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1. KCH BN NNG LNG TRONG TNG LAI..................................1 2. PHT V PHN PHI IN......................................................................2 3. PHA IN .......................................................................................................4 4. CNG SUT HU DNG V CNG SUT PHN KHNG................5 5. IU CHNH H S CNG SUT ............................................................6 6. QUN L PH TI IN ...........................................................................9 7. C CH TNH HO N IN ..............................................................10 8. MY BIN P..............................................................................................12 9. CC CNG THC IN...........................................................................14 9. TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................16 1. KCH BN NNG LNG TRONG TNG LAI
Ch s mc tiu th in trn u ngi thng c s dng lm ch s o mc pht trin ca mt quc gia. cc nc ang pht trin, ngnh cng nghip l i tng tiu th in ln nht v c khong 30% dn s vn cha c s dng in
Hnh 1: u t v pht in gia tng n nm 2030 (C quan Nng lng quc t, 2004)
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Thit b in: in C quan Nng lng quc t d on kch bn cho nm 2030 nh sau (IEA, 2004): S ngi c s dng in cc nc ang pht trin chim 78% dn s, vi mc tiu th bnh qun trn u ngi l 2.136 kWh. 1,4 t ngi s khng c s dng in. 100% ngi dn c s dng in vi mc bnh qun u ngi l 526 kWh, chng ta cn u t thm 665 t USD(xem Hnh1). Ban u mi ngi c s dng in s ch dng thay cho cc nhin liu truyn thng (Kh ha lng, du ho) p ng cc nhu cu c bn. Phn ln ngun cung cp thm s dnh cho Chu Phi (437 TWh) v Nam (377 TWh), tng ng vi mc tng 25% v 18% IEA xut nhng bin php sau nhm m bo dn s ton cu c s dng in (IEA, 2004): i mi v hin i ho cc nh my in truyn thng, v h thng truyn ti, phn phi in s dng cc cng ngh mi hiu qu. Qun l t bn c nhu cu s dng in: p dng v duy tr nhng cng ngh s dng nng lng hiu qu v cc kinh nghim s dng Nng cao nhn thc ca nhng ngi s dng nng lng, p dng cc bin php tit kim nng lng v p dng cc cng ngh mi khi c th.
Nh my in
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Thit b in: in Hnh 3. Pht, truyn ti v phn phi in Phn ln in c to ra t my pht xoay chiu, gi l alternators trong nh my nhit, thu in hoc ht nhn vi tc 50 hoc 60 vng/giy. Thng thng, in c to ra mc 9-13 KV my pht u. Mi my pht in (cn gi l N V) c cng sut dao ng trong khong 67,5 MW, 110 MW, 220 MW, v 500 MW, tuy nhin, cng c nhng my pht cng sut khong 1000 MW. Ngi ta a chung loi my c cng sut MW cao hn v my ny yu cu tiu th nng lng ph tr thp hn v chi ph vn hnh v bo tr trn mi MW thp hn. in phi c to ra khi c nhu cu v khng th lu gi in. in to ra c truyn ti n cho ngi dng thng qua h thng truyn ti v phn phi in, bao gm my bin th, cc ng dy truyn ti v thit b iu khin. Tt c cc trm in u c my bin p tng th (GTs) lm tng in p ln mc cao hn (EHV, v.d. 132 KV, 220 KV, 400 KV) trc khi truyn ti. Nh vy s gip gim tn tht truyn ti v cho php s dng dy dn nh hn, kinh t hn. Bng 1 a ra cc li ch ca vic truyn ti in vi mc in p cao hn. Tng t nh vy, cc trm ph cng c my bin p gim th gip lm gim in p phn phi ti ngi dn s dng, t chc kinh doanh, cng nghip qua ng dy phn phi. Khng c s khc bit gia ng dy truyn ti v phn phi tr mc in p v cng sut truyn ti in. ng dy truyn ti hot ng cao th v thng c th truyn ti mt lng in ln vi qung ng di. ng dy phn phi ch truyn ti mt lng in gii hn mc in p thp hn, qung ng ngn hn. L do Gim st p Bng 1. Li ch ca truyn ti in cao th Gii thch St p ng dy phn phi/truyn ti in ph thuc vo in tr, tr khng v chiu di ca ng dy, v cng dng in. Vi cng cht lng truyn ti in, in p cao s gip cng dng in gim, v gim st p. Tn tht in trong ng dy t l vi in tr (R) v bnh phng cng dng in (I), l Ptn tht = I2R. Hiu in p cao s dn n cng dng in gim v nh gim tn tht in. in p cao s lm gim cng dng in v vy, ch cn s dng dy dn nh hn dn in. Li ch iu chnh in p thch hp, chnh lch gia in p nhn v gi mc thp. Hiu sut truyn ti cao
Gim tn tht in
Dy dn nh hn
Vn u t v chi ph lp t thp hn
V d Nu in p phn phi tng t 11 kV ln 33 kV, st p s gim 1/3 v tn tht ng in s gim theo h s 1/9, tc l (1/3)2.
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Thit b in: in
3. PHA IN
C mt c tnh ca dng in xoay chiu cn gii thch: cc pha. V mt c bn, dng in xoay chiu (AC) c chia thnh loi mch in mt pha v ba pha. Mch in mt pha xoay chiu c hai dy ni vi ngun in. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh mch in mt chiu (DC) m hng ca cng dng in khng thay i, hng ca cng dng in trong mch AC c th thay i nhiu ln mi giy, tu theo tn sut ca ngun. in 240 vn (V) cung cp cho cc h gia nh s dng l in AC mt pha v c hai dy: dy pha v dy trung tnh (dy nng v dy lnh). Tuy nhin, ng dy phn phi c th theo 4 dy. Ba dy dn in t mch in v cng chung mt dy trung tnh (dy lnh) (v.d ba dy pha v mt dy trung tnh). H thng ba pha c 3 dng sng (thng c in) l 2/3 radians (120 ,1/3 chu k) lch nhau v mt thi gian. Hnh 4 cho thy 1 chu k ca h thng in 3 pha t 0 n 360 (2 radians), theo trc thi gian. ng cong c minh ho trong th Hnh 4. A 3-pha ca h thng in cho thy s dao ng ca in p tc thi (hoc (T in bch khoa Wikipedia, 2005) cng ) theo thi gian. Chu k ny s lp li 50 hoc 60 ln mi giy tu theo tn sut ca h thng in. Mu ca cc ng theo m mu ca M th hin h thng in 3 pha: en=VL1 =VL2 xanh =VL3. H thng cung cp in ba pha c th hin bng u tam gic v u sao nh hnh 5 Il
u sao
Va
I a
IL = cng dng in = Ia = cng pha va=vb=vc = in p dng in n = im trung tnh in p dng in = 1,732 X in p pha
Vc Vb
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Il
Hnh 6. M t tam gic cng sut Vct tng ca h s cng sut hu dng v h s cng sut phng khng v cng sut hu dng l cng sut ton phn, c tnh bng kVA (kilo Volts-Amperes). y l cng sut cng ty in chuyn ti cho khch hng. V mt ton hc, cng sut ton phn c th hin bng cng thc:
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Thit b in: in
= Cosine ()
Hnh 7. H s cng sut ca mch in H s cng sut lun nh hn hoc bng 1. V mt l thuyt, nu tt c cc ph ti in do cng ty in cung cp u c h s cng sut bng 1, in ti a chuyn giao s bng cng sut ca h thng phn phi. Tuy nhin, v ph ti l cm ng v nu h s cng sut dao ng trong khong t 0,2 ti 0,3, cng sut ca li phn phi in s b qu ti. V vy, cng sut phn khng (kVAR) nn cng thp cng tt i vi sn lng kW tng t gim thiu cng sut ton phn (kVA).
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Thit b in: in
M C
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Thit b in: in
Di y l mt v d minh ho vic ci thin h s cng sut nh lp t t b . V d Mt nh my ho cht lp t mt my bin p 1500 kVA. Cng sut ton phn ban u ca nh my l 1160 kVA, h s cng sut l 0,70. Phn trm ti ca my bin th l khong 78 %(1160/1500 = 77,3 %). ci thin h s cng sut v trnh b nh cung cp in pht, nh my b sung thm 410 kVAr vo ti ng c. Nh vy, h s cng sut c ci thin ln 0,89, v gim mc kVA yu cu xung 913, l vc t tng ca kW v kVAr.
My bin p 1500 kVA hin ch ti 60% cng sut. V vy trong tng lai, nh my c th b sung thm ph ti cho my.. (NPC Field Study)
Thit b in: in
6. QUN L PH TI IN
mc v m, tiu th in tng v nhu cu in cao vt vo mt s thi im trong ngy s khin cng sut khng p ng nhu cu. Tng cng sut s tn tin v ch c th thc hin trong khong thi gian di (c bit l khi cn xy dng mt nh my in mi). Qun l ph ti tt hn ngi s dng cui cng s gip gim thiu nhu cu nh vi c s h tng v ci thin vic s dng cng sut ca nh my in. Bng 2 lit k mt s phng php k thut gip qun l ph ti hiu qu. Bng 2: Chin lc qun l ph ti nh (Cc Qun l nng lng hiu qu, 2004)
Chuyn ti khng cn thit v quy trnh khng lin tc sang gi thp im Lp li lch trnh cho nhng ti ln v vn hnh thit b, c th lp k hoch thc hin nhng ca khc nhau gim thiu nhu cu ti a lin tc. Nn chun b s vn hnh v s quy trnh. Phn tch nhng s ny vi cch tip cn tng hp, nh vy c th lp li lch trnh vn hnh v s dng cc thit b theo cch , gip ci thin h s ti, t gim c nhu cu ti a. Khi nhu cu ti a c xu hng t mc gii hn c thit lp, c th tm thi loi b bt ti khng cn thit gim nhu cu. C th lp t h thng quan trc nhu cu trc tip, h thng ny s ngt nhng ti khng cn thit khi t mc nhu cu c thit lp. Nhng h thng n gin s a ra bo ng v vic ngt ti c thc hin bng tay. Nhng h thng iu khin mch vi x l tin tin cng ang c trn th trng, gip a ra cc gii php ngt ti t ng. Chng ti kin ngh khi s dng thit b pht in chy bng diezen, nn s dng khi mc nhu cu t mc ti nh. Nh vy s gim c mc ti xung mt mc ng k v gim thiu c ph s dng in. C th gim nhu cu ti a nh thit lp kh nng lu tr sn phm/vt liu, nc, nc mt/nc nng, s dung in trong gi thp im. Vn hnh trong gi thp im cng gip tit kim nng lng nh cc iu kin thun li nh nhit mi trng thp,vv C th gim nhu cu ti a theo mc ca nh my bng cch s dng t b v duy tr h s cng sut ti u. Nhng h thng vi nhng t b c th bt tt duy tr H s cng sut mong mun ca h thng v ti u ho nhu cu ti a.
Vn hnh my pht ti nh my hoc my pht chy bng diezen (DG) trong gi cao im Vn hnh my iu ho nhit trong gi thp im v lu tr nhit lnh. Lp t thit b iu chnh h s cng sut
th biu din cng sut in tiu th theo thi gian gi l th ph ti. Nu cng sut in tiu th c v cho 24h mi ngy, y l th ph ti theo gi (xem hnh 10) v nu cng sut v cho ngy trong mt thng th y l th ph ti theo ngy. th ph ti gip phng on nhu cu cao thp ca mt b phn nh my, ton b nh my, mt mng li phn phi, vv
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Hnh 10: th ph ti theo ngy mt doanh nghip xy dng (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, n )
7. C CH TNH HO N IN
Cc cng ty cung cp in thng p dng mt c cu thu-hai phn trong ho n in ca nhng doanh nghip va v ln: Ph nng lng L ph lin quan n nng lng thc t hoc cng sut hu dng (kilowatt gi hoc kWh) tiu th trong mt thng/khong thi gian tnh tin. Hin nay, mt s cng ty cung cp in tnh ph da trn cng sut biu kin (kVAh), l vc t tng ca kWh v kVArh. Tnh ph theo nhu cu ti a L ph lin quan n nhu cu ti a ng k trong mt thng/khong thi gian tnh tin v mc tin tng ng. Mc ch ca vic tnh pht do ph ti nh l nhm khuyn khch ngi s dng cui cng gim mc ph ti nh. Cc cng ty kim sot ph ti nh ca h (v.d thng qua vic gim h s cng sut), nh vy gim ho n tin in hng hng m khng cn phi gim mc tiu th in. Cc yu t khc lin quan n ho n tin in l: Pht h s cng sut hoc t l cng thm: c hu ht cc cng ty cung cp in p dng, cng bao gm vic cng sut phn khng rt t li in. Chi ph nhin liu: Mt s cng ty cung cp in tnh ph ny nhm iu chnh chi ph nhin liu tng vt gi tr tham chiu c s. Ph s dng in: Khon ph tnh thm da trn s n v in tiu th Ph lp t ng h in: Khon ph c nh hng thng cho vic lp t ng h in Tiu th in cho qut v thit b chiu sng: Khon ph cao hn mc tnh tin in thng thng, da trn mc khon hoc theo ng h thc t. Tnh ph theo thi gian s dng trong ngy (TOD):Cc mc tnh khc nhau cho gi cao im v gi thng thng Pht do vt mc yu cu trong hp ng
Hng dn s dng nng www.energyefficiencyasia.org lng hiu qu UNEP trong ngnh cng nghip Chu 10
Thit b in: in Cc cng ty cung cp in s dng in k in t hoc cng t c kh ghi ho n tin in, o nh sau: Nhu cu ti a ng k theo thng, o theo chu k ci t (v.d 30 pht) v c ci t li vo cui chu k tnh ho n. Cng sut hu dng theo kWh trong chu k tnh ho n Cng sut phn khng theo kVArh trong chu k tnh ho n v Cng sut biu kin theo kVAh trong chu k tnh ho n Cng cn lu , khi ghi nhu cu ti a, khng phi l nhu cu lin tc, nh mi ngi thng hiu lm m l nhu cu theo thi gian trong mt chu k ghi xc nh (v.d 30 pht). V d: Ti mt doanh nghip, nu nhu cu ca mt chu k ghi 30 pht l: 2000 kVA trong 4 pht 3600 kVA trong 12 pht 5000 kVA trong 6 pht 3500 kVA trong 8 pht Nhu cu ti a s c tnh nh sau: [(2000x4) + (3600 x 12) + (5000 x 6) + (3500 x 8)] / 30 = 3640 KVA th nhu cu in hnh cho trong hnh 11. Nhu cu o c trong nhng khong thi gian nh trc v tnh trung bnh cho khong o nh minh ho ng chm nm ngang. Nhu cu ti a s l gi tr mc cu cao nht o c trong thng tnh tin in. ng h s ch tnh khi gi tr ny vt qu gi tr nhu cu ti a trc v k c khi mc nhu cu ti a trung bnh thp, doanh nghip/ngi s dng b tnh tin da vo gi tr nhu cu ti a cao nht o c. Gn y, hu ht cc cng ty cung cp in u chuyn t dng cng t c kh Hnh 11: th nhu cu in hnh (Hi ng nh truyn thng sang s dng in k Nng sut quc gia) in t, thit b ny c mt s c im rt tt cho c nh cung cp ln doanh nghip. Nhng c im ny bao gm: B nh ln ghi cc thng s v cc vn c lin quan chnh xc cao, ln ti loi 0,2 C th s dng vi cch tnh gi tin theo gi trong ngy Chng sa cha/ghi s o sng hi v s mo sng hi (THD)
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Thit b in: in Thi gian s dng di do khng c cc phn dch chuyn C th truy cp/ti d liu t xa Phn tch xu hng ca in mua v thnh phn chi ph s gip doanh nghip xc nh c nhng khu vc c c hi gim ho n tnh tin trong khun kh tnh ph ca nh cung cp.
8. MY BIN P
8.1 My bin p l g
My bin p l thit b in tnh, gip chuyn i nng lng in t mc in p ny sang mc in p khc. iu ny cho php to ra in vi mc in p tng i thp v c truyn i mc in p cao, cng dng in thp, nh vy gim c tn tht ng dy, c s dng in p an ton (xem hnh12).
Hnh 12: My bin p (Indiamart.com) My bin p bao gm hai hay nhiu cun dy c cch in v lin h vi nhau bng t trng. Cun dy s cp c ni vi ngun in v cun dy th cp c ni vi ph ti. My bin p c cc c im: T l vng: t l gia s vng ca cun dy th cp v s vng ca cun dy s cp (xem hnh13). in p th cp: in p s cp nhn vi t l vng. Ampe-vng: c tnh bng cch nhn cng dng in ca cun dy vi s vng. Ampe-vng s cp bng ampe-vng ca cun th cp. in p iu chnh ca my bin p: l phn trm tng ln ca in p t y ti ti khng ti.
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Thit b in: in
Da trn v tr Da trn kt ni
Thit b in: in Nhng nh sn xut my bin p thng cho bit tn tht khng ti (PNO-LOAD) v y ti (PLOAD). Cng thc di y a ra mc tn tht ton phn bt c iu kin ph ti no my bin p. P P =P =P + (% Ti/100) x P
2
TON PHN
KHNG TI
TI 2
TON PHN
KHNG TI
TI
Hnh 14: Tn tht ca my bin p theo % ph ti (Cc S dng nng lng hiu qu, 2004)
9. CC CNG THC IN
Bng 4 di y a ra danh sch cc cng thc quan trng nht ca h thng in. Bng 4: Cc cng thc c bn ca h thng in (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, cha xut bn) Thut ng in tr R (Ohm) in p Tr khng V (Volt) XL (ohm) (cm ng)
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K hiu v n v
Nhn xt S=Sut in tr (Ohm-m) L=Chiu di (m) A=Din tch tit din mt ct(m2) I=Cng (Amp) R=in tr (Ohm) = 3.142 F = Tn s cung cp (Hz) L = in cm (Henry)
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Thit b in: in Thut ng K hiu v n v XC (ohm) (in dung) Z (Ohm) Mi lin h rt ra = 1/(2FC) =[(R2+(XL-XC)2] =VICos (Mt pha) =1,732 VICos (Ba pha) =1,732 VISin (Ba pha) Cng sut biu VA kin H s cng Cos sut Hiu sut T s bin p V1/V2 = N1/N2 St p trong V (Volt) ng dy Tn tht PDy (Watt) ng dy u sao u tam gic =IR =I2R Vdy=1,732 Vpha Idy = Ipha Vdy=Vpha Idy = 1,732 Ipha =[(P2+(VAR)2] = P/VA = Pra/Pvo Nhn xt = 3.142 F = Tn s cung cp(Hz) C = in dung(Faraday) V= in p (Volt) I= Cng (Amp) Cos=H s cng sut V= in p (Volt) I= Cng (Amp) Cos= H s cng sut V=in p (Volt) I= Cng (Amp) =Power Factor Angle P= Cng sut hu dng (Watt) VAR= Cng sut phn khng (VAR) P= Cng sut hu dng (Watt) KVA= Cng sut biu kin (VA) Pra= Cng sut u ra Pvo= Cng sut u vo V1= in p s cp(Volt) V2= in p th cp (Volt) N1=S vng dy s cp N2= S vng dy th cp I= Cng dng in(Amp) R=in tr dng in(Ohm) I= Cng dng in(Amp) R=in tr dng in(Ohm) Vdy= in p dy (Volt) Idy = Cng dy Vpha = in p pha (Volt) Ipha = Cng pha (Amp)
P (Watt)
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Thit b in: in
Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006) n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc
Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.
Khuyn co:
Mun thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t chng bng ting Anh v khng l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.
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