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CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
Electro Mechanical relays
Static Relays
Numeric Relays
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RELAYS-BASED ON PRINCIPLE
Electro Mechanical
Electro magnetic
Attraction
Hinged armature relay Plunger type Balanced beam(biased-beam type) Moving coil type Polarized Moving iron type Reed type
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Thermal
Induction
Induction Disc
Shaded-pole Watt- metric
Induction Cup
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SALIENT FEATURES
Uses the principle of attraction. Simple construction, compact, robust & reliable. Responds to both a.c & d.c . Operates through an armature which is attracted to an electromagnet or through a plunger which is drawn into a solenoid. Operating speed is very high; faster than induction relays. Electromagnetic force exerted on the moving element is proportional to the square of flux in the air-gap or the square of current. In d.c relays this force is constant while in a.c this force pulsates at double the frequency. The motion of the moving element is controlled by an opposing force.(Gravity or Spring) Reset to pick-up ratio is 0.5 to 0.9. VA burden is low.
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Let I be the operating current. Force exerted on the electromagnet Square of the current.
The effect of d.c. transients are compensated using tuning circuit in the modified hinged construction.
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PLUNGER-TYPE RELAYS
Consists of Solenoid and iron plunger. Plunger moves in and out of solenoid to make and break the circuit. Movement of plunger is controlled by a spring. Very limited usage as it draws more current.
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BALANCED-BEAM RELAY
Consists of beam carrying 2 electromagnets at its ends. One gives the operating torque while the other restraining torque. The beam is supported at the middle and it remains in horizontal under normal conditions. When operating torque exceeds the resetting torque , an armature fitted at one end of the beam is pulled and its contacts are closed. Used in differential and impedance relays. It is robust and fast in operation(only 1 cycle). Not so accurate since it is affected by d.c. transients.
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REED RELAYS
1. 2. 3. Consists of a coil and nickel-iron strips (reeds) sealed in a glass capsule. This coil surrounds the reed contact. When the coil is energized, a magnetic field is produced causing the reeds to come together and close the contacts. They are reliable & maintenance free. Construction- EM, Service-Static relays. Used for control and other purposes. Speed- 1 msec to 2 msec. The voltage withstanding capacity for the insulation between coil and contacts is about 2 kV.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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INDUCTION RELAYS
Use electromagnetic induction principle for operation. ( Like induction motor) Can be used only with a.c. Moving element is equivalent to the rotor of induction motor. The iron associated with the rotor of the relay is stationary.(contrast to IM) The moving element acts as a carrier of rotor currents, whereas the magnetic circuit is completed through stationary magnetic elements. In order to produce an operating torque, the two fluxes must have a phase difference between them.
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The rotating disc is made of aluminium disc. C-shaped magnet is used. One half of each pole of the EM is surrounded by a cu band known as the shading ring. The shaded portion produces a flux which is displaced in space and time w.r.to the flux produced by the un shaded portion of the pole. Thus, 2 alternating fluxes displaced in space and time cut the disc and produce eddy currents in it. Torques are produced by the interaction of each flux with eddy current produced by the other flux. The resultant torque causes the disc to rotate. S.THANGALAKSHMI ASSOCIATE
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used
for
over-current
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OVER-RUN &BACKSTOP
After the cessation of the fault current, the disc will travel to some distance due to inertia. It is called over-run of the disc. This distance should be minimum. A brake magnet is used to minimize over-run. It is usually not more than 2 cycles. When the moving part of relay is stationary, it rests on backstop. The material of backstop should be so chosen that it is not sticky. The material should be non-metallic to avoid magnetic adherence. Agate and nylon are used as backstop materials.
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2 i2
i1
e1
e2
m ' sin( wt + ).m w cos wt m sin wt.m ' w cos(wt + ) mm ' sin( wt + ) cos wt mm ' sin wt cos(wt + ) mm ' [sin( wt + ) cos wt cos(wt + ) sin wt ] mm ' [sin( wt + wt )] mm ' sin
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THERMAL RELAYS
Utilize the electro-thermal effect of the actuating current for their operation. Used for the protection of small motors against overloading and unbalanced currents. Thermal element-bimetallic stripwound into spiral; greater lengthmore resistance-less current-greater sensitivity.
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In static relay, the comparison or measurement of electrical quantities is performed by a static circuit which gives an output signal for the tripping of CB. Present day static relays include a dc polarized relay as slave relay.
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1. Low burden on CTs & VTs. The static relays consume less power and in most of the cases they draw power from auxiliary dc supply. 2. Fast response. 3. Long life. 4. High resistance to shock and vibration. 5. Less maintenance due to the absence of moving parts and bearings. 6. Frequent operation causes no deterioration. 7. Quick resetting & absence of overshoot. 8. Compact size. 9. Greater sensitivity as amplification can be provided easily. 10. Complex relaying characteristics can easily be obtained. 11. Logic circuits can be used for complex protective schemes.
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The part of the relay circuitry which compares the two actuating quantities either in magnitude or phase is known as comparator.
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AMPLITUDE COMPARATORS
Compares the magnitude of 2 input quantities(operating & restraining), inputs N When the amplitude of the operating quantity exceeds the amplitude of restraining quantity, the relay sends a tripping signal. irrespective of the angle between them. M
AMPLITUDE COMPARATOR
output
operateswhen M
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PHASE COMPARATORS
M inputs N
PHASE COMPARATOR
output
operates when 90
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COMPARATOR - TYPES
Amplitude Comparator
Circulating current type rectifier bridge comparator
Phase Comparator
Phase splitting type phase comparator
Sampling comparators
NUMERICAL RELAYS
Numerical relays are based on numerical(digital)devices. e.g. Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, DSP etc. In these relays, the analog current and voltage signals monitored through primary transducers( CTs and VTs)are conditioned, sampled at specified instants of time. Converted to digital form for numerical manipulation, display and recording. Thus, numerical relays, having monitored the current and voltage signals through transducers, acquire the sequential samples of these ac quantities in numerical(digital)data form through the data acquisition system, and process the data numerically using an algorithm to calculate the fault discriminants and make trip decisions.
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8. 9.
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No memory of any type is Several memory available. features are available. Cumbersome & frequent maintenance required. Not available.
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Spares requirement
21.
Upward connectivity Not possible. for a present or future system such as SCADA, EMS etc.
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RELAY CLASSIFICATION-
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DISTANCE RELAYSTERMINOLOGIES
A relay which measures impedance or a component of the impedance at the relay location is known as distance relays. It is used for the protection of a transmission line. As the impedance is proportional to the length of the line, a relay which measures impedance or its component is called a distance relay. Reach: A distance relay operates when the impedance (or its component) as seen by the relay is less than a preset value. This preset impedance or corresponding distance is called reach of the relay. It is the maximum distance up-to which the relay can protect. over-reach(operates beyond its present reach) Under-reach(fails to operate even when the fault is within its reach)
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K1,K2,K3,K are constants, is the angle between V & I, is the maximum torque angle.
2 2
Plain impedance relay
T = K1 I K 2V
2
T = K1 I K 3VI cos( )
Reactance relay
T = K 3VI cos( ) K 2V
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Mho relay
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T = K1 I K 2V
2
Z= R +X
2
( R-
Z = V/I Z = R+jX
2
Z =R +X
2
X diagram )
Z < K1 / K 2
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If current and voltage are in phase, Z would coincide with +R axis. If current lags the voltage by 180, Z would coincide with R axis. When I lags behind V, the Z vector lies in upper semi-circle and when I leads V, the Z vector lies in the lower semi-circle. Independent of the phase relation between I & V, the operating characteristic is a circle . Hence it is a non-directional relay.
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DIRECTIONAL RELAY-1
The torque developed by a directional element is given by, T = VI cos( ) K for a particular installation cos( ) = K1 , and the torque equation becomes T = K1VI K Under threshold condition, when the relay is about to start , T = 0 = K1VI K K VI = = K K1 This characteristic is known as constant product characteristic and is of the form of rectangular hyperbola.
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DIRECTIONAL RELAY-2
For the operation of the relay the product V and I should give a minimum torque which exceeds the friction and spring torque. It is not enough that the product is greater than K but also, there should be a minimum value of voltage and current.
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DIRECTIONAL RELAY-3
Consider A is the location of directional relay. In case, the fault is close to the relay, the voltage to be fed to the relay may be less than the minimum voltage required.
The maximum distance up to which the voltage is less than the minimum voltage required is known as dead zone of a directional relay.
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DIRECTIONAL RELAY-4
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DIRECTIONAL RELAY-5
Consider the torque equation, T = VI cos( ) K if V is fixed and under operating condition K is negligible, then I cos( ) = 0 I cannot be zero for torque production. ( ) =
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VI sin 2 I
K 3VI sin
< <
Z sin
X
K1 K3 K1 K3
<
Operating torque current coil. S.THANGALAKSHMI element. Restraining torque current-voltage directional ASSOCIATE 8/29/2012
PROFESSOR/EEE GKMCET
K1 K3
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Operating torque- Current. Restraining torque- Current-Voltage directional element. Reactance relay is an over-current relay with directional restraint. Directional relay- maximum torque angle,=90.
Resistance component has no effect on the operation of the relay. Responds only to the reactance component of the relay. The relay will operate for all impedances whose heads lie below the operating characteristic whether below or above the R-axis. Non-directional relay.
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MHO RELAY
Operating torque V-I element. Restraining torque voltage element.
T = K 3VI cos( ) K 2V 2
For relay operation,
V2 > VI
K3 cos( ) K2
K3 cos( ) K2
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Z
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DISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS
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Operates in a definite time when the current exceeds its pick-up value. The operating time is constant irrespective of the magnitude of the current. There is no intentional time delay. It operates in 0.1 s or less.
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V TC = RC log e V VT
Operates after a predetermined time when the current exceeds its pick-up value. The operating time is constant, irrespective of the magnitude of the current above the pickup value. Definite operating time can be set with the help of intentional time delay mechanism provided in the relaying unit.
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Operates when the current exceeds its pick-up value. The operating time depends on the magnitude of the operating current. The operating time decreases as the current increases. S.THANGALAKSHMI ASSOCIATE
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INVERSE-TIME CHARACTERISTICS
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INVERSE RELAYS
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The general Expression for time current characteristics K t= n I 1 The approximate Expression K t= n I
Definite time characteristis : n = 0 & t = K 0.14 I 0.02 1 13.5 Very inverse : t = I 1 I .D.M .T : t = 80 Extemely inverse : t = 2 S.THANGALAKSHMI ASSOCIATE 8/29/2012 I 1PROFESSOR/EEE GKMCET
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CHARACTERISTICS OF OC RELAYS
PSM =
primary current during fault , i.e. fault current = Re lay current setting X CT ratio S.THANGALAKSHMI ASSOCIATE 8/29/2012
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10
15
20
25
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PROBLEM
1.The current rating of an over-current relay is 5 A. The relay has a plug setting of 150% and time multiplier setting (TMS) of 0.4. The CT ratio is 400/5. Determine the operating time of the relay for a fault current of 6000 A. At TMS=1, operating time at various PSM are give in the table below.
2 10
4 5
5 4
8 3
10 2.8
20 2.4
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SOLUTION
CT ratio = 400/5 = 80 Relay current setting = 150% 0f 5 A = 7.5 A PSM = 6000/(7.5 x 80) = 10 From the table, the corresponding time is 2.8 s. This corresponds to TMS = 1. The operating time for TMS = 0.4 will be = 2.8 x 0.4 Total operating time is 1.12 s
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PROBLEM
I.D.M.T and having a relay setting of 125% TMS=0.6. It is connected to a supply circuit through a C.T. 400/5 ratio. The fault current is 4000A.
SOLUTION: PSM= 4000/(6.25 x 80) = 8 Time corresponding to 8 is 3.2 sec. Total operating time = 3.2 x 0.6 = 1.92 s
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