
=
33.
0, 1
Cn nu chn ca s Hamming, ta c
L=
3, 47
35.
0, 1
189

C th thit k b lc thng cao bng mt trong hai cch sau y.

Cch 1: Chn tn s ct c ca b lc thng thp bng
c = 0, 5( p + s ) = 0, 15.
Khi , p ng xung ca b lc thng thp tng ng l

h lp ( n) = 2 c sinc(2 n c ) = 0, 3 sinc(0, 3 n).
Bit rng, nu p ng tn s ca b lc l tng c bin b bng 1

gc th 1 Hlp ( e j ) l p ng tn s ca b lc thng cao. Do p
ng xung ca b lc thng cao bng
h hp ( n) = ( n) h lp ( n)
= ( n) 0, 3 sinc(0, 3 n).
Kt qu thit k cho p ng tn s ca b lc thng cao Hhp ( e j )

nh biu din trong hnh 6.17(a).
Cch 2: Chn tn s ct ca b lc thng thp bng
c = 0, 5 0, 5( p + s ) = 0, 35.
Ta c, p ng xung ca b lc thng thp l tng l

h id ( n) = 2 c sinc(2 n c ) = 0, 7 sinc(0, 7 n).
v p ng xung ca b lc thng thp c thit k l

h lp ( n) = h id ( n)w( n).
Nh vy, p ng xung ca b lc thng cao c thit k l

h hp ( n) = (1)n h lp ( n)
= (1)n 0, 7 sinc(0, 7 n)w( n).
Hnh 6.17(b) l kt qu thit k b lc thng cao theo cch ny.

Nhn thy hai cch thit k trn u cho cng mt kt qu.
Thng thng ngi ta hay s dng cch th hai v d tnh ton v
bo m cht lng ca b lc. Cch ny thng c s dng cho
lnh vc thit k dn lc.
190

6.1. Phng php ca s
./figures/FIR_24 2012/7/5 4:50 page xxvii #1
| Hhp ( e j )| (dB)
40
80
0.1
0.2
0.5
./figures/FIR_25
(a) Cch 1 2012/7/5 4:50 page xxvii #1
| Hhp ( e j )| (dB)
40
80
0.1
0.2
0.5
(b) Cch 2
Hnh 6.17: Thit k b lc thng cao s dng ca s Hanning theo

hai cch, vi L = 33 v c = 0, 15.
6.1.4
Thit k b lc thng di
i vi b lc thng di hay trit di, nu mun s dng lc

thng thp ni trn th cn tnh i xng ca p ng tn s, nh
191

c minh ha trn
hnh 6.18. T b
lc2012/7/5
thng thp
th
suypage
ra bxxvii #1
./figures/FIR_26
c
4:50
| Hlp ( e j )|
./figures/FIR_27
p
, 5 page xxvii #1
s 2012/7/5 4:50 0
| Hbp ( e j )|
0, 5
Hnh 6.18: Thit k thng di.

lc thng di bi phng trnh
Hbp ( e j ) = Hlp ( e j(+0 ) ) + Hlp ( e j(0 ) ),
trong
0 =
2 + 3
1 + 4
(6.33)
(6.34)
Vi 1 , 3 , 3 v 4 cho trc, b lc thng thp s c cc c t tn

s sau:
c =
3 + 4
0 ;
3 2
;
2
4 1
s = 4 0 =
.
2
p = 3 0 =
(6.35)
(6.36)
(6.37)
V d 6.5 (Thit k b lc FIR thng di) Ta mun thit k mt b

lc s FIR tha cc c t: di thng trong khong 4 n 8 kHz, di
192

6.1. Phng php ca s
trit trong khong F < 2 kHz v F > 10 kHz, A p = 3 dB, A s = 45 dB v

FS = 25 kHz.
Theo nhng c t trn th y l mt b lc thng di c cc

tn s s c chun ha l
2
25
4
2 =
25
8
3 =
25
10
4 =
25
1 =
= 0, 08;
= 0, 16;
= 0, 32;
= 0, 4.
Suy ra
0, 16 + 0, 32
= 0, 24;
2
p = 3 0 = 0, 32 0, 24 = 0, 08;
0 =
s = 4 0 = 0, 4 0, 24 = 0, 16;
c =
3 + 4
0 =
0, 32 + 0, 4
= 0, 12.
2
i chiu bng 6.2 vi suy gim A s = 45 dB, ta thy b lc

thng thp tng ng cn chn thuc loi Hamming vi suy gim
di trit l 53 dB v di ca b lc c c chng bi
L=
C
s p
3, 47
= 43, 375 = 44.
0, 16 0, 08
Cho n by gi, ta ch thit k nhng b lc c chiu di l, nn chn

L = 45. v kt qu thit k cho p ng bin ca b lc thng cao
nh hnh 6.19(a).
B lc dng ca s Hamming cho suy gim di trit l 53 dB
trong khi ta ch cn tha mn 45 dB. Vi tha l 8 dB, c th chn
chiu di b lc thp hn mt t. Th nghim cho thy, vi L = 27 v
c = 0, 956 ta c p ng tn s tha mn c t thit k, nh trong
hnh 6.19(b).
193

./figures/FIR_28 2012/7/5 4:50 page xxix #1
| Hlp ( e j )| (dB)
45
60
0.08
0.16
0.5
Thit k ln th nht: L
= 45,2012/7/5
c = 0, 12
4:51 page xxix #1
L = 27, c = 0, 956
| Hlp ( e j )| (dB)
45
60
0.08
0.16
0.5
(b) iu chnh thit k: L = 27, c = 0, 956
Hnh 6.19: Thit k b lc FIR thng thp tng ng vi ca s Hamming, dng thit k b lc thng di theo yu cu.
194

6.1. Phng php ca s
./figures/FIR_30 2012/7/5 4:51 page xxix #1
| Hbp ( e j )| (dB)
45
60
0.08
0.16
0.32
0.4
0.5
Hnh 6.20: Thit k b lc FIR thng di, L = 27, c = 0, 956.

Hnh 6.20 l p ng tn s thng di c thit k t p
ng tn s thng thp tng ng (xem hnh 6.19(b)), vi L = 27 v
c = 0, 956.
Phng php thit k s dng ca s nh va c trnh by
cho php ta thit k cc b lc thng thp, thng cao v thng di,
da trn b lc thng thp m nhng thng s c tnh ton th
no c t thit k c tha mn. Phng php lun khai trin
p ng tn s c tnh i xng thnh chui Fourier khng nhng
c th c s dng cho b lc thng thp m cn cho tt c cc b
lc c p ng tn s i xng. Tc l, phng php ny c th c
s dng trc tip thit k cc b lc thng thp, thng cao, thng
di, trit di, v.v. Tuy nhin, cc phng php va c trnh by
trn y l tng i thch hp i vi bi ton thit k, v phng
php thit k cng d dng hn nhiu.
C mt trng hp vn thng c quan tm l cc b lc na
bng* , tc l cc b lc c c = 0, 25. Loi b lc ny mc d c chiu
di ln nhng thc cht mt na h s l trit tiu, v vy v mt
* Half-band
filter.
195

in t th c phc tp thp. Loi b lc ny c s dng trong

lnh vc dn lc.
6.2
Phng php ly mu trn min tn s
V mt c bn phng php ny tng i n gin v d hiu.

Tht vy, bit rng p ng tn s l mt hm tun hon theo c
chu k 2. Nh th, ta ch cn ly N mu ca p ng tn s Hid ( e j )
ca mt b lc l tng (thng thp, thng cao, v.v.) trong chu k
[0; 2] v p dng bin i Fourier ngc ri rc ca N mu ny
cho mt chui trong min thi gian: h(n) = {h(0), h(1), . . . , h( N 1)}.
Theo l thuyt, bin i Fourier ri rc ca chui h(n) l mt hm
theo c chu k 2 v c gi tr trng khp vi cc mu ly trong
min tn s. Nu xem h(n) l p ng xung ca mt h thng FIR
th bin i Fourier ca n l p ng tn s H ( e j ) ca h thng.
R rng l, p ng tn s H ( e j ) ca b lc c thit k khng
ging p ng tn s Hid ( e j ) ca b lc l tng. V vy, ta c th
iu chnh chui h(n) bng phng php ca s, hay l iu chnh
n ti u ha mt tiu ch thit k no , chng hn trung bnh
bnh phng ti thiu. Tuy nhin, khi vic p dng cc phng php
ny tr thnh phc tp th s cn n mt phng php c hiu qu
cao hn, l phng php gn sng u v s trnh by trong Mc 6.3.
minh ha nhng kha cnh thc tin ca phng php ly
mu trn min tn s ta xt hai v d sau.
V d 6.6 (Thit k b lc FIR thng thp bng phng php ly
mu tn s) Thit k mt b lc thng thp c tn s ct c = 0, 25
c chiu di L = 20.
Ta ly mu p ng tn s Hid ( e j ) ca b lc l tng thng

thp ti L im cch u nhau trn khong [0; 1] ca tn s s ,
nh trn hnh 6.21. Ta thy
j
| H ( e )| =
(
1,
0,
nu 0 < 2 c hoc 2(1 c ) < 2,
nu 2 c < < 2(1 c ).

196
(6.38)

6.2. Phng php ly mu trn min tn s
Vi cch xc nh bin nh trong (6.38), ti im bt lin tc c ta
c H ( e j2 c ) = 1. Cch chn ny khng thch hp vi gi tr ca mt

hm ti im bt lin tc v v vy kt qu c c chc chn s c
nhng dao ng kh mnh. Ngoi ra, lc thit k mt h thng nhn
qu, tc phi chp nhn mt tr bng N = (L 1)/2, th tr pha
ca H ( e j ) c xc nh bi e j(L1)/2 . V khong ly mu ca l
t 0 n 2 nn khong cch gia cc tn s ly mu l 2/ N . Nh
th, tr pha ca cc mu H ( k) trong min tn s l k(L 1)/L.
Ngoi ra, vi b lc c gi tr thc trong min thi gian, th p ng
bin c tnh i xng v p ng pha c tnh phn i xng, cho
nn pha ca cc mu trong min tn s t L/2 tr i l bng pha ca
cc mu trc nhng ngc du, tc ta c H (k) = H (L k).
Hnh 6.21 l p ng tn s ca b lc va c thit k. Nh
va c trnh by trn, hin tng Gibbs xy ra trong p ng
bin ny. trnh tnh hung ny ta c th thay bin ca p
ng tn s ti im bt lin tc bng 0, 5 thay v bng 1. Lc ta c
| H ( e )| =
1,
0, 5,
0,
nu 0 < < 2 c hoc 2(1 c ) < < 2,
nu = 2 c hoc = 2(1 c ),
(6.39)
nu 2 c < < 2(1 c ).
Cch chn la ny theo l thuyt ca chui Fourier cho php ta gim

bt dao ng. Tht vy, kt qu ca phng php ny (ng nt
t trong hnh 6.22) cho thy hon ton tng thch vi l thuyt.
V vi dao ng thp th ng nt t l la chn thch hp. Tuy
nhin ta c th iu chnh c v di thng p c kt qu tha mn
cc c t thit k.
V d 6.7 (Thit k b lc FIR thng di bng phng php ly mu

tn s) Thit k mt b lc thng di l tng c tn s ct 1 = 0, 25
v 2 = 0, 75.
B lc l tng thng di c biu din trong hnh 6.23. Tng

t v d 6.6, ta ly L mu cch u nhau ca H ( e j ) trong min tn
197

./figures/FIR_31 2012/7/5 4:51 page xxxi #1

2
B lc l tng
Ly mu min tn s
B lc c thit k
| H ( e j )|
1.5
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1. 2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Hnh 6.21: Minh ha

phng php thit
bng ly
./figures/FIR_32
k
2012/7/5
mu
4:51tn
s.
page xxxi #1
1.5
C im bt lin tc
Khng c im bt lin tc
| H ( e j )|
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Hnh 6.22: So snh p ng tn s bin .

s trn khong [0; 1]. Ta thy
| H ( e j )| =
(
1,
0,
nu 21 22 ,
nu < 2 c hoc > 22 .

198

6.3. Phng php thit k Parks-McClellan
Cng nh trong v d 6.6, cch chn mu ny cho thy bin

ti im bt lin tc bng 1 nn kt qu s cho nhng dao ng
tng i ln. gim thiu dao ng ti im bt lin tc, chn
bin ti im bt lin tc l gi tr trung bnh, tc l 0, 5.
Hai phng php tng ng vi hai cch ly mu ti im bt
lin tc l bin bng 1 v 0, 5 cho ta kt qu trong hnh 6.24. V
ng nh tho lun, kt qu t c c bn cht ging v d 6.6,
c ngha l cch chn mu theo tr trung bnh cho ta dao ng
nh hn nhiu.
./figures/FIR_33 2012/7/5 4:51 page xxxii #1
1
| H ( e j )|
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Hnh 6.23: p ng tn s l tng ca b lc thng di c ly

mu.
6.3
Phng php thit k Parks-McClellan
Nh phn tch trn y khi thit k b lc FIR vn thng

quan tm l cc b lc c pha tuyn tnh. Bi v c tnh ny tng
i thch hp cho cc h truyn dn. Phng php thit k FIR bng
ca s mc d d dng v tng i linh hot, nhng n vn c
nhng rng buc nh gn sng trong di thng v trong di trit
l bng nhau. u nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, Parks v McClellan
199

./figures/FIR_34 2012/7/5 4:51 page xxxii #1

1.5
C im bt lin tc
Khng c im bt lin tc
| H ( e j )|
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Hnh 6.24: So snh p ng tn s bin khi c im bt lin tc

(nt lin) v khi c s gim bt bt lin tc (nt t).
ngh mt phng php thit k c th s dng cho nhng tnh
hung m rng buc cht ch hn nhiu, nh gn sng trong
cc di tn khc nhau. Phng php ny ch yu s dng phng
php xp x Chebyshev p t cc gn sng ny. Hn na, vi b
lc c pha tuyn tnh nh phn tch vi phng php ca s, nu
p ng tn s l mt hm s thc v c bin kh nh lc c gi
tr m (tc l c pha bng ) th tc ng khng ng k vi u ra.
Do , p ng tn s c bin thc i xng ny c tm xem
nh l p ng tn s ca bin . Nh vy, pha tuyn tnh cui
cng ch l mt tr no y. Lp lun ny hm
H ( e j ) = A ( e j ) e jn0 ,
(6.40)
trong A ( e j ) l mt hm s thc c tnh i xng v s c tho

lun trong phn tip theo.
Mt cch tng qut, b lc c tnh cht nh trnh by gi l b
lc c pha tuyn tnh m rng v c nh ngha nh sau:
H ( e j ) = A ( e j ) e j(n0 +) .
(6.41)
Trong qu trnh thit k ta cn chn th no A ( e j ) c gi tr m

200

khng ng k. V tr l tuyn tnh v A ( e j ) l mt hm thc

chn, p ng tn s H ( e j ) c pha tuyn tnh. Thng s phi c
chn th no hu ch cho qu trnh thit k ng thi c kt qu
thch ng vi thc tin (tc l p ng xung phi l s thc).
Nh trong phng php thit k cc b lc FIR bng ca s
trong mc 6.1, p ng xung l hu hn v c tnh i xng nh
mong mun. Tuy nhin, phng php ny bt buc chiu di b lc
phi l. Trong phn ny, vi nh ngha pha tuyn tnh m rng,
chiu di l bt buc trong phn trn s khng cn phi l mt rng
buc na. Mt khc, thy r tr (tc l pha tuyn tnh), xt
mt p ng xung h(n) nhn qu v hu hn, c gi tr t 0 n L.
Hm truyn FIR c bc l N = L 1. c th c pha tuyn tnh,
h( n) cn c mt s tnh cht i xng th no trong p ng tn
s xut hin hai hm m c pha ngc du. Ty theo chiu di chn
hay l v tnh i xng hoc phn i xng ca h(n) m ta phn lm
bn loi b lc nh sau:
1. Loi I: h(n) i xng, L l;
2. Loi II: h(n) i xng, L chn;
3. Loi III: h(n) phn i xng, L l;
4. Loi IV: h(n) phn i xng, L chn.
Loi I
p ng xung h(n) i xng c cho bi
h ( n ) = h ( N n ),
n = 0, . . . , N,
(6.42)
v c chiu di L l nn N l s chn ( N = L 1). p ng tn s ca

b lc loi I l
H ( e j ) =
N
X
n=0
h( n) e j n .
201
(6.43)

Vi tnh i xng ca h(n), H ( e j ) c th c rt gn nh sau

H ( e j ) =
N/2
X1
=e
h( n) e j n + h
n=0
j N
2
"
N/2
X
n=0
N
X
N
+
h( n) e j n
2
N/2+1
#
a n cos( n) ,
(6.44)
trong v
a0 = h
N
,
2
a n = 2h
N
n ,
2
n = 1, 2, . . . ,
N
.
2
t
A ( e j ) =
N/2
X
n=0
a n cos( n),
ta thy ngay A ( e j ) l mt hm thc chn theo . Do , H ( e j ) c

biu din di dng nh (6.41) m ta mong mun
N
H ( e j ) = A ( e j ) e j 2 .
(6.45)
Loi II
p ng xung cng theo biu thc (6.42), nh vi N l. Trong
trng hp ny, p ng tn s s c biu din di dng
j
H(e ) =
trong
"
(NX
+1)/2
n=1

#
N
1
b n cos n
e j 2
2
N +1
b n = 2h
n ,
2
n = 1, 2, . . . ,
N +1
.
2
(6.46)
(6.47)
Loi III
p ng xung h(n) phn i xng c cho bi
h ( n ) = h ( N n ),
202
n = 0, 1, . . . , N,
(6.48)

v vi chiu di L l th N l s chn. p ng tn s H ( e j ) c th
c rt gn thnh
j
H(e ) =
trong
"
N/2
X
n=0
c n sin( n) e j( 2 2 ) ,
N
c n = 2h
n ,
2
n = 1, 2, . . . ,
N
.
2
(6.49)
(6.50)
Dng ny cng tha mn nh ngha ca mt b lc c pha tuyn

tnh m rng.
Loi IV
p ng xung loi ny cng c cho bi biu thc (6.48),
nhng vi N l. T , p ng tn s c th rt rn thnh
H ( e j ) =
"
trong
d n = 2h
(NX
+1)/2
n=1

#
N
1
d n sin n
e j( 2 2 ) ,
2
N +1
n ,
2
n = 1, 2, . . . ,
N +1
.
2
(6.51)
(6.52)
Nhc li rng, thit k mt b lc FIR tha mn cc c t tc

l tm mt b lc c chiu di v cc h s tng ng. cc c t
tha mn nh th, ty thuc ta chn loi b lc c pha tuyn tnh
m rng I, II, III hay IV cp trn y m xc nh cc thng s
ca A ( e j ) v t suy ra h(n) tng ng. Thng thng, cc c t
c m t bi cc mt n thit k nh c minh ha hnh 6.11.
Hnh ny cho thy, cc rng buc ca di thng, di trit v suy
gim trong tng di, nhng phng php thit k c trnh by cho
n by gi kh c th thc hin c nhng mt n nh th ny v
v th phng php ParkMcCllelan tr nn rt quan trng. Phng
php ny c rt gn thnh chn A ( e j ) th no tha mn nhng
rng buc c biu din bi nhng mt n ny. Ch rng, A ( e j )
ca bn loi b lc FIR c pha tuyn tnh m rng cha nhng hm
lng gic theo , v chnh c tnh ny cho php McClellan s
203

dng phng php ti u ha s dng tiu ch minmax da trn

xp x Chebyshev* . Phng php ny thng c gi l thit k b
lc FIR c gn sng u, cng gi l thit k b lc FIR c pha
tuyn tnh ti u, hoc phng php thit k b lc FIR s dng xp
x Chebyshev.
V mt c bn, p dng phng php Chebyshev khng c g
phc tp. Tuy nhin, n rt chi li v kh di, v vy chng ta ch
cn khai trin phng php cho mt trng hp c bit hiu r
phng php lun cho trng hp mt b lc FIR khng nhn qu c
pha m rng trit tiu. y chnh l trng hp m ta phn tch
tng i k cng cho phng php ca s. Pha tuyn tnh chnh l
tr m ta cn s dng bin b lc ny thnh nhn qu. Xem
hnh 6.25 ta thy ngay p ng tn s ca b lc ny c dng A ( e j )
trong A ( e j ) l mt hm thc chn theo c dng
A ( e j ) = h(0) + 2
N/2
X
n=1
h( n) cos( n).
(6.53)
B lc ny thuc loi I nh trnh by trn y vi pha m rng

trit tiu. Trong trng hp ny, thit k b lc chnh l tm chiu
di cng nh cc h s h(n) A ( e j ) tha mn cc c t ca mt
n. Nu mt n p t vo bin th chnh l | A ( e j )| phi tha mn
mt n ny, nh trn hnh 6.25(a). Mt n bin c th m rng d
dng cho nhng di thng trong A ( e j ) m, nh trn hnh 6.25(b).
6.3.1
Tiu ch sai s minmax
Trc khi p dng phng php ti u ha vi tiu ch minmax,

ta nh rng
T k (cos ) = cos( k ),
k > 0,
(6.54)
trong T k ( x) l a thc bc k Chebyshev, theo cng thc (??) trong

chng 5. Cc a thc Chebyshev c th c tnh t cc biu thc
* u nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, McClellan trong lun n tin s ca mnh trnh
by mt phng php rt quan trng mang tn l ParksMcCllellan, hin ang c s
dng i tr trong cng ngh cng nh trong lnh vc hn lm.
204

./figures/FIR_35 2012/7/23 20:34 page 48 #1

| A ( j )|
1 + p
1 p
(a)
./figures/FIR_36
2012/7/23 20:35 page 48 #1
A ( j )
1 + p
1 p
s
s
(b)
Hnh 6.25: Mt n bin ca A ( e j ).
qui sau y
(6.55)
T 0 ( x) = 1
T k ( x) = 2 xT k1 ( x) T k2 ( x),
205
k 2.
(6.56)

a thc Chebyshev l mt h cc a thc trc giao trn khong [0; 1].

t
g ( n) =
h ( n ),
n=0
2 h ( n ),
n = 1, . . . , N /2.
(6.57)
Ta c th vit li A ( e j ) t (6.53) nh sau:

A ( e j ) =
=
N/2
X
n=0
N/2
X
n=0
g( n) cos( n)
(6.58)
g( n)T n ( x)| x=cos() .
(6.59)
Nh th A ( e j ) c th c xem nh mt a thc lng gic, tc l

mt a thc c bin x = cos(n).
Nh c cp, phng php xp x Chebyshev (hoc ti

u Chebyshev) c p dng vi hiu qu cao lc tiu ch ti u
l sai s tuyt i. Gi A d ( e j ) l p ng tn s l tng ta mong
mun. Gi W ( e j ) l hm trng s c dng nh ngha sai s
trong min tn s nh sau:
h
i
E ( e j ) = W ( e j ) A d ( e j ) A ( e j ) .
(6.60)
Cch chn hp l nht cho hm trng s ny l

W ( e j ) =
1
,
p
1,
s
Ss,
s ,
S p,
S p,
(6.61)
trong S p v S s l di thng v di trit, p l gn sng tuyn

tnh trong di thng v s l trit tuyn tnh trong di trit. Ta
cng c th chn hm trng s bng cch chun ha nh sau
W ( e j ) =
1,
Ss.
(6.62)
Thng thng nhng c t nhm m t nhng rng buc trn

p ng bin ca di thng v di trit, nhng khng c rng
buc g trong di chuyn tip. Gi S l tp hp cc di tn s c c
206

t. Nh th, S l mt tp compact trong khong [0; 0, 5], c xc

nh bi
(6.63)
S = S p S s ,
v c chi tit ha i vi cc loi b lc khc nhau nh trong

bng 6.3.
Bng 6.3: Tp hp cc di tn c c t
Loi b lc
Thng thp
[0, p ] [s , 1/2]
Thng cao
[0, s ] [ p , 1/2]
Thng di
[0, s1 ] [ p1 , p2 ] [s2 , 1/2]
Trit di
[0, p1 ] [s1 , s2 ] [ p2 , 1/2]
Tiu ch minmax trong qu trnh thit k l tm p n g( n) ca

bi ton ti sau y
j
g ( n) = arg min max E ( e )
g(n)
(6.64)
S dng phng trnh 6.64, ta thy vi bin x = cos() bi ton tr

thnh minmax theo a thc Chebyshev theo x nh sau:
"
g ( n) = arg min max W ( e ) A d ( e )

g(n)
x F
N/2
X
n=0
g( n)T n ( x)| x=cos()
!)#
(6.65)
trong F l nh ca S bi nh x x = cos(). Bi ton ti u ha ny
c Chebyshev gii quyt. Phng php tnh s thc tin c
McClellan xy dng da trn nh l xen k* sau y: g(n) t gi
ti u g (n) khi v ch khi hin hu M + 2 tn s s ti u cc b
0 , 1 , . . . , M +1 trong tp S th no E (k+1 ) = E (k ) v |E (k )| = ,
vi k = 0, . . . , M + 1.
* Alternation
theorem.
207

Chnh kt qu ca nh l ny cho thy ti sao n c gi l

nh l xen k v l l do ti sao b lc c thit k dng phng ny
gi l b lc c gn sng u. Vi b lc c gn sng u c minh
ha hnh 6.26, c gn sng di thng l p = 0, 06, suy gim
ca di trit s = 0, 04 v bc ca b lc l L 1 = 12 (tc l M = 6), ta
thy c bn tn s ti u cc b trong di thng v bn tn s ti u
cc b trong di trit. Nh th s tn s ti u cc b l M + 2 = 8.
nh l xen k cho thy p ng tn s bin m rng ny chnh l
tn s ti u.
./figures/FIR_37 2012/7/23 20:35 page 50 #1

3
1
1
| H ( e j )|
0.5
5
0
0.1
6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
8
0.4
0.5
0.6
Hnh 6.26: p ng tn s c gn sng u, vi p = 0, 2, s = 0, 3. C

bn tn s ti u trong di thng v bn trong di trit.
Phng php ParksMcCllelan c tm lc sau y. V c

bn y l mt phng php lp c xy dng da trn nh l xen
k.
208

Phng php 6.2 Thit k b lc FIR bng phng php

ParksMcClellan.
1. Khi ng bi M + 2 gi tr k ;
2. Da trn cc gi tr ca E ( e j2k ), iu chnh cc tn s k cho
n lc cc E ( e j2k ) tha mn iu kin xen k ca nh l, v
cho ra kt qu ti u g (n) theo (6.65);
3. Dng mi quan h (6.57) suy ra p ng xung h( n).
Lp trnh cho thut ton ny tng i phc tp tuy nhin c rt
nhiu chng trnh c vit theo ngn ng Fortran, C, C++, v c
bit l MATLAB trong MATLAB l thun tin nht m ta c th
s dng d dng cho cng vic hng ngy. Ch cn hiu r nhng
khi nim c bn va c trnh by trn y th ta c th s dng
mt cch c hiu qu chng trnh thit k dng MATLAB* .
Thng thng, gn sng, suy gim v di chuyn tip l
nhng thng s c th c tha mn bng cch chn chiu di b
lc thch hp. Chiu di ca b lc thng thp thng c c lng
bi biu thc do Kaiser ngh nh sau:
L = 1+
10 log10 ( p s )13
2, 324
(6.66)
trong = 2(s p ). Hermann ngh mt cng thc khc, c

c lng st vi thc tin hn v MATLAB s dng, nh sau:
L 1+
1
K (1 , 2 , ),
(6.67)
trong
K (1 , 2 , ) = C 1 (1 ) log(2 ) + C 2 (1 ) + C 3 (1 , 2 )()2 ,
(6.68)
* hiu tht r cc chi tit gii tch cng nh lp trnh, c gi c th tham kho
gio trnh ca Oppenheim, c lit k trong phn ti liu tham kho.
209

vi
C 1 (1 ) = (0, 0729 log 1 )2 + 0, 07114 log 1 0, 4761,
(6.69)
C 3 (3 ) = 11, 01217 + 0, 541244(log 1 log 2 ).
(6.71)
C 2 (2 ) = (0, 0518 log 2 ) + 0, 59410 log 2 0, 4278,
(6.70)
Cng thc Herman cho bi (6.67) a ra mt c lng thng thng

nh hn cn thit, cn phi iu chnh thm mt s n v. Lc thit
k ta s bt u vi L nh nht xem c tha mn c t khng. Nu
khng tha mn, ta s tng dn chiu di ln. MATLAB c lnh
dng c lng bc b lc firpmord tng hai n v so vi
cng thc Kaiser nn c th tha mn ngay ln chy u tin. Cng
thc ny cng cho thy chiu di b lc t l nghch vi di chuyn
tip. Nh vy, tha mn cc b lc c di chuyn tip hp, ta cn
s dng bc b lc ln.
V d 6.8 (Thit k b lc FIR thng thp bng phng php ParksMcClellan) Ta mun thit k mt b lc thng thp c (i) tn s
ct thng di l p = 0, 2, (ii) tn s ct trit di l s = 0, 3, (iii)
un ln u thng di l p = 0, 01, (iv) suy gim di trit l
s = 0, 001.
p dng cng thc Herman, ta tnh c chiu di b lc l
L = 27. Kt qu c minh ha hnh 6.27 v c lm r hn
hnh 6.28 cho thy gn sng v suy gim khng tha mn c
t thit k. V th, cn tng chiu di cho n lc kt qu thit k
tha mn iu kin c t. Gi s ta tng chiu di b lc l 1, kt
qu tng ng c minh ha hnh 6.29 v tha mn cc c t.
V d 6.9 (Thit k b lc FIR thng di bng phng php ParksMcClellan) Ta mun thit k mt b lc thng di c tn s ly
mu l 200 H z, v c cc tn s c t: (i) F s1 = 36 H z, (ii) F p1 = 40 H z,
(iii) F p2 = 60 H z, (iv) F s2 = 64H z. gn sng p = 0, 02 v suy gim
di trit s = 0, 02.
Chun ha trong min tn s s ta c s1 = 0, 18, p1 = 0, 2, p2 =
210

./figures/FIR_38 2012/7/23 23:48 page 40 #1
A ( e j )
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 6.27: p ng tn s bin b lc thng thp [v d 6.8].

./figures/FIR_40 2012/7/24 0:05
./figures/FIR_39 2012/7/24
0:05 page 40 #1
3
10
1.01
0.99
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0. 3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
(a) Di thng
(b) Di trit
Hnh 6.28: p ng tn s bin b lc thng thp trong di thng

v di trit [v d 6.8].
0, 3, s2 = 0, 32. Ta thy ngay b lc ny c di chuyn tip kh hp:
nu = 0, 02. Theo cng thc Herman, chiu di b lc c tnh l
L = 74.
p ng tn s bin ca b lc ny c thit k ln u nh
trn hnh 6.30, vi gn sng di thng v di trit cha tha mn
cc c t c th hin r trn hnh 6.31. Sau khi tng chiu di b
211

./figures/FIR_42 2012/7/24 0:05 page

./figures/FIR_41 2012/7/24
0:05 page 40 #1
3
10
1.01
0.99
0.05
0.1
0.15
0. 3
0.2
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
(a) Di thng
(b) Di trit
Hnh 6.29: p ng tn s bin b lc thng thp v di thng

trong di trit sau khi nng bc b lc [v d 6.8].
lc, p ng tha mn nh trn hnh 6.32.

./figures/FIR_43 2012/7/24 0:20 page 40 #1
A ( e j )
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 6.30: p ng tn s bin b lc thng di [v d 6.9].
212

./figures/FIR_44 2012/7/24
./figures/FIR_45
0:06 page 402012/7/24
#1
0:06
0.02
1.02
0.02
0.98
0
0.05
0. 1
0.15
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
(a) Di thng
(b) Di trit
Hnh 6.31: p ng tn s bin b lc thng di trong di thng

v di trit [v d 6.9].
./figures/FIR_46 2012/7/24
./figures/FIR_47
0:06 page 402012/7/24
#1
0:06
0.02
1.02
0.02
0.98
0
0.05
0. 1
0.15
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
(a) Di thng
(b) Di trit
Hnh 6.32: p ng tn s bin b lc thng di trong di thng

v di trit sau khi nng bc b lc [v d 6.9].
Thit k mt b lc vi phn v b lc Hilbert
B lc vi phn* v b lc Hilbert l nhng thit b ta gp
kh thng xuyn trong cu trc ca h thng truyn tin. p ng
tn s ca hai b lc ny c minh ha hnh 6.33 v hnh 6.34.
* Differentiator.
Hilbert transformer.
213

Ch rng tc ng ca o hm hay tr pha ca b lc Hilbert ch

cn tha mn trn di thng ta quan tm. V nh th phng php
ca s l hon ton thch hp cho thit k cc loi b lc ny tc l
trin khai p ng tn s thnh mt chui Fourier v x l vi ca
s th no p ng tn s tha mn cc c t. Do Nhng phng
php ny c a vo MATLAB vi nhng lnh c bit.
./figures/FIR_48 2012/7/24 0:21 page 41 #1
| H ( e j )|
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
./figures/FIR_49
(a) p ng bin 2012/7/24 0:22 page 41 #1
2
H ( e j )
1
2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
(b) p ng pha
Hnh 6.33: p ng tn s bin v pha ca b lc vi phn.
214

./figures/FIR_50 2012/7/24 0:25 page 41 #1
| H ( e j )|
1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
./figures/FIR_51
(a) p ng bin 2012/7/24 0:26 page 41 #1
2
H ( e j )
1
2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
(b) p ng pha
Hnh 6.34: p ng tn s bin v pha ca b lc Hilbert.
215

Bi tp chng 6
6.1. S dng phng php ca s thit k mt b lc FIR thng
thp c pha tuyn tnh, c p ng tn s bin xp x l tng
nh sau:
H d () =
(
1,
0,
|| /5,
/5 < ||
a) Xc nh cc h s ca b lc 30 trng s s dng phng php

ca s, p dng ca s hnh ch nht.
b) Xc nh p ng tn s bin ca b lc va thit k.
6.2. Lp li bi tp 6.1 s dng ca s tam gic v Hanning.
6.3. S dng phng php ca s thit k mt b lc FIR thng
cao c pha tuyn tnh, c p ng tn s bin xp x l tng nh
sau:
H d () =
(
0,
1,
|| < /4,
/4 ||

ca s, p dng ca s hnh ch nht.
6.4. Thit k mt b lc FIR thng di c pha tuyn tnh, c p
ng tn s bin xp x l tng nh sau:
H d () =
0,
1,
0,
|| /5,
/5 < || < /3
/3 < ||

ca s, p dng ca s Hanning.
216

Bi tp
6.5. Thit k mt b lc FIR chn di c pha tuyn tnh, c p ng

tn s bin xp x l tng nh sau:
H d ( ) =
1,
0,
1,
|| /5,
/5 < || < /3
/3 ||

ca s, p dng ca s Hanning.
6.6. Xc nh p ng xung n v ca mt b lc FIR c pha tuyn
tnh, chiu di M = 4, c p ng tn s ti cc tn s gc = 0 v
= /2 nh sau:
H r (0) = 1
0,
H d ( ) = 1,
0,
|| /6,
/6 < || < /3
/3 < ||

tnh, p ng xung i xng, chiu di M = 13, c p ng tn s
nh sau:
(
Hr
1,
2 k
=
13
0,
k = 0, 1, 2
k = 3, 4, 5, 6

tnh, p ng xung i xng, chiu di M = 13, c p ng tn s
nh sau:
Hr

1,
2 k
= 0, 5,
13
0,
217
k = 0, 1, 2
k=3
k = 4, 5, 6

6.9. S dng phng php ca s v dng ca s Barlett thit

k mt b lc vi phn 25 h s, c p ng l tng nh hnh 6.35.
./figures/FIR_52 2012/7/24 0:26 page 44 #1
2
| H ( e j )|
1.5
0.5
0
1
0.5
0.5
Hnh 6.35: p ng tn s bin ca b lc vi phn [bi tp 6.9].
6.10. S dng phng php ly mu trn min tn s thit k

mt b lc FIR thng thp c pha tuyn tnh, c p ng tn s bin
xp x l tng nh sau:
H d () =
(
1,
0,
|| /4,
/4 < ||
a) Xc nh p ng xung n v ca b lc 10 trng s.
b) Xc nh p ng tn s bin v pha ca b lc va thit k.
c) Thc thi cu trc b lc nu trn.
6.11.
Lp li bi s 6.9 s dng phng php ParksMcClellan.
6.12. S dng phng php ly mu trn min tn s thit k

mt b lc FIR thng cao c pha tuyn tnh, c p ng tn s bin
218

Bi tp
xp x l tng nh sau:
H d ( ) =
0,
1,
|| < /5,
/5 ||
a) Xc nh p ng xung n v ca b lc 10 trng s.
b) Xc nh p ng tn s bin v pha ca b lc va thit k.
c) Thc thi cu trc b lc nu trn.
6.13. S dng phng php ParksMcClellan thit k mt b
lc FIR vi phn c pha tuyn tnh, chiu di M = 50, tn s di thng
l 0, 12 v tn s di trit l 0, 2.
6.14. Thng thng mt my o in tim, ngi thng thit k
mt b lc trit tn 50 Hz loi tr nh hng ca mng in sinh
hot ti tn hiu in tim vn rt nh. Hy s dng phng php
ParksMcClellan thit k mt b lc FIR vi phn c pha tuyn
tnh, chiu di b lc l M = 50, tn s ly mu l 400 Hz.
219

220
Chng 7
THIT K B LC S A VN TC
Trong mt h thng x l tn hiu hay iu khin s, c th c
mt s thit b c vn tc x l khc nhau. Nh vy, c th kt ni
cc thit b, cn c phng php thay i vn tc x l nhm ng
b ha h thng. Tnh hung ny cho thy cn xy dng mt phng
php cho php iu chnh vn tc ly mu.
V mt nguyn tc, t nhng mu x( n) ca mt tn hiu tng
t gc xa ( t) c ly mu vi vn tc FS , ta c th ti to xa ( t) v
ly mu n vi mt vn tc FS0 no khc. Tuy nhin, trong thc t x
l tn hiu s, ta mong mun thay i vn tc ly mu ca tn hiu
s x(n) m khng thng qua qu trnh ti to tn hiu tng t xa ( t).
Chng ny trnh by cc khi nim v cc phng php nhm thc
hin vic chuyn i vn tc ly mu trc tip trn tn hiu s.
7.1
7.1.1
H tc
Nhng kt qu c bn
Cho xa ( t) l mt tn hiu tng t c ly mu vi chu k T

cho tn hiu s x(n). Gi s vn tc ly mu tha iu kin ly
mu Nyquist, th t tn hiu x(n) c th ti to li tn hiu xa ( t) mt
cch hon ho. gii quyt vn i vn tc mt cch tng qut,
trc tin ta xt trng hp h tc bi mt s nguyn M , tc tng
221

Chng 7. Thit k b lc s a vn tc
chu k vn tc ly mu T thnh T 0 = MT , c tn hiu s x M ( n).

iu ng ch l lc h tc, rt c th c hin tng gp ph xut
hin, nu vn tc ly mu FS0 khng tha iu kin ly mu Nyquist.
Nhn thy, tn hiu x M (n) c th suy ra d dng t x(n) bng
cch c mi M mu ca x(n) ta ch ly mt mu. Cch h tc ny
c k hiu bng mt ton t D M , v c nh ngha nh sau:
(7.1)
x M ( n) = D M { x( n)} = x( Mn).
Ton t h tc ny bo ton v tr gc, tc l x M (0) = x(0). Vi nh

ngha ny, ta thy ton t D M l tuyn tnh nhng khng bt bin
theo thi gian. S khi nh trn hnh 7.1 c dng m t ton
t h tc ny.
./figures/Multirate_0 2012/6/11 14:01 page 6 #1
M
x( n)
x M ( n)
Hnh 7.1: S khi ca php h tc.

Gi s vi chu k ly mu T , iu kin ly mu Nyquist c
tha mn. Tc l tn hiu xa ( t) c di thng B Hz hu hn v ph
ca tn hiu s s c di thng p = B/FS 0, 5. Nu lc h tc t FS
xung FS / M m vn bo m c iu kin ly mu Nyquist th di
thng pM ca tn hiu s h tc x M (n) theo nh ngha l
pM =
B
= Mp.
FS / M
(7.2)
Ph trn chu k c bn [-0,5;0,5] ca x( n) v x M (n) c m t trong

hnh 7.2.
Khng cn tnh ton nhiu, c th thy ngay trong trng hp
M p > 0.5 th vn tc ly mu ny thp hn vn tc ly mu cn thit
theo nh l Nyquist, v nh th s xut hin hin tng gp ph.
Nh th, gii hn nh hng ca hin tng gp ph, th ngay
trong min tn hiu s, c th cho tn hiu gc x( n) i qua mt b
lc thng thp di thng ca u ra phi nh hn 0.5/ M . Tm li,
trc khi h tc, ta cn lc tn hiu gc x(n) vi b lc thng thp l
tng c di thng id = 0.5/ M , nh c m t hnh 7.3.
222

7.1. H tc

X ( e j )
1
0, 5
0, 5
./figures/Multirate_2
2012/6/11 14:01 page 6 #1
(a)
X M ( e j )
1
M
0, 5 M p
Mp
0, 5
(b)
Hnh 7.2: Ph tn hiu trc v sau khi h tc M ln.

H thng ny c tn l b lc h tc* . Trong thc tin, b lc
l tng c thit k theo cc phng php c trnh by trong
chng 6. Thng thng, ta s dng phng php FIR c pha tuyn
tnh, c p ng xung l h(n), vi n = 0, . . . , L 1, trong L l chiu
di b lc FIR tng ng. Nh th, ta thy
v( n) =
v suy ra
LX
1
k=0
h( k) x( n k),
x M ( n) = v( Mn) =
LX
1
k=0
h( k) x( Mn k).
(7.3)
(7.4)
Kt qu ny cho thy, bo m hin tng gp ph khng

nh hng n u ra lc h tc, cn phi lc tn hiu vi mt b lc
* Decimator.
223


v( n)
Hlp ( e j )
x( n)
x M ( n)
2012/7/24
11:55 page 8 #1
(a) B h tc c lc thng
thp
| Hlp ( e j )|
0, 5
0,5
M
0,5
M
0, 5
(b) Tn s ct ca b lc thng thp
Hnh 7.3: p dng lc thng thp trnh gp ph.

s c tn s ct l pM = 0, 5/ M . Nu tn hiu s gc x(n) c di thng
nh hn tn s ct 0, 5/ M th b lc khng tc ng n tn hiu. Tuy
nhin, nu x( n) c di thng ln hn tn s ct th b lc loi phn
ph nm ngoi tn s ct. Nh th, vai tr ca b lc nhm loi b
phn ph ny trnh hin tng gp ph. Kt qu ny cho thy,
lc h tc ta chp nhn mt mt t thng tin v kt qu ny l iu
hin nhin i vi thao tc h tc.
V d 7.1 (Thit k b lc h tc) Ta mun thit k mt b lc h
tc vi nhng c t nh sau:
a) h tc M = 4 ln.
b) B lc thng thp c gn sng trong di thng l 0, 01 v suy

gim l 0, 001 trong di trit bt u t s .
khng xy ra hin tng gp ph trong b lc h tc, tn s

ct ca mt b lc thng thp cn thit k l
p =
0, 5
= 0, 125.
4
Vi cch t vn nh c t (b), chiu di ca b lc s ph thuc

vo chiu di ca di chuyn tip = s p . Trong qu trnh thit
224

7.1. H tc
k, ta c th iu chnh gn sng v suy gim nu thy cn

thit.
Gi s ta chn s = 0, 15. Theo cng thc Hermann 6.67 c cho
trong chng 6, chiu di b lc l L = 103, c tnh bi MATLAB.
V mt thc tin, chiu di ny l chp nhn c. Hnh 7.4 biu
din p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp c thit k. H s ca
b lc c cho trong Bng 7.1.
0
| H ( e j )|
20
40
60
80
100
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 7.4: p ng tn s ca b lc thng thp [v d 7.1].

Nu ta chn s = 0, 13, chiu di c tnh ton tng ln L = 509
mi c th p ng tiu ch thit k ny, ln hn nhiu so vi trng
hp s = 0, 13. Nh vy, = 0, 15 trn y l ph hp vi thit k thc
tin.
MATLAB c mt lnh lm h tc M ln mt tn hiu x cho
tn hiu y nh sau:
y = decimate(x,M)
Lnh ny cho u ra y ngn hn M ln u vo x. Theo mc nh, b
lc c thit k trong chng trnh MATLAB ca lnh ny s dng
h Chebyshev thng thp c bc l 8 v c tn s ct l 0, 8FS /2. Tuy
nhin, c th thay i bc ca b lc bng lnh
225

Bng 7.1: H s ca b lc thng thp trong v d 7.1

-0.0008
-0.0003
0.0004
0.0015
0.0024
0.0025
0.0015
-0.0003
-0.0018
-0.0020
-0.0007
0.0015
0.0029
0.0025
0.0002
-0.0027
-0.0041
-0.0027
0.0009
0.0045
0.0053
0.0023
-0.0028
-0.0067
-0.0063
-0.0012
0.0056
0.0093
0.0067
-0.0012
-0.0095
-0.0121
-0.0062
0.0053
0.0148
0.0149
0.0040
-0.0120
-0.0220
-0.0175
0.0013
0.0235
0.0331
0.0196
-0.0137
-0.0478
-0.0565
-0.0209
0.0582
0.1573
0.2395
0.2714
0.2395
0.1573
0.0582
-0.0209
-0.0565
-0.0478
-0.0137
0.0196
0.0331
0.0235
0.0013
-0.0175
-0.0220
-0.0120
0.0040
0.0149
0.0148
0.0053
-0.0062
-0.0121
-0.0095
-0.0012
0.0067
0.0093
0.0056
-0.0012
-0.0063
-0.0067
-0.0028
0.0023
0.0053
0.0045
0.0009
-0.0027
-0.0041
-0.0027
0.0002
0.0025
0.0029
0.0015
-0.0007
-0.0020
-0.0018
-0.0003
0.0015
0.0025
0.0024
0.0015
0.0004
-0.0003
-0.0008
0
0
y = decimate(x,M,N)
trong N l bc ca b lc Chebyshev ta mun s dng. Ta cng c
th s dng b lc FIR thit k b lc h tc, bng lnh
y = decimate(x,M,fir)
Lnh ny dng mt b lc FIR c bc l 30 v tn s s ct l M .
7.1.2
Ph ca tn hiu h tc
Cc kt qu va c phn tch c th da trn ph ca tn hiu

h tc. Ph ca tn hiu h tc c th c tnh ton mt cch tng
i n gin nh sau. Gi X ( e j ) l ph ca tn hiu gc x( n). t
x e ( n) nh sau:
(
x( n), nu n = kM,
(7.5)
x e ( n) =
0,
nu n 6= kM.
biu din x e ( n) theo x( n), ta s tng cp s nhn
M,
2
M 1
1+ x + x ++ x
= 1 xM
,
1 x
226
nu x = 1,
nu x 6= 1.
(7.6)

7.1. H tc
vi x = e jk2n/M c
x e ( n) = x( n)
1
2
1 MX
e jk M n .
M k=0
(7.7)
Mi lin h gia x(n), x e (n) v x M ( n) c m t nh trong hnh 7.5.

Ph ca x e (n) c tnh nh sau:
X e ( e j ) =
=
=
n=
x e ( n) e jn
1 X
2
1 MX
x( n) e jn(k M )
M k=0 n=
1
2
1 MX
X ( e j(k M ) )
M k=0
(7.8)
Mt khc, bit rng x M (n) = x e (nM ), ta c th biu din ph X M ( e j )

theo X e ( e j ) nh sau:
X M ( e j ) =
=
=
n=
n=
x M ( n) e jn
x e ( nM ) e jn
x e ( n) e jn M
n=
= X e(e j M )
(7.9)
Biu thc (7.8) v (7.9) cho ta ph ca x M ( n) l

X M ( e j ) =
1 k2
1 MX
X ej M .
M k=0
(7.10)
T cng thc ny, cng c th suy ra bin i Z ca x M (n) bng cch

2
th e j trong cng thc (7.10) bi z v t WM = e j M . Nh th ta c
X M ( z) =
M
1
1 X
X WMz M .
M k=0
(7.11)
Ph ca tn hiu h tc c minh ha hnh 7.6 cho M = 2 v

hnh 7.7 cho M = 3. Hin tng gp ph xy ra trong hnh 7.7. V
227


x( n)
n
(a) x( n)
2012/7/24 12:10 page 12 #1
x e ( n)
n
2012/7/24 12:10 page 12 #1
(b) x e (n)
x M ( n)
n
(c) x M (n)
Hnh 7.5: Mi lin h gia x( n), x e ( n) v x M (n), vi M = 2.
228

7.1. H tc

X ( e j )
1
0, 25
0, 25
(a) 2012/7/24 12:11 page 13 #1
X (e j 2 )
1/2
0, 5
0, 5
(b) 2012/7/24 12:11 page 13 #1
X (e j
2
2
0, 5
0, 5
(c) 2012/7/24 12:11 page 13 #1
X (e j
2
2
0, 5
0, 5
(d)
Hnh 7.6: Minh ha ph tn hiu h tc M = 2 ln.

229


X ( e j )
1
0, 25
0, 25
(a) 2012/7/24 12:19 page 13 #1
X (e j 2 )
1/3
0, 5
0, 5
(b)
Hnh 7.7: Minh ha ph tn hiu h tc M = 3 ln.

vy, vai tr ca b lc thng thp gii hn nh hng ca hin
tng gp ph l ht sc cn thit.
C mt kt qu rt hu ch tng ng vi trng hp h tc
lc thit k mt h thng a vn tc, l ng thc Noble* , c
minh ha nh hnh 7.8. Khai trin trc tip v mt tn hiu th ng
thc Noble ny l hin nhin. ng thc Noble ny c th c m
rng d dng cho mt b lc c hm truyn l H ( z) nh c minh
ha hnh 7.9.
* Noble
equality.
230

7.2. Tng tc

x( n)
z M
y( n )
2012/7/24 12:12 page 13 #1
(a)
z1
x( n)
y( n )
(b)
Hnh 7.8: ng thc Noble trong trng hp h tc: (a) v (b) l

tng ng.
H(zM )
x( n)
y( n )
2012/7/24 12:15 page 13 #1
(a)
M
x( n)
H ( z)
y( n )
(b)
Hnh 7.9: M rng ng thc Noble trong trng hp h tc: (a) v

(b) l tng ng.
7.2
Tng tc
Cho x( n) l tn hiu s c c lc ly mu ca tn hiu tng t

xa ( t) vi chu k ly mu T tha iu kin ly mu Nyquist. Nh th,
lc tng tc N ln, r rng hin tng gp ph khng xy ra. Mt
khc, nu tng tc t tn hiu s x( n) th thy ngay c mt s mu
ta khng bit c. ng thi, c tr s ca cc mu ny, chc
chn ta phi dng mt thut ton ni suy. Thut ton ni suy ny
l tng ng vi mt b lc s. Nh th, vai tr ca b lc s trong
trng hp tng tc khng nhm gii hn nh hng ca hin
tng gp ph m ch ng vai tr ni suy cho ta nhng mu m
ta khng c. Gi x N (n) l tn hiu tng tc suy ra t x(n), ta c nh
ngha sau:
x N ( n) =
0,
n
x N
231
nu n 6= kN,
nu n = kN.
(7.12)


x( n)
n
(a) x( n)
2012/7/24 12:30 page 14 #1
x N ( n)
n
(b) x N (n)
Hnh 7.10: Mi lin h gia x(n) v x N (n) vi N = 3.

Hnh 7.10 cho thy, bc u tin tng tc tc l chn thm N 1
mu c tr 0 vo gia hai mu ca tn hiu gc. S khi ca bc
tng tc c m t hnh 7.11.
x( n)
x N ( n)
Hnh 7.11: S biu din php tng tc.

T tn hiu tng tc bc u v(n), ta dng mt b lc ni
suy cc mu khng hin din trong tn hiu gc. H thng minh ha
trong hnh 7.12 c gi l b lc tng tc* .
Cu trc ca b lc ny s c xc nh mt cch r rng sau
* Interpolator.
232

7.2. Tng tc

x N ( n )
x( n)
H ( e j )
y( n)
Hnh 7.12: B lc tng tc.

khi ta tnh ph ca tn hiu tng tc x N (n). Theo nh ngha ca
x N ( n) th ph ca n phi l
X N ( e j ) =
n=
x N ( n) e jn
x( m) e jmN
= X e jN .
=
m=
(7.13)
Bin i Z ca x N ( n) c th suy ra t (7.13) bng cch th e j bng

z c

X N ( z) = X z N .
(7.14)
Ph ca x N ( n) c minh ha hnh 7.13.

X ( e j )
0, 5 0, 25
0, 25 0, 5
2012/7/24 12:31 page 15 #1
(a)
X N ( e j )
0, 5 0, 25
0, 25 0, 5
(b)
Hnh 7.13: Minh ha ph tn hiu tng tc.

233

Ta thy ngay, ngoi phn ph c bn cha ng thng tin th c

mt s phn ph khc xut hin trong khong tn s s [0, 5; 0, 5],
c gi l nh ph* . iu quan trng quan st c l nhng phn
nh ph ny khng tc ng n phn ph c bn ta quan tm. B
lc thng thp c s dng loi b cc thnh phn nh ph ny
chnh l b lc
ni suy c cp trn
(xem hnh
7.14).
2012/7/24
12:32 page 15 #1
X ( e j )
0, 5
0,5
M
0,5
M
0, 5
ph
2012/7/24 12:32 page 15 #1
(a) Hin tng nh
Hlp ( e j )
0, 5
0,5
N
0,5
N
0, 5
(b) Lc thng thp ni suy
Hnh 7.14: Lc thng thp loi nh ph trong b tng tc.

V d 7.2 (Thit k b lc tng tc) Trong v d ny, ta thit k mt
b lc tng tc N = 4 ln. im quan trng ca gii php l sau khi
tng tc ta cn thit k mt b lc thng thp c tn s s ct ti
c = 0, 5/4 = 0, 125, c thit k nh trn hnh 7.15. Ngoi vic thit
k b lc ni suy theo cch thng thng, trong MATLAB c lnh
sau y lc ni suy tn hiu l u ra ca b tng tc:
* Frequency
image.
234

7.3. Thay i vn tc theo mt h s hu t
y = interp(x,N)
trong x l tn hiu gc, N l vn tc cn tng v y l tn hiu tng
tc. Lnh ny s dng mt b lc thng thp FIR i xng sao cho
d liu gc khng b tc ng, ng thi ni suy nhng d liu ca
tn hiu tng tc th
no sai s trung bnh
bnh phng
thiu.
2012/7/24
ti
12:32
page 16 #1
| H ( e j )| (dB)
20
40
60
0.1
0.2
0. 3
0.4
0.5
Hnh 7.15: B lc ni suy c tn s ct 0, 125.
7.3
Thay i vn tc theo mt h s hu t
Tn hiu x( n) l tn hiu s c c t qu trnh ly mu ca tn

hiu tng t xa ( t) vi chu k T . T x(n), ta phi xy dng tn hiu
s xN M ( n) l tn hiu s c c t thao tc ly mu ca xa ( t) vi chu
k MT / N . Vi vn tc ly mu ny ta thy ngay, ta cn tng tc N
ln v h tc M ln th t c kt qu. Nh th, s dng h thng
b lc tng tc ni tip vi b lc h tc ta s c c kt qu mong
mun (xem hnh 7.16). Trong h thng ny, c hai b lc thng thp
l tng H1 ( e j ) v H2 ( e j ) mc ni tip nhau, c m t nh trn
hnh 7.17(a). Nh vy, ta c th kt hp thnh mt b lc thng
thp c nht H ( e j ), nh trn hnh 7.17(b).
235


x( n)
Hint ( e j )
Hdec ( e j )
y( n )
Hnh 7.16: Thay i vn tc theo h s hu t M / N .

H1 ( e j )
x( n)
H2 ( e j )
0,5
N
0,5
N
0,5
M
y( n)
0,5
M
(a) 2012/7/24 12:33 page 16 #1
H ( e j )
x( n)
y( n)
(b)
Hnh 7.17: Kt hp hai b lc. Tn s ct ca b lc kt hp l

gi tr nh
nht
n
o ca cc tn s ct ca cc b lc thnh phn:
0,5
c = min N , 0.5
M .
C th thit k b lc i vn tc ny bng cc phng php
c trnh by trong chng 6. Cng nh i vi h thng h tc, c
mt kt qu rt hu ch tng ng vi trng hp tng tc lc thit
k mt h thng a vn tc, chnh ng thc Noble trong trng
hp tng tc, c minh ha hnh 7.18. Nh i vi trng hp h
tc, ng thc Noble cho tng tc cng c th c m rng d dng
cho mt b lc c hm truyn l H ( z), nh trn hnh 7.19.
V d 7.3 (Thit k b lc a vn tc hu t) Vo nhng nm 90
ca th k 20, ta c hai thit b m nhc s ph bin l CD (Compact
236


x( n)
z N
y( n )
2012/7/24 12:34 page 17 #1
(a)
x( n)
z1
y( n )
(b)
Hnh 7.18: ng thc Noble trong trng hp tng tc: (a) v (b) l
tng ng.
x( n)
H(zN )
y( n )
2012/7/24 12:35 page 17 #1
(a)
x( n)
H ( z)
y( n )
(b)
Hnh 7.19: M rng ng thc Noble trong trng hp tng tc: (a)
v (b) l tng ng.
Disk) v DAT (Digital Audio Tape). CD hot ng vi vn tc ly
mu 44, 1 KHz, trong khi DAT li hot ng 48 KHz. Cc cng
ty chn cc con s ny lm cho cc h thng ny khng th
tng thch. Yu cu t ra l thit k mt b lc a vn tc kt
ni hai thit b ny.
Vi phng php x l a vn tc, ta thy c th thay i vn
tc ly mu t 48 KHz thnh 44, 1 KHz d dng. Nh th, c h
s chuyn i vn tc 44, 1/48, tc tng ng vi 147/160, ta cn h
tc 160 ln v tng tc 147 ln. S khi tng ng vi h thng
ny c minh ha hnh 7.20.
Nhn thy, h s tng tc 147, h tc 160 v tn s ct 0, 5/160 =
0, 0031 l nhng thng s kh t c trong thc t. ng nh th,
ta s dng lnh sau y ca MATLAB:
[N,f0,m0,w]=firpmord([0.0031,0.0033],[1 0],[0.01,.001],1)
237


H ( e j )
147
xCD ( n)
147
0,5
160
xDAT ( n)
0,5
160
160
Hnh 7.20: H thng chuyn i tn hiu t CD sang DAT [V d 7.3].
Lnh ny cho php tnh bc ca b lc c di N , cc tn s s p

v s , bin l tng ca di thng l n v, bin ca di trit
l 0, gn sng l 0, 01 v suy gim l 0, 001. S 1 cui cng l
tn s Nyquist.
Cc thng s thit k cho v d ny vt qu mc cht ch cn
thit. Tht vy, di chuyn tip c chiu di bng 0, 0031 0, 0033 =
0, 0002, gn sng ca di thng l 0, 01 l suy gim ca di trit
l 0,001. Vi cc thng s ny, chiu di ca b lc rt ln, c tnh
ra l L = N + 1 = 12707. p ng tn s ca b lc trong h thng thay
i vn tc ny c hiu qu l thuyt rt cao, nh trn hnh 7.21(a).
Tuy nhin, vi chiu di L = 12707 th phc tp thc hin
b lc FIR ny cng rt cao. Chng hn ta c th thc hin b lc
ny vi biu din a pha bng cch s dng 127 b lc song song,
mi b lc c chiu di l 100.
Ta c th gim phc tp bng cch thay i cc thng s c
nhng rng buc nh nhng hn. Chng hn, di thng i t 0, 0031
n 0, 004. gn sng ca di chuyn tip l 0, 01 v suy gim
ca di trit l 0, 001. Vi di chuyn tip khng cht nh xut,
ta thy kt qu t c l mt b lc c chiu di c tnh l 2825
v p ng tn s c minh ha hnh 7.21(b).
phc tp ca b lc th hai nh hn so vi phc tp ca
b lc th nht. Tuy nhin, di chuyn tip ca b lc th hai ny
li ln hn rt nhiu so vi b lc th nht. S tha hip gia
phc tp v cht lng trong thit k lun l vn ta phi i din
cn nhc. i vi thit k ny, b lc c thit k tuy c chiu
238


20
| H ( e j )| (dB)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2 103
4 103
6 103
8 103
1 102
02012/7/24
13:40 page 18 #1
(a) Di chuyn tip t 0, 0031 n
, 0033
20
| H ( e j )| (dB)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2 103
4 103
6 103
8 103
1 102
(b) Di chuyn tip t 0, 0031 n 0, 004
Hnh 7.21: p ng b lc a vn tc kt ni CD vi DAT [V d 7.3].
239

di nh hn nhiu so vi b lc th nht, nhng ci gi phi tr vn

l c cht lng thp hn. Trong thc tin, hai b lc ny vn phi
c thc hin bng cu trc a pha. V th, chng c thc hin
bng cu trc nhiu tng nh hnh 7.22.
xCD ( n)
LPF
LPF
LPF
LPF
LPF
LPF
10
xDAT ( n)
Hnh 7.22: H thng chuyn i tn hiu t CD sang DAT trong thc

tin. Cc vn tc hu t l 3/4, 7/4 v 7/10.
Trong MATLAB, lnh sau y cho php ta thay i vn tc ly
mu:
y = resample(x,N,M)
trong x l tn hiu gc, N / M l t l thay i vn tc. Lnh ny
s dng mt b lc thng thp c thit k theo phng php sai
s trung bnh bnh phng ti thiu ng thi n cng loi b tr
trong tn hiu u ra do b lc to nn. MATLAB cng c mt lnh
khc l:
y = upfirdn(x, h, L, M)
trong x l tn hiu gc, h l p ng xung ca b lc thng thp,
L/ M l t s thay i vn tc.
240

7.4. Biu din a pha
7.4
Biu din a pha
Khi mt h thng cn x l vn tc kh cao th phc tp

cng nh gi thnh ca phn cng s tng nhanh. Trong trng hp
ny, ta phi tm cch h vn tc x l, hm phi h tc tn hiu cn
x l. Cch t chc thch hp nht l phn tch mt tn hiu thnh
cc thnh phn c vn tc ly mu nh hn v mi thnh phn nh
th ny c xem nh l mt pha ca tn hiu.
Mt tn hiu x(n) c th c biu din hai pha x1 (n) v x2 (n)
nh sau:
x1 ( n) = . . . , x(4), x(2), x(0), x(2), x(4), . . .
x2 ( n) = . . . , x(3), x(1), x(1), x(3), x(5), . . .
hay c biu din ba pha x1 ( n), x2 ( n) v x3 ( n) vi

x1 ( n) = . . . , x(3), x(0), x(3), x(6), . . .
x2 ( n) = . . . , x(2), x(1), x(4), x(7), . . .
x3 ( n) = . . . , x(1), x(2), x(5), x(8), . . .
Mt cch tng qut, x( n) c th c biu din bi M pha xk (n) c

nh ngha nh sau:
xk ( n) = x( nM + k),
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M 1.
(7.15)
Nhn thy, x l tn hiu x(n) l hon ton tng ng vi x

l song song M pha xk (n). Cch biu din trc tip nht cc thnh
phn pha l thng qua s dng bin i Z ca tn hiu, nh
X k ( z) =
x( nM + k) zn .
(7.16)
Tn hiu xk (n) = x( nM + k) c c bng cch dch sm tn hiu x(n)

i k bc, sau h tc M ln, nh c minh ha hnh 7.23. Nh
th, h thng hnh 7.24 c th c s dng phn tch x( n) thnh
M thnh phn pha.
Tng t, c th biu din p ng xung h(n) ca mt h thng
tuyn tnh bt bin thnh M thnh phn pha nh sau:
h k ( n) = h( nM + k),
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , M 1.
241
(7.17)


x( n)
zk
x k ( n)
Hnh 7.23: Ghp ni b sm pha v b h tc.

x( n)
x0 ( n )
x1 ( n )
x M 1 ( n)
z1
z1
Hnh 7.24: Phn tch thnh M thnh phn pha.

Gi H k ( z) l hm truyn ca h thng c p ng xung l h k (n). Ta
c
H k ( z) =
v
Hk (zM ) =
h( nM + k) zn ,
(7.18)
h( nM + k) znM .
(7.19)
n=
n=
Bit rng hm truyn H ( z) ca p ng xung h(n) l

H ( z) =
ta c th suy ra ngay
H ( z) =
h( n) z n ,
(7.20)
zk H k ( z M ).
(7.21)
n=
M
1
X
k=0
Cu trc ny c m t bi s khi hnh 7.25(a). H thng ny

242

7.4. Biu din a pha

H0 ( z M )
x( n)
y( n)
z1
H1 ( z M )
z1
H M 1 ( z M )
2012/7/24 14:26 page 21 #1
(a)
H0 ( z M )
x( n)
y( n)
z1
H1 ( z M )
z1
z1
H M 1 ( z M )
(b)
Hnh 7.25: S khi b lc a pha: (a) v (b) l tng ng.

c gi l b lc a pha* v hon ton tng ng vi s khi
hnh 7.25(b). C th thy ngay cc s khi ny s rt hu ch
khi cn thit k mt b lc ca h thng bin i vn tc ly mu
c chiu di rt ln. Tnh hu ch ca cu trc ny c c nh cc
ng thc Noble c trnh by trn.
* Polyphase
filter.
243


x( n)
y( n )
H ( z)
(a) 2012/7/24 14:38 page 21 #1
H0 ( z M )
x( n)
y( n)
z1
H1 ( z M )
z1
H M 1 ( z M )
(b) 2012/7/24 14:38 page 21 #1
x( n)
H0 ( z)
H1 ( z)
H M 1 ( z)
y( n)
z1
z1
(c)
Hnh 7.26: p dng biu din a pha vo mt h thng c chiu di

ln. H thng (a) c phn tch a pha thnh hai h thng tng
ng (b) v (c).
Tht vy, xt h thng H ( z) c chiu di rt ln hnh 7.26(a)
c phn tch thnh h thng a pha nh hnh 7.26(b). H thng
ny trong thc tin l mt phn ca h thng thay i vn tc theo
244

7.5. Kt lun
mt t l hu t (tham chiu). C rt nhiu trng hp, chng hn

nh trong v d 7.3, p ng cc c t ca h thng H ( z) c
chiu di L rt ln v nh th khng th thc hin c trc tip
H ( z). Trong trng hp ny, ta dng b lc a pha mt mt h
vn tc x l, mt khc lm gim chiu di ca cc b lc c thit
k. Chiu di ca mi b lc a pha thnh phn nh hn rt nhiu
so vi chiu di ca b lc gc H ( z). Kt qu cui cng c minh ha
hnh 7.26(c).
S h thng ny c th thc hin v mt in t bng m
hnh nh c minh ha hnh 7.27.
H0 ( z)
y( n)
H1 ( z)
x( n)
H M 1 ( z)
Hnh 7.27: p dng biu din a pha vo mt h thng c chiu di

ln: thc hin v mt in t.
7.5
Kt lun
Trong chng ny, ta nghin cu phng php thit k mt

b lc tng i phc tp nhm gip cc h thng hot ng vi vn
tc khc nhau c th kt ni vi nhau. Tuy nhin, v rng buc cht
ch ca thit k m ta cn c b lc c chiu di kh ln. Thc hin
bng in t cc b lc c chiu di kh ln l mt vn rt kh
245

gii quyt. Tuy nhin, vi biu din a pha, ta c th thay th b lc

ny bng mt cu trc gm nhiu b lc ngn hn hot ng song
song. Cu trc song song ny cho thy khng nhng ta gii quyt
c vn thc thi in t m hn th na vi cu trc ny ta
gim kh nhiu vn tc x l cho tng b phn ca cu trc. Nh
th, thao tc thay i vn tc x l v cu trc a pha l mt th
thng nht, mc d im xut pht ca hai khi nim ny c v c
lp nhau.
246

Bi tp
Bi tp
7.1. Cho mt tn hiu c chiu di hu hn c biu din nh sau:
x( n) =
(
1 0.1 n,
0,
nu 0 x 10,
nu khc
Cho tn hiu x(n) trn i qua b h tc vi h s M = 2.

7.2. Cho mt tn hiu x(n), c bin i Z l
X ( z) = 3 z1 + 4 z2 + 7 z3 + 4 z4 + 3 z5 ,
i qua mt b h tc c h s M = 2. Hy xc nh bin i Z ca tn
hiu u ra.
7.3. Cho tn hiu c ph bin c m t nh hnh 7.28. Cho tn
X (e j
2
2
32
3
2
Hnh 7.28: Ph tn hiu trc khi h tc, cho bi tp 7.3.

hiu ny i qua b h tc c h s M = 3. Hy xc nh ph bin
tn hiu u ra.
7.4. Cho mt tn hiu c chiu di hu hn c biu din nh sau:
x( n) =
(
1 0.1 n,
0,
nu 0 x 10,
nu khc
Cho tn hiu x(n) trn i qua b tng tc vi h s N = 2.

247

7.5. Cho tn hiu x(n), c bin i Z l

X ( z) = 1 + 3 z1 + 4 z2 + 7 z3 + 4 z4 ,
i qua mt b tng tc c h s N = 3, xc nh tn hiu u ra y(n).

7.6. Cho tn hiu c ph bin c m t nh hnh 7.28 qua b
tng tc c h s N = 3. Hy xc nh ph bin tn hiu u ra.
X ( z) = 5 + 4 z1 + 3 z2 + 2 z3 + z4 ,
i qua mt b tng tc c h s N = 3, ri qua mt b h tc c h s

M = 2. Hy xc nh tn hiu u ra y( n).
X ( z) = 5 + 4 z1 + 3 z2 + 2 z3 + z4
i qua mt b h tc c h s M = 2, ri qua mt b tng tc c h s

N = 3. Hy xc nh tn hiu u ra y( n).
248
Ti liu tham kho
[1] M. Bellanger, Traitement numrique du signal : Thorie et pratique,

Dunod, 2002.
[2] I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets, SIAM, 1992.
[3] F. Harris, Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems, Prentice Hall, 2004.
[4] V. K. Ingle and J. G. Proakis, Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB,
2nd ed., CL Engineering, 2006.
[5] T. Kailath, Linear Systems, Prentice Hall, 1980.
[6] S. K. Mitra, Digital Signal Processing: A Computer-Based Approach,
2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2001.
[7] A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, and J. R. Buck, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, 1999.
[8] A. Papoulis, Signal Analysis, McGraw-Hill, 1977.
[9] P. Prandoni and M. Vetterli, Signal Processing for Communications, CRC
Press, 2008.
[10] J. G. Proakis and D. K. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing: Principles,
Algorithms, and Applications, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, 2006.
[11] R. J. Schilling and S. L. Harris, Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing
Using MATLAB, 2nd ed., Cengage Learning, 2010.
[12] Nguyn Quc Trung, X l tn hiu s v lc s, Tp 1, NXB Khoa hc K
thut, 1999.
[13] Nguyn Quc Trung, X l tn hiu s v lc s, Tp 2, NXB Khoa hc K
thut, 2003.
[14] P. P. Vaidyanathan, Multirate Systems And Filter Banks, Prentice Hall,
1992.
249

Ti liu tham kho
250
Ch mc
p ng xung, 45
chiu di hu hn,FIR, 45,
72
chiu di v hn,IIR, 45, 72
th dng chy, 75
gn sng, 118
tr bao, 96
tr nhm, 96
tr pha, 96
nh l xen k, 207
ng thc Noble, 230
i chiu thi gian, 35
i thang thi gian, 37
nh ph, 234
B rng ph tn hiu, 16
B bin i s tng t, 21
B bin i tng t s, 9
Ly mu, 9
Lng t ha, 9
M ha, 9
B cng, 73
B dch tr n v, 73
B khuch i, 73
B vi x l tn hiu s, 5
Bin i Z , 27, 52
ngc, 57
vng hi t, 52
Bin i Fourier, 12
p ng tn s ca h thng,
66
ph tn hiu, 65
thi gian lin tc, 64
thi gian ri rc, 64
Bin i Laplace, 26, 92
Bin i song tuyn tnh, 135
Cu trc thc thi, 76
dng ni tip, 79
dng song song, 80
dng thang cho, 83
dng trc tip I, 76
dng trc tip II, 77
Dch gc thi gian, 35
Di chuyn tip, 96
Di thng, 96
gn sng di thng, 104
Di trit, 96, 118
gn sng di trit, 178
251

Ch mc
Ly mu, 9
u, 10
Hm truyn, 62, 63
chu k ly mu, 10
nghim cc, 64
Ly v gi mu, 18
nghim khng, 64
Lc, 1, 4
H thng, 4
a pha, 243
quy, 73
b lc s, 5
ng,c nh, 41
b lc tng t, 5, 92
n nh, 43
b tng t, 5
AR, 72
h tc, 223
ARMA, 71
Hilbert, 213
bt bin, 41
l tng, 95
bc hu hn, 39
lu bc khng, 132
cu trc h thng, 73
phng ti a, 100
c p ng xung chiu di hu
tng tc, 232
hn, 45
thng cao, 115
c p ng xung chiu di v
thng di, 108
hn, 45
trit di, 112
c pha tuyn tnh, 95
vi phn, 213
khng nhn qu, 63
Lng t ha, 18, 85
khi ng t gc, 61
b lng t, 19
MA, 72
mc lng t, 10
ni tip, 43, 76
sai s lng t, 85
nhn qu, 42
pha ti thiu, 98
Mo, 94
ri rc, 25, 38
bin , 94
song song, 43
pha, 94
t hi quy, 72
Nhiu, 5
tnh, khng nh, 41
Nyquist, 19
ton cc, 72
nh l ly mu Nyquist, 15
ton khng, 72
tn s Nyquist, 16
tuyn tnh, 42
tuyn tnh bt bin, 44
Phng trnh c trng, 61
Hin tng Gibbs, 168
Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh,
Khuch i tn hiu, 38
39
Gp ph, 15
252

Ch mc
h s hng s, 39, 62
nghim ring, 61
nghim thun nht, 61
Pha tuyn tnh, 199
m rng, 200
S h thng, 39
Sai s tch ly, 85
s, 65, 140
tng t, 139
vt l, 140
Tiu ch minmax, 204
Vng trn n v, 64
Vn tc ly mu, 19
Tch chp, 16, 46

Tn hiu, 2
p ng, 39
iu ha, 93
cng sut, 32
chn, 33
dc n v, 30
kch thch, 39
khng nhn qu, 55
l,phn i xng, 33
m ri rc, 30
nng lng, 32
nng lng hu hn, 3
ngu nhin, 3
nhn qu, 53
ri rc, 10
tng t, 2
thi gian lin tc, 2
thi gian ri rc, 2
thang n v, 29
tun hon, 3, 32
xung Dirac, 12
xung Kronecker, 29
Tn s, 16
ct, 139
ct chun ha, 100
chun ha, 122
253

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NGUYN LINH TRUNG, TRN C TN, HUNH HU TU

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page 1 #1

DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page 2 #2

DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page i #3

Danh sch hnh v

Danh sch bng

1 GII THIU V X L TN HIU S

1.4 Cng ngh DSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Phng php ly mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page ii #4

4.1 H thng ARMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page iii #5

4.3 Dng trc tip ca h thng ARMA . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

DSP_trung_index 2012/7/25 7:11 page iv #6

6.1 Phng php ca s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

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Danh sch hnh v

1.1 Biu din tn hiu lin tc bng hm ton hc. . . . . .

1.2 Biu din tn hiu ri rc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Cc loi tn hiu tun hon, nng lng v ngu nhin.

2.1 Qu trnh s ha tn hiu lin tc thnh chui bit. . . . 11

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3.6 Tn hiu i xng v phn i xng. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.15 Vng hi t ca tn hiu phn nhn qu nm trong

4.1 Hnh minh ha cc b dch tr n v, b khuch i

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4.12 Cu trc thang cho trong trng hp M l. . . . . . . . 83

5.8 Gin im cc im khng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

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5.18 p ng tn s bin ca b lc Chebyshev vi

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5.37 p ng tn s bin ca b lc s thng cao trong

6.9 Cc tham s tn s gc thit k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

6.14 p ng bin b lc s FIR dng ca s Hanning, c

6.18 Thit k thng di. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

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6.20 Thit k b lc FIR thng di, L = 27, c = 0, 956. . . . . . 195

6.21 Minh ha phng php thit k bng ly mu tn s. . 198

7.6 Minh ha ph tn hiu h tc M = 2 ln. . . . . . . . . . . 229

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7.7 Minh ha ph tn hiu h tc M = 3 ln. . . . . . . . . . . 230

7.8 ng thc Noble trong trng hp h tc: (a) v (b) l

7.11 S biu din php tng tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

7.18 ng thc Noble trong trng hp tng tc: (a) v (b)

7.23 Ghp ni b sm pha v b h tc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

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7.27 p dng biu din a pha vo mt h thng c chiu

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Danh sch bng

3.1 Mt s bin i Z thng dng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

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Gio trnh X l tn hiu s" m bn ang cm trong tay c

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ca ging dy l lm cho ngi hc hiu r rng pha sau ca cc

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Khi nghin cu mt hin tng vt l no , ngi ta thng

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./figures/Overview_0 2012/6/11 18:07 page 1 #1

Hnh 1.1: Biu din tn hiu lin tc bng hm ton hc.

Hnh 1.2: Biu din tn hiu ri rc.

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Cc tn hiu quan trng thng gp c phn thnh ba loi: