Glenulra Enclosure

Archaeological Excavations at the
Glenulra Enclosure (E24)

Stratigraphic Report
Seamas Caulfield
Graeme Warren, Stuart Rathbone, David McIlreavy and Patrick Walsh
UCD School of Archaeology

Irish National Strategic Archaeological Research Fund 2009 INSTAR: GRANT No. 16710 November 2009 Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo
Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo: Glenulra enclosure Stratigraphic Report
Table of Contents
1. Background and introduction............................................................................................. 3 1.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Background and Methodology ..................................................................................... 3 2 Site Location & Description ................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Location and Land Use................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Description of site ........................................................................................................ 5 2.3 The site archive ........................................................................................................... 6 3 Results........................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Stratigraphy ................................................................................................................. 7 3.2 Artefacts .................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Samples and Palaeoenvironmental evidence ............................................................ 12 3.4 Radiocarbon dates .................................................................................................... 12 4. Glenulra enclosure: discussion ....................................................................................... 13 4.1 The Enclosure ........................................................................................................... 13 4.2 The Horseshoe Shaped Foundation .......................................................................... 13 4.3 Postholes and Charcoal Rich Spreads ...................................................................... 15 4.4 Small Oval Structure.................................................................................................. 16 4.5 External Pavements .................................................................................................. 16 4.5 Overall function.......................................................................................................... 17 5. Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 21 6. Figures............................................................................................................................ 23 7. Appendices ..................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix One: Feature Register ..................................................................................... 37 Appendix Two: Photographic Register............................................................................. 39 Appendix Three: Drawing Register .................................................................................. 42
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Appendix Four: Finds Register ........................................................................................ 43 Appendix Five: Sample Register...................................................................................... 57
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1. Background and introduction 1.1 Introduction

This stratigraphic report provides details of the excavations that took place between 1970 and 1972 at the Neolithic enclosure at Glenulra, Co Mayo, under the direction of Seamas Caulfield. The excavation was part of a joint research project by Prof Michael Herity and Prof Seamus Caulfield to study stone land boundaries which occur underneath blanket bog (indeed, this excavation shares a licence number, E24, with Heritys excavations at Carrownaglogh (Bonniconlon). The Glenulra excavation was a continuation of the study of the field systems recognised in the area of the Behy court cairn and focused specifically on an enclosure identified by survey work in an area of cutaway bog. The excavations, survey and further analyses conducted by Caulfield and his students in North Mayo over the years were funded by different bodies: including the Cide Fields Committee, OPW, RIA, personal support, UCD and other academic institutions. The original excavation funding did not provide for post-excavation analysis, and as a consequence, it has been difficult to develop the archives for full publication. In 2009 grant support through INSTAR has enabled the Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo project to work on these materials and make considerable progress towards publication of the sites
1.2 Background and Methodology

The Neolithic and Bronze Age Landscapes of North Mayo (NBNM) project aims to bring to full publication critically important aspects of the Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeology of North Mayo. The overarching aims of the project address four areas: Noel Dunnes survey work on the Pollatomish peninsula; Seamas Caulfields survey/excavation in Belderrig; survey and excavation by varied parties at Cide Fields; and Gretta Byrnes survey/excavation from Ballinglen to Rathlackan. Individually these are important sites and/or landscapes, taken as a whole they are of international significance in terms of understanding early agricultural communities in north-west Europe. Furthermore, the buried landscapes of the Cide Fields are iconic for Irish archaeology and a state candidate for World Heritage Site status. The project builds on the success of the Cide Fields work in outreach, and remedies the lack of full academic publication. Our model is for a three year project resulting in: an academic monograph detailing results of survey, excavation and further specialist work full excavation reports and archives deposited with the relevant authorities a book targeted at the general public outlining the nature, significance and future of these archaeological landscapes
At present, funding has been obtained for the first year of this project which focuses on preparing stratigraphic accounts of all of the excavations, archiving materials, generating basic catalogues and processing relevant samples. The enclosed reports outline the results of this project.
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The specific excavations included in this proposal are: Belderg Beg (Caulfield), Behy ( Nuallin), Glenulra enclosure (Caulfield), Cide Visitor Centre (Byrne and Dunne), Glenulra Scatter (Byrne), Rathlackan Court Tomb (Byrne). Project partners include Seamas Caulfield, Gretta Byrne, Martin Downes,Noel Dunne and Graeme Warren (Project Coordinator). Grant support for 2009 enabled us to hire two research assistants, Mr Stuart Rathbone and Mr David McIlreavy and a research fellow, Mr Patrick Walsh. These three researchers were based in Belderrig from August-Nov 2009 The nature of the archives encountered by this current phase of analysis varied. The earlier excavations took place in a different archaeological framework: single context recording was not carried out, and expectations of the scale and character of recording were very different to today. In general for the earlier excavations, the written archive is poor, but the recollections of the excavator, alongside a good photographic and drawn record, has enabled a good level of reconstruction of stratigraphy. The more recent excavations have a more complete archive, and here we have focused on synthesising the annual reports previously presented. For the earlier excavations the first phase of analysis has been to create a synthetic working plan of the site and assign context numbers as appropriate. These were then used to create a stratigraphic narrative. Within the constraints of the budget for this phase we have not been able to fully reconstruct the coordinate systems used in the excavations which means that many finds are still not directly associated with a context. When the spatial information is available these designations will be made. Illustrations: This phase of the project did not attempt to create any final illustrations for publication, consequently, the images reproduced here are not those that would accompany a final report. They include plates and a range of line drawings, some fully inked up, some still in pencil. In as far as is possible these images have been presented to a high standard, but many require formal digitising and standardisation which it has not been possible to undertake at this stage. Likewise, for some sites, an overall spatial plan has not been produced, and we rely on the original location maps produced by the excavators. Artefacts/Samples: as part of the analysis all artefacts and samples were catalogued by David McIlreavy. These catalogues are preliminary only, and in all instances the material requires specialist analysis. For lithics a broad classification was utilised by DMI comprising tools (formal retouched objects), blades/flakes/cores and finally small production waste (debitage, informally defined): these terminologies are not those used in standard lithic analysis. Ceramics, in particular, present some challenges, as many pieces are highly degraded. All artefacts are formally labelled and boxed according to NMI standard. Samples have been catalogued and a preliminary assessment of their quality made. Radiocarbon dates: unless stated otherwise, all radiocarbon dates are quoted at 95% confidence intervals and have been calibrated with Oxcal 3.10
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2 Site Location & Description

2.1 Location and Land Use
The Glenulra enclosure lies within the Cide Field system, in north Co. Mayo , NGR 105200, 340400 (Figure 1). It is situated behind the Visitor Centre at the Cide Fields and forms part of the guided visitor trail. The topography of the area consists of valleys opening towards the north onto a high cliff coastline. The enclosure itself is located on reasonably steep ground which slopes down to the northeast before coming to a series of sheer cliffs at the coast (Figure 2). The orientation of the field walls follows the lie of the land and they run from southwest to northeast (Figure 3). To the west of Glenulra is the townland of Behy while to the east the townland is bounded by Ballyknock. To the south of the site is Maumakeogh Mountain. Glenulra is situated on the northern spur of this mountain. The north Mayo coast from Belderrig to Killala Bay is highly varied, with complex geological and geomorphological sequences. In the west extensively deformed pre-Cambrian metamorphics form the core of the landscape (Sleeman 1992), which is characterised by rounded hills, sharp cliffs and bleak bog-filled basins and wet podsol soils. Approximately half way between Belderrig and the Cide Fields, these schists give way to a variety of Carboniferous limestones and sand/siltstones. Hill and plateaux peat is present in the uplands, with blanket peat extending down the hills, but in the lowlands the land is of higher quality; with brown earth soils in the Ballyglass region and grey brown podzolic soils near Ballycastle. On the plateau east of Ballycastle bog and podzols dominate again. Cide itself lies in an area of blanket bog, developed over Carboniferous rocks. Today the vegetation at the archaeological site at Glenulra is somewhat drier than that of the surrounding blanket bog. This appears to be the product of peat removal, road building and archaeological excavation associated with the visitor centre. The land around the Glenurla enclosure, beyond the area owned by the OPW, is now used for peat extraction for private domestic use and widespread sheep grazing. There are some isolated fields that have been reclaimed for agriculture along the more fertile land located close to the steep cliffs which form the dramatic coastline.
2.2 Description of site

The enclosure at Glenulra is located just above the 150m contour on reasonably steep ground which slopes down to the north east before coming to a series of steep cliffs at the coast approximately 350m away. The site consists of a small oval enclosure measuring 28.5m by 22m with its long axis aligned north east to south west, and defined by a heavily collapsed dry stone wall, with the collapse between 1m and 2.5m in width and which probably had an original height of 1m (Figure 4; see cover). Inside the eastern half of the enclosure there is a low stone foundation forming a horse shoe shape approximately 7m across and which was open to the north. A scatter of postholes lies to the west. A small semi circular setting of stone enclosing a curiously small area is located at the western side of the enclosure, but its relationship with the wall is unclear. Finally three quite sizeable spreads of charcoal are recorded towards the western side of the interior, which may represent external hearths, or may simply be dumps of burnt material from elsewhere. Outside the western side of the enclosure there are two large roughly paved areas which extend beyond the excavated area. No formal entrance into the enclosure has been identified that would relate to either of these stone spreads. A small break in the wall at the north is thought to represent
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the entrance to the enclosure. It is marked by a noticeable in-turning of the enclosure wall to the immediate east, and the western side of the gap, at least, is defined by a clear facing of upright stones. Possible interpretations of these structural features are presented below. The enclosure itself is sitting towards the west of a large rectangular field that is part of the Cide Fields co-axial field system (Figure 3). Several other small enclosures have been identified within the Cide Fields complex. Some of these appear to be sub divisions of the large rectangular fields and probably relate to heard management in some manner. A number of smaller sub-circular enclosures are morphologically similar to the Glenulra enclosure, in particular two located three and four fields to the northwest respectively. Both of these are free standing within their respective fields and are located a similar distance from the coast as the Glenurla enclosure. A larger example is located in the south east corner of the field two fields east of the Glenulra enclosure. At the Belderg Beg archaeological complex located 6 km west of Cide Fields there is another Neolithic oval enclosure. It measures 35m from north to south and 20m from east to west and may well represent a similar type of site as seen within the Cide Fields. The function of these sites is discussed below. Apart from the field systems and the other associated enclosures there are two other archaeological monuments close to the Glenulra enclosure. The tomb at Behy is a particularly impressive monument, which has a large enclosed court, constructed of dry stone walling, and a complicated gallery with two chambers in a linear arrangement with a pair of opposing side chambers, to form a symmetrically transepted design.
2.3 The site archive

Preparing this report almost 40 years after the excavations began presents a range of difficulties. The excavations, in particular the recording, were conducted according to the standards of the time. The excavations were carried out by hand and focused on revealing features beneath the bog, rather than removing those features and excavating down to natural, and single context recording was not utilised. The majority of the exposed features were planned at a scale of 1:20, although certain sections of wall, particularly in Area D were not planned. On site photography was undertaken sporadically rather than systematically, and there are therefore no photographs of certain features. A very useful series of oblique aerial photographs were taken, which show the site as a whole during a late stage of the excavation. Written records from the excavations are brief in nature and have been significantly supplemented by the recollections of the Director. The site archive consisted of 5 notebooks that contain brief notes about the work, a total of 14 drawings ranging from rough sketches to detailed plans of parts, but not all, of the site, 6 black and white low level aerial photos, and brief location descriptions associated with boxes containing various finds (see Appendices). As far as possible the various plans have been compiled in this phase of analysis to create an overall plan of the site (Figure 4), but certain features remain un-planned, whilst other features are incompletely recorded, necessitating that missing parts have had to been added freehand as best fit solutions. This compiled plan, and supplementary information taken from the various sketches, has been used to create a brief stratigraphic report detailing all the contexts which could be identified. Measurements have in general been taken directly from the compiled plan as in most cases no written record of dimensions exists. The notebooks have been transcribed and where possible information from them have been
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added to the stratigraphic report. Information that is recorded on the finds boxes has also been incorporated into the stratigraphic report where appropriate. Where it has not been possible to describe a known context in detail this is explained within the stratigraphic report. Given the limitations of the material within the site archive the included stratigraphic report is necessarily brief. However it has been possible to present a simple account of the site and subsequently present a discussion of the form and function of the site, its position within the local prehistoric landscape, and the importance of the site at both a regional and national level. According to a description contained in Site Notebook 3 the specific aims of the excavation were to establish which of three possible interpretations of the enclosure were correct. The postulated explanations were listed as (1) a small tillage plot (2) a cattle compound (3) a dwelling area. Discussion of these possible interpretations is presented below.
3 Results
3.1 Stratigraphy
The excavations at Glenulra enclosure investigated a rectangular area measuring 32m from east to west and 24m from north to south. Initially the excavations concentrated on the western half of the enclosure, with four rectangular trenches separated by a cross baulk. When the excavation area was expanded to encompass the entire site it was sub divided into twelve 8m by 8m grid squares with a one metre wide extension added at the east that was dug to fully expose the enclosure wall. The grid is numbered sequentially beginning with Grid 1 at the south west and ending with Grid 12 at the north east. The narrow extension at the east was not originally given a grid number, but was given the label Grid 13 during this current project (Figure 4). A total of 38 contexts have been identified through re-examination of the site archives. Wherever possible the following contexts are shown on Figure 4. Where it is necessary reference is made to the original drawings in the site archive, which are identified as site plan followed by the appropriate number. The list of original site plans is presented in Appendix 2.
Context Descriptions
Context 101: Peat Layer This context refers to the layer(s) of peat concealing the site prior to the excavation. The peat was originally c. 2m in depth but had been cutaway by localised peat cutting prior to the excavation over most of the site (Figure 2 and 10). Context 102: Enclosure Wall Slightly irregular oval wall enclosing an area 28.5m from NE to SW and 22.5m from NW to SE (Figure 4). It consists of medium and large size stones measuring between 0.25m and 1m in size. Around the eastern side of the enclosure there is clearly a formal internal face to the wall, consisting of three courses of dry-stone walling (Figure 6). The absence of this facing around the rest of the interior may be due to subsequent interference or concealment by collapsed material. The collapsed wall varies in width between 1m and 2.5m but the height is unrecorded. However in Site Notebook 3 it is stated that it, would have stood about 1m high. A small entrance feature is visible at the North of the enclosure. It is a simple metre wide gap and the western side, at least, is faced with substantial upright stones (Figure 7).The enclosure wall to the
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immediate east of this entrance is seen to curve inwards over a distance of several metres and this clearly emphasises the position of the entrance, although it may have also have had a practical function. Cobble patches, c130 and c131, immediately outside the enclosure at the NW and SW may be aligned on entrances which are no longer visible. A small semicircular section of wall adjoins the western side of the enclosure wall, enclosing a small area. This feature, c.137 is described below. Various plans of this enclosure exist, but none is complete. Good plans of the western half of the enclosure and the internal features are in the site archive which is tied into the site grid. A very detailed set of plans of the eastern section of the wall were prepared by Gretta Byrne in the late 1980s but unfortunately they do not cover the entire length of the eastern part of the enclosure, and a section of the enclosure at the north east, approximately 10m in length, remains unplanned. No plans showing internal features in the eastern half of the enclosure have so far been located in the site archive, and these may never have been completed. Context 103: Debris overlying the Stone Foundation c.106 A large number of artefacts were recovered from Grids 8 and 9. According to the descriptions on the associated finds boxes these were alternately from a debris layer over a large stone spread or a debris layer over a small stone spread. Unfortunately no other information regarding these contexts was present within the site archive and it is therefore not possible to determine their nature. It is thought that this context represents collapsed material from the stone foundation and that the large stone spread referred to in the finds descriptions actually refers to the larger stones c.106 within that foundation, and that the small stone spread refers to the smaller stones c.104 within that foundation. This interpretation is however only offered as a very tentative solution to an unresolved issue. A large finds assemblage came from this context consisting of 139 lithic pieces and 76 sherds of pottery. A detailed breakdown of the components of this assemblage and a discussion of their distribution is included in Section 4 below. Context 104: Small stones within the Stone Foundation c.106 This context is not clearly identified in the formal archive, but is a location from which a number of finds were recovered, within and around the possible hut foundation, in Grid 8 and 9. On the finds boxes the context is described as small stone spread. It is thought most likely that this context refers to the smaller stone elements that make up part of the stone foundation in Grid 8 and 9, in combination with the larger stone elements c106., and it is considered in more detail below. Context 105: Collapsed material from the enclosure wall This context was not formally identified within the site archive but is clearly present in many locations adjacent to and overlying the surviving portions of the wall. The apparent variation in the width of the wall in the detailed plan, described above, is probably to some degree a result of differential quantities of wall collapse, and possibly differential removal of collapse prior to its recording. For these reasons it is not possible to describe this context in detail. Context 106: Stone Foundation A horse-shoe shaped low stone feature is present in the eastern half of the enclosure. This feature was not formally recorded as a structure during the excavations, but is clearly visible in a series of oblique aerial photographs of the site presumably taken in 1971 (Figures 8 10, cover image). A small part of the western side of this feature appears to have been recorded in the plans from 1970, protruding from the eastern limit of the excavation, without its nature being established. Estimating its size from the aerial shots it appears to be around 7 x7 m internal dimension with a 1.5m wide wall, and this approximate size was confirmed in August 2008 during a site inspection. It has a large opening to the north east, presumably an entrance and is interpreted here as a foundation for a structure, probably a small hut. The foundation has been given two context numbers representing its complex nature. C.106 refers to the larger stones that make up much of its circuit. At the northwest and south concentrations of much larger boulders are present, and single examples exist elsewhere around the circuit. A number of the larger stones are obviously protruding from the natural mineral soil as shown in Figure 10, however other examples of the larger stones are clearly lie on the upper surface of the mineral soil. Joining the larger stones together are distinct concentrations of smaller stones, given the context number c.104. These
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are clearly visible in Figures 8 and 9, those at the south west were identifiable during the site inspection in August 2009. All of the stones appear to be of the local lithology. Given the utilisation of small stones, larger stones and earthfast boulders an interesting construction sequence can be suggested. Natural stone from the area was obviously cleared to allow the occupation and the cleared stone was almost certainly used to create the enclosure wall. The large boulders in the east of the enclosure would have been problematic to move due to their size and so instead they were incorporated into the horseshoe shaped foundation. No internal features were recorded, other than the previously mentioned spreads of stone, c.103, but the area is the main concentration of finds from the site. Context 107/108: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of a small posthole (c.107) located to the south east of the centre of the enclosure in Grid 8. The posthole is recorded as tear drop shaped in plan with a maximum length of 0.35m from north west to south east, a maximum width of 0.25m from north east to south west, and with a depth of 0.27m.. No information is available for the fill (c.108). Two post holes are illustrated as Figures 11 & 12, although it is not possible to ascertain which photograph is of which posthole. Context 109/110: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of posthole (c.109) close to the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as diamond shaped in plan measuring 0.35m from east to west, 0.25m in maximum width from north to south and witha depth of 0.305m. No information is available for the fill (c.110) Context 111/112: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of posthole (c.111) close to the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as diamond shaped in plan with a maximum length of 0.5m from north to south, a maximum width of 0.3m from east to west and a depth of 0.25m.. No information is available for the fill (c.112) Context 113/114: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of posthole (c.113) to the east of the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as circular in plan with a diameter of 0.25m and a depth of 0.21m.. No information is available for the fill (c.114) Context 115/116: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of posthole (c.115) in the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as diamond shaped in plan with a maximum length of 0.35m from east to west and a maximum width of 0.25m from north to south and with a depth of 0.15m.. 16. One of the original drawings from the site shows that a charcoal rich spread c.127 was located in the same position as this posthole. The plan showing the charcoal spread (site plan 14) pre-dates the plan showing the posthole (site plan 12) and given the relative dates of the two drawings it is suspected that the posthole pre-dates the charcoal spread. No information is available for the fill (c.116) Context 117/118: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of posthole (c.117) west of the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as being sub-rectangular in plan with a maximum length of 0.5m from north to south, a maximum width of 0.2m from east to west and as having adepth of 0.29m. No information is available for the fill (c.118) Context 119/120: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of Posthole to the west of the centre of the enclosure in Grid 2. The posthole is recorded as being diamond shape in plan with a maximum length of 0.35m from east to west, a maximum width of 0.25m from north to south and with a depth of 0.29m. No information is available for the fill (c.120) Context 121/122: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole
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Cut of Posthole in the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as being sub-rectangular in plan with a maximum length of 0.35m from east to west, a maximum width of 0.25m from north to south and with a depth of 0.24m . No information is available for the fill (c.122) Context 123/124: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of Posthole (c.123) in the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as being triangular in plan with a maximum length of 0.35m from east to west, a maximum width of 0.2m from north to south and with a depth of 0.20m. No information is available for the fill (c.124) Context 125/126: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Posthole Cut of Posthole (c.125) to the north east of the centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The posthole is recorded as being diamond shaped in plan with a maximum length of 0.3m from north to south, a maximum width of 0.2m from east to west and with adepth of 0.26m.. No information is available for the fill (c.126) Context 127: Charcoal Spread Oval shaped spread of charcoal in centre of the enclosure in Grid 5. The spread was recorded on site Plan No. 14 but the northern end of the spread extends into an unplanned area. The spread is oval shaped in plan and has an estimated maximum length of 1.8m from north to south and a maximum width of 1.4m from east to west. No description of the material itself has been identified within the archive. As mentioned above it appears that posthole c.115 was covered over by this spread. It is believed that the radiocarbon date from the enclosure was obtained from this charcoal spread although this cannot be stated for definite. That date of 3550 2850 BC has some additional problems associated with it, as discussed in Section 4. A single piece of flint debitage came from this deposit. Context 128: Charcoal Spread This spread of charcoal is shown on site plan 14 as two discrete spreads on either side of a scatter of stone immediately south west of the charcoal spread c.127 in Grid 5. It appears most likely that this represents a single spread of charcoal rich material where the centre was covered over by the scatter of stones. If this is correct then the spread would be oval shaped in plan with a maximum length of 1.4m from north east to south west and a maximum width of 0.8m from north west to south east. No description of the material itself has been identified within the archive. Context 129: Charcoal Spread This spread of charcoal is shown on site plan 14 at the south east of the enclosure partially covered by material collapsed from the enclosure wall c.102. The spread is shown as being sub-triangular in plan with a maximum length of 1.4m from east to west and a maximum width of 1m from north to south. No description of the material itself has been identified within the archive. Context 130: Mixed Stone Spread Large spread of stone located outside the enclosure wall at the south west of the site. This spread of stone may represent a paved path leading to the enclosure entrance or it may be a cobbled working surface. It consists of numerous small stones to the south and some medium and large sized stones to the north. The spread is shown on site plan 12 and site plan 14 but the two drawings of the feature are not exact matches. The spread measures 10.5m from east to west but clearly continues beyond the limit of the excavation to the west. It measures 6m from north to south, but again extends beyond the limit of the excavation to the south. A single piece of flint debitage came from this stone spread. Context 131: Mixed Stone Spread A second spread of stone was apparently located immediately north west of the enclosure, in a similar position to c.130 described above. However there is no formal record of this spread within the archive and it is currently only known from the
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sketches on site plans 2 and 4. From these it seems to have been approximately the same size and composition as c.130. A single piece of flint debitage came from this stone spread. Context 132: Flat Slab This context is a large stone slab located in the south of the enclosure in Grids 4 and 7. It is partially recorded on site plan 14, but extends into an un-recorded area. It is estimated that the stone measured 1.4m in length from east to west and 1.25m in width from north to south. The stone is also shown on both the sketches site plans 2 and 4 and was clearly considered to be of importance during the excavation. Context 133/134: Cut of Posthole/Fill of Post hole A small posthole (c.133) is shown on the sketch site plan 2 immediately south east of the stone slab c.132 and is recorded on site photographs but it is not shown on the other sketch which shows the slab, site plan 4. No information recorded for the fill (c.134). Context 135: Possible deliberate clearing This feature at the south of the enclosure is only shown on the two sketches site plans 2 and 4. It is shown on site plan 2 as a slightly irregular oval shaped approximately the same size as the stone slab c.132, indicating a length of approximately 1.5m from north to south and a width of approximately 1.2m from east to west. On site plan 4 it is shown as a horseshoe shaped feature open at the south and slightly larger than the stone slab c.132, suggesting an approximate north to south length of 2m and a width of 1.2m. The feature is described by Caulfield as a small area that was noticeably flatter than the surrounding area and which appeared to have been deliberately levelled and cleared of stone. The purpose of the feature is not known and it cannot be definitely identified as an archaeological feature. Context 136: Charcoal Spread A charcoal spread located south east of the enclosure is evident in the finds descriptions, but there is no formal record in the site archive. The spread must be located in either Grid 7 or 10, given the co-ordinates of the finds which make reference to it, but little else can be said at present. Seven pieces of flint debitage and a chert convex scraper came from this deposit. Context 137: Small Oval Structure Attached to the inside wall face at the western side of the enclosure is a substantial stone wall which describes a semi circle and encloses a small oval area. The wall is approximately five meters long and a metre and a half wide in width. The wall has been used to create a small oval area between it and the enclosure wall, and the edges of the oval space are faced with upright boulders (Figure 4, 5 and 13). Despite the size of the wall the internal area it encloses only measures one metre by seventy centimetres which makes it a difficult feature to interpret. Greta Byrne recalls that the stones on top of the wall around the oval space were sloping up in a manner which suggested it may originally have had a corbelled roof. Caulfield does not share this interpretation and these stones were no longer present during a site inspection in August 2009. If it indeed was originally roofed the interior would have been inaccessible without the removal of the roof as there is no evidence of a proper entrance. The relationship between the small oval structure and the enclosure wall is not clear on the plans, nor did it become clear during the site inspection. Context 138: Sub soil No information recorded
3.2 Artefacts
A total of 311 artefacts were recovered from site, including 148 lithics and 76 ceramics. A significant amount of natural dolerite was also recovered (85 pieces), recognisable as a blue grey fine grained igneous rock, which is available in the locale. After consultation with GW it was agreed that the majority of this material is clearly not worked, although full analysis
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and specialist geological identification is required. Flint and chert are also present, although the low occurrence of chert is unusual. A full artefact catalogue is provided in Appendix 4
Lithics
A total of 148 lithics were recovered from the excavations, 139 of which came from F103, and 11 from other contexts (F127, 130, 131 and 136) the overwhelming majority of the latter artefacts being debitage. In preparing the artefact catalogue DMI utilised a broad classification was utilised I comprising tools (formal retouched objects), blades/flakes/cores and finally small production waste (debitage, informally defined). The majority of the 148 lithics in the assemblage comprised debitage and possible dolerite artefacts (85 pieces), with production waste in flint common. Rock crystal, quartz and chert were also represented within the debitage assemblage. Some pieces of the flint debitage assemblage displayed patination. The majority of the debitage was concentrated over Grids 8 and 9, which may therefore be provisionally interpreted as stone tool production area within the enclosure or an area of dumping of waste from manufacture. In terms of larger flakes produced, flint dominated, again as with the debitage pattern spread over Grids 8 and 9. Two flakes of rock crystal were recovered in Grids 8 and 9, and a single chert flake. A possible prepared platform chert core was recovered from Grid 9. A possible mudstone adze was recovered from grid 9 along with a possible flake struck from it. In terms of recognisable tool assemblages, convex scrapers would seem to be the most common type within the assemblage, and the majority where recovered from F103 (only one example came from another context (F136), although it must be noted that this number still only accounts for 25% of the total tool types. That the majority of the scrapers were formed from chert may be considered significant, especially given the lack of concave chert scrapers within the assemblage (Caulfield pers. comm). The use of flint for the production of the leaf shaped arrowhead and larger possible projectile point may be significant, coupled with the overall lack of chert as a lithic material on site (pers. comm. Gretta Byrne), given the general trend in the local archaeological area.
Ceramics
The 76 pieces represented in the finds assemblage are all coarse wares or poorly fired pieces. They would all seem to be composed of the same light brown mineral clay with a relatively high organic content. However, it is the degree of quartz inclusions within the matrix that is most striking. In some pieces the quartz inclusions are very large, and must be considered deliberately large inclusions. Obviously the inclusion of such material would have increased the thermal shock durability of the material to some degree, but it must be considered that the choice of material may have been largely aesthetic in nature. The heat blackening in the majority of the pots would seem consistent with possible bonfire manufacture, and the lack of identifiable residues may indicate that the majority of the pieces were not used. A number of pieces (approximately 50 %) were completely oxidised in the process of firing, and may represent improperly fired materials or wasters.
3.3 Samples and Palaeoenvironmental evidence

No samples from this site survive.
3.4 Radiocarbon dates

There is a single date taken from the enclosure at Glenulra. It is probably from the charcoal spread c127, although it is possible that it came from one of the other charcoal spreads in that area. Additionally there is no information presently to hand regarding the material that was sampled and as such, this bulk date should be treated with considerable caution. At best, the radiocarbon date suggests some activity in the mid-late Neolithic. Please note that this date was cited incorrectly in Caulfield et al 1998 p630 and correctly on p638; the date given here is the correct estimate and error (see Caulfield 1978).
Lab Code
BP Uncal
Error
Cal BC (2-sigma)
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SI-1464
4460
115
3550 - 2850 cal BC
Table 1: Radiocarbon date with different errrors from Glenulra enclosure.
4. Glenulra enclosure: discussion

4.1 The Enclosure
The collapsed enclosure wall defines an area measuring 28.5m by 22m externally and 23m by 17m internally with its long axis aligned north east to south west. This provides an internal area of approximately 310m. The wall is a heavily collapsed dry stone wall that was between 1m and 2.5m in width and which probably had an original height of around 1m. Examination of the aerial photos suggests that the wall was rather more cohesive than it appears on the compiled plan, an impression confirmed during the site inspection in August 2009. However it does appear that the northern arc was indeed a little narrower than elsewhere and that the south eastern portion was more collapsed and spread out. The only traces of formal facing to the wall are the courses of dry stone walling which face the internal side of the wall at the east of the enclosure, and the upright stones that face the western side of the entrance. However more such facing may be present underneath the collapsed wall material which was not removed. The surviving profile of the wall is rather triangular, but this may be a factor of the way in which the wall collapsed with stones falling away from the edges leaving the core and inner face of the wall more intact. A small entrance feature at the north is a simple metre wide gap, with the western side, at least, faced with reasonably large upright stones. The enclosure wall to the immediate east of this entrance is seen to curve inwards over a distance of several metres and this clearly emphasises the visual appearance and position of the entrance, although it may have been constructed in this manner for entirely practical reasons. Caulfield suggests that an eastwest route way of some kind may have ran from this enclosure to other nearby examples, described below, that are also sitting on or about the 150m contour. If this is the case this entrance may have led directly onto this route way. However it is interesting to note that the northern position of the entrance suggests movement downslope, which is the direction of the principle axis of the field system and the direction which leads to the cliffs.
4.2 The Horseshoe Shaped Foundation

Within the eastern part of the enclosure there is a small horse shoe shaped stone foundation approximately 7m across, and which is open to the north. Although no hearth was associated with this foundation, and no postholes were identified within it, it may represent the foundation of a small structure. A similarly sized foundation is attached to the north eastern side of the field in which Glenulra enclosure is situated (Figure 14). The foundation in Cide Visitor Centre Cutting 5A is an oval shape measuring 7m from east to west and 4m from north to south. The foundation is of well built dry stone walling and it is connected to an east west field wall at either end (Byrne et al 2009). Excavation of this feature revealed an absence of postholes, hearths or domestic artefacts. It has therefore been interpreted as a small unroofed animal pen, and such an interpretation could also be ascribed to the horseshoe shaped foundation within the enclosure. A little further down the slope in Cutting
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25 there was a more lightly built structure, consisting of a sub-circular foundation of very dispersed stone, measuring 5.5m from east to west and 5m from north to south, which again is reminiscent of the Horseshoe Shaped Foundation. This building was interpreted as a lightly built temporary dwelling and appears to date to c. 2200-2000 cal BC (Byrne et al 2009). It is also possible that what appears as a single horseshoe shaped foundation on the aerial photographs is not actually a single cohesive structure. For example the eastern side of the foundation could represent an earlier version of the eastern side of the enclosure wall which was subsequently expanded. In this instance the western side of the horseshoe could be seen as part of an internal sub-division whilst the eastern part would have been the enclosure wall. This interpretation seems unnecessarily complicated. The quantity of lithic material apparently recovered from this general vicinity indicates that stone tools were being made within the enclosed area, or to the immediate north. This seems to suggest that this may have been a fully enclosed and roofed space or an open roofed area associated with particular domestic tasks although the difficulty of establishing a clear stratigraphic relationship between the stone tools, structure, and the varied spreads of stone associated (c.104-105) should be stressed. Assuming that the building was roofed raises the possibility that this is a prehistoric house. The absence of an internal hearth should not be used to argue against the interpretation of this structure as a house foundation as the lack of hearths is a persistent feature of prehistoric houses in Ireland, whilst the lack of postholes is not necessarily critical to this interpretation. Peter Reynolds was able to demonstrate that the structure of a roundhouse was strong enough to not require posts to be secured into the sub-soil, a conclusion supported by Cunliffe (Cunliffe 2002, Reynolds 1979, Tomnend 2007, 103). It can also be noted that several of the smaller sub-circular structures excavated at Corrstown, Co. Antrim, contained very few or no postholes, despite having substantial circular foundation trenches (Conway et al forthcoming). The critical feature of these buildings is the ring beam: a timber wall set on top of the D shaped foundation that was topped with a ring beam would have been strong enough to support the weight of a thatched roof, without requiring substantial post holes to set the upright posts in. In general terms the size and shape of this foundation is consistent with known examples of Middle and Late Neolithic houses, and the stone foundations at Piperstown, Co Dublin, provide a particularly convincing comparison, although those buildings do contain very clearly defined hearths (Grogan 1996, 44-55). A number of sites in North mayo are of direct relevance. The structures in Cuttings 5A and 25 at Cide Visitor Centre have already been mentioned. Other diminutive structures include the small building in the north of the Rathlackan enclosure, a number of other small structures discovered in the area around Rathlackan and the small structure found abutting a pre-bog wall in Belderg More. The building within the Rathlackan enclosure is defined by a small square dry stone foundation with a formal entrance. Deposits from a central hearth were radiocarbon dated to c.2900-2450 cal BC indicating the structures belong to the same broad period. The Belderg More structure is similar in size but has yet to be definitively dated although its structural parallels with the example from Cutting 25 at the Cide Visitor Centre would suggest a similar age (Warren 2008). The most interesting comparative sites are found at Ballyglass (Ma.14), the smaller of the two court cairns excavated in Ballyglass townland, a few kilometres south east of the Glenulra enclosure. There two small huts adjacent to the court cairn were excavated. The
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northern hut was defined by two foundation trenches in a C shaped pattern and measured about 5m by 5m. It contained a number of small pits and stakeholes. A date of 3050 to 2450 BC came from the foundation trench of this building. The southern hut was defined by a discontinuous oval foundation trench measuring 6m by 3m. It also contained a number of small pits and stakeholes and a date of 2950 to 2200 BC was obtained from the foundation trench. The northern hut was interpreted as a temporary shelter or dwelling whilst the southern hut was interpreted as a workshop as it was associated with a large number of lithic artefacts and debitage ( Nuallin 1998, 141). A curving arc of stakeholes immediately north of the second structure may represent a third small building, defined by a circle of stakeholes with a diameter of 3.5m, but despite an extensive search the rest of the possible structure could not be located ( Nuallin 1998, 133). A very extensive lithic assemblage came from this site consisting of 490 artefacts and over 1700 pieces of debitage. What is particularly interesting is the proliferation of concave scrapers from this site (192) compared with their total absence from Glenulra. Further middle Neolithic parallels are found at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick where Smyth emphasises the importance of building up materials piling up stones or slabs or utilising outcrops of bedrock (Smyth 2007, 112). Indeed the small irregular buildings found at many of the Lough Gur sites are very reminiscent of the architectural approach practiced at Glenulra (Grogan and Eogan 1987; Rordin 1953/4).
4.3 Postholes and Charcoal Rich Spreads

A series of postholes were identified in the central area of the enclosure, where 10 definite examples were found over an area of around 10m by 7m. There is however no conclusive evidence to indicate which, if any, of these postholes were in use at the same time, and the postholes may have been erected singularly or in smaller groups over a longer time span. The pattern of postholes do not form a conclusive pattern, and multiple interpretations of their layout are possible. The photographic archive demonstrates that some postholes were very formal in character, with elaborate stone packing, but it is not possible, at present, to associate particular postholes with specific fills. Several possibilities are presented here and discussion of the significance of this arrangement of postholes should be treated with much caution. Five postholes immediately south west of the D shaped foundation (c.107, c.109, c.111, c.113, and c.121) may belong to a small oval structure measuring approximately 4m by 3m, whilst the other five (c.125, c.123, c.115, c117 and c.119) may be forming a curving fence line running south west from the north west side of the D shaped foundation. The oval arrangement of postholes is the possible structure referred to by Caulfield in early accounts of the site. If this is indeed a building then it can be interpreted in two ways; as a small oval building with the posts defining the position of the perimeter; as a slightly larger oval building with the postholes marking the position of an internal post ring and with a perimeter located 1m or more beyond the line of the post ring. In the first interpretation the internal area would be approximately 9.5m, whilst the second interpretation would allow for a building with an internal area in excess of 23m. Alternatively, it is possible, although perhaps unlikely, that the four post holes c.111, 113, 123 and 125 form an approximate square, some 3.5-4 m long. This square then has a central post (c.121) and, possibly a linear arrangement of post holes extending to the south east (C. 107, 109 and 133). Such an arrangement is paralleled by a number of circular
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grooved ware buildings in Ireland and beyond including Knowth and Bettystown, Co. Meath and Ballynahatty 6, Co, Antrim, parallels with Structure A at Balgrethan 4, Co; Louth are especially close (Smyth 2007, Fig 6.15). It is interesting to note that these structures were frequently associated with scrapers, axe fragments and debitage, very similar finds to those from Glenlura. In fact, one of the key distinctions between this site and others in North Mayo is the absence of concave scrapers although this should not be interpreted solely in terms of chronology, as houses are demonstrably varied in kind, with different artefacts associated with them. Three spreads of charcoal rich material were located towards the west of the enclosure, in the area at the western limit of the group of postholes described above.. However as one of the postholes, c.115 was apparently overlain by the charcoal spread c.127, the charcoal spreads must post date the possible fence. It is not clear from the available archive if these spreads of charcoal rich material should be considered to be small open hearths or are deposits of burnt material from elsewhere. The charcoal date obtained for the Glenulra enclosure of 3550-2850 cal BC (see below) was obtained from one of these spreads, probably c.127, as indicated on a drawing showing the location of various dated samples from across the project as a whole. This date has an unfortunately large error range and can only be seen to date the enclosure site to the middle or late Neolithic.
4.4 Small Oval Structure

The small oval structure at the west of the enclosure is a very curious feature and as yet no convincing explanations of its function have been developed. Given the large size of the wall, and the amount of effort that went into its construction, the small size of the enclosed space is rather puzzling. It should also be noted that there is no obvious way to access the enclosed area, especially if it was covered by a corbelled roof, as it lacks any sort of entrance passage. This suggests that it may have been accessed by leaning over the large wall, and if it was indeed covered by a corbelled roof of some sort this would need constant removal and rebuilding. The relationship between the oval structure and the enclosure wall is not entirely clear from the information available in the site archive. Photographs 1 and 2 are reasonably vertical aerial shots of the site under excavation and appear to show that the walls of the enclosure abut the oval structure, and that the two ends of the enclosure wall on either side of the oval structure do not line up with each other. This suggests that the oval structure pre-dates the enclosure wall and that the enclosure wall deliberately incorporates this earlier structure. Site photographs also suggest that the area of walling immediately south of c.137 was more orthostatic and extensive than some other areas of the wall. Something unusual characterises this area, but the details cannot be reconstructed at this stage.
4.5 External Pavements

Outside the enclosure there were two areas of rough stone paving or cobbling, c.130 at the south west and c.131 at the north west. Both of these stone areas extended beyond the excavated area and it is not possible to determine whether they were part of a single large surface or were two separate areas or paths. It is possible that an entrance or entrances were located in relation to these stone surfaces but no entrance was identified during the excavation.
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4.5 Overall function

As noted above, the specific aims of the excavation were to establish which of three possible interpretations of the enclosure were correct. The postulated explanations were listed as (1) a small tillage plot (2) a cattle compound (3) a dwelling area. Resolution of these questions requires us to consider, firstly, how synchronous activity within the enclosure is. In the absence of clear stratigraphic sequences, and a general lack of reliable dating evidence, it is not possible to give a definitive answer to this question. A general association between the enclosure and the structural elements contained within it seems likely, but some complexity may be present; charcoal spreads cover post holes, lithics are contained within spreads that seem to imply collapse events, and it is hard to avoid the impression that if the post holes do form any kind of structure, they may not be contemporary with the horseshoe foundation. Most activity appears congruent with a middle or late neolithic date (see below for discussion) and the finds in association with the structures suggest broadly domestic activities: firing of ceramics, production of stone tools. The enclosure itself was not a roofed building, but does appear to contain some structural remains that may have been domestic buildings. This, in turn makes the hypothesis that the enclosure was for cattle seem less likely. (Although, of course, the enclosure may have been used for cattle before a building was constructed, or indeed, after it had collapsed). It is possible that the Glenulra enclosure was used for growing arable crops although the area inside the enclosure (310 m)) initially seems rather small once the area occupied by the foundation (approximately 50 m) is taken into account and the presence of buildings seems incongruous for tillage. However, extensive archaeobotanical work by Amy Bogaard demonstrates that early Neolithic agriculture in Europe was typified by very intensive cultivation as part of mixed farming systems. Investment in particular fields took place over the long term (decades or centuries) with considerable investments in manuring (Bogaard 2005; Bogaard & Jones 2007). Having a small, intensely cultivated area immediately surrounding the house might facilitate the investment of time required, and the enclosure might protect crop from cattle. However, the enclosure still appears small, and this interpretation is unlikely. Our conclusion here is that the enclosure was an area containing a small dwelling and various areas in which daily tasks could be undertaken. Comparative Discussion The enclosure at Glenulra is significant in developing our understanding of the Cide Fields complex, itself one of the most important Neolithic sites in Ireland. The enclosure is the only excavated example of several apparently similar sites that have been identified within the field system during the systematic survey of cutaway bog and probing that was undertaken to map the complex. The only other settlement site excavated in the immediate area, at Ballyglass, probably pre-dates the Cide Fields. The results of this excavation might suggest that the small oval enclosures set within the fields each represent small farm dwellings, but it should be noted that a broadly similar enclosure at Belderg Beg did not contain evidence of habitation. The enclosure at Glenulra is slightly smaller than the other examples in the locale and several of them are large enough to contain multiple buildings. Although it seems likely that all these enclosures represent simple farming settlements it will require further survey and excavation to advance this discussion.
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The dating evidence from the Glenulra enclosure indicates a Neolithic date but cannot be effectively narrowed down within this period. The structural evidence, lithic and ceramic assemblages broadly match our expectations of middle/late Neolithic activity. The radiocarbon date covers a large range, but is consistent with this. Our chronologies of the Neolithic remain in development, but assuming that the middle Neolithic postdates the end of the construction of wooden rectangular structures implies an earliest date of c 3600-3500 cal BC. Palaeoenvironmental sequences suggests widescale clearance in the Cide Fields region at c 3700-3600 cal BC (OConnell & Molloy 2001) with agricultural activity possibly declining slowly over time, suggesting that this should, broadly, correlate to this phase of activity. By 3100 cal BC, woodland regeneration had begun, possibly in conjunction with the end of a long dry climatic phase and some extreme weather events (Caseldine et al 2005). Woodland regeneration, and wetter weather does not, of course, imply that people abandoned the area despite the tone of some recent articles. Many of the structural features at Glenulra are ambiguous. We cannot currently resolve the unusual dry stone structure abutting the western wall and our accounts of internal structures are necessarily circumspect. What is clear, however, is the apparent association of houses, settlement and enclosure. Enclosures are one of the distinctive features of the Neolithic, having not been created in the preceding periods. A relatively recent review of Neolithic enclosures in Ireland could only cite 30 examples, although several additional sites have come to light in the intervening years, and these span a wide variety of site types (Sheridan 2001). enclosure of land into field systems as at Cide Fields has been recorded in a number of other locations, most notably on and around Roughan Hill, Co Clare and on Valencia Island, Co Kerry (Jones 1998; 2003; Mitchell 1989). The Causewayed enclosures which form a reasonably common monument class in England are not well represented in Ireland, Scotland or Wales. However a recently excavated site at Magheraboy, Co Sligo can now be added to Donegore Hill, Co Antrim as clear examples (Danaher 2007; Sheridan 2001, 171-6). A number of sites can also now be assigned to a class of palisaded enclosures, including Lyles Hill, Co Antrim, Thornhill, Co Derry, Knowth, Co Meath and Tara, Co Meath (Sheridan 2001, 176-8). The range in form and size of Neolithic enclosures in Ireland is remarkable given the small number of known sites, and this variety seems consistent with the variety of enclosures recorded in Britain away from the area of Southern England where causewayed enclosures pre-dominate (Darvill and Thomas (eds) 2001). The most obviously comparable sites to the Glenulra enclosure and the other enclosure sites within the Cide Fields are found at Lough Gur, Co Limerick. These are described as penannular walled enclosures around homesteads with a diameter of 25-30m. These are thought to date to the Late Neolithic or Beaker period potentially making them closely comparable in form but probably not date (Grogan and Eogan 1987). At Townleyhall 1, Co Louth penannular bank with external ditch c.18m in diameter enclosed a stake built house with a central hearth (Liversage 1960). This was associated with middle Neolithic pottery with an approximate date range of between 3650 BC and 3350 BC, making it closer in date to the Glenulra enclosure (Sheridan 2001, 181). On top of a large Limestone Plateau at Mullaghfarna, Co Sligo, Grogan describes over 60 circular enclosures, the majority of which are probably house foundations but a number of which appear to be too large and should probably be regarded as enclosures (Grogan 1996, 54 and fig 4.11). In particular the large Circle 1 attached to the north west of the smaller Circle 2 appears to represent a
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small circular building attached to a larger circular enclosure, and several other such unequally sized conjoined pairs are shown on the plan. In addition there are several circular and oval shaped enclosures which appear to be almost twice the size of the smaller circular foundations, and these may well also be enclosures with a 15 to 20m size range. Larger scale enclosures of unclear purpose but which may well relate to settlement are present at Knocknarea and Caltragh in Co Sligo. A series of somewhat discontinuous ditches have been recorded on the eastern side of Knocknarea mountain, and 20 huts of middle Neolithic age have been recorded within the enclosed area (Berg 2002, 147). A large wall, almost certainly of Neolithic date, was discovered during road building at Caltragh, Co Sligo. Whilst numerous interpretations have been offered to explain this site, there is little real evidence to suggest that it doesnt relate directly to settlement or agricultural activity in some manner (Danaher 2007, 69). Within the palisaded enclosure at Thornhill, Co Derry, the excavator recorded 5 potential buildings and more could possibly be located in the unexcavated areas (Logue 2003, 150). We argued above that the small horse shoe shaped foundation could be interpreted as the remains of a small house and raised several possibilities with regard to the interpretation of the post hole patterns on site. Comparable small structures seem to represent the majority of houses from the Middle Neolithic and Late Neolithic periods. In 1996 Eoin Grogan listed 40 small circular houses from Neolithic contexts in Ireland, although 33 of these were identified at just three sites, at Knowth and at Newgrange in Co Meath, and at Lough Gur, Co Limerick (Grogan 1996). All of these structures were small in size, the majority having floor areas of between 16 m and 26.9 m, and only the buildings at Knowth were slightly larger, with floor areas ranging from 28.3 m to 50.3 m. The majority of the listed buildings consist of a small irregular circular area defined by small gullies and containing a reasonable number of postholes. At a number of sites the perimeter was not formally defined, whilst at one site the perimeter of the house was marked by low stone foundations. At Monknewtown, Co Meath, the floor of the house was defined by an oval shaped hollow, at Townleyhall 2, Co Louth, the floor was defined by a spread of dark material and at Slieve Breagh, Co Meath, the house simply consisted of two more or less concentric rings of postholes. The houses at Piperstown, Co Dublin were defined by small circular or oval stone foundations and the structures timbers are thought to have been bedded directly into these (Grogan 1996, 54). Hearths were identified in the centre of most, but not all of these structures. Smyth argues that circular/sub-circular buildings are less formal and more heterogeneous in plan than rectangular buildings; circular/sub-circular, i.e. non rectangular, buildings dominate the architectural record of the middle to later Neolithic in Ireland (2007, 128). If, as Sheridan has argued, small enclosed settlements like Glenulra are an exclusively Middle and Late Neolithic phenomenon, and if as McSparron has argued that the large rectangular houses were built by a colonising group of farmers moving into Ireland during the early Neolithic, it is possible that we are seeing the abandonment of the larger structures in favour of a settlement form more appropriate to local conditions and resources once the communities have become established (McSparron 2008, 19; Sheridan 2001, 180). Smyth (2007) offers a slightly alternative view here, arguing that the middle-later Neolithic sees a focus on smaller units of settlement, often enclosed, that appears to indicate a reorganisation of social and group identity in the middle Neolithic that saw significant changes in the role houses played in society.
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5. Bibliography
Armit, I., Murphy, E., Nelis, E. And Simpson, D. 2003. Irish Neolithic houses. pp 146-8 in Armit, I., Murphy, E., Nelis, E. And Simpson, D. (eds) Neolithic settlement in Ireland and Western Britain. Oxbow. Oxford. Bergh, S. 2002. Knocknarea: the ultimate monument. Megaliths and mountains in Neolithic Cil Irra, north-west Ireland. pp 139-151 in Scarre, C. (ed) Monuments and landscape in Atlantic Europe: Perception and society during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Routledge. London. Bogaard, A. 2005 'Garden agriculture' and the nature of early farming in Europe and the Near East. World Archaeology, 37(2): 177 - 196. Bogaard, A. and G. Jones 2007 Neolithic Farming in Britain and central Europe: contrast or continuity? In A. Whittle and V. Cummings (Ed.). Going Over: the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in North-West Europe, 357-375. London, British Academy Bradley, R. 2003. Neolithic expectations. pp 218-222. In Armit, I., Murphy, E., Nelis, E. And Simpson, D. (eds) Neolithic settlement in Ireland and Western Britain. Oxbow. Oxford. Byrne, G. 1989 1992. Unpublished report on Archaeological Excavation work completed and outstanding. Cide fields, Co Mayo. Byrne, G. 1989. Unpublished report on the Excavation at Behy / Glenulra, Co Mayo. Byrne, G. 1990 - 1991. Unpublished report on the Archaeological Excavation on the site of Cide fields Centre buildings, Co Mayo. Byrne, G. 1993. Unpublished report on the Archaeological Excavation on the site of the Cide fields, Centre buildings, Co Mayo. Byrne, G., Dunne, N. et al 2009 Archaeological Excavations Associated with the Construction of the Cide Fields Visitor Centre: stratigraphic report. Unpublished report. Caseldine, C., G. Thompson, C. Langdon and D. Hendon (2005) Evidence for an extreme climatic event on Achill Island, Co. Mayo, Ireland around 52005100 cal. yr BP. Journal of Quaternary Science, 20: 169178. Caulfield, S., 1978 Neolithic fields: The Irish evidence. In Bowen, H.C. & Fowler, P.J. (eds) Early Land Allotment in the British Isles. BAR 48. Oxford: Archaeopress. Caulfield, S. 1983 The Neolithic Settlement Of North Connacht. In T. Reeves Symth and F. Hammond, (eds) Landscape Archaeology in Ireland. British Archaeology Reports British Series 116, Oxford: BAR. Conway, M., Gahan, A., Ginn,. Lear, A. and Rathbone, S forthcoming. Corrstown, Co. Antrim. A Coastal Community. Oxbow. Oxford. Cooney, G. 1997. Images of settlement and the landscape in the Neolithic. pp 23-31 in Topping, P. (ed) Neolithic Landscapes. Oxbow. Oxford. Cooney, G. 1999. A boom in Neolithic Houses. Archaeology Ireland 13 (1),13-14. Cunliffe, B. 2003. Danebury Hillfort. Tempus. Stroud. Danaher, E. 2007. Monumental Beginnings: The Archaeology of the N4 Sligo Inner Relief Road. Wordwell. Bray. Darvill, T. and Thomas, J. (eds), Neolithic enclosures in Atlantic Northwest Europe. Oxbow. Oxford. De Valera, R. and ONuallain, S. 1961 Survey of the Megalithic Tombs of Ireland: Volume 2 Mayo. Dublin: The Stationary Office. Grogan, E. 1996. Neolithic Houses in Ireland. pp. 41-60 in Darvill, T. And Thomas, J. (eds), Neolithic Houses in Northwest Europe and Beyond. Oxbow. Oxford. Grogan, E. And Eogan, G. 1987. Lough Gur excavations by Sen P. . Rordin: Further Neolithic and Beaker habitations on Knockadoon. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 87C, 299506. Jones, C. 1998. The discovery and dating of the prehistoric landscape of Roughan Hill in Co. Clare. The Journal of Irish Archaeology 9, 27-44. Jones, C. 2003. Neolithic beginnings on Roughan Hill and the Burren. pp 188-194 in Darvill, T. And Thomas, J (eds), Neolithic enclosures in Atlantic Northwest Europe. Oxbow. Oxford. Liversage, G. D. 1960. A Neolithic site at Townleyhall, Co. Louth. Journal of the royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 90, 49-60. Logue, P. 2003. Excavations at Thornhill, Co. Londonderry. pp 149-155 in Armit, I., Murphy, E., Nelis, E. And Simpson, D. (eds) Neolithic settlement in Ireland and Western Britain. Oxbow. Oxford.
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McSparron, C. 2008. Have you no homes to go to? Neolithic housing. Archaeology Ireland 22 (3), 1821. Mitchell, G.F. 1989. Man and Environment in Valencia Island. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin. OConnell, M. and K. Molloy (2001) Farming and Woodland Dynamics in Ireland During the Neolithic. Biology and Environment. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 101B(1-2): 99-128. Nuallin, S. 1998. Excavation of the smaller court-tomb and associated hut sites at Ballyglass, County Mayo. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C, 98, 4, 125-175. Rordin, S. 1953/54. Lough Gur excavations: Neolithic and Bronze Age houses on Knockadoon. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 56C: 297-459. Reynolds, P. 1979. Iron Age Farm: The Butser Experiment. British Museum Press. London. Sheridan, A. 2001. Donegore Hill and other Irish Neolithic enclosures: a view from outside. pp. 171189 in Darvill, T. and Thomas, J. (eds), Neolithic enclosures in Atlantic Northwest Europe. Oxbow. Oxford. Sleeman A.G. et. al. 1992 Geology of North Mayo. A Geological Description to accompany the Bedrock Geology 1:100,000 Map Series; Sheet 6, North Mayo. Geological Survey of Ireland. Smyth, J. (2007). Neolithic Settlement in Ireland: new theories and approaches. UCD School of Archaeology. Dublin, UCD. PhD. Townsend, S. 2007. What have reconstructed roundhouses ever done for us? Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 73, 97-111. Verrill, L. 2006. Later prehistoric environmental marginality in western Ireland: multi-proxy investigations., University of Edinburgh
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6. Figures
Figure 1: location map of main sites discussed in text. Glenulra enclosure is located at the Cide Visitor Centre, no. 3
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Figure 2: Aerial photograph facing South. Glenulra enclosure is the white area in middle distance. Note that this photograph pre-dates the building of the Cide Visitors Centre and gives a clear indication of the extent of peat cutting.
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Figure 3: Plan of the Cide Fields; the Glenulra enclosure is marked by an arrow
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Figure 4: 2009 composite plan of excavations at Glenulra enclosure
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Figure 5: Vertical Aerial Photograph of Glenulra enclosure
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Figure 6: Well faced wall at east of enclosure
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Figure 7: The entrance at the north of the enclosure
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Figure 8: Oblique aerial photograph showing the stone foundation c.106 in the foreground
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Figure 9: Oblique aerial photograph showing the stone foundation c.106
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Figure 10: Photograph taken during the excavation showing the eastern part of the low stone foundation c.106 protruding from the baulk.
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Figure 11: Posthole showing packing material.
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Figure 12: Posthole showing packing material.
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Figure 13: The oval structure c.137 attached to the western edge of the enclosure
Page 35 of 57
Figure 14: The animal pen structure in Cide in cutting 5A facing east
Page 36 of 57
7. Appendices
Appendix One: Feature Register
Context No. 101 102
Cutting
Type
Description
All 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,& 13 8& 9 8&9
Layer Wall
Peat Layer Enclosure Wall
103 104
Layer Wall
Debris overlying the stone foundation C.106 Small stones within the stone foundation c.106 Collapse of wall C102
105
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,& 13 8&9 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 2 2 5 5
Layer
106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
Wall Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill
Stone foundation underlying 103/104/105 Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole
Page 37 of 57
Context No. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
Cutting
Type
Description
5 5 5 5 5 5 1&2 1 3 4&7 4&7 4&7 4 7 and/or 10
Cut Fill Cut Fill Spread Spread Spread Spread Spread Stone Cut Fill Clearance Spread
Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Post Hole Cut Fill of post hole Charcoal Spread (1) within the enclosure Charcoal Spread (2) within the enclosure Charcoal Spread (3) within the enclosure Mixed stone spread (Grid 1) Mixed stone spread (Grid 3) Flat slab Grid 4 / 7 Post hole cut underlying 132 Fill of 133 Possible deliberate cleared area Grid 4 Charcoal Spread S.E. cutting Exterior and Interior Semi circular wall attached to the western side of the enclosure Sub Soil
137
Wall
138
All
Layer
Page 38 of 57
Appendix Two: Photographic Register

Two primary photographic archives exist, a small selection of prints and a number of photographs in extensive negative collections with photographs of many aspects of the North Mayo research projects currently being scanned and catalogued by Caulfield. Prints
Photo No. S0001 S0002 S0003 S0004 S0005 S0006 S0007 S0008 S0009 S0010 S0011 S0012 Facing W W S W S NW S W S W Description aerial photo of Glenulra aerial photo of Glenulra aerial photo of Glenulra aerial photo of Glenulra enclosure near end of excavation aerial photo of Glenulra enclosure near end of excavation aerial photo of Glenulra enclosure near end of excavation aerial photo of Glenulra enclosure halfway through excavation aerial photo of Glenulra enclosure near end of excavation aerial photo of Glenulra enclosure near end of excavation aerial photo of Glenulra enclosure near end of excavation Strip of 21 'thumbnails' of western half of Glenulra enclosure Strip of 34 'thumbnails' of various aerial photos in and around Glenulra
Negatives
Ref 9-29-2009_001 9-29-2009_002 9-29-2009_003 9-29-2009_004 9-29-2009_005 9-29-2009_006 9-29-2009_007 9-29-2009_008 9-30-2009_001 Description Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure Enclosure Wall showing wall face, at the east of the enclosure
Page 39 of 57
Ref 9-30-2009_002 9-30-2009_003 9-30-2009_004 9-30-2009_005 9-30-2009_006 9-30-2009_007 9-30-2009_008 9-30-2009_009 9-30-2009_010 9-30-2009_011 9-30-2009_012 9-30-2009_013 9-30-2009_014 9-30-2009_015 9-30-2009_016 9-30-2009_017 9-30-2009_018 9-30-2009_019 9-30-2009_020 9-30-2009_021 9-30-2009_022 9-30-2009_023 9-30-2009_024 9-30-2009_025 9-30-2009_026 9-30-2009_027 9-30-2009_028 9-30-2009_029 9-30-2009_030 9-30-2009_031 9-30-2009_032
Description Part of possible foundation F106 extending from the north south baulk Part of possible foundation F106 extending from the north south baulk Part of possible foundation F106 extending from the north south baulk Part of possible foundation F106 extending from the north south baulk Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (2) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (2) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (2) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (2) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Unidentified posthole with packing stones (1) Section through peat, probably the central baulk Section through peat, probably the central baulk Section through peat, probably the central baulk Section through peat, probably the central baulk Section through peat, probably the central baulk
Page 40 of 57
Ref 9-30-2009_033 9-30-2009_034 9-30-2009_035 9-30-2009_036 9-30-2009_037 9-30-2009_038 9-30-2009_039 9-30-2009_040 9-30-2009_041 9-30-2009_042 9-30-2009_043 9-30-2009_044 9-30-2009_045 9-30-2009_046 9-30-2009_047 9-30-2009_048 9-30-2009_049 9-30-2009_050 9-30-2009_051
Description Section through peat, probably the central baulk Section through peat, probably the central baulk Enclosure wall protruding from central baulk Enclosure wall protruding from central baulk Section through peat, probably the central baulk Eastern end of the enclosure Eastern end of the enclosure Enclosure wall protruding from central baulk Enclosure wall protruding from central baulk Eastern part of the horseshoe shaped foundation at the east of the enclosure Eastern part of the horseshoe shaped foundation at the east of the enclosure Eastern part of the horseshoe shaped foundation at the east of the enclosure Eastern part of the horseshoe shaped foundation at the east of the enclosure Enclosure wall coming out of peat General shot of the excavations General shot of the excavations General shot of the excavations General shot of the excavations General shot of the excavations
Page 41 of 57
Appendix Three: Drawing Register
Drawing_No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Plan/Section Plan Sketch Plan Sketch Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan Plan
Scale 1: 50
Description Plan of east side of enclosure wall Sketch plan of the enclosure and field system
1: 50
Plan of the west side of the enclosure Sketch plan of the enclosure
1: 20 1: 20 1: 20 1: 20 1: 20 1: 20 1: 20 1: 50 1: 50 1: 50 1: 50 1: 50
Plan of enclosure wall Plan of enclosure wall Plan of enclosure wall Plan of enclosure wall Plan of enclosure wall Plan of enclosure wall Plan of enclosure wall Plan of the west half of the enclosure Plan of site grid Plan of the south west of the South West of the enclosure Compiled Site Plan (2009) Plan of south west of the enclosure with postholes Finds plot
Page 42 of 57
Appendix Four: Finds Register
70E24:001:103
70E24:002:103 70E24:003:103 70E24:004:136
70E24:005:103
70E24:006:103 70E24:007:103 70E24:008:103
70E24:009:103
70E24:010:103
70E24:011:103
70E24:012:103 71E24:013:103 71E24:014:103 71E24:015:103 71E24:016:103 71E24:017:103 71E24:018:103 71E24:019:103 71E24:020:103 71E24:021:103 71E24:022:103
Find No
Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted
Trench
103 103 103 136 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Context
00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1970 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
Date
Qty
Material
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
OTHER Quartz Dolerite Chert Chert Flint Flint Flint Flint Chert Chert Chert Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite
Black ovoid smooth faced stone with flattened posterior surface. Probable beach cobble Debitage Natural Black; flake, convex scraper Black; flake, some dorsal pressure flaking visible, broken Light grey; flake, some residual cortex visible Light grey; flake Light grey; flake Light grey; flake, convex scraper with secondary retouch, broken. Black; flake Black; blade, distinct bulb of precussion and possible retouch, broken Black; flake, scraper with secondary retouch, broken Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural
Description Page 43 of 57
71E24:023:103 71E24:024:103 71E24:025:103 71E24:026:103 71E24:027:103 71E24:028:103 71E24:029:103 71E24:030:103 71E24:031:103 71E24:032:103 71E24:033:103 71E24:034:103 71E24:035:103 71E24:036:103 71E24:037:103 71E24:038:103 71E24:039:103
71E24:040:103
71E24:041:103 71E24:042:103 71E24:043:103
71E24:044:103
71E24:045:103
71E24:046:103 71E24:047:103
Find No
Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted
Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
103 103 103
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Chert Dolerite Flint Flint Quartz Rock Crystal Quartz Quartz Quartz Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Dolerite Dolerite
Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Blue grey; debitage Natural Light grey; borer, broken. Light grey; debitage. Debitage Blue grey; debitage Debitage Debitage Debitage Flake
1 1 1
Debitage Natural Natural
Page 44 of 57
71E24:048:103 71E24:049:103 71E24:050:103 71E24:051:103 71E24:052:103 71E24:053:103 71E24:054:103 71E24:055:103 71E24:056:103 71E24:057:103 71E24:058:103 71E24:059:103 71E24:060:103 71E24:061:103 71E24:062:103
71E24:063:103
71E24:064:103
71E24:065:103
71E24:066:127 71E24:067:131
71E24:068:103
71E24:069:127 71E24:070:127 71E24:071:103 71E24:072:103
Find No
Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid 12 Grid 12 Sq
Grid Sq 5 Grid Sq 1 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 5 Grid Sq 5 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 11/08/1971 24/03/1971 30/07/1971 30/07/1971 00/00/1971 30/07/1971 30/07/1971 30/07/1971 30/07/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dolerite Dolerite Flint Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Flint Flint Chert Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint
Natural Natural Light grey; debitage Natural Natural Natural Grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Black; flake, blade, pressure flaking visible, broken Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Brown; debitage. Light grey; debitage
Sq
103
28/07/1971
Flint
Light grey; flake, plano convex blade, broken at base and tip, some retouch visible along lateral Black; flake, chert barbed and tanged arrowhead, one broken barb, clear pressure flaking visible Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Black fabric; heat blackened sherd, extremely friable. Black fabric; heat blackened sherd, extremely friable.
Page 45 of 57
127 131 103 127 127 103 103 103
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 26/07/1971 21/07/1971 04/08/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Chert Flint Flint Rock Crystal Flint Flint Ceramic Ceramic
71E24:073:103 71E24:074:103
71E24:075:103
71E24:076:103
71E24:077:103
71E24:078:103 71E24:079:103 71E24:080:103 71E24:081:103
71E24:082:103
71E24:083:103
71E24:084:103 71E24:085:103 71E24:086:103 71E24:087:103 71E24:088:103 71E24:089:103 71E24:090:103
71E24:091:103
71E24:092:103
71E24:093:103 71E24:094:103 71E24:095:103
Find No
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8
Trench
103 103 103
103
103 103 103 103 103 103
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
103 103 103 103
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
24/08/1971
24/08/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 28/07/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1
Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic
Black fabric; heat blackened sherd, extremely friable. Black fabric; heat blackened sherd, extremely friable. Black fabric with quartz inclusions, heat blackened sherd, extremely friable. Black fabric with quartz inclusions, heat blackened sherd, extremely friable. Black fabric with quartz inclusions, heat blackened sherd, extremely friable. Natural Black fabric; heat blackened sherd, extremely friable Brown; debitage Flake; blade Debitage
Ceramic
1 1 1 1 1 1
Ceramic Dolerite Ceramic Flint Quartz Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Flake; planeo convex blade Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Light brown; body sherd, friable Light brown; body sherd, friable Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackening on exterior Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on exterior Light brown; body sherd, eat blackening on exterior. Light brown; flake, broken Light grey; debitage
1 1 1 1
Ceramic Ceramic Flint Flint
Page 46 of 57
71E24:096:103 71E24:097:130 71E24:098:130
71E24:099:103
71E24:100:136
71E24:101:136
71E24:102:136
71E24:103:136
71E24:104:106
71E24:105:136
71E24:106:103
71E24:107:103
71E24:108:103
71E24:109:103
71E24:110:103
71E24:111:103
71E24:112:103
71E24:113:103
71E24:114:103
Find No
Grid Sq 1 Grid Sq 1 Grid Sq 8 Grid 12 Grid 12 Grid 12 Grid 12 Grid 12 Grid 12 Grid 12 Sq
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8
Trench
130 130 103 136
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 13/07/1971 29/07/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1
Flint Flint Flint Flint
Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage
Sq
136
28/07/1971
Flint
Light grey; debitage
Sq
136
00/00/1971
Flint
Sq
136
00/00/1971
Flint
Sq
136
00/00/1971
Flint
Sq
136
05/07/1971
Flint
Sq
136
00/00/1971
Flint
Light grey; debitage Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackening on exterior. Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackening on exterior. Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackening on exterior. Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackening on exterior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable.
103
00/00/1971
Ceramic
103
00/00/1971
Ceramic
103
00/00/1971
Ceramic
103 103 103
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
1 1 1
103
00/00/1971
Ceramic
103
00/00/1971
Ceramic
103
00/00/1971
Ceramic
Page 47 of 57
71E24:115:103
71E24:116:103
71E24:117:103 71E24:118:103 71E24:119:103 71E24:120:103 71E24:121:103 71E24:122:103 71E24:123:103 71E24:124:103
71E24:125:103
71E24:126:103
71E24:127:103
71E24:128:103
71E24:129:103
71E24:130:103 71E24:131:103 71E24:132:103 71E24:133:103 71E24:134:103 71E24:135:103 71E24:136:103 71E24:137:103 71E24:138:103
Find No
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Trench
103
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
103 103 103
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Context
00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 07/08/1971 06/07/1971 04/07/1971 07/08/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 27/07/1971 00/00/1971 05/07/1971 28/07/1971 28/07/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Ceramic
Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackening on exterior. Natural Natural Light grey; flake, blade, broken. Light grey; debitage. Natural Natural Light grey, flake, debitage. Light brown with large quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on exterior Light brown with large quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on exterior Charcoal Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown cermic sherd with large stone inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd; heat blackened on exterior Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd Light brown; body sherd Black fabric; heat blackened sherd, extremely friable. Grey; debitage, possibly burnt Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light brown; debitage Light grey; debitage
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ceramic Ceramic Dolerite Dolerite Flint Flint Dolerite Dolerite Flint Ceramic
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint
Page 48 of 57
71E24:139:103 71E24:140:103 71E24:141:103
71E24:142:103
71E24:143:103
71E24:144:103
71E24:145:103
71E24:146:103 71E24:147:103 71E24:148:103 71E24:149:103
71E24:150:103
71E24:151:103 71E24:152:103 71E24:153:103 71E24:154:103
71E24:155:103
71E24:156:103
71E24:157:103
71E24:158:103
71E24:159:103
71E24:160:103
71E24:161:103
Find No
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
103
103
103 103
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 28/07/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971
29/07/1971
29/07/1971 29/07/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1
Flint Flint Flint Rock Crystal Flint Rock Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Chert Rock Crystal Chert Rock Crystal Rock crystal Flint
Light grey; debitage, patinated Light grey; debitage, patinated Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Flake; blade butt, broken at tip, some pressure flaking evident Light brown ceramic with large quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd Light brown; body sherd. Light brown with large quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior, extremely friable. Black; debitage. Debitage Black; flake, dorsal pressure flaking evident, weathered Flake butt, broken
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
Debitage Light grey; debitage.

Page 49 of 57
71E24:162:103 71E24:163:103 71E24:164:103 71E24:165:103 71E24:166:103 71E24:167:103 71E24:168:103 71E24:169:103 71E24:170:103 71E24:171:103 71E24:172:103 71E24:173:103 71E24:174:103 71E24:175:103 71E24:176:103 71E24:177:103 71E24:178:103 71E24:179:103 71E24:180:103 71E24:181:103 71E24:182:103 71E24:183:103 71E24:184:103 71E24:185:103 71E24:186:103 71E24:187:103 71E24:188:103
Find No
Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Square 8 Square 8 Square 8 Square 8 Square 8 Square 8
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Context
29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971 00/00/1971 29/07/1971 29/07/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Flint Flint Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Flint Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Chert Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Flint
Light brown; debitage. Light grey; debitage. Natural Natural Natural Natural Light grey; debitage Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Blue grey; debitage Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Light grey; debitage.
Page 50 of 57
71E24:189:103 71E24:190:103 71E24:191:103 71E24:192:103 71E24:193:103
71E24:194:103
71E24:195:103
71E24:196:103
71E24:197:103
71E24:198:103
71E24:199:103
71E24:200:103
71E24:201:103
71E24:202:103 71E24:203:103
71E24:204:103
71E24:205:103 71E24:206:103 71E24:207:103 71E24:208:103 71E24:209:103 71E24:210:103 71E24:211:103
Find No
Square 8 Square 8 Square 9 Square 9 Square 9 Square 9
Square 9
Square 9
Square 9
Square 9
Square 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103
103
103
103
103
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Context
29/07/1971 29/07/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971 28/07/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1
Flint Flint Flint Flint Quartz Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Flint Rock Crystal Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint
Light grey; debitage. Light grey; debitage. Light grey; debitage. Light grey; debitage. Debitage Flake; possible point
Debitage
Debitage
Debitage
Debitage
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Flake, broken Brown; debitage. Debitage Light grey; flake. Light grey; debitage. Light brown; flake, scraper, probable retouch on distal edge. Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage Light brown; debitage Light brown; debitage Light grey; debitage Light grey; debitage
Page 51 of 57
71E24:212:103 71E24:213:103 71E24:214:103 71E24:215:103 71E24:216:103 71E24:217:103 71E24:218:103 71E24:219:103 71E24:220:103 71E24:221:103 71E24:222:103 71E24:223:103 71E24:224:103 71E24:225:103 71E24:226:103 71E24:227:103 71E24:228:103 71E24:229:103 71E24:230:103 71E24:231:103 71E24:232:103 71E24:233:103 71E24:234:103 71E24:235:103 71E24:236:103 71E24:237:103 71E24:238:103
Find No
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite
Light grey; debitage Brown; debitage Light grey; debitage Brown; debitage Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Light grey; flake, broken Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural
Page 52 of 57
71E24:239:103 71E24:240:103 71E24:241:103 71E24:242:103 71E24:243:103 71E24:244:103 71E24:245:103 71E24:246:103 71E24:247:103 71E24:248:103 71E24:249:103 71E24:250:103 71E24:251:103 71E24:252:103
71E24:253:103
71E24:254:103
71E24:255:103
71E24:256:103
71E24:257:103
71E24:258:103
71E24:259:103
71E24:260:103
71E24:261:103
Find No
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
103
103
103
103
103 103 103 103
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Dolerite Chert Chert Chert Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Quartz Ceramic Quartz
Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Natural Black; debitage Black; debitage Black; debitage Debitage
Debitage
Debitage
Debitage
Debitage
1 1 1 1
Debitage Debitage Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened ceramic sherd, extremely friable Debitage
Page 53 of 57
71E24:262:103 71E24:263:103 71E24:264:103
71E24:265:103
71E24:266:103
71E24:267:103
71E24:268:103
72E24:269:103
72E24:270:103
72E24:271:103
71E24:272:103
71E24:273:103
72E24:274:103
71E24:275:103
71E24:276:103
71E24:277:103
72E24:278:103
72E24:279:103
72E24:280:103
71E24:281:103
Find No
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 9
Trench
103 103 103 103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103 103 103 103 103
103
103
103
103
103
Context
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
00/00/1971
14/03/1972
14/03/1972
00/00/1971 00/00/1971 24/03/1972 00/00/1971 00/00/1971
16/03/1972
16/03/1972
20/03/1972
15/03/1972
00/00/1971
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1
Quartz Quartz Quartz Rock Crystal Rock Crystal Ceramic Rock Crystal Ceramic
Debitage Debitage Debitage Debitage
Debitage Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened ceramic sherd, extremely friable Debitage. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened ceramic sherd, extremely friable Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened ceramic sherd, extremely friable Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened ceramic sherd, extremely friable Light brown with quartz inclusions, heat blackened on interior Light brown; body sherd Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackened on interior Light brown; body sherd Light brown with quartz inclusions, body sherd, heat blackening on interior Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable Light brown ceramic sherd with quartz inclusions, heat blackened on interior and exterior, thickness of sherd may denote a base piece Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Black fabric with quartz inclusions; body sherds, heat blackened' extremely friable, possible part of S shaped rim. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely
Page 54 of 57
Ceramic
Ceramic
1 1 1 1 1
Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
Ceramic
71E24:282:103
72E24:283:103
72E24:284:103
72E24:285:103 72E24:286:103 72E24:287:103 72E24:288:103 72E24:289:103
72E24:290:103
72E24:291:103
72E24:292:103
72E24:293:103
72E24:294:103 72E24:295:103 72E24:296:103
72E24:297:103
72E24:298:103
72E24:299:103
72E24:300:103
72E24:301:103
72E24:302:103
Find No
Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 9
Grid Sq 8
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
103 103 103 103 103 103 103
103
103 103
Context
00/00/1971 14/03/1972 14/03/1972 14/03/1972 14/03/1972 16/03/1972 16/03/1972 16/03/1972 16/03/1972 16/03/1972 16/03/1972
16/03/1972 14/03/1972 14/03/1972 14/03/1972 00/00/1972 00/00/1972 00/00/1972
00/00/1972
00/00/1972 00/00/1972
Date
Qty
Material
friable 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Light brown with quartz inclusions; body sherd, heat blackened on both exterior and interior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Black fabric; heat blackened ceramic sherd, extremely friable Black fabric; heat blackened, extremely friable Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened on exterior, extremely friable Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Light brown; body sherd, heat blackened on interior. Black fabric; body sherd, heat blackened, extremely friable Black; end scraper, retouch on edge. Light grey; leaf shaped arrowhead, pressure flaking over entire surface Light grey; flake, large projectile point, probable spearhead, broken near to base, pressure flaking along base and remains of cortex on one side of point Light grey; adze tip, largely symetrical profile, with some damage to one side and partial to tip, polished Light grey; flake, slight polish
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic Chert Flint
Flint
1 1
Mudstone Mudstone
Page 55 of 57
72E24:303:103 72E24:304:103 72E24:305:103 72E24:306:103 72E24:307:103 72E24:308:103 72E24:309:103 72E24:310:103 72E24:311:103
Find No
Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9
Trench
103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103
Context
00/00/1972 00/00/1972 16/03/1972 00/00/1972 16/03/1972 27/03/1972 27/03/1972 00/00/1972 27/03/1972
Date
Qty
Material
Description
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Chert Flint Chert Dolerite Dolerite Flint Flint Flint Dolerite
Black; flake, scraper, some retouch evident Light grey; debitage Black; core Natural Natural Brown; debitage Brown; debitage Brown; debitage Natural
Page 56 of 57
Appendix Five: Sample Register

No samples from the site are available.
Page 57 of 57

Glenulra Enclosure

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Glenulra Enclosure

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Archaeological Excavations at the

Glenulra Enclosure (E24)

UCD School of Archaeology

Appendix Four: Finds Register ........................................................................................ 43 Appendix Five: Sample Register...................................................................................... 57

1. Background and introduction 1.1 Introduction

1.2 Background and Methodology

2 Site Location & Description

2.2 Description of site

2.3 The site archive

3.3 Samples and Palaeoenvironmental evidence

3.4 Radiocarbon dates

3550 - 2850 cal BC

Table 1: Radiocarbon date with different errrors from Glenulra enclosure.

4. Glenulra enclosure: discussion

4.2 The Horseshoe Shaped Foundation

4.3 Postholes and Charcoal Rich Spreads

4.4 Small Oval Structure

4.5 External Pavements

4.5 Overall function

Figure 4: 2009 composite plan of excavations at Glenulra enclosure

Figure 5: Vertical Aerial Photograph of Glenulra enclosure

Figure 6: Well faced wall at east of enclosure

Figure 7: The entrance at the north of the enclosure

Figure 9: Oblique aerial photograph showing the stone foundation c.106

Figure 11: Posthole showing packing material.

Figure 12: Posthole showing packing material.

All 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,& 13 8& 9 8&9

Peat Layer Enclosure Wall

5 5 5 5 5 5 1&2 1 3 4&7 4&7 4&7 4 7 and/or 10

Appendix Two: Photographic Register

Appendix Three: Drawing Register

Appendix Four: Finds Register

70E24:002:103 70E24:003:103 70E24:004:136

70E24:006:103 70E24:007:103 70E24:008:103

71E24:041:103 71E24:042:103 71E24:043:103

Unlisted Unlisted Unlisted

103 103 103

00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971

Debitage Natural Natural

71E24:069:127 71E24:070:127 71E24:071:103 71E24:072:103

Grid Sq 5 Grid Sq 1 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 5 Grid Sq 5 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9

127 131 103 127 127 103 103 103

00/00/1971 00/00/1971 26/07/1971 21/07/1971 04/08/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971

Chert Flint Flint Rock Crystal Flint Flint Ceramic Ceramic

71E24:078:103 71E24:079:103 71E24:080:103 71E24:081:103

71E24:084:103 71E24:085:103 71E24:086:103 71E24:087:103 71E24:088:103 71E24:089:103 71E24:090:103

71E24:093:103 71E24:094:103 71E24:095:103

Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9

Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9

Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 9 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8

Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8

103 103 103

103 103 103 103 103 103

103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103 103

103 103 103 103

00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971

24/08/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 28/07/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971

00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971

00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971 00/00/1971

Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

Ceramic Ceramic Flint Flint

71E24:096:103 71E24:097:130 71E24:098:130

Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8 Grid Sq 8

130 130 103 136