POLYTECHNIC OF PORT DICKSON

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPERTMENT

Engineering Structures Laboratory

LABORATORY REPORTING
LABORATORY 1

BENDING TEST OF A FOUR POINT

LOAD
Class : ______________________________________
Program : ___________________________________
Date of Experiment : _________________________
Group members :
No
.

Registration Number

Students Name

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SUPERVIRORS NAME :

_________________________________

EXPERIMENT 1 : BENDING TEST OF A FOUR POINT LOAD

OBJECTIVE : To determine the value of Modulus of Elasticity Of a steel beam using
Bending Stress Formula.
THEORY :

If a beam is loaded to a four point system loading, the beam between

the two supports would have a fixed bending moment, M = Wa.

This part of the beam will also have a radius of curvature of R,

R=

L2
8s

where

s = deflection

From the Bending Stress Formula

M E
=
I
R

where I = moment of inertia

E = Modulus of Elasticity (Youngs Modulus)

Hence, E =

MR WaL
=
I
I 8s

APPARATUS : 2 supports
Load hangers
Load/weights
Sample of steel beam
Sample of beam A
Dial gauge
Vernier scale
Stirrups
Links

PROCEDURE : 1. Obtain the dimension of the steel beam using the vernier scale;
Width of beam, b = . mm Depth of beam, d =
. mm
2. Fix the supports as shown in the diagram.

3. Place the beam sample on the supports by ensuring the beam sample has
an overhang
of a = 250 mm at both ends. Also set the span distance between the
supports,
L = mm.
4. Slide the hangers with the stirrups through the beam and position
them as shown. Fix
a dial gauge at the middle between the two supports to measure the
deflection at that
spot.
5. Add the load at a range of 10N beginning from 0N. Increase the
loading until the
deflection reaches or beyond 4mm.
Load
W (N)
Deflect
ion
s (mm)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10
0

11
0

12
0

13
0

6. Plot a graph of Load, W (N) against Deflection, s (mm)

CALCULATION :
4

Slope of graph = . N/mm

Moment of Inertia of beam, Isteel = bd3/12 =

mm

Modulus of Elasticity of beam, E steel =

..
where W/s = the slope of graph

WaL2 W aL2
=
=
I 8s
s
I8

N/mm2

DISCUSSION :
The standard value of Modulus of Elasticity of steel obtained from
literatures
Esteel = .. N/mm2
Is value of Modulus of Elasticity different from the value deduced from
the experiment? If there is any difference, explain this difference may
happen.

.
CONCLUSION :

POLYTECHNIC OF PORT DICKSON

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPERTMENT

Engineering Structures Laboratory

LABORATORY REPORTING
LABORATORY 2

DEFLECTION OF A CANTILEVER
BEAM
Class : ______________________________________
Program : ___________________________________
Date of Experiment : _________________________
Group members :
No
.
1.
2.

Registration Number

Students Name

3.
4.
5.

SUPERVIRORS NAME :

_________________________________

EXPERIMENT 2 : DEFLECTION OF A CANTILEVER BEAM

OBJECTIVE : To determine the value of deflection of a cantilever beam and to
compare this value with the value obtained by theoretical calculation.
THEORY :

In theory, any point load applied to a cantilever beam, the deflection is

given by;

W 8 EI
WL3
= 3
and
s=
s
L
8EI
Wher
e

deflection in mm

point load in N
Modulus of Elasticity of beam in
N/mm2
Moment of Inertia of beam in
mm4
length or span of beam in mm

APPARATUS : Support for a cantilever beam

Load hangers
Load/weights
Sample of beam
Dial gauge
Vernier scale
Stirrups
hocks
PROCEDURE : 1. Obtain the geometrical dimension of the beam using the vernier
scale;

2. Prepare the apparatus by taking the measurement of length of cantilever

beam,
L = .. mm
3. Record the reading of the dial gauge. This is the first reading before
the load is applied
(ie. W = 0 N)
4. Apply load of 5 N and record the dial gauge reading.
5. Increase the loading by 5N increment and record the dial gauge
reading until the load
reaches 50N or s = 50mm whichever come first.
6. Base on the result recorded, plot a graph of Load against deflection.
7. From the graph deduce the ratio of load against deflection that is W/s
(N/mm).

RESULT :

Measurement of beam section: width, b = mm

depth, d = mm
length, L = mm
Moment of Inertia of beam, I = bd3/12 = mm4

Load,
W (N)
Deflecti
on, s
(mm)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

QUESTIONS :
1. Using the plotted graph, what is the value of W/s ration of the beam?
.. N/mm
2. Calculate,
2.1The ratio of W/s using the beam measurement and
2.2Modulus of Elasticity of the beam. This is the theoretical value of W/s of
beam.

.
3. Compare the experimental value and the theoretical value of W/s obtained.

70

4. The value of Modulus of Elasticity may be obtained arithmetically from the

equation of deflection given. Using the value of W/s from graph plotted,
calculate the Modulus of Elasticity for this beam. Is there any difference
between the experimental E value compared to that of the theoretical one?

.
5. List the probabilities of the discrepancies to the results above.

.
DISCUSSION :

.
CONCLUSION :

POLYTECHNIC OF PORT DICKSON

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPERTMENT

Engineering Structures Laboratory

LABORATORY REPORTING

LABORATORY 3

EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES AND

MOMENTS
Class : ______________________________________
Program : ___________________________________
Date of Experiment : _________________________
Group members :
No
.

Registration Number

Students Name

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SUPERVIRORS NAME :

_________________________________

EXPERIMENT 3 : EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES AND MOMENTS

OBJECTIVE : To determine the equilibrium of forces and moments for a beam
subjected to a uniformly distributed load.
THEORY :

In theory, a simply supported beam loaded as shown,

Analyse vertically;
R1 + R2 - (W1 + W2 + W3 ) = 0
Taking moment at R1 ;

L L
L 2L
L 3L
W1 = + + W2 +
+ W3 +
R2 L = 0
2 8
2 8
2 8
15
7
W1 + 3W2 + W3
42
8

R2 =
Therefore;

R1 = (W1 + W2 + W3 ) R2
R1 =

13
1
W1 + W2 + W3
42
2

APPARATUS : Continuous beam apparatus

7 rakap
3 Load hangers
5 Loads of the same weights
1 Sample of beam
PROCEDURE : 1. Set the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Level the beam using the spring balance adjuster. Ensure the readings of
the two
spring balances (R1 and R2) are the same.
3. Add the weight W1, W2 and W3. Ensure the magnitude of weight added
and the
spacing between the loads are equal. Record the reading on the two
spring balances.
4. Record the result of the experiment in the table provided.

RESULT :
From Experiment

By

Initial
Readings

Load
W1

W2

W3

R1

End Readings

R2

R1

R2

True Reading
R1

R2

Calculation
(Theory)
R1

R2

QUESTIONS :
1. Are the magnitudes of R1 and R2 deduced from the experiment competitive to
that of the theoretical value?

DISCUSSION :

.
CONCLUSION :

POLYTECHNIC OF PORT DICKSON

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPERTMENT

Engineering Structures Laboratory

LABORATORY REPORTING
LABORATORY 4

SHAPE OF BEAMS DEFLECTION

Class : ______________________________________
Program : ___________________________________
Date of Experiment : _________________________
Group members :
No
.
1.
2.
3.

Registration Number

Students Name

4.
5.

SUPERVIRORS NAME :

_________________________________

EXPERIMENT 4 : SHAPE OF BEAMS DEFLECTION

OBJECTIVE : To determine the shape of deflection of a beam subjected to a point load
at mid span and to show that the radius of curvature is inversely
proportional to the distance from the supports.

APPARATUS : Deflection beam apparatus

2 wedged supports
1 rakap
Several Loads/weights
1 Load hanger
Sample of beam
Dial gauge
Stirrups
PROCEDURE : 1. Set the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Place the dial gauge at
a distance of
x = 50mm from one support. Set L = 1000mm, W = 50N
2. Set the dial gauge to a zero reading at a situation of no loading but
inclusive of the load hanger and rakap.
3. Apply load of 50N and record the reading of the dial gauge.
4. Remove the load and increase x to another 50mm.
5. Set the dial gauge reading to zero again and apply again the 50N
loading. Record the
the dial gauge readings.
6. Repeat process 4 and 5 until x = 450mm.

7. Record the result in the table provided.

8. Plot a graph of deflection, s (mm) against distance, x (mm).
RESULT :
Distanc
e,
x (mm)
Deflecti
on, s
(mm)

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

graph of deflection, s (mm) against distance, x (mm)

QUESTIONS :
1. Base on the result obtained from the experiment, state the relation between
deflection distance (x), radius of curvature (r) and deflection.

.
2. Where do you think will occur maximum radius of curvature?

3. In you r opinion, why we only perform the experiment for half of the beam?

DISCUSSION :

.
CONCLUSION :

ADDTION :

Repeat the experiment using different type of beam type by ensuring the
deflection at the mid span not to exceed 5mm so as not to damage the beam.

LABORATORY 5

TENSILE TEST
UJIAN TEGANGAN MEKANIK STRUKTUR
Satu ujian tegangan dijalankan pada satu rod memberi keputusan seperti pada jadual di bawah.
Maklumat yang diberi panjang rod = 250 mm, garispusat asal rod = 25 mm dan garispusat akhir
rod = 18.6 mm.
Berikut adalah keputusan hasil ujian tegangan yang dijalankan.
Beban
(kN)
Pemanjan
gan
( x 10-3
mm )

Beban
(kN)
Pemanjan
gan
( x 10-3
mm )

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

22.5

25.0

27.5

18.7
5

40.0

62.5

82.5

103.
0

125.
0

146.
0

168.
0

190.
0

212.
5

235.
0

30.0

32.5

35.0

37.5

38.5

39.5

40.0

40.5

257.
5

281.
5

315.
0

350.
0

390.
0

512.
5

660.
0

875.
0

Data Beban - Pemanjangan

Dengan melukis graf beban melawan pemanjangan tentukan Modulus Young

bahan tersebut. Kirakan peratus pengurangan luas bahan tersebut dan
tandakan had-had yang penting pada graf.