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GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................

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Lch s pht trin ca vt liu trao i ion ...........................................................2 Cc loi vt liu trao i ion ...................................................................................3
Vt liu t nhin .......................................................................................................................... 3 Vt liu tng hp ......................................................................................................................... 4 Vt liu composite....................................................................................................................... 7 Mng trao i ion ........................................................................................................................ 7

NHA TRAO I ION ......................................................................... 8


Phn loi nha trao i ...........................................................................................8 Cc phn ng c trng ..........................................................................................9 Tng hp, tnh cht ht nha ...............................................................................11
Tng hp ................................................................................................................................... 11 nh gi dung lng hot ng ca ht nha ........................................................................... 14 xp ca ht nha.................................................................................................................. 15 Nha c xp v m ............................................................................................................... 17 Nhit ng trao i ion.............................................................................................................. 24 chn lc ............................................................................................................................... 26 ng hc qu trnh trao i....................................................................................................... 37

THIT B TRAO I ION ................................................................. 44


Chu k hot ng ca nha trao i....................................................................44
Ra ngc ................................................................................................................................. 44 Ti sinh ...................................................................................................................................... 45 Ra ............................................................................................................................................ 47 Hot ng .................................................................................................................................. 48

Nguyn tc thit k .................................................................................................49 Cc loi thit b thng dng ..................................................................................50

Loi tng nha c nh .............................................................................................................. 50 Loi tng ng ........................................................................................................................... 52 Loi tng si .............................................................................................................................. 54 Loi thng khuy....................................................................................................................... 57

Gii thiu chung Lch s pht trin ca vt liu trao i ion -Trong Kinh thnh ca ngi Hy lp c cp n vic tch mui trong nc bin. -Th k19: Anh, c nhng ti liu vit v hin tng trao i ion -1850: Harry Thompson v John Way (nh ho nng) cho nc phn cha nhiu amonium i qua lp t st. Amonium b gi li trn lp t, Ca c tch ra. Ngui ta c c cc nhn xt sau: +Trao i ion trong t lin quan n strao i cc ion tng ng +Mt vi ion trao i nhanh hn ion khc +Silicat nhm (aluminum silicate) Al2SiO5 c tnh cht trao i ion +Qu trnh trao i ion khc vi qu trnh hp ph vt l -1858: nh ho hc ngi c chng minh rng phn ng trao i ion trong t l mt qu trnh thun nghch. -1876: Lemberg cng chng minh c tnh thun nghch -u th k20: nha trao i ion c a vo cc mc ch ng dng -1905: Nh ho hc ngi c ng dng vo lm mm nc, s dng nha trao i cation. -Gans: tng hp nha trao i cation sodium aluminosilicate ng gi l zeolite. Tng hp zeolite nm 1913 do Permutit Company (M). cacbonate zeolite c s dng lm vt liu trao i ion nm1935. -Nha trao i cation trng hp formadehyde, trao i anion (sn phm trng hp ca polyamines and formaldehyde). Cc sn phmny cthtch loi tt cc ion trong nc, nhng nha anion khng th tch acid yu ca Si hoc kim.

-Nm1944, nhmcc nh nghin cu ca M, D Alelio pht trin nha trao i cation ng trng hp ca styrene v divinylbenzen. Nha anion loi ny c pht trin nm1948, c thtch hon ton cc khong trong nc v c dng rng ri cho n ngy nay.

Cc loi vt liu trao i ion Cc loi vt liu trao i ion c phn thnh nhiu loi ph thuc vo cc ng dng khc nhau. Cc loi vt liu v c c s dng khi yu cu v tinh khit khng cao lm. ci thin bn vt l ca ht nha, phng php gn cc loi vt liu trao i ion vo mt loi vt liu khc c th v c hoc hu c) c nghin cu v pht trin mnh. Vt liu trao i cn: bn ho, ho tan thp, chi ph thp.

Vt liu t nhin Vt liu v c Nhiu khong v c trong thin nhin c s dng: st (bentonite, kaolinite, illite), mica v zeolite (nhanalcite, chabazite, sodalitev clinoptilolite) c tnh cht trao i ion. Trong zeolite t nhin l loi vt liu c sdng u tin trong cng ngh trao i ion. St thng s dng lm cht n, cht chn lp cht thi phng x. t st thng s dng trong cc thit b gin on, t khi s dng cho hot ng dng ct v c th hn ch dng chy qua ct. Cc loi aluminosilicate t nhin cng thng c s dng trong x l nc thi. N hot ng nh l: vt liu trao i ion v cht lc c bit. St v zeolite thin nhin tuy c thay th dn bi cc loi vt liu tng hp song n vn c dng trong mt s ng dng no y do r v sn c trong thin nhin. Mt s nhc im ca loi vt liu ny: -Dung lng trao i thp -Bn c thp -Kch thc lxp khng khng ch c

-Cc ht stc khuynh hng to thnh cc ht keo -Kh gia cng ng kchthc theoyu cu -C thbphn hutrong mi trng acid hoc kim Vt liu hu c Mt lng ln cc cht hu c c tnh cht trao i ion nh: polysaccharides (cellulose, algic acid, rm,than bn), proteins (nhcasein, keratin v collagen) v cc loi than (nhthan bn, than nu). Mc d dung lng hot ng ca cc loi vt liu ny thp nhng vn c s dng rng ri do gi thnh thp. Cc nhc im chnh ca loi vt liu ny: -Dung lng trao i thp so vi cc loi vt liu khc -Trng n ln v d b pettize ho -Vt liu cenllulose v protein rt khng bn vi phng x -Cu trc vt l km -Tnh cht vt l khng ng nht - chn lc km -Khng bn khi pH nm ngoi dy pH trung tnh. Vt liu bin tnh ci thin dung lng trao i, chn lc mt s vt liu hu c c bin tnh. V d vt liu trao i ion trn c s cellulose c bin tnh bng cch a thm vo nhm phosphate, carbonic hoc nhm chc acid khc. Vt liu tng hp Vt liu v c tng hp Zeolites l loi vt liu v c u tin c s dng trn mt quy m ln tch cht nhim phng x trn mt quy m ln. Zeolite l loi vt liu trn c s l aluminosilicate, c th tng hp di dng bt, ht hoc vin. u im ca loi ny l c th thay i tnh cht ho hc trong mt khong rng, kch thc l xp c khng ch, bn nhit. Nhc im: -Chi ph cao hn so vi loi c sn trong thin nhin

-Bn ho hc, bn trong cc mi trng pH khc nghit km -D nt, bn c hc km. chn lc v dung lng ca zeolite c th ph hp vi cc cng ngh c mui thp. Nu trong dng thi c mt cc ion khc, cc tm hot ng ca zeolite b cc ion ny chim gi do s gim dung lng hot ng. V d khi c K, kh nng trao i ca zeolite vi Ce b gim i. Trong dung dch c nng mui cao, dung lng hot ng ca zeolite l rt nh. Cc hp cht ca Ti, Si-Ti Trong nhiu nm qua, oxide v hydroxide ca Ti c bit n kh nng tch loi ion trong dung dch. Nm 1955 UK v sau l c v Nht s dng hydroustitanium oxide (HTiO) tch uranium trong nc bin vi quy m ln.Cc nghin cu tip theo ch ra rng loi vt liu ny cng c i lc rt mnh vi ion kim loi actinium (Ac), Sr v vi cc ion c in tch +2. Cc sn phm loi ny tr thnh thng phm ca cng ty SrTreat ca Finland. N c hot lc cao trong mi trng kim (pH>9). Vt liu ny c th s dng kt hp vi cht hp th hexacyanoferrate (CsTreat). Hexacyanoferrates ca cc kim loi chuyn tip Trong nhiu thp k qua, hp cht loi ny c bit nh l cht c th tch Ce trong dung dch. Nhiu dng khc nhau ca loi vt liu ny c s dng tch Ce. V d: Cobalt (II)-hexacyanoferrate (II). Vt liu hu c tng hp Ngy nay, nhm ln nht trong loi vt liu ny l nha trao i ion dng bt (5-150m) hay dng ht (0,5-2mm). Mch hydro carbon phn b ngu nhin to nn mt mng li rt linh ng. Trn mch ny c mang cc in tch c nh trn cc v tr khc nhau. Nha khng tan do c cc lin kt ni ngang. Lng ni ngang s nh hng n kch thc ht nha qua sng, kh nng trng, chuyn ng ca cc ion linh ng, cng v bn chc. Lng ni ngang ln, se lm tng cng ca nha, tng bn c, t l xp v t trng trong dung mi. Khi vt liu ny ngm trong dung mi hoc trong nc, n s trng ln. Mc trng ph thuc vo c tnh ca c dung mi v chnh vt liu, n b nh hng bi cc yu t sau: phn cc ca dung mi, lin kt ngang, dung lng trao i, solvat ho

mnh hay yu ca nhm c nh, kch thc solvat ca cc ion trao i, nng dung dch. u im ni bt ca loi vt liu ny: dung lng trao i ln, p dng rng ri, a lnh vc, chi ph kh r so vi mt vi loi v c tng hp khc. Cc loi nha chnh trong nhm ny l: Polystyrene divinylbenzene L sn phm copolymer ca styrene v DVB. ni ngang c quyt nh bi lng DVB. Nng DVB thp s lm cho nha mm, kh nng trng rt mnh trong cc dung mi. Cc nhm chc c nh (nhm c trng) c gn vo trong mng li mch polymer to nn kh nng trao i ion. V d nh nhm SO3H, thng t 8 n 10 nhm cho 10 vng benzene. H+ s l ion linh ng (hay ion i counter ion) s tham gia trao i vi cc cation trong dung dch. Khi gn cc nhm NH3+ hay N2+ vo trong mch polymer, nha trao i anion c to ra. Cc ion i s l OH-, Cl-. Phenolic L sn phm trng ngng ca phenol v formaldehyde vi nhm OH- l nhm c trng, c nh trong mch polymer, l loi nha trao i cation acide yu. tng cng acid cho nha, nhm-SO3H c gn vo nha. Nh vy nha s c hai chc nng cha c nhm acid mnh SO3H v nhm acid yu OH. Sn phm a trng ngng (polycondensation) ca resorcinol-formaldehyde c s dng rng ri n tch Cs. Cng c th gn thm nhm phosphoric acid vo mch polymer tng kh nng lm vic ca nha. Acrylic L nha trao i ion acid yu, c nhm-COOH trong mch. L sn phm copolymer ca acrylic hay methacrylic acid vi DVB.Nhm COOH c kh nng tch mui thp nhng trong mi trng kim n c i lc mnh vi Ca2+ v cc ion tng t khc. Cc nhm acid khc c th gn vo nha nh PO32-, PO33-, HPO2-

Vt liu composite L loi vt liu kt hp mt hay nhiu vt liu T ion vi cc loi vt liu khc.To ra cc composite ny s lm tng bn c th s dng trong ct. Zeolite to ra dng ht trn cht mang l aluminium oxide. Mt loi khc c bit n l ph cupric ferric haxacyanoferrate trn si polyacrylic. Vt liu ny s dng tch nc thi phng x trong nh my nguyn t. Mt loi composite khc l s kt hp vt liu trao i v c vi magnetic Fe3O4. Do vy s d dng tch loi ra khi bo ho nh t trng. Loi vt liu ny tr thnh thng phm. Mng trao i ion C hai loi mng trao i: ng nht (homogeneous) v khng ng nht (heterogeneous). Mng khng ng nht c tng hp bng cch phn tn cc loi vt liu trao i (dng ht keo hoc ht rt mn) trong nha nhit do polyethylene, polystyrene hay cao su tng hp. Sau em cn, p hoc n to ra cc hnh dng khc nhau tu thuc vo yu cu sdng (dng tm, a, bng di). Cc ht trao i phi c tip xc vi. Khi cc ht ny bong rakhi mng, bn chc ca mng srt thp. Thng th ht schim50-70% trong thtch mng. Mng ng nht l sn phmtrng ngng casulphonated phenol v formaldehyde trong mi trng acid hay kim mnh v c dt ln thu ngn hoc tm bn acid. Cc thng phm c tng hp bng: bay hi dung dch in ly cao phn t. Mc d khng c ni ngang nhng mng khng tan trong nc. Trong phng php polymer gn kt bng phng xgamma dng gn styrenen hay styrene DVB ln mng polyethylene. Nhc im ca loi mng trao i: gi thnh cao, bn c hc hn ch, tr khng cao khi nng dch in ly thp, thm thu cao.

Nha trao i ion

Phn loi nha trao i Tnh cht trao i ca nha T ion c quyt nh bi cc nhm c trng trong sn (khung) cao phn t ca nha vcc ion linh ng. Cc nhm ny mang in tch m hoc dng to cho nha c tnh kim hoc acid. Cc nhm c trng trong ionit ni vi cc ion linh ng c du ngc li bng lin kt ion. Cc ion linh ny c kh nng trao i vi cc ion khc trong dung dch. Nha trao i cation (cationit) L nhng cht c c trng acid. Trong cu to mng li ca nha c mang in tch m (nhm c trng mang in tch m) km theo nhm c trng c mt cation linh ng c kh nng trao i vi cc cation khc trong dung dch. Cc ion linh ng ca

cationit thng l H, thng c gi l nha T cation dng H. Nu thay H bng Na, nha c gi l Na-cationit Cc nhm c trng ca cationit: -SO3H, -COOH, -OH (ca phenol), H2PO3-Cc nhm c trng cng nhiu, kh nng trao i cng tng, ng thi, ho tan trong nc ca nha cng tng. Nu tng ni ngang trong cu trc ca nha ionit th kh nng trao i, ho tan gim nhng trng s tng. C hai loi cationit: Cationit acid mnh: nhm c trng l -SO3H, -PO3H C kh nng phn ly thnh ion linh ng, t linh ng trong tt c cc mi trng trung tnh, kim, acid. Do kh nng trao i ca chng khng b nh hng bi pH ca dung dch. Cationit acid yu: nhm c trng -COOH, -OH phn ly yu trong mi trng acid, kh nng trao i ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng. Trong mi trng kim, kh nng phn ly mnh nn kh nng trao i ln. Trong mi trng acid, kh nng phn ly thp, dn n kh nng trao i thp. Nha trao i anion (anioit) Cc nhm hot ng mang in tch dng, to cho anionit c tnh kim, cc anion linh ng c th trao i vi cc anion khc trong dung dch. Nhm c trng: kim amin bc 1, 2, 3, 4. Cc anion linh ng thng l OH, Cl Anionit kim mnh: Nhm c trng l kim amin bc 4

Nhm OH nh vo nh lc tnh in. Anionit kim mnh c mc phn ly ion tt trong tt c cc mi trng nn kh nng trao i ca chng khng ph thuc pH ca mi trng. Anionit kim yu: Nhm c trng l kim aminbc 1 NH2, bc 2 =NH v bc 3 N. Anionit kim yu ch phn ly trong mi trng kim yu. Cc phn ng c trng Qu trnh trao i vi cationit RSO3H + Na+ + Cl- RSO3Na+ + H+ + Cl -2RSO3H+ Ca2+ + 2Cl- (RSO3)2Ca + 2H+ + 2Cl-

hoc RCOOH + Na+ + OH- RCOONa + H2O C th xem y l qu trnh ho hc d th (lng-rn). Mc ion ho ph thuc bn cht ho hc ca nhm hot ng, tnh cht dung dch bn ngoi V d: nhm sunlfo: ion ho tt trong mi trng acid -COOH, -OH: trong mi trng acid ion ho km hn Cationit acid mnh: mc phn ly khng ph thuc pH Cationit acid yu: thay i dung tch trao i theo pH Mt c im khc: khi cationit trao i t n bo ho vi cation ny, th c th trao i vi cation khc. R-H + + NaCl R-Na + H + Cl -2R-Na + CaSO4 (R)2Ca + Na+ + SO42Sau khi bo ho, cationit c ti sinh bng acid R-SO3Na + H+ R-SO3H+ + Na+ (R-SO3)2Ca+ 2H +2R-SO3H+ Ca2+ Qu trnh trao i ca anionit Anionit kim yu (nhmamin bc 1, 2, 3): ion ho khi pH<7 Anion cha aminbc 4: ion ho trong mi trng acid yu, trung tnh, kim. Anionit kim mnh c phn ly cao R-OH + HCl R-Cl+ H2O Qu trnh ti sinh RCl + NaOH ROH + NaCl Qa trnh trao i ion l mt qu trnh thun nghch, phn ng ho hc d th gia cc nhm hot ng ca nha v cc ion trong dung dch. Qu trnh trao i tun theo nh lut tc dng khi lng.

Tng hp, tnh cht ht nha Tng hp Nha phenolic (KY-1 Nga): Cha nhm SO3H, v nhm hydroxyl phenol. C th i t monomer sulfo phenol v formaldehyde hoc iu ch nha phenol formaldehyde sau sulfo ho bng H2SO4 m c. Qu trnh qua hai giai on: Sulfo ho phenol: khng ch iu kin nhm sulfo gn vo vtr para ca phenol. Tin hnh nhit di 110 oC, t 10-13 gi, sn phm nhn c dng lng. Ngng t vi formaldehyde Thng 1 mol sulfo phenol thng ly hn 1 mol formaldehyde. Tin hnh trong iu kin ging vi tng hp nha phenol formaldehyde. Ngng t xong em sy 100-110 oC, trong thi gian 4-5 gi. Sn phm nhn c c cu to dng li. em nghin, ra sch acid tha. Sng ly sn phm c kch thc 0,5 2 mm, c mu en. D=1,0 1,2, m 15 -20%.

Nha styrene-divinylbenzen (Ky-2 -Nga) Polymer ho huyn ph styrene v divinylbenzen (DVB): ban u dng lng, cho vo thng phn ng, nc. Cht hot ng b mt gi cho h c phn tn n nh. Khuy trn, styrene/DVB hnh thnh tng khi ln, tng tc khuy, ht nh hn c hnh thnh, tng tc khuy n khi kch thc ht t yu cu khong 1 milimet. Ti im ny, thm benzoyl peroxide vo, qu trnh polymer ho din ra v hnh thnh cc ht nh.

Divinylbenzen l tc nhn to ni ngang, lm cho ht c cng, khng c styrene ht nha c th ho tan trong nc. Polystyrene-DVB cn c hot tnh ho hc s dng lm cht trao i ion. Cc nhm hot tnh c gn vo. Mi nhm chc c mt in tch c nh, c th cn bng bi in tch i tng ng c th trao i vi cc ion cng in tch. Nha cation acid mnh c to ra khi x l ht nha trong acid sunfuric m c (gi l qu trnh sunfonat ho), nhm sunfonic acid mang in tch m bn. Quan trng l cc tm mang in ny phn b trn ton b ht. Qu trnh trao i ion khng phi l mt qu trnh b mt, hn 99% kh nng trao i ion c nhn thy bn trong ht. Nha anion kim mnh c hot ho qua hai giai on: trc tin chloromethyl ho, sau amin ho. Qu trnh hai bc bt u vi cng vt liu styrene/DVB c dng cho nha cation. im khc bit l lng DVB c dng t hn, lm cho ht xp hn. Bc phn ng u tin l gn nhm chloromethyl vo mi vng benzene trong cu trc ca ht. Nha chloromethyl trung gian ny cn phn ng vi anim trong qu trnh amin ho. Loi amin s dng s xc nh chc nng ca nha. Amin thng dng l trimethylamine (TMA), s to ra nha trao i anion kim mnh loi I. S dng dimethylanolamine (DMEA) s to ra nha anion loi II. ng trng hp styrene vi divinylbenzene, sau sulfo ho bng H2SO4 m c. Loi nha ny c nhm c trng l -SO3H, bn ho hc, bn c, bn nhit n 150oC. Qu trnh ng trng hp tin hnh 80oC, trong 18 gi, oxi ho bng H2SO4 m c 100oC, trong 8 gi, Ag2SO4 lm xc tc.

Catonit KB-4 ng trng hp ca methylmethacrylic (hoc dng mui) vi divinylbenzene (10% so vi cu t chnh), c1% peoxide benzoyl, ung nng 60oC, trong 24h, sau x phng ho bng NaOH 2N, ra v sy.

nh gi dung lng hot ng ca ht nha Phng php gii hp: Dung lng hot ng n nh ca ht nha xc nh t cc gi tr: tng lng ion c th trao i trong ct ti im cui ca breakthrough v phn ca mi loi ion trao i c gii hp trong qu trnh ti sinh. Trong thc t, cn ti sinh hon ton vi tc nhn ti sinh ph hp. Ct c bo ho ti mt im breakthrough nh trc. T cc gi tr th tch nha s dng, th tch dung dch x l, nng cc ion dung lng cc i ti im breakthrough c xc nh. Sau ct c gii hp vi tc nhn ti sinh c nng ph hp cho n hon ton. V mi quan h: % ion c tch loi -lng tc nhn ti sinh s dng

Q l dung lng hot ng, Qs dung lng ti breakthrough, rA t l lng ion A trn tng lng ion c th trao i c, xA phn ion A b gii hp. tnh c % ion tch loi (hoc ngc li l % leakage) cn hot ng trng thi cn bng xc nh i lc tng i ca ion nghin cu.

CA nng ion A trong dng thi ra (leakage); K l hng s cn bng; XRA phn ng lng ca nha dng A. Phng php ct tun hon Ct c bo ho vi mt dung dch bit nng , tc v nng ca tc nhn ti sinh bit trc. Thng thng phi qua nhiu vng hot ng, ti sinh ht nha c c dung lng hot ng v nng ion trong dng ra t trng thi n nh. Dung lng hot ng xc nh: t vic o th tch cht lng x l v nng ion cc cu ttrong dung dch ti sinh. Nng ion (leakage) xc nh ct ra. xp ca ht nha Kh nng lm vic ca nha bnh thng hay nha chun khng ch ph thuc vo kh nng ca ion linh ng trao i vi cc ion trong dung dch, m cn kh nng ca cc ion thay th khuch tn su vo trong nha. Khi cht HT c ngun gc khong s dng, kh nng thm nhp ca cc ion ph thuc vo xp ca cht HT v kch thc ca ion thay th. Vi l xp nh, ion ln skhng c qu trnh trao i ion. Tng t vi cc cht HT c ngun gc t khong, ngi ta cng s dng t XP (porosity) khi s dng nha trao i ion. xp ca nha trao i ion c th d on bng cch cho hp thu hi ca mt cht lng tr hay hp thu hi N2 nhit thp. Cc phng php ny c s dng nh gi xp thng gi l cht trao i ion chun, l nha T ion c copolymer ho bng phng php thng thng ca styrene hay monomer khc vi tc nhn lin kt ngang nh divinylbenzene. Ngui ta ch ra rng: th tch l xp tng ca nha T ionvi 2% divinylbenze l 0,004cm3/g, 16% divinylbenzene l 0,001cm3/g. Gi tr ny nh hn 10 ln i vi polymer mch thng (tuyn tnh) v nh hn 100 ln

so vi th tch l xp tng cng ca than xp loi tt. Din tch b mt ring ca cht T ion ny khong 0,1 m2/g, vi cht HT c ngun gc khong cht l 600-800 m2/g. D nhin, kh nng hp th cao ca nha tiu chun khng lin quan g n xp ca n. Cht T ion ny ch hp th cc ion nh. Cc ion ln hn nh terramycin, penicillin v cc hot cht sinh hc khc c th b hp thu ch trong mi trng m n c th trng.Trong trng hp ny, s c mi quan h trc tip gia kh nng hp th ca nha T ion v trng trong mi trng Hp thu ion ch din ra trong mi trng lng, v vy kh nng trng ca nha trc tin ph thuc vo kh nng hydrat ho ca cc nhm phn ly- xc nh i lc ca nha trong nc. hydrat ho cao, nha trng tt. Mc trng ph thuc vo ion trong dung dch. Nu kh nng hydrat ca cc ion thay th nh hn hydrat ho ca cc ion b thay th, trong dung dch mui hoc acid m c ht nha s b co li do nc i ra dung dch. Mc trng ca ht nha cng ph thuc vo s lng ni ngang trong polymer. Lng ni ngang ln, trng s thp. nh lng mi quan h ny rt kh v nh lng chnh xc ni ngang thng kh bit c (kh xc nh phn no trong polymer tham gia phn ng, mc d hm lng cht to ni ngang bit c). Trong khi trng, cu trc ca ht nha thay i ng k- ging nh cc cht HT khng rn in hnh, v vy vi nha trao i ion xp, cm t xp vi m- microporosity v xp gia cc phn t- intramolecular porosity khng c s dng. Trong qu trnh hp thu trn nha T, polymer trng, c ngha, nha l mt dung dch vi phn t trong polymer lin kt ngang v kh nng hp thu ca nha c th d on t trng. trng cho ta d on nh lng ca tng th tch chim bi cht lng vi phn t trong polymer xp. Thng th tch ny khng quan trng so vi th tch l xp tng th tch ny gp hng trm ln. Trng c th gim bn ca polymer v gim thi gian s dng ca ht nha. Vi nha T ion, cm t khnng thm c th dng nhng vi mt ngha c bit. Qu trnh trao i ion c thbiu din qua nhiu cc giai on: Cc ion thay th di chuyn t dung dch n b mt cht HT Cc ion thay th di chuyn bn trong cht HT n cc tm trao i Phn ng trao i (ho hc) tnh cht ca phn ng trao i Cc ion b thay th di chuyn t tm hp thu trong cht HT n b mt cht HT Di chuyn ca cc ion bthay thtbmt cht HT ra dung dch.

Kh nng thm ca nha T ion c th xc nh bi giai on 2 ca qu trnh, ph thuc vo gi tr hp thu ion v h s khuch tn, v sau l kch thc ca ion khuch tn v bn ca mi trng. H s khuch tn ca ion thay th, b thay th, cng nh giai on 2, 5 ca qu trnh, s quyt nh ng hc ca qu trnh. Lng ion b nha hp thu phthuc vo i lc ca ion i vi nha, trng v quyt nh ng hc hay tnh hc ca trao i ion. V vy,kh nng thm ca nha T ion ph thuc vo ng hc, tnh hc ca trao i ion, c hai u ph thuc vo trng. Kh nng trng ca nha xc nh kh nng chn lc. Nha trng nhiu c th gi ly cc ion kch thc khc nhau, c ngha chn lc km. Nha c trng km c kh nng hp thu cc ion nh tt hn so vi cc ion ln. y l nguyn tc c bn ca phng php li lc trao i ion, theo cch ny, cc ion mang in tch vi cc kch thc khc nhau s b tch ra. V d, s dng nha trao i c trng thp s tch c ion kim loi ra khi mt hn hp cao phn t nh protein - thng th loi ny khng hp thu. Tch cc cht khong hon ton khi streptomycin thc hin bng li ion. Anion c kch thc khc nhau cng c th c tch ra bng cch tng t. S dng li trao i ion theo cc trng khc nhau, c th tch cc ion vi kch thc gn nhau ra. V d, insulin c th tch ra t hn hp cc cht hu c cao phn t. Cc ion c kch thc rt ln ch c th b hp thu bi nha trao i ion c trng tt, qu trnh hp thu din ra trong ton b cht HT. Nha T c trng thp v s dy c ca cc nhm phn ly c trong nha s lm gim kh nng hp thu cc ion hu c (mt phn cc nhm ny b cc ion ln c nh trong nha, cc nhm ny khng tham gia phn ng trao i). tng hp thu cc ion ln nn s dng nha c kh nng hp thu tng cng nh (v d nh ion Na). Vi mc ch ny, nha cha mt lng nhmhydroxyl ln lm tng trng , cc nhm c kh nng trao i c sp xp mt cch tng i rng ri hn (rarely). iu ny l cn thit nh nha carboxyphenol-formaldehyde.

Nha c xp v m Cc cng trnh nghin cu trong tng hp nha T ion c gng to ra cht HT c xp tng ng vi than hot tnh. Cc n lc u tht bi khi c gng gim ni ngang trong khung C ca copolymer v s dng cc loi monomer khc. Thay i cu trc ca polymer bng thay i iu kin polymer ho t ra c kt qu tt hn.

Mt trong cc cch to khung C c xp v m l a thm cc cht to bt trong qu trnh copolymer ho cc monomer cc cht ny phn hu nhit, to sn phm kh. Tuy nhin phng php chnh to xp cho nha xp v m l thm mt cu t th 3 khng tham gia vo phn ng, dung mi tt cho monomer v ho tan polymer km. Dn n sn phm copolymer s trng trong mi trng ny. Cc cht hay sdng trong copolymer ho ca styrene v divinylbenzene l n-heptane, isooctane, cc alcohols bc cao. Sau khi copolymer ho xong, trong dung dch nc, c mt cc cht nh ho, cht ho tan s cha ng trong copolymer xp, c tch ra bng chng luyn. S to ra cc l xp kch thc ln trong polymer. Nhiu nghin cu cho rng, cu trc v c tnh ca copolymer sn phm khc bkhungvi nha trao i ion tiu chun. Copolymer tiu chun khng mu, trong sut, nh thu tinh; nha tro i ion loi mi c gi l nha c lin kt ngang ln hoc c xp v m l m c, trng nh sa, khi lng ring nh(density), khi lng dung dch nh (bulk mass), cc tnh cht c hc v ng hc c ci thin, bn ho cao. Nghin cu chi tit xp ca loi nha mi ny cho thy rng: din tch b mt ring ln, th tch xp tng cng ph thuc tc nhn lin kt ngang v cht ho tan s dng trong qu trnh tng hp. Mt yu t quan trng khc l tinh khit ca monomer, c bit l divinylbenzene. Thng phm m-divinylbenzene c kh nng phn ng thp hn p-divinylbenzene, vi vy mt ni ngang trong sn phm copolymer tng hp khi c divinylbenzene thng phm l thp hn mong mun. Hnh 20.3 ch ra s phthuc ca din tch b mt ring ca styrene/divinylbenzene to ra v lng ni ngang khi lng n-heptane khc nhau. Cho thy rng, ngay c khi copolymer tng hp khng c cht ho tan (pha long) din tch b mt ring ch tng mt t ngay ckhi hm lng divinylbenzene cao.

Hm lng tc nhn lin kt ngang c bit nh hng r rt n xp ca copolymer khi lng pha long tng. Nu din tch bmt trong khong 10 100 m2/g, cht lng ca nha vi gi tr ny c th t c khi tng hp vi lng ln n-heptane v mt lng nh hn ca divinylbenzene hoc ngc li, vi lng nhn-heptane v lng ln divinylbenzene. Hnh 20.4 lm r iu ny. Din tch b mt ring tng ch c th khi s dng mt lng ln cht pha long v tc nhn lin kt. Trong bng 20.1, ch ra cc s liu v din tch b mt ring v th tch l xp tng ca mt vi copolymer c xc nh bng hp thu hi hu c v nit. S liu trong bng ny cho thy, trong mt vi trng hp xp nit (o bng hp thu khi nit) thp hn so vi xp methanol (o bng hp thu hi methanol). Vi cc copolymer c xp thp, lm lnh cng nh hng ng k. Nhng vi cc copolymer rn cht c din tch bmt ring ln, lmlnhkhng nh hng my n khnng st cht v xp nit cao hn xp methanol.

Nha T ion xp v m c tng hp vi xp nit khong 900 m2/g, c ngha gn vi than hot tnh loi tt nht. Tng xp cng vi tng lng tc nhn lin kt s lm gim khi lng ring ca copolymer (hnh 20.5). Tng t, trng ca copolymer trong toluene v cc dung mi tng t s gim tng ng (hnh 20.6). iu ny c th ni ln vic tng mt ni ngang, c ngha, l tng nng ni ngang trong copolymer khi tng lng tc nhn to ni ngang. Vn t ra: cu trc ca copolymer nh th no? Ti sao xp tng khi tng nng lin kt ngang? Vn cha r rng ny lin quan n phng php tng hp copolymer - thng tin hnh trong dung dch. Cu tr li thng l: nh hng ca bn cht dung mi v i lc nhit ng ca n vi polymer. Cc kt qu th nghim cho thy vi cng mt t l dung mi-monomer trong hn hp phn ng, cng mt lng tc nhn lin kt ngang xp ca copolymer tng khi cht lng dung mi thp. Chng t c s nh hng ca bn cht dung mi ln hnh dng ca mch polymer v cu thnh mch trong qu trnh tng hp. Qu trnh polymer ho khng gian 3 chiu din ra trong dung dch hnh thnh dng gel, c ngha, trong h hai cu t s tn ti mng lui khng gian m dung mic cha trong . Trong trng hp ny, thc nghim chng minh h s khng tch ra (macrosepration). V vy gel s tn ti trong ton b th tch dung mi thm vo v sau

, dung mi bay hi, th tch tn ti c lp. Nu mng khng gian 3 chiu ca copolymer hnh thnh rn chc, n nh trong qu trnh bay hi th th tch l xp s ng bng th tch ca dung mi chim ch. Thc vy, rn chc ca mng khng gian ph thuc dung mi din ra qu trnh phn ng. Nu i lc ca dung mi i vi polymer cao, ngha khc l nu dung mi rt tt th n s lm co gin h v h tr nn n hi. Gel hnh thnh trong mt dung mi khng tt s khng n hi m s ng cng. iu ny s nh hng n s co ngt din ra khi dung mi bay hi. Gel n hi s co ngt nhiu hn loi khng n hi. Cc th nghim cho thy, s co ngt ca mu khi c 20 % DVB v 93,5% th tch toluene l 44%, trong khi mu to ra trong cng iu kin nhng c mt ca n-decane ch l 9%. iu ny c ngha khi dung mi c tch khi gel n hi, th tch trng cn li s ln hn nhiu so vi gel khng n hi. iu ny c tnh ton mt cch nh lng vi gi thit ton b dung mi c tch ra. Khi th tch l xp (Vpor) s bng th tch ca dung mi (Vsol) tr i bin i th tch V ca mu khi co ngt. Vpor = Vsol - V (1) co ngt c nh ngha l t s thay i th tch ca gel vi tng th tch - bng tng thtch ca polymer Vpol v dung mi Vsol (gi s monomer c polymer ho hon ton v th tch ca polymer ng bng th tch ca monomer). Kt hp li ta c: V por = Vsol - (Vpol Vsol) Th tch l xp tng cng : (4) d l khi lng ring ca polymer Trong cng thc 5 thy rng thmtch lmxp tng ca copolymer ph thuc vo lng dung mi dng v co ngt , m n li ph thuc vo i lc nhit ng ca dung mi vi copolymer v ph thuc vo lin kt ngang. V vy, nu chng ta thay th vo biu thc (4), co ngt s l 0,44 v 0,09. Vi Vsol/Vpol = 0,93 vi mu tng hp khi c mt toluene v n-decane th tch l xp tng (3)

s l 0,07 v 0,81 cm2/g. Cc s liu ny ph hp vi thc nghim. V vy, vi cng mt t l polymer / dung mi, vi dung mi cng km, xp cng cao. Vi cng biu thc , c th thy rng: ngay c khi c mt dung mi tt nht xp c ci thin bng cch tng lng dung mi nhiu hn. thy r, phng trnh (3) s biu din vi gel c co ngt v . Vpor = Vsol - (Vpol Vsol) Vpor = Vsol - (Vpol Vsol) Nu xp ca cc mu l nh nhau th Vsol (Vpol + Vsol ) = Vsol (Vpol + Vsol) (5) hoc (7) Thay gi tr =0,44 v =0,09 vo (7), s tm c t s th tch toluene v n-decane. Vsol/ V sol = 2.3 V vy, c cng mt gi tr th tch l xp tng khong 0,820cm2/g vi 20% DVB trong hn hp th th tch toluene s dng ln gp 2,3 ln th tch n-decane. Kt qu ny ph hp vi thc nghim ca Millar copolymer c c khi lng toluene 200 -300% ca monomer. Da trn phng trnh 4, nh hng ca lng dung mi n th tch l xp tng vi cng mt mc lin kt ngang, c ngha, cng co ngt, c biu din. Vi mc ch ny, chng ta vit phng trnh: (8) R rng, trong phng trnh 8, vi cng cc iu kin, th tch l xp tng cng s tng khi tng lng dung mi Vsol trong hn hp phn ng. Nha c xp v m c c trng bi phn b th tch l xp theo bn knh. Bn knh ca l xp ca nha T ion v b khung ca n t 100 dn 100Ao, trong mt vi trng hp c th n 100000Ao. Nha trao i c xp v m khng th thay th nha thng thng (tiu chun). C hai loi u c ng dng ring bit. Tuy vy, nha ny c nhng tnh cht c bit. xp

cao lm cho s khuch tn cc tc nhn phn ng d dng v v tnh cht ny nhiu nhm chc c th phn ly c a vo trong nha tng kh nng trao i. Nha xp v mcth c dng hp thu cc ion trong mi trng m trong mi trng n khng trng, c bit trong mi trng nc. N lm tng bn c, v cu trc ca n khng thay i khi sy. Khi dng nha xp v m, cc ion khng sinh, cc ht keo c kch thc ln c th b tch ra tch ht, kch thc l xp cn ln hn gp 65 ln so vi kch thc ht. C th ni rng, yu t quyt nh trong tng hp cc loi nha mi l cc phng php thay i cu trc. c nha T ion vi cc tnh cht , cn thit phi bit c c tnh cu trc ca polymer v bn cht ca tng tc ca n vi cc dung mi.

Nhit ng trao i ion Phn ng trao i trn nha cation dng acid c vit bng cc phng trnh n gin: RH + Me + = RMe + H+ RH + NaCl = RNa +HCl Hng s cn bng:

y aRH, aRNa: hot ca ion hydrogen v Na trong nha aNaCl v aHCl: hot ca NaCl v HCl trong dung dch Mt kh khn trong vic xc nh hng s cn bng l cn phi tnh ton chnh xc khng ch h s hot ca cc mui trong dung dch m cn ca cc mui trong dung dch thu c t qu tnh trao i ion, c ngha, hot aNaCl trong dung dch HCl. Hot ca ion trong nha cng rt kh xc nh. Ngoi ra l thuyt ca trao i ion phi tnh n s trng ca nha. Trong trng hp ny nha trng c xem nh l mng thm thu, dung mi thm thu qua, tng th tch ca nha. Cng chuyn 1 mole nc t dung dch vo nha s bng s thay i nng lng t do Gibbs ring phn i = V

(10) a1, a2: hot ca ion trao i trong dung dch. a1, a2 : hot ca ion trong nha trao i : p sut thm thu hay p sut trng V1, V2: th tch ring ca ion trong cht trao i Phng trnh (10) p dng vi s trao i ca cc ion c tnh cht gn nhau v khng tnh n kh nng thay i trng trong qu trnh trao i. Trao i mt ion ny vi ion khc trong cht trao i ion c th gy ra s thay i th tch. Theo Bresler v Samsonov, trao i ion trn nha trao i c th trng c c trng nhit ng hc l s thay i nng lng t do khi dng ion A1t dung dch i vo cht trao i, ng thi dng ion A2 i vo dung dch v chuyn dung mi t dung dch n nha trao i hoc ngc li. Trao i ion c m t bng phng trnh: (11) y: A1,A2: ion trong dung dch A A : ion b hp thu bi cht trao i ion Z1, Z2: in tch ion ns: s mole dung mi chuyn qua khi 1 mg ung lng ion trao i S, S: dung mi trong dung dch v cht trao i ion Bin thin nng lng t do Gibbs trong qu trnh trao i bng: (12) 1, , 2, : ho th ca ion trong dung dch v trong cht trao i ion G: thay i nng lng t do Gibbs trong cng vi qu trnh trao i dung mi Theophng trnh : (13)

Ti cn bng, G=0, phng trnh tr thnh

r: l mt hng s s bng tng ho th ca cc ion trao i iu kin tiu chun. Khi chia c hai v cho RT, ta c (14) i lng =K c gi l hng s trao i. Vi cc dung dch long hot c thay bng nng . Phng trnh (14) trthnh (15) m1, m2: s ion c hp thu c1, c2: nng ca ion trong dung dch

chn lc Cn bng trao i ion trong nha trao i ph thuc nhiu vo loi nhm chc v ni ngang. ni ngang xc nh cht ca cu trc mng li v nh th s nh hng n xp. ni ngang khng th o trc tip v him khi ng nht. ni ngang thay i t v ngoi n tm ca ht. Cc loi nha mi thng c cu trc cht, sp xp trt t v thng c gi l vt liu c xp v m hoc xp ng nht (macroreticular or isoporous materials). Loai nha ny c cu trc cc hnh cu v m, c ni ngang cao. Cc tnh cht quan trong ca vt liu trao i ion l: Bo ton in tch (a) trao i ion theo ng t lng (b) dung tch ph thuc vo bn cht ca ion i. Trao i ion l mt qu trnh thun nghch Tc khuch tn trong ht hay xung quanh mng thng khng ch tc trao i ion. Vi h hai cu t Biu thc cn bng trao i ion thng c trin khai t qui lut tc dung khi lng hay l thuyt mng Donnan. Xt s trao i cation A v B gia nha cation v dung dch

khng cha loi cation no khc. Gi thit rng, vt liu trao i dng B, dung dch cha cation A. Biu thc trao i c th c vit

Du gchpha trn k hiu vi cc loi ion trong pha nha, zA+, zB+ l ho tr v in tch ca ion i A v B. Hng s cn bng nhit ng Ka c biu din:

Mt kh khn ln gp phi l cc h s hot , hot ca nha. Trong thc t p dng thng gi thit rng h s hot ca pha lng bng 1, iu ny rt ng khi dung dch long. V vy, h s hot ca pha nha thng c kt hp trong hng s cn bng Ka, a ra hng s chn la Kc.

Thng ngi ta sdng phn ion ng lng biu din nng trong dung dch v pha rn. V vy, h hai c t tr thnh.

H s phn b mA c xc nh

H s tch c nh ngha

Trao i ion ho tr 1: c ngha zA=zB= 1, h s chn lc tr thnh

th c trng ca Kc th hin hnh 13.1-1

Nu Kc >1, ht A u tin trao i, lc ht tr r rt khi Kc tng. Nu Kc <1 ht A t u tin hn ht B. chn lc ca nha trao i ion b nh hng kh ln bi ni ngang. Nha c xp cao, t ni ngang s gim chn lc vi ion nh ny so vi ion khc. Tng ni ngang, chn lc tng (bng 13.1-3).

Gregor ch ra rng trng ca nha trong qu trnh trao i l kt qu ca qu trnh thm thu, p sut thm thu ca gel c c do sc cng ca cu trc nha. Vi iu kin cng ho tr, ion hydrat ln s t thun li v n cn phi gin mng li ra. Bng 13.1-1v 13.1-2 th hin cc gi tr Kc nh mt hm ca ni ngang ca trao i Na v H. Tng chn la khi tng ni ngang c th d on t l thuyt.

Bonner v Smith a ra chn la ca cc ion ho tr 1 ly Li lm chun so snh. Thang chon la (bng 13.1-3) ly c s trn tham s Ka v tng ng ch ra chn la ci thin khi gim kch thc ca ion hydrat v tng ni ngang. Trao i gia ion ho tr1 v ion ho tr2 Lc ny zA=2, zB=1, biu thc h s chn la tr thnh

Quan h gia yA v xA tr nn ph thuc nhiu vo C, nng pha lng. Gin cn bng th hin hnh (13.1-2). R rng, u tin ca A tng nhiu khi nng dung dch gim. Tng nng dn n lm gim chn la ca ion ho tr 2 so vi ion ho tr 1.

Thang chn lc ca ion ho tr 2 c cho bng (13.1-4). Gi tr ca n v ly theo ion Li. Bonner v Smith hiu chnh gi tr hng s cn bng vi gi s cc h s hot bng s dng phng php pht trin ca Argersinger v Davidson.

Phng trnh Gibbs-Duhem. Trao i anion: Cc gi tr m rng ca h s chn lc vi nha anion kim mnh ca loi ammonium bc 4 c cho bng (ca Baunman v Wheaton, Kunin v McGarvey,Grogor v ng nghip). Gregor v ng nghip ch ra hai loi ion: loi t thay i h s chn la theo thnh phn v loi ph thuc thnh phn. Loi ph thuc thnh phn c cho l hnh thnh cluster trong pha nha trong khi o loi khng ph thuc th phn b ngu nhin ti cn bng.

Trao i ion nhiu cu t V l thuyt, trao i ion nhiu cu t l rt phc tp, c bit nu cc ion c ho tr khc nhau. Cn bng trao i ca cc ion cng ho tr l n gin v chng ta gi s rng h s chn la hay tha s tch l hng s trn c dy nng ion. Xt hai cu ti v j, tha stch c nh ngha

(ngay c cc ion khc ho tr, gi s l hng s cng c th chp nhn c). Nu tng s ion trao i c l n, th s c n-1 phng trnh c lp. tm cc nng pha lng t cc nng pha rn, phng trnh trn c th c kt hp thnh

Gi s c p dng cho tt c cc cu t, k k hiu cho cu t c chn tu , , , l bng 1. Biu thc tng t c c biu din yi theo x:

Nu xi l hng s, j l hm tuyn tnh ca cc gi tr y khc. Tng t, nu yi l hng s, xj tr thnh mt hm tuyn tnh theo cc gi tr khc ca x. Xem xt h3 cu

t A, B v C. Gi s cc ion l ho tr1, th , , . T

Cn bng h 3 cu t c th biu din trn gin tam gic. ng k ngang dc u n ca gin th hin thnh phn ca mt trong cc pha (thng l pha rn): thnh phn ca pha khc c c bng mt nhm cc ng vng quanh., mi ng tng ng vi nng ca cc cu t. Hnh 13.1-3 gin tam gic cho h gi thit c , .

ng quanh (trng hp ny l ng thng) vi xA=0,1 c c bng ni im ct ca n vi ng yB=0, yC=0. Cc im ct c c t gin cn bng hai cu t A-C v A-B. Vi h ho tr 1 v 2, tha s tch ( ) thay i theo thnh phn. V vy, nh hng ca nng phi tnh n khi biu din cc s liu cn bng. Trong trng hp nh th, cng c th v gin bc 3 tng ng v mt v d ca tha s tch bin thin, cn bng th hin trn hnh 13.1-4. ng vin by gi l ng cong do vy vi mt tha s tch bin thin h c th c xem nh l mt h tha s.

ng hc qu trnh trao i ng hc ca qu trnh trao i ion c chia lm 5 bc 1. Khuch tn ca ion i qua lp dung dch n b mt cht trao i ion 2. Khuch tn ion i trong pha rn 3. Phn ng ho hc gi ion i vi cht trao i 4. Khuch tn ca ion b thay th ra khi cht trao i 5. Khuch tn b trao i t b mt cht trao i vo dung dch Bc 4 v 5 l ngc li vi bc 1 v 2. ng hc ca qu trnh c quy nh hoc c ch khuch tn hoc c ch trao i cht ph thuc vo bc no chm nht.

Nhn chung, khuch tn ca ion trong dung dch bn ngoi c gi l khng ch khuch tn mng (filmdiffusion control). Khi nim ny rt cn thit trong thu ng hc. S khuch tn hay vn chuyn ion trong pha trao i cgi khng ch khuch tn ht. Phn ng ho hc ti cc tm trao i c th l tc khng ch qu trnh trong mt vi trng hp c th. Qu trnh khuch tn Nhn mnh rng: ng hc khuch tn n gin l trng hp l tng ca trao i ion. Ch cn nhc cn thn vi cc h ti phn b ng v vi cc iu kin bin c bit. Thng thng, gi thit rng ht trao i ion l hnh cu v kch thc ng nht. Trong trng hp ny, qu trnh khuch tn tun theo inh lut Fick 1

Ji l dng khuch tn ht i c nng Ci, D l h s khuch tn. Helfferich gii quyt vn tc trao i da trn nh lut c bn ny. Bn cht ca bc quyt nh tc c d on khi s dng cc iu kin n gin ca Helfferich

Nu khuch tn mng nhanh hn nhiu so vi khuch tn trong ht trao i ion th chnh lch nng trong mng lng gim ngay (hnh). Bin thin nng trong cht trao i v khuch tn ht l bc khng chtc . V mt nh lung, khuch tn ht l rt phc tp v pha rn bn trong ch mt phn sn c nh l mi trng khuch tn. Phn ln pha bn trong ht l mng li ca cht trao i v dn n c s che chn v khng gian, ng khuch tn tr nn ngon ngho. Ngoi ra, s di chuyn ca cc ion i b gi li trong mt mng li cc nhm ion c nh trn mng ca cht trao i. V th, che chn khng gian v tng tc ion s dn n ng hc khuch tn chm hn bn trong ht. Trong iu kin th tch rt ln, phn thay i hay s t c cn bng c biu din

Thc t, ion khuch tn c linh ng khc nhau. Lc ny, nh lut Fick c thay bng phng trnh Nernst-Planck - ng hc khuch tn mng v ht trong h l tng c biu din

y, l in th. L thuyt Nernst-Planck d on tc thun, nghch ca trao i ion khc nhau ng k khi linh ng ca ion i khc nhau (hnh). c tnh ni bt ny l th hin trn ng cong nng bn trong ht. Nu mt phn ion c trong ht l nhanh hn, th bin dch chuyn hng v tm ca ht. V vy, trong trng hp ny, nng ca ion chuyn ng nhanh l rt nh v ngoi v cao tm ca ht. Do , h s khuch tn gim theo hng v tm ca ht v ung l chuyn i nhanh chng. Tnh cht ny tng t vi m hnh lin tc lp v hoc khuch tn lp cho cc ht tng tc. ng hc phn ng ho hc: kh nng phn ng ha hc gia ion i v cc tm trao i c nh c nhn bit nh l mt trong nhng c ch chung ca trao i ion trong nhng iu kin no .

Bc khng ch tc khng cn l qu trnh khuch tn nh bnh thng m l ng hc phn ng ho hc. Tc trao i ion c quy nh bi hng s tc ca phn ng ho hc tng ng. Cc nh lut c bn ca ng hc c th c s dng. ng hc phn ng ng nht: quy lut c m t bng phn ng ho hc bc 2, 2 phn t c th c xem l tng t vi qu trnh trao i ion. Mc d trao i ion lin quan n h khng ng nht, ng hc ho hc ng nht c th p dng vi gi thit pha trao i l mt cht phn ng tan hon ton. Tc trao i c biu din:

Vi CA, CB l nng ban u ca ion i trong vt trao i v dung dch ngoi.

H sk2 l hng s tc bc 2 v C c trng cho nng ion bn ngoi ca ion i c ngun gc t pha rn ti thi im t. Phng trnh trn c vit li:

Ch : khng c s bin thin nng trong cht trao i ion v khng ph thuc kch thc ht. H phn ng d th: Cc phng trnh ton s hon ton khc nu cht trao i ion l pha rn. Cc m hnh l tng t vi cc m hnh pht trin cho cc phn ng trong pha rn. M hnh ng hc c s dng rt ph hp trong mt s qu trnh trao i ion no . M hnh shell progressive hay shrinking-core gi thit rng cht phn ng rn cha ion i A chuyn vo ht trao i hnh cu trc tin. Phn ng gia ion i v cc tm trao i din ra trong v hay lp v to ra lp sn phm rn c gi l lp x (ash). Ban u phn ng din ra trn b mt ngoi ca ht, lp bin gia tm phn ng v tm khng phn ng dch chuyn dn dn vo bn trong ht, li pha sau mt lp ph ca cc cht phn ng. Trong sut qu trnh ny, bin gii phn ng r rt di chuyn vo bn trong c hnh thnh, to nn mt vng khng phn ng, co li theo thi gian. Theo c ch shell progressive c th p dng cho mt s qu trnh no . Bt k 3 bc tip theo no, khuch tn mng, khuch tn lp x(ash) v khng ch phn ng ho hc c th quyt nh tc , ph thuc vo iu kin ban u. Cc mi quan h sau c xc lp trong nhng iu kin c th

Ch : cc kt qutrn gn vi cc trng hp cht phn ng pha lng tha nhiu. Tuy nhin, nhiu tc gi khc c c cc kt qu trn vi cc hng tip cn khc nhau.

Thit b trao i ion Chu k hot ng ca nha trao i Ra ngc y l bc u tin cn thit chun b cho qu trnh ti sinh ht nha ( s dng ht hoc bo ho). Dng ra i t di ln. Tc ng vt l ca ra ngc: Tng vt liu c ti xp hn, gin ra, sp xp li lm cho dng cht lng i t trn xung s c phn b ng u hn khi hot ng tr li. Cn bn c ra sch khi thit b Cc ion c phn b ng u hn trong ton b tng nha

Khi lng ring ca ht nha, kch thc ht, nht ca dung dch nh hng n kh nng lm sch ht nha bng qu trnh ra ngc, a cc tp cht l lng thi ra ngoi. Thng thng, nc c dng ra ngc v s dng mt lng ln, r tin. Trong mt iu kin no , hot ng nh mt my lc cc cht rn l lng. Khi lm mm nc x lbng vi, lp kt ta c thhnh thnh trn tng nha trao i. Qu trnh ra l cn thit. C th dng kh nn ph v lp kt ta ny trc khi ra ngc. i khi ngi ta s dng cc ho cht khng ch s hnh thnh cc khi kt ta ny.

Ti sinh Sau ra ngc l qu trnh ti sinh.Tc nhn ti sinh (TNTS) s dng ph thuc vo loi nha v loi ion s trao i. Nha anion c ti sinh bi dung dch NaOH hoc Na2CO3. Nhiu yu t nh hng n qu trnh ti sinh: Loi nha v lng ni ngang. Loi tc nhn ti sinh. Thnh phn ca tng nha sau khi hot ng. Tc chy Nhit tinh khit ca TNTS Nng ca TNTS Thi gian tip xc Lng TNTS s dng

Nu tc nhn ti sinh l n ho tr, th nng ca n t nh hng n qu trnh gii hp ca cc ion n ho tr. Nu th tch ca TNTS khng tip xc tt, quy lut ny s b ph v. Khi tng nng TNTS c th ci thin c kh nng gii hp cc ion ho tr 2. Nng TNTS thng thng 2-30%, hay dng nht l 5-10%. Trong mt vi trng hp, kt ta c th lm tt nghn tng ht nha. V d: gii hp Ca t nha trao i cation bng H2SO4. Kt ta CaSO4c th c tho i khi hot ng gin on. Dng nng TNTS long ban u, sau tng dn n cui qu trnh gii hp.

Cc ion khc nhau, mc gn vo nha cng khc nhau do kh nng gii hp cng khc nhau. Cui qu trnh, cc ion kh gii hp s b gi li trong tng nha, cc ion d gii hp s b ra sch nc ra ngc. tinh khit ca TNTS cng c ch . V d: Cl c i lc mnh vi nha anion kim mnh loi 1. DngNaOH (ti sinh) c cha mt lng Cl ng k s khng tt v s gii hp khng hon ton Cl s lm gim kh nng lm vic ca ht nha. Tc chy ca TNTS l mt nhn t rt quan trong. Thi gian tip xc phi m bo ti sinh t cc i. Thi gian phthuc vo tng loi nha, loi ion cn tch. V d: nha cation polystyrene sulfonat ho, c 8% ni ngang, ti sinh 30 pht bng dung dch tng ng. Cng loi nha ny, lng ni ngang l 12% th phi cn n 60 pht. Cc anion Cl-, SO42-, CO32- d dng b gii hp ra khi nha kim mnh. SiO2 tch kh hn, thi gian tip xc l 90 pht ti sinh mt lng tng ng. Trong lc chcn 30 pht i vi cc ion khc.Trong trng hp c bit cn lu khi ti sinh nha cation bng H2SO4.Khi dng chy rt nh, hoc nng TNTS qu ln, CaSO4 s to ra, bt kn tng nha. Khc phc bng cch tng dng chy hoc gim nng H2SO4. Mc gii hp s quyt nh hiu sut ti sinh v cng nh kh nng lm vic ca ht nha. Nu TNTS s dng ng, y , cc ion c th trao i s b gii hp t nha v nha T khi phc li kh nng lm vic. Vic ny chi ph cao, t s dng trong cng nghip. Ti sinh thng din ra vi mt mc nht nh, ch mt phn dung lng ca ht nha c s dng. Cn xem xt vn kinh t ln vn hnh. C th tng hiu qu ti sinh bng cc ti s dng hoc tun hon tr li TNTS. iu ny c th p dng vi HCl cho vic ti sinh nha T cation v khng c kt ta sinh ra. thc hin tun hon, TNTS c chia lm hai phn: -Phn TNTS dng 1 ln: cho chy qua nha trao i ion trc tin. Dng ra c b i. -Phn TNTS th2 l sch c thu hi li, sau khi chy qua nha T v tun hon nhl phn TNTS u tin cho vng tip theo.

Cch ny ci thin ng khiu qusdng cht ti sinh. Svng tun hon c th tng nu trn ng cong gii hp tc nhn ti sinh vn cn tt. Dng ion i ra khi nha trong sut chu trnh lm vic ph thuc vo mc ti sinh sau khi nha bo ho. Cc ion c lin kt vi nha yu s nm pha di ca lp nha v to thnh mt dng i ra. Trong thc t khi x lnc, ion Na i ra khi nha cation, silica (SiO2) t nha anion kim mnh. S gii hp hon ton cc ion ny trong qu trnh ti sinh cng phc tp, th dng ion i ra khi nha s cng nh trong chu k vn hnh. Dng ion ny khng l hng s trong qu trnh vn hnh v Na cn ng li y thit b trong qu tnh ti sinh v b gii hp bi acid c hnh thnh trong qu trnh lm vic. Sau khi Na b gii hp ht, dng ion l nh nht. Khi Na bt u xut hin y thng, dng li tng. Dng thi ra c th duy tr n nh hn bi ra ngc sau khi ti sinh hn l trc ti sinh. Thnh phn ca tng s ng u hn, s dao ng ca cht lng dng ra s gim bt. Ra Sau khi ti sinh, tng nha cn c ra sch cc tc nhn ti sinh. Giai on u ca ra l mrng pha ti sinh v lp nha trao i vn cn tip xc vi tc nhn ti sinh. Vi l do ny, tc ra khng ln hn tc ca qu trnh ti sinh. S thay th ca cht ti sinh khng c ngn cn hay hn ch trong sut qu trnh ti sinh v ra, c bit khi dng H2SO4 v CaSO4 c th kt ta. Sau khi tc nhn ti sinh c tho ra, tc ra c th tng gim thi gian ra. Cui qu trnh ra, cht lng dng thi ra c ci thin cho n khi tt c tc nhn ti sinh tha b ra ra ht lp nha. Tc dng ra cui cng thng l bng vi tc dng chy lm vic (operating flow rate). Khi cht lng i hi cao hn, cn thit s dng th tch ra ln hn c th tun hon nc ra v a tr li dng vo. Gim lng nc ra c th thc hin c v iu ny rt quan trng khi phi x l mt lng ln nc. Trong thc t, thi gian dng c th gim, tuy vy, c th dn n s tng lung nc ra. Lng nc ra cn dng cho nha styrene l 50 gal/ft3. Nha T anion cn mt lng nc ra t hn 50 gal/ft3 i vi nha bc 4 mi hay loi kim mnh, hoc ln hn 300 400 gal/ft3 tuthuc loi nha, tc nhn ti sinh v iu kin ca nha. Nha anion kim yu cn lng nc ra nhiu hn loi kim mnh, khi sn phm kim mnh km cht lng, lng nc ra tng khi c mt nhm kim yu. Loi nc ra cng thay i tu theo ng dng khc nhau.

i vi nc lm mm, kh ion, nc th thng thch hp vi nha cation. Nc th khng nn s dng vi nha anion v c th xut hin kt ta CaCO3, Mg(OH)2. Nc mm hay nc thi ra sau vng hydro p ng yu cu. Trong mt s trng hp mong mun s dng nc kh ion. Hot ng Sau khi ra, nha c th bt u lm vic. Vic ny cng c gi l s tho cn v kh nng ti sinh ca nha ht trong sut qu trnh ny. Khi x l nc cht thi cn thng dng ra tng nha sau khi ti sinh. Sau mt khong thi gian, dng nc ra c chuyn t dng thi sang dng s dng v qu trnh lm vic bt u. Khi x l mt cht lng, s pha long cn c hn ch. Thc hin bng cch: tho nc ra xung mc tng nha trc khi cho cht lng x l vo. Cht lng ny s b pha long bi nc chim trong cc khong trng ca tng ht nha, khi nng cht lng trong nc gii hp cao, dung dch c chuyn t nc thi sang nc thu hi. Qu trnh ny gi l lm ngt. Cui cng, chu k thi ra, ra sch cht lng qu trnh ra khi tng nha trao i, vic ny ng vic lm ngt. Cht lng qu trnh c th b pha long bi nc chim trong tng nha v trong thit b; vic pha long c th gy ra s dehydrate ho ca nha do cht lng qu trnh nu m c. Khi mt nc ht nha co li c th gy rc ri khi vn hnh thit b, cng nh c th ph v ht nha. Thng nha c ti hydrate ho dng huyn ph, cc ht nha c th n ra t do khng b chn p ca cc ht khc. S trng ln, co li ca ht nha c th din ra trong qu trnh ti sinh. Tc trng ca ht cn gim thiu trnh ph v ht. Tc dng chy hot ng trong ct trao i ph thuc vo nht ca dung dch x l, tc trao i, nng cht l lng.Vi nha cation dung lng ln, v nha anion kim mnh tc trao i rt ln, c th kt thc vi chiu dy ca lp nha t 3 n 4 inch, 2gpm/ft3. trao i ny s thay i, cc con s ny dng c trng. Vi nha anion kim yu, di trao i s rng hn v loi ny rt nhy vi dng chy. nhy ny to ra s thay i ln v kh nng trao i ca nha vi cc tc dng chy khc nhau. p sut trn tng trao i cng thay i theo dng chy. Nhit , nht, ca dung dch x l. p sut ri cng b nh hng bi cc cht rn l lng. Tng nha b ng cht li c th do cht rn l lng khi p sut d ln. p sut ri ln c th ph v ht nha. iu ny thng xy ra khi nha T ion c lin kt ngang yu lm vic tc dng chy

ln. Nha n ra trong qu trnh tho cn, p sut ri tng trong vng lm vic. Di p sut ln, nha b v ra gy nn mt mt nha. Trong vng tho cn, hnh thnh cc khe rnh. iu ny gy ra do cc cht l lng trong dung dch x l. Tng nha trao i s lc cc cht rn l lng, tch t pha trn ca tng nha. Khi nt ra, to thnh cc khe xuyn qua lp nha, t b cn tr. Bnh thng tng nha b nn cht tm trong chu k tho cn. Nha b ko v pha tm, nc s chy xung theo thnh thit b.Vi ng i b ngn li, phn tng ht nha b tho cn nhanh chng, cn tr dung dch cn x l, nha b ph v nhanh chng. Thit k tng trao i ion c nh hng ln n kt qu ca qu trnh trao i. Phn b hp l dng vo l cn thit ngn cn cc nh hng ln phn trn ca tng nha trong qu trnh lm vic. S phn b dng ra cng khng km phn quan trng v dung dch cn x l phi chy qua ht tng nha v hiu sut trao i phi cao nht. Phn b tc nhn ti sinh trn ton b b mt nha cng quan trng m bo s dng ti a ht nha v cht ti sinh. Nguyn tc thit k Yu t quan trng trong thit k phn xng trao i ion l cu hnh ca ht nha khi n tng tc vi dung dch. Lc trc, tng nha c nh c xem l tt nht, by gi ta c th la chn cc cng ngh hin i hn nh: gia tng tnh, tng m ng, tng si v thng c khuy trn. Lng cht rn l lng trong dch cp vo c th quyt nh cc kh nng chn la. Nha tng m hot ng nh b lc hiu qu, n nhanh chng b tt nu c cht rn l lng, trong khi tng si c th hot ng khi nng cht rn mn n vi trm phn triu. Thng quay c th hot ng vi lng bn cha 20% cht rn trong , khng c ht no ln hn ht nha. Quy m ca phn xng cng l mt yu t cn xem xt khi thit k. Vi quy m rt nh, c th thit k loi tng c nh vi h s an ton cao n gin trong vn hnh, khng nhiu thit b khc. Ngoi ra, s dng trao i ion dng lin tc c th gim ng k chi ph u t vi cc phn xng ln. Cc yu t trn kt hp vi tc dng chy cao trong tng nha m c th tng tc phn ng. Ni chung, cc dung dch long, trong c x l vi tng c nh hoc tng m ng, cc cht lng c hoc bn qung thng c x l bi thng quay hay tng si.

Cc loi thit b thng dng Loi tng nha c nh Loi tng c nh n gin nht c th hin trn hnh, c s dng trong mt nh my x l nc hin i. Thng c thit k c hai u hnh a, chu p lc, c thm cc ca cng tc. Vt liu l cc loi thp vi lp lt cao su hoc nha. Thp chng r cng hay s dng. C th ch to bng thng (kch thc nh) bng vt liu composite. Chiu cao ca tng nha t khi ln hn 1 m, nhng phi phn trn k t b mt trn ca lp nha khong 1m nha gin trong qu trnh si lm sch cn bn.

Hng chuyn ng ca dung dch thng l t trn xung, nha nh l mt tng m, gia cc ht khng c s chuyn ng tng i. Tng nha c bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Cch n gin nht l y ct vo phn y ca thng, cc ng phn phi c chn trong lp ct ny. iu ny c th gp rc ri khi cht lng chim cc khong trng trong lp ct s to ra s trn ln ht nha v ct sau vi chu trnh lm vic.

khc phuc, c th dng mt tm sn, c c l, cc chn phn phi (distributorcups) c bt cht vo y. Cu to ny tt nhin t tin hn.Vi cu to ny, ton b p lc s tc ng tp trung vo tng nha trong qu trnh chy. Ti sinh nha c th thc hin trong cng thng ny, thc hin dng t trn xung vi cng h phn phi ny. Tuy nhin, hiu qu s cao khi dng dng ti sinh ngc chiu. Dng tc nhn gii hp t di i ln xuyn qua tng nha, tng nha c gi khng c si ln. Nhiu cch gi tng nha khng si ln l s dng ng thu c nhiu l t ngay st trn b mt tng nha v thay cao su vo pha di hoc trn tng hoc chn vo trong nha trnh s chuyn ng khi cht lng i ngc ln trn. Trong qu trnh lm vic, b mt trn ca nha hot ng nh lp lc hiu qu vi cc ht nh mn trong dng cp vo. Cn thit phi ra ngc hoc lm si tng nha bng nc sch tch cc cht rn ny thi ra ngoi cui mt chu k lm vic. S dng h phn phi dng y v ng thu np trn thng. Mt k thut thng thng dng lm sch nc l s dng tng hn hp ca nha trao i cation v anion, thng th hai tng anion v cation tch ring nhau ra. S dng ct nha hn hp nh th c th t c tp cht rt thp. Vic ti sinh cc ct nha ny thc hin vi cc loi nha trao i anion v cation c khi lng ring khc nhau. Sau khi tng nha c lm si ln bng nc, nha anion s hnh thnh mt lp ring bit trn mt ca nha cation. Hai lp c lng xung v c ti sinh ln lt qua cc bc: Trc tin dung dch kim c cho chy t trn xung t h thng phn phi c t ngay st trn tng nha v c ly ra bng ng phn phi t gn b mt phn chia ca hai lp. Tip n, ra nhanh loi kim v tc nhn ti sinh acid c cho vo ti lp phn chia v ly ra di tng nha. Tng nha c khuy trn bng khng kh sau khi ra sch acid tha. Cn t nht hai tng nha c nh hot ng lm sch nc c lin tc, nhng thng c dng trong qu trnh thu hi. iu ny cho php p sut tng lun di mc cho php, mi tng hot ng ti a trc khi ti sinh. Qu trnh c iu khin t ng qua nhiu chu k lm vic v khng ch tc dng cp vo mt tc tnh ton trc. Cn n 6 van t ng ng m iu khin (t ng) hon ton hot ng ca 1 thng.

Loi tng ng Loi hot ng bn lin tc c s dng l thng c tng m, ng, ngc chiu. Thu lc c dng chuyn tng, piston hoc bm dng vn chuyn nc. Nhiu thit k khc nhau c ngh nhng ch c hai loi tr thnh thng phm: k thut Higgins v ca Porter (thit k, AsahiChemical Company of Japan pht trin). Chu k Higgins c pht trin bi I.R.Higgins v Roberts OakRidge vo nm1954, c m t trn hnh

Hnh th hin s ca thit k vi phn trch hoc x l, chat lng chnh c cp t trn xung. Phn ny c ni vi mt ng c ng knh ln, to thnh mt vng lm vic lin tc, nha chuyn ng tng dn trong sut qu trnh trao i. Nh vy s hnh thnh mt dng cc ht nha: tch, ra ngc, ti sinh, ra v li tch. Trong qu trnh lm vic bnh thng, nha s hnh thnh nh mt lp m khi giai on tch v ti sinh, cc van A, B, C v D s iu khin hot ng ny c c lp vi cc cng on khc. Trong khi nha chuyn ng, dng cht lng bn ngoi b chn li, cc van A, C v D m ra, cho php nha chuyn ng nhanh dn do nc chim ch.

Khi van A, C v D ng, bn nha c ra ngc trc khi m van B c th lng trong phn rung. Mt tng do R. Porter a ra nm1956 theo thit k ca Asahi. tng ny c Cng ty pht trin thu hi Cu trong dng thi ca cng ngh sn xut si, h thng c pht trin rng ra trn quy m th gii x l nc.

Phn chit hay x l gm tng m vi dng chy t di ln, n s y tng nha ln pha trn ca thng trong qu trnh lm vic. Cui mt chu k lm vic, dng cp c tt i v nha li ri xung y thng, ko nha c ti sinh vo trn nh thp nh van mt chiu. Khi dng cp vo bt u tr li, phn nha pha trn h phn phi dng vo li b y ln pha trn, phn di b y ra pha di, ra khi thng, chuyn ln nh ca ct - ti y n b lm si ln tch cc ht nh mn.

Nha lng xung pha y ca ct ra ngc c cp vo thng ti sinh-hot ng ging nh ct trch. C hai loi thit k ny lm vic bnh thng vi tng nha m mng hn tng nha bnh thng. C th lm vic tc chy rt cao, nn thng nh hn thit k bnh thng.

Loi tng si Tng nha si thng c s dng ra ngc trong qu trnh trao i ion.Tng si nh l mt phng php tip xc ht rn vi lng c p dng t nhng nm 40, 50. Kh cc ht si ln, khi lng ring ca ht ch ln hn ca cht lng mt t s khng to ra cc bt kh ln c cc c trng si vi kh; tuy nhin xy ra hin tng si khc nh vn chuyn ca ht v gin ca tng nha. Mt vi thit k khc s dng tng si tng tip xc gia lng v ht nha trnh by trong tp ch v trin khai trong phng th nghim dng pilot. Mt vn chnh ca cc tng ny l nha chuyn ngc dng vi cht lng theo cch ny c th khng ch tc dng nha v nha trong tng. Thun li ca tng si l tng khng lc cc ht nha nh mn nhng cho php n ra theo sn phm lng. Cng nh, kh khng tch lu trong tng si. Mt thun li khc l p sut ri trn tng m c th b qua, nhng iu ny khng ng khi s dng vn tc lng nh hn nhiu lm cho phn xng s phi ln hn. Thit k u tin trn nguyn l tng si tip xc nha vi dung dch c Dorr Company (cht lm mm Dorrco) ngh. Dng mt ct cha nhiu khay, trn nha s si ln. Cht lng i t di ln, qua lp nha, nha b ko i qua cc tng, cp vo khay pha trn nh mt bm tia cht lng (chy bng nc sn phm). Vn chuyn nha t ct trch ly n ti sinh bng bm tia cht lng. Mt nguyn tc hot ng khc c Cloete v Streat; George cng ng nghip ca Phng M a cht USA ngh. Kthut ny da trn nguyn tc chia ct dng lng theo chu k nh vo mt lot tng si, cho php tng nha ng li trn cc khay. Ton b lng trong ct c chy bng trng lc hoc bm ngc chiu khong vi trm milimet; cch vn hnh ny lm cho mt phn nha tng c vn chuyn ng thi xung tng pha di. Khi dng chy t di ln c bt u tr li, lot tng si c ti thit lp. C nhiu tng khc c a ra, v d nh ngh ca McNeill v ng nghip khi s dng xung thp to ra dng nha chy, v Levin (nm1995,Vin thu

luyn quc gia Johannesburg, Nam Phi) ngh dng cht lng dng to dng nha ngc chiu bng sa lng. Nguyn l ca Cloete-Streat c m t hnh 13.3-6.

Trn nguyn tc ny, Uranium c thu hi t nc thi long. Dch cp vo cha 200ppm uranium chy ngc qua ct c ng knh 4,85m, tc 332 m3/h, khong thi gian chy trc l 4,5h. Cui mi chu k, dng cp vo c dng li lng trong 5 min v sau li chuyn ngc tr li trong 5 min, trong thi gian ny, mc nh gim xung 400 mm v khong 6,3 m3 nha c vn chuyn xung pha di gia mi tng trong tng s 12 tng. Dng chy trc li c bt u v 6,3m3 bn nha trong y hnh cn ca ct c vn chuyn qua ct ti sinh bng bm. V vy, dng chy trung bnh ca dch r (leach) l 320m3/h v nha l 1,35 m3/h. Mi khay cha 9,25 m3 nha tng si, gin gp i so vi mc lng ca n do vn tc dng cp b mt l 18m/h, c phn b qua 1945 l ng knh 12mm nm trong khay, to ra mt din tch m bng 1,2% din tch khay. Nh my u tin c xy dng Germiston, Nam phi tch Zn v Fe t HCl dng cho ty ra. Nhiu thit b ln hn c xy dng Nam phi thu hi uranium cc m: Randfontein Estates, Blyvouitzicht, Chemwes, Harmony v Vaal Reefs. Cng loi thit b vi ng knh ct l 3m c th thu hi vng vt t 528m3/h nc thi m ti m vng Welkom Nam Phi, s dng than hot tnh thay cho nha trao i ion. Dng cp vo cha 30ppb vng, thu hi khong 5kg vng mi thng. Cc nghin cu nguyn l c bn v cng ngh c tin hnh i hc Hong Gia, Anh (Imperial College). Hnh 13.3.7 th hin nguyn tc c bn ca nh my

Dng lng chy lin tc t di ln qua nhiu tng trong ct. Mt trong cc tng l tng nha si. Cc m nha c chuyn ni tip nhau t trn xung bng o nghch dng chy t tng ny sang tng khc mt cch chn lc. Tng c la chn vn chuyn b tt xung do chuyn dng chy, v sau thay th nha i xung trong tng trng pha di. Mi m nha trong y ct chuyn ln nh ct ca ti sinh. Khay c thit k khc thng v ch c 1 loi phn b nh hnh 13.3-7. S chuyn ngc dng t tng ny sang tng khc cn cc c cc van vi bm m cng sut ca n ln hn bm cp. Cc mng chn hay cc phn phi mi tng ngn s tc nght qua bm vn chuyn. Porter thit k c bit vi tc dng rt ln, hot ng ngoi tri l cc thng ln c np m c sp xp theo tng. Vi cc thit k c, dung dch chy t tng ny sang tng khc bng bm,cc thng lm bng xi mng, hnh ch nht. Cc thng loi mi l thp c lt cao su, cc thng c t thp dn nn dng chy s theo trong lng. Dng lng chy lin tc, vo thng ng phn phi c l, t v tr thp, dng chy trn qua cc chn trn nh v cui cng chy qua mng chn thu li mt t nha vo. Nha c chuyn gin on t tng nay sang tng k tip t di ln, khi trng, bng cch s dng khng kh, n s ko xung gn cui mi tng v tun hon bn nha, v dung dch vo trong tng t di ln.Nha cho vo gin on tng cp liu, m t hnh 13.3-8.

Thit k ln nht c thc hin nh may uranium Rossing, Ty nam chu phi (Namibia). Cc tng l cc thng hnh ch nht lm bng b tng lt cao su, cao 3,8m vi kch thc d tr l 6,2m. C 4 dng song song, vi tng nng sut 3600m3/h, i qua 5 tng t so le nhau, tc b mt l 23m/h. Nha trong mi tng l 26m3, tng lng nha s dng l 914m3.

Loi thng khuy Phn ng ca nha vi dung dch trong mt ci cc c khuy trn hay c thc hin trong phng th nghim kho st ng hc ca phn ng. Khi p dng trong quy m ca mt nh my, s gp nhng rc ri sau: Khuy vi tc va phi trnh mi mn nha Thng trong dy chuyn phi c hiu sut chuyn ho cao Nng nha trong huyn ph phi thp Vi k thut ny, ng dng chnh l trong h m dng lng cp vo cha cht rn nh mn c th lm tt tng c nh hay c th y nha ni ra khi tng si do khi lng ring hay nht ca cht lng. Cng ngh ny c s dng thu hi uranium t qung c thnh phn khong st cao. Cc khong ny to ra mt khi nho lm chi ph lc cao ln v v vy ny sinh ra bi ton tch kim loi ho tan trc tip t dch r (leach pulp). Cc nh my M trong nhng nm 50, hot ng trn nguyn l ny v c gi l kiu nha trong bn (resin-in-pulp-RIP). Phng php khuy trn c l n gin nht l sc kh vo y thng trn. Mt v d in hnh th hin trn hnh 13.3-9.

Kh s nng bn ln n mt sng rung, tng trn v dng kh hot ng lin tc to lm cho dng nha chuyn ng ngc chiu vi dng dch qung (pulp:qung nghin nh trong nc). Thit b n gin ny s dng thu hi vng t nc qung sau khi chit (leach pulp) bng than hot tnh kch thc 2-4mm.Cng ngh ny c a thch tch vng mt s nh my mi ca M, Canada, c, Nam phi. S cng ngh n gin trong nh my tinh ch vng gm nhng thit b n gin s dng RIP, nhng thit b c im khc bit c bn l gii hp vng di p sut v ti sinh than trong l nung 600-700 oC. Vn chnh trong thit k hot ng theo nguyn l RIP l phi c nhng mng c th tch nha (hoc than hot tnh) trong dung dich qung chy trn ca mi thng v cui cng n dng thi. iu ny khng ch gy tt do cn m cn lm hng thit b v mi mn ht nha khi rung ng. Carman v Read th nghim trn mt thit b pilot c gng lm ni cc ht nha trong dung dch qung vi mong mun pht trin cng ngh RIP khng c li lc thu hi vng v uranium. tng mi pht trin: chuyn tng si ca nha ni trong thit b nc r, gi l nha trong nc r (resin-in-leach) RELIX. tung mi ny khng thnh cng khi p dng trn quy m ln do vy, pht trin ch tp trung vo t c nng sut cao vi mi mn thp nht bng cc tm li. Mt dng li c p dng rng ri Nam Phi trong cc nh my trao i ion l DSM (Dutch Sate Mines), li vi dy c tit din hnh ch nht. Cc thit b ny i hi p sut tnh thp, khng di chuyn, gn chc chn. Mt loi khc do Laxen v ng nghip ngh, cng tng t vi kiu ca Shoemaker. C hai thit k li chy trn t chm di b mt ca dung dch qung v dng chy tip tuyn vi mng lc. Laxen v cng s t c hiu ng ny bng cch bm kh qua mng, vi tm chn sau mng dng chy rung ng c to ra bi cc bng kh; trong kiu ca

Shoemaker cc nh hng tng t cng c to ra khi a xung khuy trn. Tc dng dung dch qung qua mng vi tc b mt l 120m/h c th t c trong thc t trong thit k ca Laxen v ng s. Arden v ng s s dng xung thp lm sch mng trong thit k kiu RIP.S dng kh khuy trn trong dung dch qung c p dng trong cng nghip khong sn. Nng lng dng cho khuy trn gim so vi khuy c hc - thng hiu qu hn nhng chi ph tng. Hnh 13.3-10, mt kiu nh my thu hi vng t nc r ca dung dch qung Nh my s dng thit b khuy trn ng c d tr khi ng sau khi tt.

The slots cut into the draft tube follow a suggestion fromAustralia. Cnh khuy c hn vao phn trn ca ng m bo mc trn ca dch qung sa lng. Thit k khuy c hc da trn tinh ton nng lng cn thit lm l lng cc ht rn trong thng. Cc gi tr ny c sn i vi mi loi cnh khuy song khng my tin cy, i khi cho kt qu tri ngc nhau. Cc nh hng ca khuy trn ln tc mi mn ca nha hay carbon phi c xem xt cn thn.

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