Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

Founder States (1961) Other Member States Secretariat Official language(s) Membership Leaders Secretary-General Jos ngel Gurra Establishment as the OEEC
1

Paris, France English, French 34 states[show]

16 April 1948 30 September 1961 Website

reformed as the OECD

www.oecd.org
1

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, French: Organisation de coopration et de dveloppement conomiques, OCDE) is an international economic organisation of 34 countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies of its members. The OECD originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Later, its membership was extended to non-European states. In 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded asdeveloped countries. The OECD's headquarters are at the Chteau de la Muette in Paris, France.
Contents
[hide]

1 History

o o o o

1.1 Organisation for European Economic Co-operation 1.2 Foundation of the OECD 1.3 Enlargement to Central Europe 1.4 Reform and further enlargement

2 Objectives and activities

o o o o o

2.1 Aim 2.2 International investments and multinational enterprises 2.3 PISA 2.4 Taxation 2.5 Publishing

2.5.1 Books 2.5.2 Statistics 2.5.3 Working papers 2.5.4 Reference works

3 Structure

o o o o o

3.1 Meetings 3.2 Secretariat 3.3 Secretaries-General 3.4 Committees 3.5 Special bodies

4 Member countries

o o o

4.1 Current members 4.2 Former members 4.3 Invited countries

5 Relations with non-members 6 Criticism 7 Indicators 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

10.1 Video clips

[edit]History [edit]Organisation

for European Economic Co-operation

The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), was formed in 1948 to administer American and Canadian aid in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.[1] It started its operations on 16 April 1948. Since 1949, it has been headquartered in the Chateau de la Muette in Paris, France. After the Marshall Plan ended, the OEEC focused on economic issues. [2] In the 1950s the OEEC provided the framework for negotiations aimed at determining conditions for setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the European Economic Community of the six and the other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up under the OEEC.
[edit]Foundation

of the OECD

Following the 1957 Rome Treaties to launch the European Economic Community, the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was drawn up to reform the OEEC. The Convention was signed in December 1960 and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961. It consisted of the European founder countries of the OEEC plus the United States and Canada, with Japan joining three

years later. The official founding members are the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium, the Dominion of Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Greece, the Republic of Iceland, the Republic of Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Portuguese Republic, Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Swiss Confederation, the Turkish Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. During the next 12 years Japan, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation starting with the establishment of the OECD until its dissolution.[3] More than just increasing its internal structure, OECD progressively created agencies: the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering. Unlike the organizations of the United Nations system, OECD uses the spelling "organisation" with an "s" in its name rather than "organization" (see -ise/-ize).
[edit]Enlargement

to Central Europe

In 1989, after the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the OECD started to assist these countries to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the Programme "Partners in Transition" was launched for the cooperation with Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.[3][4] This programme also included a membership option for these countries.[4] As a result of this, in 19942000 Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia as well as Mexico and the Republic of Korea became members of the organisation.
[edit]Reform

and further enlargement

In the 1990s, a number of European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.[5] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become full members of the OECD.[6] Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.[7] In 2005 Malta applied to join the organization.[8] In 2003, the OECD established a working group headed by Japan's Ambassador to the OECD Seiichiro Noboru to work out a strategy for the enlargement and co-operation with non-members. The working group proposed that the selection of candidate countries to be based on four criteria: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations". The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 and 14 May 2004. Based on these recommendations work, the meeting adopted an agreement on operationalisation of the proposed guidelines and on the drafting of a list of

countries suitable as potential candidates for membership.[3] As a result of this work, on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia and Slovenia and to strengthen co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africathrough a process of enhanced engagement.[9] Chile, Slovenia, Israel and Estonia all became members in 2010.[10][11] In 2011 President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia express the country's willingness to join the organization during a speech at the OECD headquarters.[12]
[edit]Objectives

and activities

One of a number of posters created by the Economic Cooperation Administration to promote the Marshall Planin Europe

[edit]Aim

The OECD defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies.[13] Its mandate covers economic, environmental, and social issues. It acts by peer pressure to improve policy and implement "soft law"non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties. In this work, the OECD cooperates with businesses, trade unions and other representatives of civil society. Collaboration at the OECD regarding taxation, for example, has fostered the growth of a global web of bilateraltax treaties.

The OECD promotes policies designed:

to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;

to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as nonmember countries in the process of economic development; and

to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.

[edit]International

investments and multinational enterprises

Between 1995 and 1998, the OECD designed the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, which was abandoned because of a widespread criticism from civil society groups and developing countries. In 1976, the OECD adopted the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, which was rewritten and annexed by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000. Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999. It has been ratified by thirty-eight countries.[14] The OECD has also constituted an anti-spam task force, which submitted a detailed report, with several background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs, e-mail marketers, etc., appended. It works on the information economy[15] and the future of the Internet economy.[16]
[edit]PISA

Further information: Programme for International Student Assessment The OECD publishes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which is an assessment that allows for a comparison of educational performances between countries.
[edit]Taxation

See also: FATF Blacklist The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for bilateral negotiations regarding tax coordination and cooperation. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective as between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member

countries), but can be very unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Since 1998, the OECD has led a charge against harmful tax practices, principally targeting the activities of tax havens (while principally accepting the policies of its member countries, which would tend to encourage tax competition). These efforts have been met with mixed reaction: The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement.[17] The OECD maintains a 'blacklist' of countries it considers uncooperative in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called "The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens".[18] In May 2009, all remaining countries were removed from the list.[19] On 22 October 2008, at an OECD meeting in Paris, 17 countries led by France and Germany decided to draw up a new blacklist of tax havens. The OECD has been asked to investigate around 40 new tax havens in the world where undeclared revenue is hidden and that host many of the non-regulated hedge funds that have come under fire during the 2008 financial crisis. Germany, France, and other countries called on the OECD to specifically add Switzerland to a blacklist of countries that encourage tax fraud.[20]
[edit]Publishing

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary. The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment:www.oecd.org/libraryandarchives.
[edit]Books

The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.

The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.

The OECD Factbook, published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via Statlinks.

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine with six issues a year. News, analysis, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains book reviews and special section listing the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.

The OECD Communications Outlook and OECD Information Technology Outlook, which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.

In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration.

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.
[edit]Statistics

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on a wide number of subjects. OECD statistics are available in several forms:

as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables, as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal, as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

[edit]Working papers

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.
[edit]Reference works

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law). It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, which shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face todayincluding climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollutionis both achievable and affordable.
[edit]Structure

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:

The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through Council (and its Standing Committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of Organization.

The OECD Substantive Committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their variety of subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The Committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.

The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently ngel Gurra), provides support to Standing and Substantive Committees. It is organized in Directorates, which include about 2,500 staff.

[edit]Meetings

Delegates from the member countries attend committees' and other meetings. Former Deputy-Secretary General Pierre Vinde estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.[21] This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations. In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration. Noteworthy meetings include:

The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.

The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. This takes the form of conferences and discussions and is open to public participation.

Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among Ministers of a given domain (ie. all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).

The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.

[edit]Secretariat

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation, and other areas. The secretariat is organised in Directorates:

Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development

Centre for Tax Policy and Administration Development Co-operation Directorate Directorate for Education Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry Economics Department Environment Directorate Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate Statistics Directorate Trade and Agriculture Directorate General Secretariat Executive Directorate Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

The work of the secretariat is financed from the OECD's annual budget, currently[when?] around US$510 million or 342.9 million). The budget is funded by the member countries based on a formula related to the size of each member's gross national product.[22] The largest contributor is the United States, which contributes about one quarter of the budget, followed by Japan with 16%, Germany with 9% and the U.K. and France with 7%. The OECD governing council sets the budget and scope of work on a two-yearly basis. As an international organisation the terms of employment of the OECD Secretariat staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations associated with the OECD. In order to maintain working conditions that are similar to similarly structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of coordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the Western European Union and the European Patent Organisation.
[edit]Secretaries-General

19481955: 19551960: 19601969: 19691984:

Robert Marjolin Ren Sergent Thorkil Kristensen Emiel van Lennep

19841994: 1994:

Jean-Claude Paye

Staffan Sohlman (interim) Jean-Claude Paye Don Johnston Jos ngel Gurra

19941996: 19962006: 2006 :

[edit]Committees

Representatives of the 34 OECD member countries and a number of observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.[23]
[edit]Special

bodies

Africa Partnership Forum Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC) Development Assistance Committee OECD Development Centre Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE) International Transport Forum (ITF) formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport

International Energy Agency Nuclear Energy Agency Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG) Sahel and West Africa Club Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)

[edit]Member [edit]Current

countries

members

There are currently 34 members of the OECD.

Geographic location

Country

Membership[24]

Notes

Australia

7 June 1971

Oceania

Country

Membership[24]

Geographic location

Notes

Austria

29 September 1961 Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Belgium

13 September 1961 Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Canada

10 April 1961

North America

Chile

7 May 2010

South America

Czech Republic

21 December 1995 Europe

Denmark

30 May 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Estonia

9 December 2010

Europe

Finland

28 January 1969

Europe

France

7 August 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Germany

27 September 1961 Europe

Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).[26] Previously represented by the Trizone.[25]

Greece

27 September 1961 Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Hungary

7 May 1996

Europe

Iceland

5 June 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Country

Membership[24]

Geographic location

Notes

Ireland

17 August 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Israel

7 September 2010

Asia

Italy

29 March 1962

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Japan

28 April 1964

Asia

South Korea

12 December 1996 Asia

Luxembourg

7 December 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Mexico

18 May 1994

North America

Netherlands

13 November 1961 Europe

OEEC member.[25]

New Zealand 29 May 1973

Oceania

Norway

4 July 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Poland

22 November 1996 Europe

Portugal

4 August 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Slovakia

14 December 2000 Europe

Slovenia

21 July 2010

Europe

Country

Membership[24]

Geographic location

Notes

Spain

3 August 1961

Europe

Joined OEEC in 1958.[27]

Sweden

28 September 1961 Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Switzerland

28 September 1961 Europe

OEEC member.[25]

Turkey

2 August 1961

Eurasia

OEEC member.[25]

United Kingdom

2 May 1961

Europe

OEEC member.[25]

United States 12 April 1961

North America

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU Member States.[28]
[edit]Former

members

Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) (until 1954).[25]

[edit]Invited

countries

Russia: In May 2007 the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia.[9]

[edit]Relations

with non-members

OECD members Accession candidate countries Enhanced engagement countries

Currently, 25 non-members participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members are engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share their views on best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate. The OECD's Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members develops and oversees the strategic orientations of the relations with non-members. On 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to strengthen OECD's co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, through a process of enhanced engagement. [9] The OECD explores the possibilities for enhanced co-operation with selected countries and regions of strategic interest to the OECD, giving priority to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership.
[edit]Criticism

See also: OECD controversy The OECD has been criticised by several civil society groups and developing countries. The main criticism has been the narrowness of the OECD because of its limited membership to a select few rich nations.[29] In 1997 1998, the draft Multilateral Agreement on Investment was heavily criticized by several non-governmental organisations and developing countries. Many critics argued that the agreement would threaten protection of human rights, labor and environmental standards, and the least developed countries. A particular concern was that the MAI would result in a 'race to the bottom' among countries willing to lower their labor and environmental standards to attract foreign investment. Also the OECD's actions against harmful tax practices has raised criticism. The primary objection is the sanctity of tax policy as a matter of sovereign entitlement. [17]
[edit]Indicators

The following table shows various data for OECD member states, including area, population, economic output and income inequality, as well as various indices, including human development, viability of the state, perception of corruption, economic freedom, state of peace, freedom of the press and democratic level.
GDP (PPP ) per capit a[30] (Intl. $) 2011

Coun try

Are a[30] (km ) 201 0

Populat ion[30] 2011

GDP (PPP)[30] (Intl. $) 2011

Income inequal ity[30] 19932009

(latest available )

HD I[31] 201 1

FSI
[32]

201 2

CP I[33] 201 1

IEF
[34]

201 1

GP I[35] 201 2

WPF I[36] 2011/ 2012

DI[
37]

20 11

Coun try

Are a[30] (km ) 201 0

Populat ion[30] 2011

GDP (PPP)[30] (Intl. $) 2011

GDP (PPP ) per capit a[30] (Intl. $) 2011

Income inequal ity[30] 19932009

(latest available )

HD I[31] 201 1

FSI
[32]

201 2

CP I[33] 201 1

IEF
[34]

201 1

GP I[35] 201 2

WPF I[36] 2011/ 2012

DI[
37]

20 11

Australi a

7,741,2 892,739,612, 22,620,600 20 442

39,466

35.2

0.929

29.2

8.8

82.5

1.494

4.00

9.22

Austria

83,870

8,419,000

354,628,026, 975

42,122

29.2

0.885

27.5

7.8

71.9

1.328

-8.00

8.49

Belgium

30,530 11,008,000

425,276,544, 386

38,633

33.0

0.886

33.5

7.5

70.2

1.376

-2.00

8.05

Canada

9,984,6 1,397,983,46 34,482,779 70 5,565

40,541

32.6

0.908

26.8

8.7

80.8

1.317

-5.67

9.08

Chile

756,090 17,269,525

295,740,683, 117

17,125

52.1

0.805

43.5

7.2

77.4

1.616

29.00

7.54

Czech Republic

78,870 10,546,000

273,662,146, 638

25,949

25.8

0.865

39.5

4.4

70.4

1.396

-5.00

8.19

Denmar k

43,090

5,574,000

228,616,450, 630

41,015

24.7

0.895

23.0

9.4

78.6

1.239

-5.67

9.52

Estonia

45,230

1,340,000

30,024,533,5 57

22,406

36.0

0.835

47.5

6.4

75.2

1.715

-9.00

7.61

Finland

338,420

5,387,000

202,446,166, 977

37,581

26.9

0.882

20.0

9.4

74.0

1.348

-10.00

9.06

Coun try

Are a[30] (km ) 201 0

Populat ion[30] 2011

GDP (PPP)[30] (Intl. $) 2011

GDP (PPP ) per capit a[30] (Intl. $) 2011

Income inequal ity[30] 19932009

(latest available )

HD I[31] 201 1

FSI
[32]

201 2

CP I[33] 201 1

IEF
[34]

201 1

GP I[35] 201 2

WPF I[36] 2011/ 2012

DI[
37]

20 11

France

549,190 65,436,552

2,302,945,70 3,407

35,194

32.7

0.884

33.6

7.0

64.6

1.710

9.50

7.77

German 357,120 81,726,000 y

3,221,135,41 1,591

39,414

28.3

0.905

31.7

8.0

71.8

1.424

-3.00

8.34

Greece

131,960 11,304,000

303,987,090, 775

26,892

34.3

0.861

50.4

3.4

60.3

1.976

24.00

7.65

Hungary

93,030

9,971,000

216,752,108, 474

21,738

31.2

0.816

48.3

4.6

66.6

1.476

10.00

7.04

Iceland

103,000

319,000

11,839,614,9 43

37,115

N/A

0.898

29.1

8.3

68.2

1.113

-7.00

9.65

Ireland

70,280

4,487,000

186,848,293, 971

41,642

34.3

0.908

26.5

7.5

78.7

1.328

-4.00

8.56

Israel

22,070

7,765,700

217,492,394, 269

28,007

39.2

0.888

N/A

5.8

68.5

2.842

31.25

7.53

Italy

301,340 60,770,000

1,979,219,44 4,356

32,569

36.0

0.874

45.8

3.9

60.3

1.690

19.67

7.74

Japan

377,940

127,817,27 4,381,290,15 7 9,229

34,278

24.9

0.901

43.5

8.0

72.8

1.326

-1.00

8.08

99,900 49,779,000 Korea,

1,503,604,06 2,678

30,206

31.6

0.897

37.6

5.4

69.8

1.734

12.67

8.06

Coun try

Are a[30] (km ) 201 0

Populat ion[30] 2011

GDP (PPP)[30] (Intl. $) 2011

GDP (PPP ) per capit a[30] (Intl. $) 2011

Income inequal ity[30] 19932009

(latest available )

HD I[31] 201 1

FSI
[32]

201 2

CP I[33] 201 1

IEF
[34]

201 1

GP I[35] 201 2

WPF I[36] 2011/ 2012

DI[
37]

20 11

South

Luxemb ourg

2,590

517,000

45,902,664,4 36

88,787

30.8

0.867

25.5

8.5

76.2

1.341c

-7.00

8.88

Mexico

1,964,3 114,793,34 1,760,946,36 80 1 8,455

15,340

48.3

0.770

73.6

3.0

67.8

2.445

72.67

6.93

Netherla nds

41,540 16,696,000

723,585,287, 472

43,339

30.9

0.910

28.1

8.9

74.7

1.606

-9.00

8.99

New Zealand

267,710

4,405,200

131,507,519, 463c

30,108c

36.2

0.908

25.6

9.5

82.3

1.239

-5.33

9.26

Norway

323,780

4,952,000

282,720,915, 051

57,092

25.8

0.943

23.9

9.0

70.3

1.480

-10.00

9.80

Poland

312,680 38,216,000

813,292,967, 101

21,281

34.1

0.813

44.3

5.5

64.1

1.524

-0.67

7.12

Portugal

92,090 10,637,000

270,649,574, 742

25,444

38.5

0.809

34.2

6.1

64.0

1.470

5.33

7.81

Slovakia

49,040

5,440,000

132,919,954, 401

24,434

26.0

0.834

47.4

4.0

69.5

1.590

0.00

7.35

Slovenia

20,270

2,052,000

56,573,135,9 42

27,570

31.2

0.884

34.0

5.9

64.6

1.330

9.14

7.76

Coun try

Are a[30] (km ) 201 0

Populat ion[30] 2011

GDP (PPP)[30] (Intl. $) 2011

GDP (PPP ) per capit a[30] (Intl. $) 2011

Income inequal ity[30] 19932009

(latest available )

HD I[31] 201 1

FSI
[32]

201 2

CP I[33] 201 1

IEF
[34]

201 1

GP I[35] 201 2

WPF I[36] 2011/ 2012

DI[
37]

20 11

Spain

505,370 46,235,000

1,511,951,58 0,566

32,701

34.7

0.878

42.8

6.2

70.2

1.548

9.75

8.02

Sweden

450,300

9,453,000

391,800,201, 817

41,447

25.0

0.904

21.3

9.3

71.9

1.419

-5.50

9.50

Switzerl and

41,280

7,907,000

378,088,821, 911

47,817

33.7

0.903

23.3

8.8

81.9

1.349

-6.20

9.09

Turkey

783,560 73,639,596

1,243,426,69 1,409

16,885

39.0

0.699

76.6

4.2

64.2

2.344

70.00

5.72

United Kingdo m

243,610 62,641,000

2,287,071,68 9,227

36,511

36.0

0.863

35.3

7.8

74.5

1.609

2.00

8.16

United States

9,831,5 311,591,91 15,094,000,0 10 7 00,000

48,442

40.8

0.910

34.8

7.1

77.8

2.058

14.00

8.11

OECDb

36,137, 1,245,198,4 43,550,669,2 34,993d 530 87 85,973

33.3

0.871

36.6

6.9

71.7

1.590

6.44

8.23

Country

Area (km) 2010

GDP Income (PPP) GDP (PPP) inequality Population per (Intl. $) 2011 capita 1993-2009 2011 (latest (Intl. $) available) 2011

HDI 2011

FSI 2012

CPI 2011

IEF 2011

GPI 2012

WPFI DI 2011/201 2011 2

a b c d

The FSI index supplies no figure for Israel, but rather supplies a figure (82.2) for "Israel/West Bank". OECD total used for indicators 1 through 3; OECD unweighted average used for indicators 4 through 12. Data are for 2010. Does not include New Zealand.

Note: The colors indicate the country's global position in the respective indicator. For example, a green cell indicates that the country is ranked in the upper 25% of the list (including all countries with available data).

Highest fourth

Upper-mid (2nd to 3rd quartile)

Lower-mid (1st to 2nd quartile)

Lowest fourth