B.sc. Hons. Biotechnology 2013

0
PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH- 160 014 (INDIA)

(Estted. under the Panjab University Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SYLLABI

FOR

B.Sc. (HONOURS) BIOTECHNOLOGY
1
st
, 2
nd
& 3
rd
YEAR

EXAMINATIONS 2013

--:O:--

1
SYLLABUS FOR 3-YEARS DEGREE COURSES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
For the examinations 2013
Year-wise marks distribution for B.Sc (Hons.) course:
I
st
year 1000
2
nd
year 1000
3
rd
year 1000
___________________________
Grand Total 3000

w.e.f. the admission 2012 onward

Outline of courses for B.Sc. 1
st
Year (Hons.) Biotechnology
Papers Subject Code Subject Theory Practicals Total Work load
Theory Pract
Paper I BIOT - 101 English 50 -- 50 3
Paper II BIOT - 102 Punjabi or
History and
Culture of Punjab
50 -- 50 3 --
Paper III BIOT - 103 Physics (Basic
and Applied)
100 50 150 6 3
Paper IV BIOT - 104 Chemistry 100 50 150 6 3
*Paper V
BIOT 105(a)
BIOT 105(b)
Life Sciences or
Mathematics
100 50 150 6 --
Paper VI BIOT - 106 Statistics and
Computer
Fundamentals
100 50 150 6 3
Paper VII BIOT - 107 General
Microbiology
100 50 150 6 3
Paper VIII BIOT - 108 Cell Biology 100 50 150 6 3
Total Marks 1000

*Mathematics for +2 medical students and Life Sciences for +2 non-medical students.

The students of B.A./B.Sc./B.Com. have also to study the subject of
Environment and Road Safety Education. This is a compulsory qualifying paper
which the students are required to qualify this paper either in the first year, second
year and third year of the course. The examination will be conducted by the University.

2
nd
Year (Hons.) Biotechnology
Papers Subject Code Subject Theory Practicals Total Work load
Theory Pract.
Paper I BIOT - 201 Biochemistry 100 50 150 6 3
Paper II BIOT - 202 Genetics 100 50 150 6 3
Paper III BIOT - 203 Biophysical and
Biochemical
Techniques
100 50 150 6 3
Paper IV BIOT - 204 Immunology 100 50 150 6 3
Paper V BIOT - 205 Plant Tissue
Culture and
Biotechnology
100 50 150 6 3
Paper VI BIOT - 206 Agro and Industrial
Biotechnology
100 50 150 6 3
Paper VII BIOT - 207 Intellectual
Property Right and
Ethical Issues in
Biotechnology
100 -- 100 6 --
Total Marks 1000

rd
year Hons.) Biotechnology
Papers Subject
Code
Subject Theor
y
Practica
ls
Total Work load
Theory
Pract
Paper I BIOT - 301 Genetic Engineering
and recombinant
DNA Technology
100 50 150 6 3
Paper II BIOT - 302 Tools in
Bioinformatics
100 50 150 6 3
Paper III BIOT - 303 Animal Tissue
Culture and
Biotechnology
100 50 150 6 3
Paper IV BIOT - 304 Genomics and
Proteomics
100 50 150 6 3
Paper V BIOT - 305 Bioprocess
Engineering and
Technology
100 50 150 6 3
Paper VI BIOT - 306 Food Biotechnology 100 50 150 6 3
Paper
VII
BIOT - 307 On Job Training 100 ---- 100 -- --

Total Marks 1000

BIOT- 307: On Job Training

The job training will be done after completion of B.Sc.2
nd
year and
same will be

evaluated in B.Sc.3
rd
year (BIOT-307) during the session
2012-13.

3
ENVIRONMENT AND ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION
(25 hr. course)
UNIT I (ENVIRONMENT)
1. Environment Concept :
Introduction, concept of biospherelithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere; Natural
resourcestheir need and types; principles and scope of Ecology; concepts of ecosystem,
population, community, biotic interactions, biomes, ecological succession.

2. Atmosphere :
Parts of atmosphere, components of air; pollution, pollutants, their sources, permissible
limits, risks and possible control measures.

3. Hydrosphere :
Types of aquatic systems. Major sources (including ground water) and uses of water,
problems of the hydrosphere, fresh water shortage; pollution and pollutants of water,
permissible limits, risks and possible control measures.

4. Lithosphere :
Earth crust, Soila life support system, its texture, types, components, pollution and
pollutants, reasons of soil erosion and possible control measures.

5. Forests :
Concept of forests and plantations, types of vegetation and forests, factors governing
vegetation, role of trees and forests in environment, various forestry programmes of the
Govt. of India, Urban forests, Chipko Andolan.

6. Conservation of Environment :
The concepts of conservation and sustainable development, why to conserve, aims and
objectives of conservation, policies of conservation; conservation of life support systems
soil, water, air, wildlife, forests.

7. Management of Solid Waste :
Merits and demerits of different ways of solid waste managementopen, dumping,
landfill, incineration, resource reduction, recycling and reuse, vermicomposting and
vermiculture, organic farming.

8. Indoor Environment :
Pollutants and contaminants of the in-house environment; problems of the environment
linked to urban and rural lifestyles; possible adulterants of the food; uses and harms of
plastics and polythene; hazardous chemicals, solvents and cosmetics.

9. Global Environmental Issues :
Global concern, creation of UNEP; Conventions on climate change, Convention on
biodiversity; Stratospheric ozone depletion, dangers associated and possible solutions.

10. Indian Laws on Environment :
Indian laws pertaining to Environmental protection : Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
General information about Laws relating to control of air, water and noise pollution.
What to do to seek redressal.

4
11. Biodiversity :
What is biodiversity, levels and types of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, causes of
its loss, how to check its loss; Hotspot zones of the world and India, Biodiversity Act, 2002.

12. Noise and Microbial Pollution :
Pollution due to noise and microbes and their effects.

13. Human Population and Environment :
Population growth and family welfare programme, Human Health, HIV/AIDS, Human rights.

14. Social Issues :
Environmental Ethics : Issues and possible solutions, problems related to lifestyle,
sustainable development; Consumerisms and waste generation.

15. Local Environmental Issues :
Environmental problems in rural and urban areas, Problem of Congress grass & other
weeds, problems arising from the use of pesticides and weedicides, smoking etc.

Practicals :
Depending on the available facility in the college, a visit to Vermicomposting units or any
other such non-polluting eco-friendly site or planting/caring of vegetation/trees could be
taken.

Note : Above 15 topics to be covered in 25 hour lectures in total, with 2 lectures in
each topics from 2 to 11 and one each for the topics 1 and 12 to 15.

UNIT II (ROAD SAFETY)

1. Concept and Significance of Road Safety.
2. Role of Traffic Police in Road Safety.
3. Traffic Rules.
4. Traffic Signs.
5. How to obtain Driving License.
6. Traffic Offences, Penalties and Procedures.
7. Common Driving mistakes.
8. Significance of First-aid in Road Safety.
9. Role of Civil Society in Road Safety.
10. Traffic Police-Public Relationship.

Examination Pattern :

Seventy multiple choice questions (with one correct and three incorrect alternatives
and no deduction for wrong or un-attempted question).
The paper shall have two units: Unit I (Environment) and Unit II (Road Safety).
Unit I shall comprise of 50 questions with minimum of 2 questions from each topics
1, and 12 to 15 and minimum of 4 questions from topics 2 to 11.
5
Unit II shall comprise of 20 questions with minimum of 1 question from each topics 1
to 10.
The entire syllabus of Unit I is to be covered in 25 hours and that of Unit II is to be
covered in 10 hours.
All questions are to be attempted.
Qualifying Marks 33 per cent i.e. 23 marks out of 70.
Duration of examination : 90 minutes.
The paper setters are requested to set the questions strictly according to the syllabus.

Suggested Readings

1. The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 (2010), Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
2. Road Safety Signage and Signs (2011), Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
Government of India.

Websites:

(a) www.chandigarhpolice.nic.in
(b) www.punjabpolice.gov.in
(c) www.haryanapolice.gov.in
(d) www.hppolice.nic.in

6
BIOT- 101: English

Objectives
The objective of teaching English to the science students is to create general awareness
among them about literature and its impact on their lives. At the same time, it is expected that
the students, on reading this course, shall develop proficiency in reading and writing skills,
while acquiring a sensitive and analytical attitude towards literature in particular, and life in
general. It is with this aim in mind that the new text has been selected and it is hoped that the
objectives of the course will not only be reflected but also realized through necessary shift in
the teaching practices, design of the question paper and mode of evaluation.

Note:
(i) There will be one paper of 80 marks, 10 marks are reserved for the Internal
Assessment and 10 for the Practical Work. Total is 100.
(ii) The paper shall consist of Two Units. Unit I will be text specific and Unit II shall
deal with different aspects of communications and language learning skills.

(iii) For Unit I, the prescribed text is Varieties of Expression, Ed. A. H. Tak, Foundation
Books, which shall replace the existing text Patterns in Prose by Jagdish Chander,
P.U., Chandigarh. It may be pointed out here that only certain sections of this text i.e
prose and drama are prescribed. Poetry has been deleted completely. Only five
prose and five plays have been recommended for the study. The relevant sections,
however, are as follows:

Prose:
I. The Judgement Seat of Vikramaditya, Sister Nivedita
II Engine Trouble, R. K. Narayan
III The Conjurers Revenge, Stephen Leacock
IV J. C. Bose, Aldous Huxley
V The Position of Women in Ancient India, Padmini Sen Gupta

Drama:
VI The Rising of the Moon, Lady Gregory
VII Waterloo, Arthur Conan Doyle
VIII The Proposal, Anton Chekhov
IX Riders to the Sea, J. M. Synge
X Lithuania, Rupert Brooke

(iv) No text book is recommended for Unit II, but a few books that may be used for this
Unit are listed towards the end Unit II shall consist of the following:

Communication: It shall focus on different aspects of communication, types of
communication , and significance of positive attitude in improving communication.
Writing Skills: This section shall focus on prcis-writing, letters of all kinds; curriculum
vitae, short, formal reports (no exceeding 200 words); public notices and advertisements
relating to product promotion etc.,
Modern Forms of Communication: Here special emphasis shall be given to teaching the
format of e-mails, fax messages, telegrams, audio-visual aids and power-point presentations.
Apart from this, the students shall also be given basic lessons in effective listening, non-
verbal communication, how to prepare for an interview and group discussion etc.

7
Practical work:-
Teacher should assign some project or practical work to the students. This should be in the
nature of guided activity, which the students shall have to complete under the direct
supervision of the teacher. The students may be given projects on a variety of subjects
relating to their discipline i.e. science in general or a specific area of science they are
specializing in. Preferably, they should be given minor projects (to be completed within less
than two weeks, and length not exceeding 20 pages) in consultation with teachers of science.
However, the evaluation of the projects should be done only by the Language Teachers, who
must keep all the basic criteria of good writing in mind while doing so.
(Note: In case of private candidates and students of School of Open Learning, the marks
obtained by them out of 80 will be proportionately increased out of 100).

Testing Scheme:
The examination paper shall be divided into two sections, corresponding to two units already
proposed in the syllabus. The distribution of questions and marks in Section I shall be as
follows:

Section I (It is text-based and corresponds to unit I in the syllabus)
Q1. It shall consist of five short questions (not exceeding 100-120 words) out of which a
student will be expected to attempt any three. This question shall be based upon the
prescribed text Varieties of Expression and cover a wide range of issues, topics and
problems. It shall consist of 12 marks.

Q2. It shall consist of two long questions (not exceeding 300-350 words) out of which a
student will be expected to attempt only one. This question shall have internal choice, be
based upon the prescribed text Varieties of Expression. This shall carry 10 marks.
Note: The question 1 & 2 should be so designed as to cover all the chapters prescribed, as
well as the major issues and problems listed therein.
Q3. It shall consist of an Unseen Passage for Comprehension (not more than 800 words),
with minimum six questions at the end. These questions should be designed in such a way
that we are able to test a students comprehension ability, language/presentation skills and
vocabulary etc. This question shall be of 12 marks.
Q.4. It shall exclusively be a test of vocabulary, but designed strictly on the lines of various
exercises given at the end of each chapter in the prescribed text. The candidate shall be given
six words in one column and asked to match them with words/meanings in the next column,
This shall carry 6 marks.

Section II (Based upon Unit II)
Q.5 (a) The students shall be asked to write a short survey report on a situation, incident,
problem of science or the possibility of starting a new scientific venture (in about 150-200
words). The students shall be given an internal choice in this question. This question shall
carry 8 marks.
Q.5 (b) This question shall be on notices/advertisements of various types (as mentioned in
the syllabus). Itll carry 4 marks.
Q.6. This question shall test a students ability to write letters of various kinds (in nor more
than 250 words). Again, there will be internal choice here and the question will be of 8
marks
Q.7 There will test a students ability to write a Prcis, A passage of about 200 words shall be
given and the students shall have to write a prcis of about 70 words (including the title).
This question shall carry 10 marks.
8
Q.8 This question shall test a students understanding of various aspects of communication
and modern forms of communication. It shall be divided into two parts:
(a) Two short questions to be attempted (in not more than 100-120 words each) on different
aspects of communication. Itll carry 6 marks.
(b) Definitions/format of modern forms of communication to be tested. This shall again carry
4 marks.

Suggested Reading:

1. Business Communication, Ed. Om. P. Juneja & Aarti Mujumdar, Hyderabad: Orient
Blackswan, 2010.

2. Textbook of Business Communication, Anjali Kalkasr, R.B. Suryawanshi, Amlanjyoti
Sengupta, Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan., 2010.

BIOT- 102: Punjabi

=Y m= 5u
Hu 3 c
Objective:

Punjabi being the regional language it is necessary for jobs in Punjab
Government and therefore it has to be included in the curriculum. The
student who are from non- Punjab speaking states i.e. who cannot speak
Punjabi, it is necessary to make them aware of the History and Culture of
Punjab.
u=u

1 u8l =l=3 mlm 12 m=
2 u8l =Jl mlm 13 m=
3 =l=3 3 =Jl Y H83 Y U3 =Y uH 5 m=
4 u3-l=J 1u m=
5 l=m= 1u m=

=H
1 m3u-m3u ,=l=3 3 =u HTlJ)
Hu= J HlJ8l lH 3 J =lmu lH H
u=H= T = = Hl=lHcl, mlu3H, 2uu6

1 m3u-m3u uH3= =l=3 JT l=6 uHT HlJ3 l=mlm
, 6 l8=)
5 m=
2 m3u-m3u uH3= =Jl JT l=6 uHT HlJ3 l=mlm
, 6 l8=)
5 m=
3 m3u-m3u uH3= l=6Ylm =l=3= l=H H = H
lY , 6 l8=)
7 m=
9
4 m3u-m3u uH3= l=6Ylm =Jlm l=H H = H
lY , 6 l8=)
8 m=
5 =H l=6Yl u-uH3= ,m3u-m3u) lm =l=3= m3
=Jlm Y H83 uH3= l=6 l3 uH U3 ,7 6 5)
5 m=
6 H=l m3 m8 Hu= 6Y3 uHlYm 8 u3 lY
, 6 l8=)
1u m=
7 l=m=
U) l=Hu l6
m) == J u H = lY
8) uJ=lm l == l=6 =3
,3-3-4
1u m=)
OR
PAPER 2 : HISTORY AND CULTURE OF PUNJAB

Theory : 45 marks
Internal Assessment : 5 marks
Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

One Paper

General Instructions :

1. In all, nine questions will be set. Each question will carry 9 marks.

2. First question shall be Short Answer type containing 15 short questions spread
over the whole syllabus. Candidates will attempt nine questions out of the fifteen
questions in about 25 to 30 words each. Each short question will carry 1 mark,
totalling 91=9 marks. The first question is compulsory.

3. Rest of the paper shall contain 4 units. Each unit shall have two essay type
questions and the candidate shall attempt one question from each unit 4 in all.

4. For private candidates, who have not been assessed earlier for internal
assessment, the marks secured by them in theory paper will proportionately be
increased to maximum marks of the paper in lieu of internal assessment. The
paper setter must put note (4) in the question paper.

HISTORY CULTURE OF PUNJAB 1200-1849 A. D.

Objective:
Punjabi being the regional language it is necessary for jobs in Punjab
Government and therefore it has to be included in the curriculum. The
student who are from non- Punjab speaking states i.e. who cannot speak
Punjabi, it is necessary to make them aware of the History and Culture of
Punjab.
UNIT-I

1. Society in the Punjab during the Afghan rule.

2. The Punjab under the Great Mughals.

3. Salient features of the Bhakti movement and Sufism in the Punjab.

10
UNIT-II

4. Guru Nanak : His teachings; concept of Langar and Sangat.

5. Development of Sikhism (1539-1581) : Contributions of Guru Angad Dev, Guru
Amar Das and Guru Ram Das for the development of Sikhism.

6. Transformation of Sikhism : Compilation of Adi-Granth; martyrdom of Guru
Arjan Dev; Guru Hargobinds New Policy.

UNIT-III

7. Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur; foundation of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh.

8. Banda Bahadur and his achievements; Sikh Struggle for sovereignty from 1716 to
1765; role of Dal Khalsa, Rakhi, Gurmata and Misls.
9. Ranjit Singhs rise to power; civil and military administrations; relations with the
British.

UNIT-IV

10. Social change with special reference to the position of women.

11. New developments in language, literature, architecture in the Punjab during the
Medieval Period.

12. Famous Folk tales of Medieval Punjab.
Suggested Readings :

1. Singh, Kirpal, History and Culture of the Punjab, Part-II (Medieval Period),
Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1990 (3
rd
edn.).

N.B. - The required detail and depth would conform to the treatment of the
subject in the above survey. (This book will also form the basis of the
short answer questions).

2. Grewal, J.S., The Sikhs of the Punjab, The New Cambridge University History of
India, Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 1990.

3. Singh, Khushwant, A History of the Sikhs, Vol. I : 1469-1839, Oxford University
Press, Delhi, 1991.

4. Singh, Fauja (ed.), History of the Punjab, Vol. III, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1972.

5. Chopra, P.N.; Puri, B.N.; and Das, M.N., A Social, Cultural & Economic History of
India, Vol. II, Macmillan, Delhi, 1947.

Note :- The following categories of the students shall be entitled to take the option of
History & Culture of Punjab in lieu of Punjabi as compulsory subject :

(a) The students who have not studied Punjabi upto class 10
th
.
(b) Wards of/and Defence Personnel and Central Government
employee/employees who are transferable on all India basis.
(c) Foreigners.

11
BIOT- 103: Physics (Basic and Applied)
Theory : 90 marks
Int. assessment : 10 marks
Total : 100 marks
Time : 3 hours

Instructions for paper setters and candidates
Set nine questions in all. All questions carry equal marks.
Five questions to be attempted.
Question number one will be compulsory having 7-10 short answer types
covering the whole syllabus (Not objective type and no short notes).
Set two questions from each Unit, and each question should be further
divided in two to three parts. Any one question to be attempted from each
unit.

Objective:
Physics is one of the important basic sciences and Biotechnology is based
upon these. Introduction to basic course of Physics will enhance the
grasping of subject.

UNIT I
( MECHANICS )

Science, Physics and Life Sciences- An introduction to apparent differences
and the underlying overlap (atomic nature of matter).
Units of measurement and ranges (from the smallest to the largest known)
for different physical quantities viz. mass, length, time, current,
temperature, luminosity, etc. with suitable examples from bio/physical
sciences.
Basics of vector algebra, definition of gradient, divergence and curl.
Central forces, equation of motion under central forces, elastic collision (one
dimensional), coefficient of restitution, mass - energy equivalence.

UNIT II
( ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM )

Coulombs law for point charges; electric field due to point charge and
electric dipole (on axial line and equaror line), electric flux; Gausss theorem
and its applications (line of charge and sheet of charge).

Electric potential due to point charge, group of charges and dipole ( on axial
line and equatorial line ), potential difference as line integral of electric field,
capacitance; series and parallel arrangements, energy stored in the electric
field of capacitor, current, currant density, equation of continuity, Ohms
law in vector form.

Biot- Savart law and its applications for circular current carrying coil (at
centre and on the axis), Ampere - Circuital law and its application for
solenoid and straight conductor carrying current, magnetic permeability and
magnetic susceptibility, magnetic materials (ferromagnetism paramagnetic
and diamagnetism) and their properties.

12
UNIT - III
( OPTICS )

Interference of waves, phase and path differences, theory of interference
fringes, Youngs experiment, coherent sources, Llyods mirror, Fresnel
Biprism, intensities of maxima and minima.

Diffraction of light, rectilinear propagation, Fresnel and Fraunhofer
diffraction, Fraunhofer diffraction at single slit, Rayleigh criterion for
resolving power, Resolving power of telescope and microscope, Compound
Microscope ( Principle, construction, ray diagram, formula for magnifying
power), fluorescent microscope(concept only).

Polarisation, introduction, polarization by reflection and refraction,
Brewesters law, Mallus law, double retraction, Nicol Prism and its use,
optical activity, specific rotation, Half-shade polarimeter.

Brief features of laser and its applications in Biology ; optical fibres and its
applications.

UNIT IV
( MODERN PHYSICS )

Quantum theory of light, X-rays diffraction, Compton effect, Braggs law,
de Broglie wave equation, phase velocity and group velocity, electron
microscope, Uncertainty Principle (statement only), applications of
Uncertainty Principle ( particle in a box, existence of electron in Nucleus and
atom ).
Radioactivity and its laws ; half life and mean life, uses of radioactivity.

Books recommended :

1. H.S. Hans & S.P. Puri : Mechanics (Tata Mcgraw Hill 1984)
2. Electricity and Magnetism : Berkeley physics course vol. II.
3. Ajoy Ghatak : Optics (Tata Mcgraw Hill 2004)
4. Jenkins & White : Fundamental of optics (Tata Mcgraw Hill 1991)
5. D.P. Khandelwal : Text book of optics and atomic physics (Himalaya
Pub. 2005)
6. Arthur Beiser : Modern Physics (Tata Mcgraw Hill 1981)

13
BIOT- 103: Physics (Basic and Applied) (Practical)

Practical Exam : 45 marks
Total Marks : 50 marks
Time Allowed : 3 hours

1. Introduction and practice the concepts of proper measurement, data
recording, and data presentation; stress to be laid on use of proper
units, least count, error & its propagation, graph plotting & least
square fitting. (Simple measuring devices available in the lab may be
used to create basic data).

2. Youngs modulus by bending beam method.

3. Resolving power of Telescope/Microscope.
4. Rotation of the plane of polarization of a solution using a Polarimeter.

5. Laser interference & diffraction.
6. Use of C.R.O. as a display & measuring device.
7. Using compound pendulum measure time period as a function of
distance of centre of suspension from centre of mass, plot relevant
graphs and determine radius of gyration and acceleration due to
gravity.

8. To study the magnetic field produced by a current carrying solenoid
using a search coil and calculate permeability of air.
9. Capacitance by flashing and quenching of a neon lamp.
10. Use of CRO for Lissajous figures.

Books recommended :
1. Laboratory Manual of Physics for Undergraduate classes by D. P.
Khandelwal
2. B.Sc. Physics Practicals by C. L. Arora

14
BIOT 104: Chemistry

Theory : 90 marks
Int. Assessment : 10 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Objective:
Without chemical reactions, biological systems can not work. So
understanding the concepts of basic chemistry inorganic, organic and
various laws and their applications in Biotechnology is important.

UNIT I
Ia) Quantum Chemistry: Quantization of radiation energy, wave particle
duality and uncertainty principle. Schrodinger wave equation (SWE),
physical interpretation of wave function, quantization, solution of
SWE for particle in one dimension box, quantum numbers, radial and
angular probability distribution of electrons.

b) Chemical bonding: Elementary treatment of valence bond theory and
molecular orbital theory. Ionic bonding, multiple bonds, multi-center
bonds, metallic bonding. hydrogen bonding and its significance.
c) Periodic properties: Position of elements in the periodic table,
effective nuclear charge and its calculation, atomic and ionic radii,
ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity. Trends in
periodic table and application in predicting and explaining the
chemical behavior.
d) Molecular Spectroscopy: Difference between atomic and molecular
spectroscopy, absorption and emission spectroscopy, regions of
electromagnetic spectrum. Infrared and Raman spectra, basic
principle and information from Infrared and Raman spectra. Principle
of NMR, chemical shift values and its applications. Importance of
mass spectroscopy in chemistry and biology

UNIT II
IIa) Solutions: Ideal and non- ideal solutions, method of expression
concentrations of solution, activity and activity coefficients, dilute
solution, Osmotic pressure, its law and measurements, Elevation of
boiling point and depression of freezing points.

15
b) Chemical kinetics: Scope, rate of reaction, influencing factors such
as concentration, temperature, pressure, solvent etc. theories of
chemical kinetics. Arrhenius equation, concept of activation energy.

c) Molecular velocities: Root mean, average and most probable
velocities, qualitative discussion of Maxwells distribution of molecular
velocities, collision number, mean free path.
d) Electrochemical Cells: Electrode potential, electromotive force (EMF).
Reversible and irreversible cells, measurement of EMF of a cell. Nernst
equation. Reference electrodes and other electrodes, standard
electrode potential. Activity and activity coefficient determination from
EMF results. Applications.

UNIT III
IIIa) Chemical equilibrium: The nature of Chemical Equilibrium, The
equilibrium constant, External effect on equilibria- concentration and
temperature effects, Equilibria in non-ideal situations, calculation
with equilibrium constant.
b) Catalysis: Homogeneous Catalysis acid base catalysis, enzyme
catalysis (Michaelis-Menten equation). Heterogeneous catalysis.
Unimolecular surface reactions.
c) Photochemistry:
Absorption of light, Lambert-Beer Law, Photochemical principles:
Stark-Einstein Law of Photochemical equivalence, Quantum yield of a
photochemical reaction (with example). Fluorescence and
Phosphorescence.
d) Coordination compounds: Introduction, Weners coordination
theory, naming of coordination compounds, isomerism and
stereochemistry in coordination compounds

UNIT IV

IVa) Fundamentals: inductive effect electromeric effect, resonance,
hyperconjugation, types of reagents, electrophiles and nucleophiles,
types of organic Reaction intermediates, carbocations, free radicals,
carbenes (with example). Nomenclature and classification of Alkyl
halide, method of formation, chemical reaction, mechanisms and
stereochemistry of nucleophillic substitution reaction of Alkyl halides,
SN
2
, and SN
1
reaction with energy diagram.

b) Alcohols and Phenols: Mechanism of dehydration, acidity, Fries
rearrangement, Mechanism of Kolbes reaction, Reimer Teimann
reaction and mechanism.

c) Aldehydes and ketones:Common methods of preparation and
reactivity. Ketoenol tautomerism, aldol condensation, Cannizaros
reaction. The Wittigs reaction, Perkins reaction.

16
d) Carboxylic Acids and derivatives: Structure of carboxylic acids and
derivatives. Acidity of carboxylic acids, effects of substitution on acidic
strengths, chemical properties of carboxylic acids. HVZ reaction with
mechanism. Relative stability and reactivity and reactivity of acid
chloride, esters, anhydrides, amides, mechanism of esterification.

Reference Books:
1. Bruce H Mahan (1987). University Chemistry Edition 3
rd
(Narosa
Publishers).
2. R. T. Morrison, R. N. Boyd (2001). Organic Chemistry (Prentice-Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd).
3. J.D Lee. (2008). Concise Inorganic Chemistry, (Wiley-India).
4. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma. (1989). Principles of inorganic chemistry
(Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and Co).
5. Walter J Moore (1986). Basic physical chemistry (Prentice Hall of
India).

BIOT- 104: Chemistry (Practicals)

Practical : 45 marks
Int. Assessment : 05 Marks
Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours

Inorganic qualitative analysis
Four ions including interfering ions.
Iodimetry and Iodometry
Redox titrations using cericsulphate, potassium dichromate and potassium
permanganate
Comlexometric titration using EDTA of Ca
++,
Mg
++
and Zn
++

Analysis of a given organic compound (solid): Elemental Analysis, Detection
of Functional groups and melting point. The functional groups are acids,
phenols, amines, carbohydrates, thiourea etc.

Reference Books:

1. L. Saland (1989). Practical chemistry labs: A resource manual (Walch
Education).
2. J. Leonard, B. Lygo, G. Procter (1998). Advanced practical organic
chemistry. (CRC publications).
3. P. Kelter, M. Mosher, A. Scott (2008). Chemistry: The practical science
(Publisher Houghton Mifflin).
4. G. Svehla (1996). Vogels quantitative inorganic analysis (Prentice Hall).

17
BIOT- 105(a) : Life Sciences
heory : 90 marks
Total : 100 marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Objective:
This paper includes basic introduction to life especially taking into
consideration, cell as basic unit of life its evolution and specialization with
respect to higher organisms, their systems and their mechanism of
interactions.

UNIT I
General Biology: The nature of life, definition of life, characteristics of life,
differences between animals and plants, principal divisions in biology,
importance of biology.
Introduction to various systems in human body: Digestive system,
respiratory system, circulatory system, endocrine system, reproductive
system.

UNIT II
Basics of cell biology: Definition of cell- fundamental cell types, difference
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types, cell structure cell wall,
plasma membrane.
Different organelles and their functions.
Cell division, cell cycle and its regulation.
Basic of genetics and evolution: Mendels work and experiments, gene
bearer of heredity character, chemical basis of heredity.
Chromosome structure, alterations in structure, human karyotype,

UNIT III
Diversity of life: Origin of life, evidences of evolution from plant and animal
kingdom, modern concept in Evolution.
Varity of living organisms; Systematic; need, history and types of
classifications (artificial, natural, phylogenetic); biosystematics; binomial
nomenclature; Two kingdom system, Five kingdom system, their merits and
demerits; zoological parks and museums.
Salient features of non-chordates up to phylum level and chordates (up to
class level).

18
UNIT IV
Biology in human welfare
Population, environment and development; Population growth and factor-
(fatality, mortality, immigration, emigration, age and sex ratio); impact of
population growth; reproductive health; common problems of adolescence
(drugs, alcohol and tobacco);social and moral implication; mental and
addictive disorder; Risks of indiscriminate use of drugs and antibiotics;
population as a resource.
Brief account of some common animal diseases; biopesticides; genetically
modified food; bio-war, biopiracy; biopatent; and sustainable agriculture.
AIDS, STD, cancer (types, causes, diagnosis, treatment)
Basic concepts of ECG, EEG, CT scan, MRI and ultrasound.

Reference Books:

1. D. Grierson & S.N. Covey (1988). Plant molecular biology (Blackie
Academic & Professional).
2. H.F. Lodish, A. Berk, C.A. Kaiser (2008).Molecular cell (W.H.
Freeman).
3. D. Enger, F.C. Ross, D.B. Bailey (2008). Concepts in biology (McGraw-
Hill).
4. Neil A. Campbell (2008). Biology: concepts & connections (Pearson
Benjamin Cummings).

BIOT- 105(a) : Life Sciences (Practical Course)
Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours
1. To study cell structure from onion leaf peels.
2. To study various stages of mitosis and meiosis.
3. To study ultra structure of cell organelles through photographs.
4. To study digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory, Endocrine and
Reproductive system of Human body through charts/ model.
5. To study Chromosome structure though charts/slides.
6. Study of the slides/specimens and identification with reasons
Bacteria, oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, Mushroom, yeast,
liverwort, moss, fern, lichen, one monocotyledon and one dictyledon.
7. Study of the slides/specimens and identification with reasons
Amoeba, Hydra, Tapeworm, Roundworm, Earthworm, Cockroach,
Pila, Starfish, Shark Labeo, Frog, Lizard, Pigeon and Rabbit.
8. To study the symptom and pathogen of the following diseases: Malaia,
Tetanus, Polio, Taeniasis, Ascariasis, AIDS and STD.

19
BIOT- 105: (b) Mathematics

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100 marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Objective:
Basic principles of mathematics are required for data analysis. And
statistical verifications of various results in biotechnology so without
understanding calculations, differentiation integration are required for this
curriculum.

UNIT I
Numbers
Different kinds of numbers, integer, rational and irrational, surds and their
properties, Fractional indices.
Complex numbers, conjugate, modulus and argument of a complex number.

Set, relation and function
Set, product sets, relations, functions (polynomials, trignometric,
exponential ), graphical representation of functions

Limit
Sequences, limits of sequences, series, limits of functions
UNIT II
Elementary mathematical logic.
Elementary trigonometry, addition subtraction, A-B, C-D formulas.
Concept of A.P, G.P., natural numbers, elementary computing binary
system
Binomial Theorem
Expanding (x+y)
n
, Bionomial coefficients, Binomial theorem

UNIT III

Matrices and vectors
Matrix algebra, determinants, applications vector in space,

Calculus
Differentiation: Calculating gradients of chords first and higher order
derivatives. Applications increasing and decreasing functions, maximum
and minimum points, Derivatives as rates of change.

20
Integration
Finding a function from its derivative, definite integral, indefinite integral,
calculating areas for bounded regions.

Differential Equations
Forming differential equations solving first order differential equation and
second order differential equation with constant co-efficients, growth
equation, applications.

UNIT IV
Linear Programming
Elementary statistics
Representation of Data: Discrete data, continuous data, histogram,
polygons, frequency curves
The Mean, variability of data-The standard deviation
Median, quintiles, percentile
Skewness

Reference Books:
1. Arya J.C, Lardner R.W (1990). Mathematics for the biological sciences
(Prentice Hall. International, New Delhi).
2. Mathematics: Text book for class XI & XII (2006) (National Council of
Education Research and Training, New Delhi).

BIOT- 105: (b) Mathematics (Practicals)
Practical : 45 Marks
Total : 50 Marks
Time : 3 hours
1. Computation of mean, variance and standard deviation using given
(preferably biological) data (2 to 3 practicals).
2. Sets (Venn-Diagram, Union, Intersection, Difference of sets,
Symmetric Difference of sets, Complement of sets) (2 practicals).
3. Relations (graphical representation of relation from set A to set B or
set A to set A) (1 practical).
4. Functions (Graph of standard functions, modulus, greatest, integer,
exponential, logex, signum, sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, cosec,) (2 to 3
practicals).
5. Increasing and Decreasing (Polynomial functions) wavy curve
method (2 practicals).
6. Plotting of irrational number 2, 3, 5 etc. on numbe line (1 practical).
7. Curve tracing (using Maxima and minima, symmetry along X-axis, Y-
axis, Y=X, Y=X, point of intersection with X-axis and Y-axis, f(x), f ( x)
(3 to 4 practical).
8. Histogram, frequency polygon, ogives, pie chart, bar diagrams (2 to 3
practical).
9. Aragand plane (Plotting of complex numbers) (1 practical).
10. Binary to Decimal, Decimal to Binary, Binary addition, subtraction,
multiplication (2 to 3 practical).
11. Solving linear programming problem using graphical methods (2
practical).
21
BIOT- 106: Statistics and Computer Fundamentals
Theory : 90 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
Time : 3 hours
Question number one will be compulsory having 7-10 short answer types covering
the whole syllabus (Not objective type and no short notes).
Set two questions from each Unit, and each question should be further divided in
two to three parts. Any one question to be attempted from each unit.

Statistical Methods (Unit-1 & Unit-II)
Objective:
All the data generated in biological sciences needs statistical
verification to prove its significance so computer aided analysis of the same
is need of the hour. Therefore knowledge of computer in 1
st
year is
important.
UNIT I
1. An introduction, types of data, collection, classification and
tabulation of the primary data, secondary data, discrete data and
continuous data, deagammatic and graphical representation of
grouped data, frequency distribution {univariate and bivariate},
cumulative frequency distribution and their graphical representation,
histogram frequency polygon.

2. Concept of central tendency or location and their measures, partition
values: quantiles, deciles and percentiles, dispersion and their
measures, relative dispersion.

3. Moments (single and double variables) and their relationships, Karl
Pearsons, Beta & Gamma coefficients, Charliers checks and
Sheppards correction for moments for grouped data (without
derivation), skew ness & kurtosis and their measures.

UNIT II
4. Mathematical expectation (single and bivariate), expectation of sum of
random variables, variance and covariance, moment generating and
cumulate generating function.

5. Binomial distribution, Poisson distribution as a limiting form of
binomial distribution and properties of these distributions, moments,
moment generation function, cumulate generating function,
geometric distribution and exponential distribution and properties of
these distributions.
Normal distribution
Correlation and regression analysis
Hypothesis testing
Markov models
Cluster analysis
Nearest neighbour search
22
Search using stem numbers
Search using text signature
6. Probability.
7. Statistical packages.
Computer Fundamental (Unit-III & IV)

UNIT III
Computers: General introduction to computers, organization to computers,
digital and analogue computers, computers algorithms.
Introduction to computers and its uses: Milestones in hardware and
software-batch oriented/online/real time applications.
Compute as systems: Basic concepts, stored programs, functional units and
their interrelation- communication with computer.

UNIT IV
Data storage devices:
Primary storage: Storage addressed and capacity, type of memory.
Secondary storage devices: Magnetic tape-data representation and R/W;
Magnetic disks, fixed and removable, data representation and R/W; Floppy
and hard disks, optical disks CD-Rom, mass storage devices.
Input/output devices: Key-tape/diskette devices, light pin Mouse, joystick,
source data automation.
printed outputs: Serial, line, page, printers, plotters, voice response units.

Reference Books:
1. P.N. Arora & P.K. Malhotra (1996). Biostatistics (Himalaya Publishing
House, Mumbai).
2. Sokal & Rohlf(1973). Introduction to biostatistics (Toppan Co. Japan).
3. W.J. Evens, G.R. Grant (2005). Statistical methods in bioinformatics: An
introduction (Springer).
4. P.K. Sinha (2004). Computer fundamentals (BPB).
5. Suresh K. Basandra (2008). Computers today (Galgotia Publications Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi).

BIOT-106: Statistics and Computer Fundamentals (Practicals)
Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Presentation of data by frequency tables, diagrams and graphs.
2. Calculation of measures of central tendencies.
3. Calculation of measures of skewness and Kurtosis.
4. Calculation of dispersion.
5. Fitting of binomial distribution.
6. Fitting of Poisson distribution.
7. Probability.
8. Bivariate frequency table.
9. Basics of computer.
10. Basic commands-File creation, copying, moving and deleting in
Linux & Windows.
11.Using e-mail, browsers, search engines.
23

Reference Books:
1. W.J. Evens, G.R. Grant (2005). Statistical methods in bioinformatics:
An introduction (Springer).
2. P.K. Sinha (2004). Computer fundamentals (BPB).
3. Suresh K. Basandra (2008). Computers today (Galgotia Publications
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi).

BIOT- 107: General Microbiology
Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Objective:
Microbes are playing significant role in understanding medical science
and industries so study of microbes from basic to advance level, with
understanding of biochemistry, cell structure and application makes this
paper significant.

UNIT I
History of Microbiology: A. Leewenhook, L. Pasteur, R. Koch, J. Lister, J.
Tyndall.
Biogenesis vs abiogenesis, Koch postulates, discovery of antibiotics.
Principle of microscopy: Bright field, dark field, phase contrast, fluroscent,
electron microscopy.

UNIT II
Microbial classification: Bacteria, fungi and algae.
Morphology of bacteria, viruses and fungi with major emphasis on bacterial
structure specially cell wall. Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
Microbial spores, sporulation/ germination process.

UNIT III

Microbial growth, nutritional biodiversity, phases of growth, generation
time, growth rate, monoauxic, diauxic and synchronous growth. Chemostat
Microbes in extreme environment like high temperature and high/ low pH
values
Physical and chemical agents to kill microbes, sterilization and
pasteurization processes.

24
UNIT IV
Normal micro flora in human/ animals. Types of microbial pathogens and
diseases caused by them. Microbial interactions like symbiosis and
antibiosis etc. Host defense mechanism against pathogens.
Nitrogen fixing microbes in agriculture.
Photosynthesis
Fermentation and its products
Production of heterologous proteins in microbes.

Reference Books:

1. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. (2009) Microbiology: An
introduction (Benjamin/ Cummings publishing company, Inc).
2. R. Y. Stanier, M. Doudoroff, E. A. Adelberg (1999). General microbiology
(MacMillian Press London).
3. M.J. Pelczar, E.C. Sun Chan, N.R. Krieg (1986). Microbiology (Tata
McGraw Hill Publication, New Delhi).
4. H.G. Schlegel, C.Zaborosch, M. Kogut (1993). General microbiology
(Cambridge University Press).
5. S.C. Prescott, C.G. Dunn (1959). Industrial microbiology (McGraw- Hill).
6. Purohit, S.S. (2003). Microbiology: Fundamentals and applications
(Agrobios, India)
7. Postgate, J.R. (2000). Microbes and man (Cambridge University Press).

BIOT: 107: General Microbiology (Practicals)
Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours
1. Aseptic techniques.
2. Cleaning of glass wares, preparation of media, cotton plugging and
sterilization.
3. Personal hygiene- microbes from hands, tooth-scums and other body parts.
4. Isolation of microorganisms from air, water and soil samples.
5. Dilution and pour plating techniques.
6. Enumeration of microorganisms total vs viable counts.
7. Identification of isolated bacteria.
8. Gram staining, other staining methods, metabolic characterization (e.g.
Im VIC) tests.
9. Growth curve of microorganisms.
10. Antibiotics sensitivity of microbes using antibiotic discs.
11. Testing of water quality.
12. Alcoholic and mixed acid fermentation.
Reference Books:
1. Cappuccino J.G., Sherman N. (2007). Microbiology: A laboratory manual,
(Pearson Benjamin Cummings).

25
BIOT- 108: Cell Biology
Theory : 90 marks
Int.Assessment : 10 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Objective:
Cell constitutes basic unit of life and regulates all processes within
the unicellular and multicelluler organisms; its dependent upon diverse
variety of organelle and inclusions along with physical chemical processes
that determines the efficiency of organisms. This paper will make students
aware with cell in detail and its physiology including various pathways for
energy production and utilization in true sense the nature of bioenergetics.
UNIT I
Cell as a basic unit of life. The cell theory.
Broad classification of cell types: Prokaryotic cells (PPLO & bacteria) and
eukaryotic cells (plant and animal).
Structure and function of cell organelles: Ultra structure of cell membrane ,
cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, ribosomes, mitochondria ,
chloroplast, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeletal system, (actin and
microtubules), cilia, flagella and nucleus.

UNIT II
Cell division and Cell cycle (amitosis, mitosis, meiosis, stages of cell cycle)
Level of organization (cell, tissue, organ and organisms).
Cell differentiation in multicellular organisms: Totipotent, pleuripotent,
multipotent.
Cell senescence and death: Apoptosis and necrosis.

UNIT III
Water: Physico chemical properties of water, dissociation and association
constants. pH and buffers, pI, pka, Hasselberg Handerson equation and its
implications.
Carbohydrates: Structure of important mono, di-, oligo- and
polysaccharides, glycoproteins, peptidoglycan, glycolipids and
lipopolysaccharides. Reaction of monosaccharides.
Lipids: Classification of lipids and fatty acids, general functions of major
lipid subclasses, acyglycerols, phosphoglycerols, phosphoglycerides,
sphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and terpenes, sterols, steroids:
Prostaglandins.

UNIT IV
Vitamins and hormones: Types of vitamins and their chemistry, vitamins as
cofactors, steroids and peptide hormones.

26
Proteins: Structure of amino acids, nonprotein and rare amino acids and
their chemical reactions.

Structural organization of proteins (primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary domain structure), protein classification and function.
Forces stabilizing primary, secondary and tertiary structure.

Reference Books:
1. Lehninger A.L., Nelson D.L. and Cox M.M. (2005). Principles of
biochemistry (W. H. Freeman, USA).
2. Stryer L, J. M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko (2001). Biochemistry (W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York).
3. Rawn J.D. (1989). Biochemistry (Neil Patterson Publishers).
4. G.L. Zubay, W.W. Parson, D.E. Vance. (1995). Principles of
biochemistry:Student study art notebook (Wm.C. Brown).
5. Bucke C. (1999). Carbohydrate biotechnology protocols (Humana Press).
6. H.R. Horton, A.J. Scism, L.A. Moran, R.S. Ochs, J.D Rawn, K.G.
Scrimgeour. (2006). Principles of biochemistry (Prentice Hall).
7. Gerald Karp (2009). Cell and molecular biology: Concepts and
experiments (John Wiley & Sons International Edition).
8. B. Alberts. (2007). Molecular biology of the cell (Garland Science).
9. W. M. Becker, L. J. Kleinsmith, J. Hardin, G. P. Bertoni (2009). The
world of the cell (Pearson Pearson/Benjamin Cummings).
10.H. F. Lodish, A. Berk, C.A. Kaiser (2007). Molecular cell biology (W.H.
Freeman).

BIOT- 108: Cell Biology (Practical)
Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours
Preparation of physiological buffers.

1. Verification of Beer-Lamberts law for p-nitrophenol.
2. Determination pKa value of p-nitrophenol.
3. Estimation of carbohydrates in given solution by Anthrone method.
4. The determination of acid value & saponifaction value of a fat.
5. Separation of lipids by thin layer chromatography.
6. Methods of protein estimation.
7. To study the parts of light compound microscope and their working.
8. To study the prokaryotic cells: (Lactobacillus, E. Coli, Blue green algae),
eukaryotic cells (amoeba, fungi, algae) and various tissues (liver, lung
kidney, testis, ovary and skin) from permanent/temporary slides.
9. Microtomy: Introduction of the instrument, its use, care, section cutting.
10. Cytochemical techniques to study carbohydrates and lipids.
11. To study mitosis from (root tips of onion/ garlic) and meiosis from
grasshopper.

Reference Books:
1. Celis, J.E. (2006). Cell Biology: A laboratory handbook Vol 1, 2, 3
(Academic Press, UK).

27
B.Sc. (Biotechnology) Part-II
BIOT- 201: Biochemistry

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100 marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Objective: To familiarize the students with the biochemical activities taking
place at cellular level, highlighting the enzymatic reactions, metabolic
pathways and biochemical aspect of genetics.

Unit- I
Enzymes: Classification, nomenclature, general properties, regulation of
enzyme activity, steady state kinetics, first order and second order kinetics,
covalent modifications, inhibitors, abzymes, ribozymes, immoblizaion of
enzymes.

Unit II
Metabolism: Metabolic pathways, biochemical reaction mechanism, energy
rich metabolites.
Carbohydrate metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation of carbohydrates;
feed pathways for glycolysis; Krebs cycle, enzymes of Krebs cycle,
amphibolic nature of the Krebs cycle; regulation of Krebs cycle regulation of
carbohydrate metabolism.
Mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation;
regulation of ATP synthesis.

Unit III
Lipid Metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids; metabolism
of triacyl glycerols; cholesterol metabolism, complex lipids.
Nitrogen metabolism: Reduction and assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen,
biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids; amino acids as precursors of
heme; biogenic amines; biosynthesis and degradation of nucleic acids.
Unit IV
Replication: In prokaryotes and eukaryotes (initiation, elongation and
termination).
Transcription: Initiation, elongation and termination during synthesis;
transcription signals; processing of RNA.
Translation: Initiation, elongation and termination of protein synthesis (both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic), post translation modification in proteins,
inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Gene expression in prokaryotes: Lac & Tryp operons.

28
Reference Books:
1. Lehninger A.L., Nelson D.L., Cox M.M. (2005). Principles of biochemistry
(W. H. Freeman, USA).
2. Stryer L, J. M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko (2001). Biochemistry (W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York).
3. Rawn J.D. (1989). Biochemistry (Neil Patterson).
4. Voet D., Voet, J.G. (2004). Biochemistry (John Wiley & Sons).
5. Voet, D., Voet, J.G. and Pratt, C.W. (2008). Fundamentals of
biochemistry: Life at the molecular level (John Wiley & Sons).

BIOT- 201: Biochemistry (Practicals)

Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours
1. Estimation of - amylase activity from saliva.
2. Assay of enzyme activity.
3. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
4. Effect of pH on enzyme activity.
5. Determination of Km for enzyme.
6. Estimation of DNA, RNA & proteins.

Reference Books:

1. Plummer D.T. (2004). An introduction to practical biochemistry (Tata
McGraw Hill Publishers Co. Ltd., New Delhi).
2. Bansal, D.D., K Hardori, R.,Gupta, M.M. (1985), Practical
biochemistry (Standard Publication, Chandigarh).

BIOT- 202: Genetics
Theory : 90 marks
Total :100 marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Objective: The focus of this course is on the science of heredity with
emphasis on the basics of mendelian and molecular genetics. It will
familiarize students with chromosome organization, linkage, chromosome
mapping, chromosome aberrations, mutations and microbial genetics.
Unit I
Nature of genetic material, structure of nucleic acids, biologically important
nucleotides and their functions.
29
Organization of chromosomes: Genome size and complexity, super coiling of
DNA, satellite DNA, centromere and telomere structure.
Mendelian laws of inheritance, gene interactions, sex linked inheritance.

Unit III
Gene linkage and chromosome mapping: Linkage and recombination of
genes in chromosomes, crossing over and its molecular mechanism, gene
mapping by three point test crosses, mapping by tetrad analysis, somatic
cell hybridization for gene linkage studies, recombination within genes.

Unit III
Chromosomal aberrations: Deficiencies, duplications, inversions,
translocations, position effects, chromosome changes in man.
Mutation: Spontaneous versus induced mutations, types of mutations,
molecular basis of mutations, mechanisms of DNA repair, mutations,
frequency, correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity, mutagenic
agents: Physical, chemical and radiation.

Unit IV
Basic microbial genetics: Conjugation, transduction, transformation,
isolation of auxotrophs, replica plating techniques, analysis of mutations in
biochemical pathway, one gene one enzyme hypothesis.

Extra chromosomal inheritance: mitochondrial and chloroplast genetic
systems.
Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, gene and genotypic
frequencies, introduction of eugenics.
Chi- square test, probability, Poissons distribution, pedigree analysis.

Reference Books:
1. Birge, E.A. (2006). Bacterial and bacteriophage genetics (Springer).
2. Dale J., Park S. (2005) Molecular genetics of bacteria (John Wiley and
Sons Inc).
3. Freifelder, D. (2005). Moleular biology (Jones and Bartlett).
4. Synder, L., Champness W. (2007). Molecular genetics of bacteria (ASM
Press).
5. Turn N.J, Trempy J.E. (2006). Fundamental bacterial genetics (Wiley
Blackwell).
6. E.W. Sinnott, T. Dobzhansky, L. C. Dunn. (1950) Principles of genetics
(New York: McGraw-Hill).
7. T.A. Baker, J.D. Watson, S. Bell. (2004). Molecular biology of the gene
(Benjamin B. Cummings).
8. A.J.F. Griffiths, S.R. Wessler, R.C. Lewontin, S.B. Carroll (2007).
Introduction to genetic analysis (W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd).
8. Noman. S. Cohn. (1964). Elements of cytology (Harcourt, Brace & World).
9. Strickberger M.W. (1976). Genetics (Macmillan).

30
BIOT- 202: Genetics (Practicals)
Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Demonstration of law of segregation and independent assortment (use
of dried peas, colored peas, capsules etc.).
2. Numericals for segregation and independent assortment.
3. Segregation demonstration in preserved material (maize).
4. Use of Chi-square for prediction of phenotype/genotype frequencies of
parents from progeny and vice-versa, epistasis.
5. Detection of blood groups (ABO & Rh factors).
6. Inheritance of other human characteristics, ability to taste PTC/ Thiourea.
7. Calculation of variance in respect of pod length and number of seeds/pod.
8. Calculation of gene frequencies and random mating (colored beads, capsules).
9. Dermatographics: Palm print taking and finger tip patterns.
10.Demonstration of sex chromosome from buccal smear using Giemsa stain.
Reference Books:
1. Birge, E.A. (2006). Bacterial and bacteriophage genetics (Springer).
2. Dale J., Park S. (2005). Molecular genetics of bacteria (Wiley and Sons
Inc.).
3. Freifelder, D. (2005). Moleular biology (Jones and Bartlett).
4. Synder, L., Champness W. (2007). Molecular genetics of bacteria (ASM
Press).
5. Turn N.J, Trempy J.E. (2006). Fundamental bacterial genetics (Wiley-
Blackwell).

BIOT- 203: Biophysical and Biochemical Techniques

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Objective: To familiarize the students with important tools and techniques
based on biophysical and biochemical principles with their application in
applied science.
Unit I
1. Centrifugation: Principle, types & applications.
2. Electrophoresis: Principle, types & applications.
3. Chromatography: Principle, types (overview of TLC, affinity, ion-
exchange and gel filtration) and applications.

31
Unit II
4. Spectrophotometry (UV& visible) and spectroflourimetry, atomic
absorption spectrophotometry.
5. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. ORD and circular dichroism,
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Electron Spin Resonance
spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Unit III
6. Microscopy: Light and bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent
microscopy, confocal, Electron microscopy: Scanning and
Transmission Electron Microscopy.
7. Crystallography and X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, neutron
diffraction.

Unit IV
8. Radioisotope techniques: Radiotracers GM counter, proportional and
scintillation counters, autoradiography.
9. Mass spectrometry- GCMS and LCMS.

Reference Books:
1. K. Wilson, J. M. Walker (2000). Principles and techniques of practical
biochemistry (Cambridge University Press).
2. P. Carmona, R. Navarro, A, Hernanz (1997).Spectroscopy of biological
molecules: Modern trends (Illustrated, Publisher Springer).
3. Bernard Valeur (2001). Molecular fluorescence: Principles and
application (Wiley-VCH).
4. N. Rama Krishna, Lawrence J. Berliner (eds.) (2003). Protein NMR for
the millennium 1
st
edition [Springer (Biological Magnetic Resonance),
Plenum USA].

BIOT- 203: Biophysical and Biochemical Techniques (Practicals)

Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours
1. Identification of the provided sample using some of the spectroscopic
techniques.
2. Performance of electrophoresis of proteins.
3. Performance of electrophoresis of DNA.
4. Chromatography
Paper chromatography
TLC chromatography
Gel permeation, ion exchange and affinity chromatography
5. Performance of differential centrifugation.

Reference Books:
2. Bansal, D.D., K Hardori, R & Gupta, M.M. (1985). Practical biochemistry
(Standard Publication, Chandigarh).

32
BIOT- 204: Immunology

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Objective: This course will introduce students to the principles of modern
Immunology, both at the molecular and cellular levels. Further the course
presents the importance of interactions between many of these molecular
and cellular entities involved in immunity.

Unit I

1. Introduction
i) Overviews of immune system Historical perspectives.
ii) Innate and acquired immunity.
iii) Clonal nature of immune response.

2. Cells of the immune system: Hematopoiesis and differentiation, B-
lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural
killer cells and lymphocyte activated killer cells, eosinophils,
neutrophils & mast cells.
3. Organs of the immune system: Primary and secondary lymphoid
organs: Thymus, bursa of fabricius, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic
system, Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT), Cutaneous-
Associated Lymphoid Tissues, lymphocyte trafficking.

Unit II
4. Immunoglobulins: Structure of antibody, antibody mediated effects
function, antibody classes and biological activities, antigens
determinants on immunoglobulins, immunoglobulins superfamilies.
5. Organization and expression of immunoglobulins gene: Genetic
model, multigene organization, generation of antibody diversity.
6. Antigen: Immunogenecity vs. antigenecity, factors effecting
immunogeneticity, nature of immunogen, epitopes, heptans and
antigenecity, pattern recognition receptors.

Unit III
7. Complement system: Function, activation, regulation and deficiencies
of complement.
8. Major histocompatibility complex: General organization and
inheritance, MHC molecules and genes, genetic map, cellular
distribution, regulation of MHC expression and disease susceptibility.
33
9. Antigen processing and presentation: Self MHC restriction of T Cells,
role of Antigen- processing cells, endogenous antigens, exogenous
antigens, presentation of non-peptide antigens.

Unit IV
10. Immune response to infectious diseases: Bacteria, viruses and
intracellular parasites.
11. Production and applications of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
(by hybridoma technology).
12. Antigen-Antibody interactions: Strength of interaction, cross
reactivity, precipitate, reaction, agglutination reactions, Enzyme
Linked Immunosorbent Assay, western blot, immunofluorescence,
flow cytometry and flourescence, alternative to AntigenAntibody
interaction.

Reference Books:
1. Roitt I.M, Brostoff, J., Male D.K. (2001). Immunology (Illustrated
Publisher, Mosby).
2. T. J. Kindt, R.A. G. B. A. Osborne, J. Kuby (2006). Immunology (W.H.
Freeman and Company, New York).
3. Austyn, J.M., Wood, K.J. (1993). Principles of cellular and molecular
immunology (Oxford University Press Inc. New York).
4. Paul, W.E. (2008). Fundamental immunology (Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins).
5. Birch J.R., Lennox E.S. (1995). Monoclonal antibodies: Principles and
applications (Wiley-Liss).
6. T.G. Parslow, D.P. Stites, A.I. Terr (1997). Medical immunology (Lange
Medical Books/McGraw-Hill).

BIOT: 204 Immunology (Practicals)
Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Differential leucocytes count.
2. Total leucocytes.
3. Total RBC count.
4. Haemagglutination assay.
5. Haemagglutination inhibition assay.
6. Separation of T and B cells from PBMC by nylon wool method.
7. Separation of serum from blood.
8. Enumeration of T-Cells by E- resetting method.
9. Double immuno diffusion test using specific antibody and antigen.
10. Separation of peritoneal macrophages from rat.
11.Isolation of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and viability test
by dye exclusion methods.
12.Direct and indirect ELISA.

34
Reference Books:
1. F.C. Hay, O.M.R. Westwood, P.N. Nelson, L. Hudson (2002). Practical
(Wiley-Blackwell).
2. Steverns C.D (1997). Clinical immunology and serology: A laboratory
perspective (FA Davis Company, Philadelphia).

BIOT- 205: Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Objective:
To introduce the students with fundamentals and application of
plant tissue culture. This course will expose students to the methods of
culturing, maintaining and modifying plants species.

Unit I
Cellular totipotency and differentiation.

Sterilization techniques for glassware and tissue culture media.
Micropropagation: Establishment of aseptic culture, various stages,
advantages and disadvantages.
Unit II
Organogenesis; somatic embryogenesis; somaclonal variation, its genetic
basis and application in crop improvement. Cell/callus line selection for
resistance to herbicide, stress and diseases. Role of tissue culture in rapid
clonal propagation, production of pathogen - free plants and "synthetic
seeds"; haploid production: advantages and methods.

Protoplast technology: Isolation, culture and plant regeneration, protoplast
fusion, identification and characterization of somatic hybrids, applications
of protoplast technology.

Unit III
DNA Delivery and expression Tools:
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, natural pathogen mode of infection,
vir gene functions, Ti / Ri plasmids, Binary and conintegrate vectors
DNA delivery in to plant cells.
Direct DNA delivery methods:
35
Partcile bombardment: Principle, components and basic protocol,
Advantages and disadvantages.
Transgenic plants: Genetic modification of plants against environmental
stress. Herbicide resistance, Pest resistance, virus resistance Bacterial and
fungal resistance.

Unit IV

Improvement of Crops: Delayed fruit ripening, improved protein
composition, conversion of photosystem C3 to C4, vaccine production.
Secondary Plant products from cultured cells and their industrial
applications.
Cryopreservation of germplasm: Short term and long term conservation of
plant genetic resources, Insitu and Exsitu conservation of plants.

Reference Books:
1. Razdan, M.K. (2007). Introduction to plant tissue culture (India Book
House Pvt Ltd).
2. Narayanaswamy, S (1994). Plant cell and tissue culture (Tata Mc-
Graw Hill Publishing Co.Ltd, New Delhi).
3. Rudolf, E. (1994). Plant cell biotechnology (Spinger Verlag).
4. Bhojwani, S.S., Razdan, M.K. (1996), Plant tissue culture: Theory and
practice (Elsevier Science, Netherlands).
5. Gamborg, O.L., Phillips, G.C. (1995). Plant cell, tissue and organ
culture: Fundamental methods (Illustrated, Publisher Springer).

BIOT- 205: Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology (Practicals)

Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Sources of contamination and decontamination measures.
2. How to clean glass/plastic ware.
3. Preparation of simple growth nutrient (Knops medium). Full
strength, half strength, solid and liquid.
4. Preparation of complex nutrient medium (Murashige and Skoogs
medium).
5. Laboratory design set up for a plant tissue culture laboratory.
6. To selection, prune, sterilize and prepare an explant for culture.
7. Significance of growth hormones in culture medium.
8. To culture different explants for raising callus cultures.
9. To demonstrate various steps of micropropagation.

Reference Books:

1. HS Chawla (2003). Plant biotechnology: A practical approach (Science
Publishers, USA).

36
BIOT- 206: Agro and Industrial Biotechnology

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Objective: This course will introduce students to the concepts of
agriculture as industry. This course will help students to understand the
application of fundamental concepts like transgenic approaches to improve
crop plants, microbial culture maintenance, and metabolite purification at
industrial level.

Unit I

Basic concept of agriculture as industry: Industrially important microbes,
its screening, selection and identification.
Maintenance and preservation of industrially important microbial cultures.
Differences between microbial industrial process and chemical industrial
process.

Unit II

Improvement programme of industrial microbes, mutational programme of
penicillin producing microorganisms, selection pressure in maintaining the
hyper producing microbes, revertant back of higher yielding microbes into
lower production, media formulation and process optimization of industrial
and agro industrial microbes.

Unit III

Microbes in agro industries and industrial biotechnology: Introduction of
primary and secondary metabolites, production of vitamin B12, alcohol,
wine, beer, cheese, bread, citric acid, gluconic acid, antibiotics (penicillin),
enzymes (amylases, cellulases, lipases and proteases) and their industrial
applications.

Unit IV
Emerging biotechnologies in agro industries: production of vermiculture,
composting, herbicides and biopesticides, production of biofertilizers: Blue
green algae, azolla, fungi, mycorrhiza (VAM), bacteria Azospirrilum,
microbial biotransformations, single cell proteins (bacterial, fungal and
algal).

37
Reference Books:
1. Marwaha, S.S., Arora, J.K. (2003). Biotechnological strategies in agro-
Processing (Asiatech publishers Inc. New Delhi, India).
2. Stanbury, P.F., Whitaker A. (1984). Principles of fermentation technology
(Pergamon Press, Oxford).
3. Singh, BD. (2008). Biotechnology: Expanding horizons (Kalyani
Publishers, India).
4. Patel A.H. (2007). Industrial microbiology (New Age International
Publishers).
5. Frazier W.C. (1967). Food microbiology (Tata McGraw Hill).
6. Loessner, J. M, Jay J.M, D.A. Golden (2005). Modern food
microbiology (Golden Springer).

BIOT- 206: Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (Practicals)
Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Microbial cells counting by serial dilution techniques (Spread plate
and pour plate).
2. Measurement of bacterial size.
3. Screening of industrial enzymes (cellulase, protease, amylase etc.)
from different soil samples.
4. Production of enzymes by submerged and solid state fermentation.

Reference Books:
1. Cappuccino J.G., Sherman N. (2007). Microbiology: A laboratory

BIOT- 207: Intellectual property rights and Ethical Issues in
Biotechnology and Entrepreneurship

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Objective: To introduce the students to intellectual rights and how to use
the current intellectual property system to protect and commercialize their
biotechnological invention. This course also covers the ethical issues,
controversies and social-ethical impact of biotechnology on society.

38
Unit I

Introduction to Indian patent laws TRIPS and other multilateral treaties &
International conventions Paris convention, PCT, CBD, UPOV, PGRFA.

Unit- II
Forms of IPR like patent, design and copyright:
Patents: Introduction to patent law and conditions for patentability;
procedure for obtaining patents; rights of a patentee; patent infringements;
biotechnology patents and patents on computer programs; patents from an
international perspective.
Copyright: Registration procedure and copyright authorities; assignment
and transfer of copyright, copyright infringement and exceptions to
infringement; software copyright.
Designs: Introduction to the law on industrial designs; registration and
piracy; international perspective; registration, commercial exploitation and
infringement.

Unit III
Patenting in biotechnology, economic, ethical and depository considerations.
Patentable subject matte and legal aspects of transfer of biotechnology in
India. Writing a patent specification.
Information sources in patent literature search.

Unit IV
Entrepreneurship
Selection of a product, line design and development processes, economics
on material and energy requirement, stock the product and release the
same for making etc.
The basic regulations of excise: Demand for a given product, feasibility of its
production under given constraints of raw material, energy input, financial
situations export potential etc.

Reference Books:
1. J.E. Smith (2004). Biotechnology (Cambridge Univ. Press).
2. V. Santaniello (2000). Agriculture and intellectual property rights:
economic institutional, and implementation issues in biotechnology
(Edition illustrated Publisher CABI).
3. Thackerey, A (ed) (1998). Private science: Biotechnology and the rise of
the molecular sciences (Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, Phil).

39
B.Sc. (Biotechnology) Part-III

BIOT- 301: Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Unit I
Introduction to gene cloning, DNA manipulative enzymes-Nucleases, ligases,
polymerases, modifying enzymes,restriction enzymes and its nomenclature,
reverse transcriptase, topoisomerases, plasmids- Basic features of plasmids,
plasmid classification, blunt and sticky ends, linkers adapters,
homopolymer tailing.

Unit II
Vectors: Cloning vectors for E. coli- Nomenclature, pBR 322, pBR 327, pUC
8, pGEM3Z.
Methods of identification of recombinants: Insertional inactivation,
blue/white selection. Bacteriophages: Basic features, phage and its vector,
lytic & lysogeny, linear and circular forms of lambda vector, insertion and
replacement vectors; identification of recombinant phages, cosmid,
phagemid, Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs), shuttle vectors.

Unit III
Cloning vectors for yeast and fungi, YEp, YIp, YRp, artificial chromosomes,
YAC, application of YAC, identification of a recombinants from a gene
library, methods of clone identification, radioactive and non- radioactive
DNA and RNA labeling techniques, nick translation , random priming, Site
directed mutagenesis (cassette , primer extension, RT, real time, multiplex,
inverse), DNA sequencing (Maxam-Gilbert, Sanger, pyro).

Unit- IV
Southern, Northern and western blotting, colony hybridization, in situ
hybridization , dot- blot technique, genomic cloning, transformation of E.
coli, yeast and plant cells.
PCR: Types, applications and limitations.
Applications of rDNA technology to medicine, agriculture & environment.

40
Reference Books:
1. J. Sambrook, D.W.Russell (2001). Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual
(Cold spring Harbour Laboratory Press).
2. R.M. Old, S.B. Primrose (2001). Principles of gene manipulation (Wiley-
Blackwell).
3. B. D. Hames, S. J. Higgins (1995). Gene probes: A. practical approach
(Oxford University Press).
4. Tuan Rocky S. (1997). Recombinant gene expression protocols (Edition
Illustrated, Publisher Springer).
5. White Bruce A. (1997). PCR cloning protocols: from molecular cloning to
genetic engineering (Humana Press).
6. Sandy B. Primrose, Richard Twyman (2006). Principles of gene
manipulation and genomics (Wiley-Blackwell).
7. Terence A. Brown (2006). Gene cloning and DNA analysis: An introduction
(Wiley-Blackwell).

BIOT- 301: Genetic Engineering and recombinant DNA Technology
(Practicals)

Total : 50marks
Time : 3 hours

1. DNA isolation from plants.
2. DNA isolation from E .coli.
3. Spectrophotometer analysis of DNA.
4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA.
5. Plasmid DNA isolation.
6. Restriction digestion of DNA.
7. Demonstration of Southern blotting.
8. Preparation of competent cells.
9. Transformation of competent cells and blue/white
selection.
10. Demonstration of PCR.

Reference Books:

1. J. Sambrook, D.W. Russell (2001). Molecular cloning: A laboratory
manual (Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press).
2. B. D. Hames, S. J. Higgins (1995). Gene probes: A. practical approach
(Oxford University Press).

41
BIO- 302: Tools in Bioinformatics

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Unit I
Introduction to bioinformatics
Introduction, overview and needs of bioinformatics technology.

Biological databases
Primary Databases: Nucleotide sequence database (GenBank, EMBL),
protein sequence database.
Secondary Databases: SwissProt/TrEMBL, conserved domain database,
Pfam.
Molecular Structure Databases: Protein Data Bank (PDB), SCOP, CATH.
Understanding the structure of each database and using it on the web,
searching database using SRS, Entrez.

Unit II
Sequence analysis
Introduction to sequence alignment and its applications.
Pair wise sequence alignment: Concept of global and local alignment, Dot
Plot, algorithm for pair wise sequence alignment (Needleman and Wunsch,
Smith watterman methods), Introduction to BLAST, types of BLAST,
algorithm of BLAST and interpretation of its result.
Substitution matrices: Introduction to substitution matrices: PAM and
BLOSUM matrices, concept of log odd ratio.
Multiple sequence alignment: Methods of multiple sequence alignment,
Tools of MSA Clustalw, TCoffee; Position specific scoring matrices,
introduction to consensus sequences, motifs and profiles.

Unit III
Phylogenetic Analysis
Introduction to phylogenetic analysis and its application, phylogenetic tree
topologies, methods of phylogenetic tree construction and tools.

Genome Annotation
Concept of genome annotation,methods of gene identification.
Tools of gene identification: GenScan, Grail, GeneID and Glimmer.

42
Unit IV
Protein Structure Prediction
Concepts and strategies of protein structure predication, methods of
secondary structure prediction, methods of protein tertiary structure
prediction.
Structure visualization tool RasMol.

Reference Books:

1. P. Baldi, S. Brunak (2001). Bioinformatics: The machine learning approach
(MIT Press).
2. A. D. Baxevanis, B. F. F. Ouellette (2001). Bioinformatics: A practical guide
to the analysis of genes and proteins ( John Wiley and Sons).
3. T. K. Attwood, D.J. Parry-Smith. (1999). Introduction to bioinformatics
(Pearson).
4. C. Hodgman, D. Westhead. (2008). Instant notes in bioinformatics (Taylor
& Francis USA).
6. C. Stan Tsai (2002). Computational biochemistry (John Wiley and Sons).

BIOT- 302: Tools in Bioinformatics (Practicals)

Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Searching literatures over PubMed.
2. Performing DOTPLOT on web.
3. Retrieving amino acid and nucleotide sequence from sequence
databases using Entrez.
4. Performing BLASTp/n and interpreting its results.
5. Performing PSI-BLAST.
6. Performing multiple sequence alignment using Clustalw.
7. Finding ORF in nucleotide sequence using NCBI ORF FINDER
8. Using GenScan to identify exons in nucleotide sequence.
9. Download protein structure form PDB and visualize it using RasMol.

Reference Books:

1. P. Baldi, S. Brunak (2001). Bioinformatics: The machine learning
approach (MIT Press).
2. A. D. Baxevanis, B. F. F. Ouellette (2001). Bioinformatics: A practical
guide to the analysis of genes and proteins (John Wiley and Sons).

43

BIOT-303: Animal Cell Culture and Biotechnology

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Unit I
History of development of cell cultures, the natural surroundings for animal
cells, stimulating natural conditions for animal cells, metabolic capabilities
of animal cells.
Animal cell culture Techniques: Dispersion and disruption of tissues;
primary cultures, anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cells; secondary
culture, transformed animal cells, established/ continuous cell lines
measurement of growth and viability of cells in culture, tissue culture
media: Components their importance, serum free media.

Unit III
Cell lines availability, commonly used animal cell lines, their origin and
characteristic, growth kinetics of cells in culture, differentiation of cells,
organ culture, expressing cloned protein genes in animal cell cultures.
Cytotoxicity assays & their applications.

Unit III
Applications of animal cell culture:
Cell fusion and production of monoclonal antibodies
Scale up methods for propagation of anchorage dependent and suspension
cell culture Bioreactors for large scale culture of cells
Micro carrier culture
Transplanting cultured cells.

Unit IV
Genetic engineering in production or regulatory proteins, blood products,
vaccines and hormones, transgenic animals and production of useful
products in transgenic animals. In vitro fertilization, embryo transfer.
Cloning: Methodology and its applications, ethics in cloning.

44
Reference Books:

1. Butler, M. (1991). Mammalian cell biotechnology- A practical approach (
IRL, Oxford University Press).
2. Freshney, R.I. (1983). Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic
technique (Edition Illustrated Publisher A.R. Liss).
3. Gareth, E.J. (1996). Human cell culture protocols (Edition Illustrated,
Humana Press).
4. Butler, M. (1996). The Animal cell culture and technology ( IRL Oxford
University Press).
5. Julio, E., Celis (2006). Cell biology-A laboratory handbook, Vol. I-IV
(Elsevier Academic).
6. Rasko, I., Downes, C.S. (1995). Genes in medicine: Molecular biology and
human genetic disorders (Edition Illustrated, Publisher Springer).
7. Maulik S., Patel, S.D. (1997). Molecular biotechnology: Therapeutic
applications and strategies (Edition 2, Illustrated Publisher Wiley-IEEE).

BIOT- 303: Animal Tissue Culture and Biotechnology (Practicals)
Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

Sterilization techniques: Theory and practical
a). Glass ware sterilization
b). Media sterilization
c). Fumigation of laboratories.
1. Sources of contamination and decontamination measures.
2. Preparation of Hanks balanced salt solution.
3. Preparation of Minimal Essential Growth medium.
4. Isolation of lymphocytes for culturing.
5. Primary lymphoid culture.
6. DNA isolation and its quantification from animal tissue.
7. Resolving DNA on agarose Gel.

Reference Books:

1. Butler, M. (1991). Mammalian cell biotechnology- A practical approach
(IRL, Oxford University Press).
2. Freshney, R.I. (1983). Culture of animal cells: A manual of basic
technique (Edition 3, Illustrated Publisher A.R. Liss).

45
BIOT- 304: Genomics and Proteomics

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Unit I

Organization and structure of genome
Model organisms and genome size.
Unicellular and multicultural genome: Lessons learned sequencing of
genomes, evolution of genome.
Genome identification.
Mapping of genome
Construction of genomic libraries, vector, mapping strategies (genetic maps,
physical maps, cytological maps, comparative maps) and techniques (FISH,
radiation hybrid mapping, finger printing)

Unit II

cDNA library construction and screening
Methods development, justification for subtraction, normalization and
fingerprinting; identification of cDNAs encoding rare messages, EST
projects and their utility in research
Next generation sequencing techniques
Sequencing by synthesis: Solexa & 454.
Sequencing strategies for human genome.

Unit III

Genome annotation and bioinformatics
How to identify genes, inferring gene function, database construction and
searching.
Comparative genomics
Protein evolution from exon shuffling, protein structural genomics, gene
function by sequencing comparison.
Global expression profiling
Whole genome analysis of mRNA and protein expression, types of
microarray and applications.

46
Unit IV
Comprehensive mutant libraries
High throughput gene knockout, gene targeting, gene trapping, genome wide
mutagenesis.
Mapping protein interactions
Methods- Two hybrid, phage display, mass spectrometry.
The Rise of OMIC
Impact on other fields (toxicogenomics, chemical genomics,
pharmagenomics).

Reference Books:
1. Gibson G., Muse S. V. (2009). A primer of genome science (Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA).
2. Igor Jurisica, Dennis Wigle. (2005). Knowledge discovery in proteomics
(Edition Illustrated, Publisher CRC Press).
3. Pennington S.R. (Ed), Dunn M. J. (Ed) (2001). Proteomics: From protein
sequence to function (Edition Illustrated, Publisher Taylor & Francis).
4. Srivastava Sudhir (Ed). (2005). Informatics in proteomics (Edition
Illustrated Publisher CRC Press).
5. Akay M. (Ed). (2007). Genomics and proteomics engineering in medicine
and biology (Wiley-Interscience John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication,
USA).
6. Sensen C. W. (2002). Essentials of genomics and bioinformatics (Wiley-
VCH, Weinheim).
7. Baxevanis, A.D., Davison, D.B., Page, R.D.M., Petsko, G.A. (2004).
Current protocols in bioinformatics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Publications, New York).

BIOT-304: Genomics and Proteomics (Practicals)
Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Generate transpositions using plasmid vectors.
2. Targeted gene disruption in yeast. Characterization of telomerase-
negative mutants.
3. Deleting a DNA sequence from a plasmid and introduction into E.
coli.
4. Quantitation of recombination rates near short and normal length
telomeres.
5. Generating mutant.
6. Analysis of mutants using Southern blot and PCR analysis.
7. Analysis of protein-protein interaction using software.

Reference Books:
1. Gibson G., Muse S. V. (2009). A primer of genome science (Sinauer
Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA).
47
2. Baxevanis, A.D., Davison, D.B., Page, R.D.M., Petsko, G.A (2004).
Current protocols in bioinformatics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Publications, New York).
3. Pennington S.R. (Ed), Dunn M. J. (Ed) (2001). Proteomics: From protein
sequence to function (Edition illustrated. Publisher Taylor & Francis).
4. Akay M. (Ed). (2007). Genomics and proteomics engineering in medicine
and biology (Wiley-Interscience John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication,
USA).
5. Prescott, L.M. (1999). Microbiology with microbes in motion (McGraw-
Hill).

BIOT-305: Bioprocess Engineering and Technology

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours

unit.

Unit I
Fundamental principles of biochemical engineering
Sterilization of air and media sterilization, design of batch sterilization
process.
Del factor, sterilization cycle, continuous sterilization process, sterilization
of fermenters.

Unit II
Microbial growth kinetics
Simple kinetics of microbial growth, yield coefficient, doubling time, specific
growth rate, substrate inhibition kinetics, product inhibition kinetics,
internal and external feed back systems, metabolic and Biomass
productivities, effect of temperature and pH on the product formation

Unit III
Design of fermenter
Introduction
Types of fermenters: Batch, fed batch, CSTBR, plug flow and air lift.
Aseptic operation of the fermenters, control and measurement equipments
of fermenters, pH and DO probes, impeller and spargers, agitation and its
kinetics.

48
Unit IV
Down stream processing
Removal of microbial cells and other solid materials, foam separations,
filtration, industrial filters, centrifugations and industrial centrifuges, cell
Disruption, aqueous two phase extraction system, super critical extraction,
whole broth process.
Effluent treatment: Aerobic and anaerobic slug treatment process.
Fermentation economics

Reference Books:
1. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M, P.V. Dunlap, T.D. Brock, D.P. Clark
(2008). Brock biology of mMicroorganisms (Pearson Benjamin
Cummings).
2. Prescott, L.M. Harley, J.P., Klein, D.A. (2001). Microbiology (McGraw-
Hill, Boston).
3. Schaechter, M., Ingraham, J.L., Neidhardt, F.C., (2006). Microbe (ASM
Press, Washington, DC).
4. Prescott, L.M. (1999). Microbiology with microbes in motion (McGraw-
Hill).
5. Bailey J.E., Ollis, D.F. (1986). Biochemical engineering fundamentals
(McGraw-Hill).
6. Schuler, M.L., Kargi F. (2002). Bioprocess engineering: Basic concepts
(Prentice hall PTR, Upper Saddle River NY).

BIOT- 305: Bioprocess Engineering and Technology (Practicals)

Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Demonstration of sterilization of fermenters and other accessories.
2. Determination of doubling time, yield coefficient for growth of
microorganism.
3. Effect of temperature and pH and growth and product formation.
4. Determination of KLa for given process.
5. Determination and BOD and COD value of given waste sample.

Reference Books:

1. Cappuccino J.G., Sherman N. (2007). Microbiology: A laboratory (Pearson
Benjamin Cummings).
3. Bansal, D.D., K Hardori, R., Gupta, M.M. (1985). Practical biochemistry
(Standard Publication Chandigarh).

49
BIOT- 306: Food Biotechnology

Theory : 90 marks
Total : 100marks
Time : 3 hours
unit.

Unit I

Food and Microorganisms: Composition of food, food as substrates for
microbes (intrinsic and extrinsic factors), factors affecting growth of
microorganisms, role of microbes in the production of new proteins, food
SCP-mushroom, food yeasts, algal proteins, applications of enzymes in food
processing.
Fermented foods: Bread, cocoa, coffee, tea, cheese, yoghurt, meat and
alcoholic beverages.

Unit II

Principles of food preservation: Physical, chemical, and biological
methods of preservations.
Contamination, preservation and spoilage of different kind of foods:
Milk and milk products (milk, butter, yoghurt and cheese), beverages
(alcohols, tea and coffee), meat and fish products (flesh foods), vegetables
and fruits.

Unit III

Food adulterants and food additives: Major food adulterants, types and
their methods of assay, food additives their function and uses, flavoring
agents, coloring agents and vitamins as food additives.
Probiotics, biofortified foods, fortified foods, functional foods, nutraceuticals,
organic foods.
Biotechnology and future foods (Golden rice, protato).

Unit IV

Food and water borne diseases: Shigellosis, salmonellosis, cholera.
Food borne intoxications: Stapgylococcal, Bacillus and Clostridium.
Detection of microorganisms in food: Sampling plan & procedure for
microbial analysis; Qualitative methods to isolate pathogenic
microorganisms, test for bacterial toxins in foods;
Quantitative methods for microbial enumeration: Direct enumeration,
indirect estimations and standard and recommended methods; Rapid
methods and automation: Immunoassays, nucleic acid probe for detection
of pathogens.
50
Reference Books:

1. Frazier W.C., Westhoff, D.C. (Ed). (1988). Food microbiology (McGraw-
Hill).
2. Admas, M.R., Moss, M.O (2005). Food microbiology (Edition 3, Illustrated
Publisher Royal Society of Chemistry).
3. SriLakshmi B. (2003) Food science (New Age International Publishers,
India).
4. Jay J.M., M.J. Loessner, D.A. Golden. (2005). Modern food microbiology
(Edition 7, Illustrated Publisher Springer).
5. B. Sivasankar (2004). Food processing and preservation (PHI Private Ltd,
New Delhi).
6. Michael P. Doyle (1989). Food borne bacterial pathogens (Edition
illustrated, Publisher Marcel Dekker).

BIOT- 306: Food Biotechnology (Practicals)
Total : 50 marks
Time : 3 hours

1. Isolation and identification of microorganisms of spoiled (fungi and
bacteria).
2. Inhibitory effect of low temperature on microbial growth.
3. Production and estimation of ethanol.
4. Production of vinegar.
5. Estimation of lactose in milk.
6. Methylene blue reductase test (MBRT) for determination of quality of
milk.
7. Plating the milk samples for microbial contamination.
8. Demonstration for the identification of mushrooms by spore prints.
9. Checking the effect of pasteurization of milk by alkaline phosphatase.

Reference Books:

1. Cappuccino J.G., Sherman N. (2007). Microbiology: A laboratory manual

BIOT- 307: On Job Training

Job training for 4-6 weeks during the summer vacations at the
end of the B.Sc. 2
nd
year and should be evaluated in the B.Sc. 3
rd

year. The report to be presented before the three members
committee to be appointed by Principal.

**********

B.sc. Hons. Biotechnology 2013

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

B.sc. Hons. Biotechnology 2013

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

0

PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH- 160 014 (INDIA)

You might also like