Annexure-I

TERM PAPER

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

PHY 102
Topic: Three phase power supply.

DOA: 06.09.2010 DOS: 15.11.2010 Submitted to: Ms. Suman Rani Submitted by: Ms. Neha Modi Roll. No.:RC1001A74 Reg.NO: 11011774 Course: B.TECH-AIEEE (IT)

Abstract -3 phase power is a common form of electrical power and a popular method of electric power transmission. This is due to its inherent benefits for high power transmission and its smooth wave form quality which allow 3 phase electrical equipment to run smoothly and last longer. There are many other benefits to 3 phase power. Three phase has properties that make it very desirable in power distribution. First, all three wires can carry the same current. Secondly, power transfer is constant into a linear and balanced load. Most domestic utility supplied power is single phase only. In most cases three phase power either is not available from a utility company to domestic houses, rural business and farms, at all, or in rare cases where it is, it is split out at the main distribution board. The 3 phase power generated from some of today's high quality Rotary Phase Converters is better balanced with closer voltage tolerances and a smoother wave form than utility supplied power. For this reason the 3 phase power output from these 3 phase generating converters is preferred for sensitive equipment than what is available from utility supplied 3 phase power. Keywords- Generation and distribution, single phase loads, three phase loads, phase converters, alternatives to three phase, color codes.
I.

cycle of the current and also makes it possible to produce a rotating magnetic field in an electric motor. Three-phase has properties that make it very desirable in electric power systems: The phase currents tend to cancel out one another, summing to zero in the case of a linear balanced load. This makes it possible to eliminate or reduce the size of the neutral conductor; all the phase conductors carry the same current and so can be the same size, for a balanced load.

Power transfer into a linear balanced load is constant, which helps to reduce generator and motor vibrations.

Three-phase systems can produce a magnetic field that rotates in a specified direction, which simplifies the design of electric motors.

Three is the lowest phase order to exhibit all of these properties.

II. GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION

INTRODUCTION

Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating-current electric power transmission. It is a type of polyphase system and is the most common method used by electric power distribution grids worldwide to distribute power. It is also used to power large motors and other large loads. A three-phase system is generally more economical than others because it uses less conductor material to transmit electric power than equivalent singlephase or two-phase systems at the same voltage. In a three-phase system, three circuit conductors carry three alternating currents (of the same frequency) which reach their instantaneous peak values at different times. Taking one conductor as the reference, the other two currents are delayed in time by one-third and two-thirds of one cycle of the electric current. This delay between phases has the effect of giving constant power transfer over each

At the power station, an electrical generator converts mechanical power into a set of three alternating electric currents, one from each coil (a.k.a. "winding") of the generator. The windings are arranged such that the currents vary sinusoidal at the same frequency but with the peaks and troughs of their wave forms offset to provide three complementary currents with a phase separation of one-third cycle (120 or 2/3 radians). The generator frequency is typically 50 or 60 Hz, varying by country. Large power generators provide an electric current at a potential of a few hundred volts to about 30 kV. At the power station, transformers step this voltage up to one suitable for transmission. After numerous further conversions in the transmission and distribution network, the power is finally transformed to the standard utilization voltage for lighting and equipment. Single-phase loads are connected from one phase to neutral or between two phases. Three phase loads such as

motors must be connected to all three phases of the supply.

III. SINGLE PHASE LOADS

Correspondingly, the lightly loaded phases may approach the line-to-line voltage, which exceeds the line-to-neutral voltage by a factor of 3, causing overheating and failure of many types of loads.
IV. THREE PHASE LOADS

Single-phase loads may be connected to a threephase system in two ways. A load may be connected across two of the three phase conductors or a load can be connected from a live phase conductor to the system neutral. Single-phase loads should be distributed evenly between the phases of the three-phase system for efficient use of the supply transformer and supply conductors. Where the line-to-neutral voltage is a standard utilization voltage (for example in a 230 V/400 V system), individual single-phase utility customers or loads may each be connected to a different phase of the supply. Where the line-to-neutral voltage is not a common utilization voltage, for example in a 347/600 V system, single-phase loads must be supplied by individual step-down transformers. In a symmetrical three-phase system, the system neutral has the same magnitude of voltage to each of the three phase conductors. The voltage between line conductors 3 times the phase conductor to neutral voltage. That is 3Vp. n multiple-unit residential buildings in North America, three-phase power is supplied to the building but individual units have only single-phase power formed from two of the three supply phases. Lighting and convenience receptacles are connected from either phase conductor to neutral, giving the usual 120 V. High-power loads such as cooking equipment, space heating, water heaters, or air conditioning can be connected across both live conductors to give 208 V. Attempts to use the more common 120/240 V equipment intended for threewire single-phase distribution may result in poor performance since 240 V heating equipment will only produce 75% of its rating when operated at 208 V. If the supply neutral of a three-phase system with line-to-neutral connected loads is broken, the voltage balance on the loads will no longer be maintained. The neutral point will tend to drift toward the most heavily loaded phase, causing under voltage conditions on that phase only.

The most important class of three-phase load is the electric motor. A three-phase induction motor has a simple design, inherently high starting torque and high efficiency. Such motors are applied in industry for pumps, fans, blowers, compressors, conveyor drives, electric vehicles and many other kinds of motor-driven equipment. A three-phase motor is more compact and less costly than a singlephase motor of the same voltage class and rating and single-phase AC motors above 10 HP (7.5 kW) are uncommon. Three-phase motors also vibrate less and hence last longer than single-phase motors of the same power used under the same conditions. Resistance heating loads such as electric boilers or space heating may be connected to three-phase systems. Electric lighting may also be similarly connected. These types of loads do not require the revolving magnetic field characteristic of threephase motors but take advantage of the higher voltage and power level usually associated with three-phase distribution. Fluorescent lighting systems also benefit from reduced flicker if adjacent fixtures are powered from different phases.
V. PHASE CONVERTORS

Occasionally the advantages of three-phase motors make it worthwhile to convert single-phase power to three-phase. Small customers, such as residential or farm properties, may not have access to a threephase supply or may not want to pay for the extra cost of a three-phase service but may still wish to use three-phase equipment. Such converters may also allow the frequency to be varied allowing speed control. Some railway locomotives are moving to multi-phase motors driven by such systems even though the incoming supply to a locomotive is nearly always either DC or singlephase AC. Because single-phase power goes to zero at each moment that the voltage crosses zero but three-phase delivers power continuously, any such converter must have a way to store energy for the necessary fraction of a second.

One method for using three-phase equipment on a single-phase supply is with a rotary phase converter, essentially a three-phase motor with special starting arrangements and power factor correction that produces balanced three-phase voltages. When properly designed, these rotary converters can allow satisfactory operation of three-phase equipment such as machine tools on a single-phase supply. In such a device, the energy storage is performed by the mechanical inertia (flywheel effect) of the rotating components. An external flywheel is sometimes found on one or both ends of the shaft. A second method that was popular in the 1940s and 1950s was the transformer method. At that time, capacitors were more expensive than transformers, so an autotransformer was used to apply more power through fewer capacitors. This method performs well and does have supporters, even today. The usage of the name transformer method separated it from another common method, the static converter, as both methods have no moving parts, which separates them from the rotary converters. Another method often attempted is with a device referred to as a static phase converter. This method of running three-phase equipment is commonly attempted with motor loads though it only supplies power and can cause the motor loads to run hot and in some cases overheat. This method does not work when sensitive circuitry is involved such as CNC devices or in induction and rectifier-type loads.
VI. ALTERNATIVES TO THREE PHASE

greater than neutral current in a three-phase system. Also motors are not entirely linear, which means that despite the theory, motors running on three-phase tend to run smoother than those on two-phase. The generators in the Adams Power Plant at Niagara Falls which were installed in 1895 were the largest generators in the world at the time and were two-phase machines. True two-phase power distribution is essentially obsolete. Special-purpose systems may use a two-phase system for control. Two-phase power may be obtained from a three-phase system using an arrangement of transformers called a Scott-T transformer. Monocyclic power was a name for an asymmetrical modified two-phase power system used by General Electric around 1897, championed by Charles Proteus Steinmetz and Elihu Thomson. This system was devised to avoid patent infringement. In this system, a generator was wound with a full-voltage single-phase winding intended for lighting loads and with a small (usually of the line voltage) winding which produced a voltage in quadrature with the main windings. The intention was to use this "power wire" additional winding to provide starting torque for induction motors, with the main winding providing power for lighting loads. After the expiration of the Westinghouse patents on symmetrical two-phase and three-phase power distribution systems, the monocyclic system fell out of use; it was difficult to analyze and did not last long enough for satisfactory energy metering to be developed.

Three-wire single-phase distribution is used when three-phase power is not available and allows double the normal utilization voltage to be supplied for high-power loads.

Two-phase electric power, like three-phase, gives constant power transfer to a linear load. For loads that connect each phase to neutral, assuming the load is the same power draw, the two-wire system has a neutral current which is

High phase-order systems for power transmission have been built and tested. Such transmission lines use six or 12 phases and employ design practices characteristic of extra-high voltage transmission lines. High phase-order transmission lines may allow transfer of more power through a given transmission line right

of-way without the expense of a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter at each end of the line. VII. COLOUR CODES Conductors of a three phase system are usually identified by a color code, to allow for balanced loading and to assure the correct phase rotation for induction motors. Colors used may adhere to International Standard IEC 60446, older standards or to no standard at all and may vary even within a single installation. For example, in the U.S. and Canada, different color codes are used for grounded (earthed) and ungrounded systems. Groun d/ NeutL3 proral tective earth

2004 (IEC 60446), Hong Kong from July 2007 Older European (IEC 60446, varies by country3)

Blac Black Green/ k or Black or or Blue yellow brow brown brown striped3 n

L1

L2

Green/ yellow UK until April striped 2006, Hong (green Kong until on inRed Yellow Blue Black April 2009, stallaSouth Africa, tions Malaysia approx. before 1970) Republic of India and Paki Red Yellow Blue Black Green stan People's Republic of YelChina (per GB Green low 50303-2002 Section 15.2.2)

Green/ yellow Australia and striped New Zealand White1 ( Dark Black (green (per AS/NZS Red1 prev. blue1 1 on very 3000:2007 Figyellow) old inure 3.2) stallations) Green Whit or bare e copper

Red

Green/ Light yellow blue striped

Canada (manRed Black datory)[5]

Blue

Canada (isolated three- OrYelBrown phase installa- ange low tions)[6] European Uni- Brow Black on and all n countries who use European CE NELEC standards April

Malaysia Whit Green e Norway

Green or Red Yellow Blue Black green/y ellow striped Blac White/G Brown Blue Yelk rey low/gre en striped, older may be only yellow or bare

Grey Blue Green/ yellow striped2

copper Green, green/y ellow Whit striped Blue e, or or a grey bare copper wire

United Blac States (comRed k mon practice)4

providing us with all the facilities. We are highly thankful to him for his active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework. REFERENCES [1] www.wikipedia.com [2]www.scribd.com [3] William D. Stevenson, Jr. Elements of Power System Analysis Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1975). ISBN 0070612854. Page 2. [4]www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_10/2.html [5] Canadian Electrical Code 19th edition, rule 24208

Orange( United Brow delta) YelStates (alternn Violet( low ative practice)5 wye)
VIII.

Grey, or Green white

CONCLUSION

Often the advantages of 3 phase motors, and other 3 phase equipment, make it worthwhile to convert single-phase power to 3 phase. Small and large customers, such as residential, rural businesses, or farm properties may not have access to a 3 phase supply, or may not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3 phase service, but may still wish to use 3 phase equipment. A 3 phase generating Rotary Phase Converter can benefit these situations or where high quality 3 phase power is required. Some of the Rotary Phase Converters manufactured today produce 3 phase power output that is better quality and will allow 3 phase equipment to run better and last longer than the 3 phase power from provided by a utility company. Some locomotives are driven by 3-phase motors with 3 phase converters converted from the incoming supply of either DC or 1 phase AC. This is how we see that three phase power supply is very useful in our daily life. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. We are really grateful to our Subject teacher, Ms. Suman Rani, for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and