PHN I : M U

C ph l mt loi thc ung rt c bit c t rt lu. Ngy nay th c ph cng c a chung v pht trin khng ngng. C ph l loi cy ch trng mt s nc vng nhit i, ni m c iu kin kh hu thun li. Tuy nhin mt s quc gia c coi l th trng ln, l ni tiu th ln lng c ph: Php, M v cc nc Chu u.... th li khng trng c loi c ph ny. Cc quc gia ny l ni m c ph c coi l khng th thiu, chnh v vy m c ph l mt mt hng khng ch tiu th trong nc m cn xut khu mang li hiu qu kinh t cao. Ngy nay, ngi s dng c ph ngy cng nhiu v c ph tr thnh mt loi thc ung ph bin, thm vo l s hi h ca cuc sng v nhp sng tt bc ca thi i th vic thng thc c ph bng phng php c in mang li iu bt li v thi gian. Chnh v vy m cc sn phm c ph ho tan ra i, vi s ra i u tin ca cng ty Nestle vi thng hiu Nestcafe (1938). C ph ho tan c tnh u vit v s tin li ca n i vi ngi tiu dng v ngy cng c mi ngi a chung v la chn. C ph ho tan em li hiu qu kinh t cao, l mt hng c gi tr, rt thun li trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn. nc ta tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu c ph ang trn pht trin, vi sn lng hng nm rt ln, ng th hai trn th gii. Tuy nhin vic ch bin c ph trong nc cn rt nhiu hn ch vi nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. Song vi nhng thun li v ngun nguyn liu th vic ch bin cc sn phm c ph c bit l c ph ho tan s c nhiu thun li v hiu qu kinh t hn. Vic ch bin c ph ho tan trong nc s gii quyt c ngun nguyn liu di do trong nc, gii quyt v vn vic lm cho ngi dn, tng thu nhp. V vy vic nghin cu ch bin c ph ho tan l vic lm rt cn thit v c nhiu ngha. C ph ho tan cng l sn phm c th cnh tranh vi cc sn phm khc cng loi ca nc ngoi em li hiu qu kinh t v xut khu. Ni dung bi: C ph ho tan l mt sn phm c hng v c bit, rt phong ph v a dng. N khng phi l mt sn phm thc phm v n, thc ung ch yu. Tuy nhin qua ti chng ta c th hiu cc c tnh sinh l, quy trnh sn xut sn phm, cc yu cu v cht lng v bo qun.... T ta c th m rng v nng cao hn n ngha ca cht lng phc v. ti s gii thiu n mt s ni dung v: nguyn liu, quy trnh sn xut c ph ho tan cng mt s my mc thit b v quy trnh c p dng trong ch bin, cc ch tiu cht lng sn phm . ngha khoa hc: Qua ti nghin cu ny gip bit thm v cng ngh ch bin c ph ho tan. - C kin thc x l nhng s c trong qu trnh sn xut v pht trin sn phm p ng nhu cu x hi ngy cng tng. ngha thc tin: ti nghin cu n quy trnh sn xut chung ca sn phm nghin cu v tm hiu thm cc qu trnh c ng dng v thit b phc v ch bin sn xut. T ra cc phng php sn xut, vic s dng my mc thit b ph hp to ra sn phm c cht lng tt, t tiu chun nhm em li li ch cao nht. Vic nghin cu thnh cng khng nhng to ra mt sn phm c gi tr kinh t m cn nng cao gi tr ca c ph nguyn liu gp phn tng thm thu nhp ca ngi trng c ph. Vic sn xut c ph ho tan cng l mt bin php pht trin ngnh cng nghip ch bin c ph nc ta. Hin nay phn ln c ph ca ta l xut khu nguyn liu th, cha qua ch bin nn gi tr ca n thp, li ch kinh t t trng c ph mang li cha cao.
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PHN II: NI DUNG NGHIN CU

CHNG I: 1.1 GII THIU TNG QUT V CY C PH

Ngun gc v xut x ca cy c ph: Theo mt truyn thuyt c ghi li trn giy vo nm 1671, nhng ngi chn d Kaffa ( thuc Ethiopia ngy nay) pht hin mt s con d ca h sau n qu cy mu c mu hoa trng th chng chy nhy khng mt mi. V khi h th n loi qu th h cm nhn c cng hiu ca n, dn dn h bit p dch nc qu ung... V mi ngi ai cng tin rng Ethiopia l vng t khi nguyn ca cy c ph. T th k IX, cy c ph bt u c bit n, t th k XIV nhng ngi bun n l mang ht c ph t Ethiopia sang Rp, nhng n th k XV th ngi ta mi bit rang c ph ln v s dng n lm ung. V vng Rp l ni trng c ph c quyn, trung tm mua bn giao dch l Mocha (Mokka) ngy nay l thnh ph Al Mukka thuc Yemen. Cch thc pha c xa ca ngi Ethiopia: Ht c ph sau khi rang ln c cho vo nghin vn, hoc gi trong ci. Sau em trn vi ng, nu v ra bt. y l loi cy ch c trng Rp v Chu Phi v cy ngy cng c trng nhiu ni thch hp khc. u th k XVII c ph c trng khp cc x s nhit i m nguyn nhn ch yu l do ngi Chu u mang sang vi s bnh trng thuc a ca quc Chu u. Cy c ph c trng u tin Vit Nam t nm 1870 v mi n u th k XX th mi pht trin mt s nng trng quc doanh cc tnh pha Bc- khong 13000 ha. Sau gii phng 1975, cy c ph pht trin mnh Ty Nguyn nh vn t cc Hip nh hp tc lin chnh ph ca cc nc: Lin X, CHDC c, Tip Khc..(119000 ha-1990). Ngy nay, da trn c s , phong tro trng c ph pht trin mnh trong nhn dn (sn lng 700000 tn vi din tch khong 390000 ha). 1.2 c im sinh thi, cc yu cu v iu kin ngoi cnh (kh hu- th nhng ca cy c ph): 1.2.1 c im sinh thi: Cy c ph thuc h thin tho, cy cao t 3-10m C hoa mu trng, thi gian thu hoch di t thng 10 n thng 1 nm sau. C nhiu loi c ph trn th gii nhng c trng ch yu l 3 loi ging c ph sau: - C ph ch (Arabica): c ph thuc ging Coffea aribia linaeus. - C ph vi (Robuta): c ph thuc ging Coffea canephora Pierre. - C ph mt: c ph thuc ging Coffea ex-Frochner. * Cy c ph: Tu thuc vo chng loi v ging c ph m cy c cao khc nhau. C ph ch c th cao 6m, c ph vi ln n 10m. Tuy nhin trong vic trng trt, chm sc cy, ngi ta thng ct ta cnh l gi c cao t 2-4m thun li cho vic thu hoch sau ny. Cy c ph c cnh thon di, l cun ngn, xanh m, hnh oval, mu xanh ca l l xanh xm pha trn cn pha di c mu xanh nht hn.Chiu di l khong 8- 15cm, rng 4- 6cm. R c ph l r cc vi r ci cm su vo lng t 1- 2,5m v rt nhiu r ph to ra xung quanh gip cy c vng chc v lm nhim v ht cht dinh dng nui cy. * Hoa c ph: Hoa c ph c mu trng, 5 cnh v thng mc thnh chm 2 hay chm 3, hoa c mu v mi ging hoa nhi. Hoa n trong 3- 4 ngy v thi gian hoa th phn khong vi gi. Tng s bng trn mt cy: 30000- 40000 bng hoa. Vic hnh thnh hoa, kt qu gip cho ngi trng nh gi v
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cht lng, sn lng ma v cng nh v gi c th trng. * Qu c ph: Sau khi hoa c th phn bi gi v cn trng, th sau khong t 7- 9 thng cy s hnh thnh qu. Qu c ph c hnh bu dc, b ngoi ging qu anh o. Trong qu trnh qu chn, cc thnh phn bn trong v mu sc ca qu c s bin i, mu qu t xanh sang vng v cui cng l , khi qu chn mu qu c mu en. Do thi gian ra hoa v kt qu ca c ph ko di nn ma v c ph ko di 1 nm nn trn 1 cy thng c c hoa v c qu c ph. Qu c ph thng c 2 ht, i khi c 3 hoc 1 ht. Chng c bao bc bi lp tht qu bn ngoi, hai ht c ph nm p st bn nhau. Mt tip xc gia chng l mt phng, mt hng ra ngoi hnh vng cung. Mi ht c bo v bi lp mng mng, lp mu trng bc bn trong bm cht ly v ht, lp mu vng ri rc bao bc bn ngoi. 1.2.2 Cc yu cu v iu kin ngoi cnh: a. t ai: C ph c th trng trn nhiu loi t khc nhau tu theo tng chng loi cy c ph m cn trng trn loi t thch hp. Trong t Bazan l mt trong nhng loi t l tng trng cy c ph v c c im l ho tnh tt v tng dy ca loi t ny. Yu cu c bn ca t trng c ph l c tng su, su t 70cm tr ln, c thot nc tt, khng ng ly. Cy c ph c kh nng trng c trn cc loi t k c vng cao. D trng loi t no, thun li hay khng thun li th cn phi nng cao ph nhiu ca t: bn phn y kt hp vi vic chm sc cy ng k thut... to iu kin cho cy pht trin gp phn nng cao nng sut. b. Kh hu: Khng phi vng t no cng u c kh nng trng c cy c ph. Ngoi yu t v t trng, cy c ph cn i hi mt s yu cu nh: v nhit , m, lng ma, nh sng, gi. y l cc yu t ht sc quan trng trong vic sinh trng v pht trin ca cy. V vy khi trng c ph cn phi chn vng t ph hp. - Nhit : Tu tng loi cy c ph m c iu kin nhit thch hp, nhng nhn chung khong nhit c ph tn ti tng i rng, nhit : t0 = S-320C cy vn tn ti v sinh trng pht trin . + i vi c ph ch nhit thch hp t 18- 250C, thch hp nht t 20- 220C. Do vy m c ph ch thng c trng min ni c cao t 600- 2500m. + C ph vi, nhit yu cu l nng m, nhit t 22- 260C v thch hp nht nhit t 24- 260C. Cc iu kin kh hu v nhit khng ph hp vi tng chng loi cy c ph : qu nng hay qu lnh u nh hng bt li n s pht trin ca cy c ph: gi nng, gi rt, sng mui.... - Lng ma: Mi cy c ph cn mt lng nc nht nh, do vy lng ma rt cn thit i vi mi loi c ph. + C ph ch: lng ma t 1300mm- 1900mm/nm + C ph vi: lng ma t 1300mm- 2500mm/nm Nu lng ma c phn b u trong nm gia cc ma: ma kh ngn vo cui v sau v thu hoch th thun li cho qu trnh phn ho mm. + i vi c ph mt, lng ma v nhit yu cu nh c ph vi nhng b r c ph ht su, c th trng ni t ma hn. khc phc tnh trng lng ma phn b khng u, ngi ta tin hnh cc bin php: t gc gi m ,trng rng phng h, tp lu v ti nc.
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- m: m ca khng kh thun li cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy c ph

phi trn 70%. c bit trong giai on n hoa cn phi c m cao. Nu m qu thp v kh hn, nhit cao lm cho hoa, mm hoa b thui, qu non b rng. Nu xy ra thi tit ny th phi phun ma cho cy. - nh sng : nh sng rt quan trng trong qu trnh quang hp ca cy i vi mi loi cy c ph cn c cng v loi nh sng ph hp. + C ph ch a nh sng tn x. + C ph vi a nh sng trc xa. iu kin nh sng ph hp s c tc dng iu ho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy: ra hoa, kt qu.... ph hp vi c ch quang hp v s tch hp, to thnh cht dinh dng cho cy. - Gi: gi lnh, gi nng, gi kh u c hi n s sinh trng ca cy c ph. Gi qu mnh lm cho l cy b rch, rng, cc l non b chy en (thui en), gi nng lm l b ho. Gi s lm tng kh nng thot hi nc ca t v cy v vy cn c cc bin php hn ch, phng chng trng rng phng h, che bng.... * Ngoi nhng yu cu trn cy c ph cn nh hng bi cc iu kin chm sc k thut bao gm cc ch chm sc: + nh gc to hnh cy + T gc cy c ph. + Bn phn ng nh k, s lng cn thit. + Cc bin php trng rng chn gi, che mt cho cy. + Phng tr su hi gy bnh. + cao ca t... 1.3 S pht trin v qu trnh chm sc cy c ph: Cy c ph l cy pht trin vng t ca cc nc nhit i. y l loi cy trng thch hp vng cao, i ni. Tuy vy trng cy c ph t nng sut cao nh mong mun th trong qu trnh trng cy phi tin hnh chm sc, bo v cy . Cc bin php ch yu ca qu trnh chm sc c ph: 1. Chn lc ging: y l bc quan trng u tin c c cy con kho mnh. S dng cy c phm cht tt v cho qu tt lm ging. Chn lc nhng cy m sut sc, sn lng tt, n nh trong thi gian di khong 3- 4 nm. 2. Ch bin v bo qun ging: Ht c ph lm ging chn hi phi c ch bin trong 24 gi. Sau phi kh ni thong, mt hay nng nh. m ca ht khong 20 30 %. Bo qun ht ging phi kh ni thong mt. 3. X l ging: - Ging c x l bng H2O vi m, t0 = 60 0C/24h - Tin hnh ging, bo qun nhit v m n nh cho ht ging . - Sau khong 7 10 ngy, ht ny mm 4. K thut gieo ht: - Gieo ht sau t 1 1,5cm so vi mt t, t ht nm p. - Cn m bo r ht khng qu di. Nu em gieo d gy r cy b bin dng, bo m t ti, u. 5. Chm sc cy con trong vn m: - Ti nc: cn m bo lng nc cho cy, kt hp vi cc k thut thao tc ti.
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- Trong qu trnh ti nc c th ti thc cc loi phn km theo vi liu lng ca tng loi ph hp. 6. iu chnh nh sng v hun luyn cy con: Dng mi che nh sng ch cho khong 30 40 % nh sng lt qua. rng ca khe h mi che c m rng dn cy c thch ng dn vi t nhin nh ngoi vn trng. Trc khi c em ra trng khong 0,5 thng, cn ngng ti nc thc phn bn. 7. Chm sc c bit vi nhng cy su v x l ct bu thn on i vi nhng cy con cn li t nm trc. 8. Xy dng vn cy trng: khai hoang, lm c, ci to t, thit k vn trng ph hp. 9. o h, trn phn, k thut trng, lm bn quanh gc. 10. Thi v trng: trng cy thch hp vi thi v, trng vo u ma ma. 11. T gc, gi m cho cy. 12. Trng cy xen k, che ph, bo v ci to t trong vn nhm chng xi mn t khi tri ma... 13. Che tp: y l vic lm nhm chng gi, rt v c hn cn che tp ng hng gi ti v ph hp c th che tp xung quanh. 14. Trng cy che bng v ai rng chn gi. 15. Ti nc cho cy: cn m bo H2O cho cy trong ma kh. 16. To hnh, sa cnh. y l bin php l mt khu rt quan trng. Nu thc hin tt s to cho cy c ph cho nng sut cao. Cn nm r quy lut ra hoa, qu ca c ph: c ph vi th ra hoa mi t mt ln trong nm cn c ph ch th hoa, qu vn ra li trn t c ra hoa trc y.V vy cn ct ta ng ch, ng thi gian, hin trng ca cnh.... 17. Ca n phc hi: C ph sau khi ra hoa v thu hoch nhiu ln th nng sut thp dn do vy cn ca n phc hi lm tr li v nng cao nng sut. Cn ci to t sau khi ca n phc hi. Khi ca n cn lu n: Thi v ca n, cao n v s thn ca n v gi li trn cy, hm ngn.... 18. Phn bn: Cy c ph l loi cy trng c yu cu thm canh cao v phn bn l yu t cn thit quan trng. Cn m bo lng phn: hu c v v c ph hp. Bn phn ng lc, ng cch, thi v, s lng trnh cc hin tng ra tri... 1.4 Cu to gii phu ca qu c ph: Qu c ph bao gm nhng phn sau: lp v qu, lp nht, lp v tru, lp v la, nhn. - Cu to ca qu: cu to ca mt qu c ph bao gm cc b phn sau y

Hnh : Cu to qu c ph.
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- Lp v qu: l lp v ngoi vim, ngoi b c mu , v c ph ch mm hn c ph

vi, c ph mt. V qu khi chn c mu , l cht Antoxian, trong c vt ca Aucaloid, fanin, cafein v cc loi Enzyme. Trong v qu c t 21,5- 30 % cht kh. - Lp v tht: di lp v mng gi l lp v tht gi l trung bnh. V tht c ph ch mm, cha nhiu cht ngt, d xay xt hn, v tht c ph mt cng v dy hn. Pha di v qu l lp nht, n gm nhng t bo mm khng cha cafein, fanin nhng n cha nhiu ng v pectin. pH ca lp tht ph thuc vo chn ca qu. Thng thng pH 5,5- 5,7, i khi pH ln n pH= 6,4. Ngoi ra trong lp nht c cha Enzyne pectinase phn gii pectin trong qu trnh ln men. - V tru: Ht c ph sau khi loi b cht nhn v phi kh gi l c ph thc v bao bc nhn l lp v cng nhiu x, mm gi l v tru tc l ni b. V tru c ph ch mng hn v d dp hn v tru ca c ph vi v c ph mt. V tru cha nhiu Cellulose (ch yu) ngoi ra cn cha mt s thnh phn ho hc khc. Trong v tru c lng nh Cafein, khong 0,4% do t nhn khuch tn ra trong qu trnh ln men hoc lc phi kh. V tru c th dng lm cht t hoc c th ng bnh, nui trng nm..... - V la : bao bc quanh nhn c ph cn c mt lp mng, mm gi l v la chng c mu sc khc nhau tu loi tng c ph. V la c ph ch c mu trng bc rt mng v d bong ra khi ht trong qu trnh ch bin.V la c ph vi mu nu nht, v la c ph mt mu vng nht bm st vo nhn c ph. - Nhn c ph: l phn trong cng, lp t bo phn ngoi ca nhn cng c nhng t bo nh, trong c cha nhng cht du. Pha trong c nhng t bo ln v mm hn. Mt qu c ph thng c t 1- 2 hoc 3 nhn, thng thng nht ch c 2 nhn. Trong nhn c ph, H2O chim 10- 12%, Protein chim 9 -11%, lipid chim 10- 13%, cc loi ng chim 5-10%, tinh bt chim 3-5%. Ngoi ra trong nhn cn c cc cht thm, Aucaloid. Cc thnh phn ho hc trong nhn c ph bin i ph thuc vo chng loi, chn, iu kin canh tc cng nh phng php ch bin bo qun. 1.5. Thnh phn ho hc ca ht c ph: - Nc: sau khi c ph c sy kh th hm lng nc cn li 10-11% dng lin kt. Nu hm lng H2O cao hn th nhn c ph d b h hng do nm mc tn cng. Mt khc nu hm lng nc cao th cht lng ht km, th tch ht ln lm tng th tch kh bo qun v tn nhiu nguyn nhin liu nht l hng c ph trong qu trnh rang. Hm lng H 2O c ph sau khi rang= 2,7%.

- Cht khong: Hm lng cht khong trong c ph khong 3- 5% ch yu l : K, N, Mg, P, Cl..... Ngoi ra cn thy s c mt ca: Fe, Al, Cu, I, S,.... y l nhng cht nh hng khng tt n mi c ph. Cht lng c ph t l nghch vi hm lng cht khong. - Glucid: Glucid chim khong tng s cht kh, Glucid khng tham gia vo thnh phn nc ung v v ngt m bng mu sc v v ca caramen. ng trong c ph l do qu trnh thu phn di tc dng ca acid hu c v Enzyme. Hm lng Sacchrose c trong c ph ph thuc vo chn ca qu: Qu cng chn th hm lng Saccharose cng cao. ng Saccharose s b caramen ho trong qu trnh rang c ph to nn hng v c trng cho nc c ph sau ny. Ngoi ra ht c ph cn cha nhiu Pdysaccharit nhng phn ln b loi ra ngoi b c ph sau qu trnh trch ly.
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- Protein:
Hm lng protein thp, khng cao nhng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh hng v ca sn phm. Cc thnh phn ca protein c ph gn cc acid amin sau: Cysteine, Methionine, alanie, phenilalamine, thistidine, leucine, lysine, derine... Cc acid amin ny thng dng lin kt khi gia nhit, cc mch polypeptit b phn ct, cc acid amin c gii phng ra, tc dng vi nhau hoc tc dng vi nhng cht to mi v v ca c ph trong qu trinh rang. Trong ng ch nht l cc acid amin c cha lu hunh nh: Cystein, proline v Methionine. y l nhng cht c tc dng lm gim tc oxy ho cc cht thm, lm cho c ph rang gi c mi v khi bo qun. Trong qu trnh ch bin th ch mt phn Protein b phn gii thnh acid amin, cn phn ln to thnh hp cht khng tan. - Lipid: chim 10- 13% Ht c ph cha lng lipid kh ln khong 10-13%, gm ch yu l du v sp. Trong sp chim 7-8%, du chim 90%. Trong qu trnh ch bin, lipid b bin i. Tuy nhin, mt phn acid bo to nn hng v thm ca c ph di nhit cao. Cn lng Lipid khng bin i l dung mi ho tan cht thm. Hm lng Lipid phn ln c gi li trn b khi pha c ph, ch c mt lng nh i vo trong nc. - Ancaloid: Cc Ancaloid ca c ph bao gm nh: cafein, colin, tri-gonulin, trong th trigonulin v cafein c nghin cu nhiu hn. + Cafein: chim t 1- 3% tu thuc vo tng loi c ph, iu kin v kh hu v canh tc. Khi pha c ph, cafein c ho tan v gii phng hon ton dng t do, khng hnh thnh nhng cht c kh nng kt ta, khi i vo trong c th n kch thch h thn kinh. Thi gian kch thch ca n trong c ph di hn ca ch tuy hm lng cafein trong ch ln hn. V lng cafein c trong cafein thi ra ngoi chm do tc ca mu khng ln khi ung c ph. + Trigonulin (acid metyl B nicotie- C7H7NO2) y l mt ancaloid khng c hot tnh sinh l, t tan trong rc etylic khng tan trong ete v clorofoc, tan nhiu trong nc nng t0nc=2180C. Di nhit cao Trigonulin thu phn to thnh acid Nicotic (y l cht tin Vitamin PP). Acid Nicotic khng c trong c ph nhn nhng n c hnh thnh trong qu trnh gia nhit. - Cht thm: trong c ph hm lng cht thm nh. Cht thm c hnh thnh v tch ly dn trong ht v ph thuc vo yu t: t ai, kh hu v c bit l loi cy c ph. Ngoi ra cht thm c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin, ch yu l qu trnh rang. Trong qu trnh rang, ban u th cht thm thot ra c mi chy hc sau chuyn sang thm. Cht thm bao gm: acid, andehit, ceton, este, ru, phenol,... l nhng cht d bay hi v d bin i trong qu trnh bo qun.V vy cn bo qun c ph trong bao b v tiu th nhanh. 1.6. Gi tr s dng ca c ph: C ph l mt loi nc ung cao cp, cc nhu cu s dng ca th gii ngy cng tng ln v cc sn phm c ph phi c bo m cht lng khi s dng. Cy c ph c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc, trong phn ht c ph l quan trng nht, nhn c ph c s dng lm nc ung v cc sn phm khc c trong thnh phn ca ht, phn v c ph sau khi st ti c dng lm phn bn. C ph t lu c bit n vi cng dng kch thch s hng phn ca thn kinh di s nh hng ca Cafein c trong thnh phn ca ht Cafein c tc dng kch thch hot ng ca h thn kinh, lm gia tng cc hot ng th cht lin quan n thn kinh: hot ng tr no, gia tng trng thi thc tnh, cc hot ng t duy, gip tnh to, tng nhp tim, tng nhp th v tng huyt p, cc hot ng c bp..... S hng phn ca thn kinh lm tnh to, tng kh nng tp trung v hiu qu cng vic.
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Ngoi ra ngi ta cn chng minh c Cafein c tc dng an thn, nu ung mt lng c ph trc khi ng 15 pht s gip ng su hn, chng li s suy gim nhp th khi ng. C ph gy nn hng phn, tnh to khi lm vic nu s dng c ph nhiu ln trong ngy, mt ln mt lng t. Mt nghin cu mi nht Nht cho thy c ph cng ging nh tr xanh c kh nng chng oxy ho, cc cht chng oxy ho trong c ph (Autioxidant) c kh nng bo v thn khi b n mn. Nhng nu s dng lng ln c ph vt qu ngng kch thch ca cafein th nh hng ca c ph l ngc li lm suy nhc thn kinh, gia tng s nhy cm i vi Stress.... T , c ph s gy nn mt s bnh v tim mch, huyt p v tiu ho. Ngoi ra cafein cn lm tng t ngt lng Insalin trong mu lm mt thng bng c th cng nh nh hng khng tt n tuyn tu.

CHNG II:

K THUT SN XUT C PH NHN.

2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut v xut khu c ph ca Vit Nam: Vit Nam cy c ph c trng ph bin vo u th k XX cc n in ca ngi Php, tng din tch ch vi ngn ha khong 5000 6000 ha. Sau cch mng thng 8 c thm cc nng trng quc doanh vi din tch khong 10000 ha (1963- 1964); min Nam trc 1975 cng khong 10000 ha c lc khong 7000 ha; Lm ng 1700 ha;..... vi nng sut trung bnh thng t t 400 60 kg/ha, c ni thm canh tt th ln n 1 tn/ha v loi c ph thng trng l c ph ch. khc phc nng sut thp ngi ta thay i bng c ph vi vi kh nng pht trin v chu s khc nghit cao hn vi nng sut 1- 2 tn/ha c ni 2- 3 tn/ha. Tnh n 1994, tng din tch khong 150000 ha vi sn lng >150000 tn/nm v 1994/1995 nng sut khong 180000 tn v nng sut bnh qun t 2- 3 tn/ha. Ring mt s nng trng c thm canh tt nng sut t 4- 6 tn/ha.
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Nhng nm gn y Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc c din tch trng c ph, xut khu c ph ln nht ca th gii. Din tch c ph hin nay khong 500000 ha. Sn lng xut khu hng nm >10 triu bao/nm v nhng nm gn y sn lng xut khu >15 triu bao/nm. Hin nayVit Nam ang l nc xp th 2 trn th gii v sn lng xut khu c ph. Nm 2001 sn lng 15,5 triu bao. Nm 2004 sn lng >14 triu bao. Nm 2006 - 2007 sn lng >18 triu bao khong 435000 tn vi kim ngch xut khu hng nm > 1 t USD, ring nm 2007 d kin t 1,5 t USD tng 1,1% so vi 2006. Trong lng c ph xut khu ch yu l c ph vi. Hin nay Vit Nam ng u v nhng nc xut khu c ph vi khong 43% sn lng ton cu. C ph Vit Nam xut khu trn 70 nc ca th gii vi cc nc tiu th ln nht: c, Ty Ban Nha, M,.... Sn lng c ph nm 2007 khong 900000 tn.Vi sn lng v li ch ca cy c ph, c ph l mt hng nng sn em li hiu qu kinh t cao v cy c ph c ch trng ngy cng nng cao v cht lng, sn lng cy c ph l cy trng chin lc ca b nng nghip v ngi dn. 2.2 K thut sn xut c ph nhn: 2.1.1 Cc phng php sn xut c ph nhn: Cht lng ca c ph ph thuc vo cc yu t: ging, kh hu, cao so vi mc nc bin, ph ca t, phn bn, chn ca qu, k thut ch bin v bo qun. Cc phng php ch bin c ph nhn bao gm: Phng php ch bin t v phng php ch bin kh. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn kt hp gia 2 phng php l phng php trung gian na t, na kh.

Quy trnh ch bin: Nguyn liu qu ti Phng php t Thu nhn nguyn liu Phn loi nguyn liu St ti Phn loi nguyn liu theo trng lng Ln men
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Phng php kh Thu nhn nguyn liu Phi v sy c ph

Ngm ra ro nc Phi sy C ph thc kh Lm sch tp cht St kh nh bng c ph nhn Phn loi Thnh phm Thuyt minh quy trnh (Phng php t): 1. Thu nhn nguyn liu: Nguyn liu thu nhn phi c phm cht tt t l chn >95%, hi qu xanh, non. Nguyn liu thu nhn phi l nguyn liu va mi hi trong ngy hm , khng qu 24 ting; ni thu nhn phi sch s. 2. Phn loi nguyn liu: Nguyn liu sau c phn loi trong b xi phng nhm loi b tp cht, ra sch nguyn liu v phn chia, phn loi nguyn liu. 3. St ti: Nguyn liu c a vo my st ti v c bo gt tch lp v v tht bao bc xung quanh ht c ph. 4. Phn loi nguyn liu theo trng lng: y l cng on loi b nhng ht nguyn liu lp, nh, v tp cht nh: v hay ct cn xt li. 5. Ln men: S dng nm mc Asp-Niger ln men c ph nhm loi b Cellulose v pectin ca v v nhn nng cao hiu sut trch ly ca c ph sau ny (ln n 95%) v m bo cht lng c ph. 6. Ngm ra, lm ro: Sau khi ln men xong cn ra sch loi b nhng phn v b xt li c ly ra bi qu trnh ln men. Sau ro nguyn liu. 7. Phi sy: Phi sy c ph t W=14-17%, phi nng:10-14 ngy; sy bng khng kh nng t 12- 18 gi to thnh c ph thc kh. 8. St kh- nh bng c ph: C ph thc kh sau khi c lm sch tp cht phi qua st kh. Nguyn liu c cho vo my st (my quay) tch lp da bao bc bn ngoi. nh bng c ph bng my nh bng c ph c mu sng hn, nguyn liu t c v gi tr cm quan nng cao cht lng sn phm. 9. Phn loi: c ph nhn c phn loi bng my nn n nh v cht lng ca tng loi: kch thc, mu sc,... * Cn trong phng php kh, nguyn liu qu ti sau khi loi b tp cht : ra sch, loi b cnh l, ct sn... Sau tin hnh em phi trn sn hoc sy kh qu m khng cn qu st ti, thu c c ph qu kh. Cng on st kh v sau tng t nh trong phng php t. * Phng php na kh, na t: y l phng php m nguyn liu c em i st ti v sau tin hnh em phi hoc sy m khng qua cng on ln men v ngm ra. 2.2.2 Cng ngh v thit b sn xut:
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C ph qu kh

Trong cc phng php sn xut c ph th phng php ch bin c ph bng phng php t l c ph bin v ng dng rng ri. Cht lng c ph nhn sau ny s cao hn, sn phm cng d bn ra th trng v thun tin vic bo qun. Sau y l mt s thit b dng trong phng php sn xut t. * S ch:( thu c c ph qu kh (thc) d bo qun, vn chuyn, lm nguyn liu cho cng on sau) C ph qu chn My tch tp cht (loi b cnh, l, qu xanh, hng) - H thng xt qu ti (tch lp v tht ra) My nh nht (lm sch c ph thc khi lp v tht) H thng my sy tnh (sy kh c ph thc) C ph qu kh. * Ch bin c ph qu kh thnh c ph nhn: C ph kh - H thng my sy trng quay (sy m bo m cn thit) My tch tp cht (tch sn, ln trong c ph thc) My xt v c ph (xt, b lp v cng) My phn loi (theo kch thc, trng lng, mu sc) My nh bng (lm p c ph nhn) My ng bao (ng bao sn phm c ph).

a).

My ra c ph qu: MY RA C PH QU

ng dng My ra c ph qu l thit b dng ra c ph, tch tp cht v phn thnh hai loi c qu chm v c qu ni ring bit.C qu chm gm qu chn v qu xanh,c qu ni gm qu xp, qu su, qu lp,... Cu to My ra c ph qu c cu to gm cc b phn sau:

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1.Sn tp cht 2.My ra qu. 3.Mng ra c qu chm v c qu ni. 4.ng bm nc ln sn tp cht. 5.Tay van iu chnh p lc nc cp cho sn tp cht. 6.Tay van iu chnh lng nc trong thng ra qu. 7.M t truyn ng. Nguyn tc hot ng C ph qu ti sau khi thu hoch c chuyn vo sn tp cht nh bng ti vu hoc gu ti,sng tp cht c nhim v tch l cnh, mt phn t sau c ri xung mng nc, ti y c ph qu c ra sch cho t khng cn bm vo v qu c ph,tip tc theo dng nc xung sng cn ,sng cn c nhim v cho c ph qu i qua cn t c gi li ri vo phu hng ri theo h thng ng Ventury i ra ngoi vo thng cha. C ph qu c chia lm hai loi qu chm v qu ni, qu chm s lng xung qua ng si phng i n sng hng qu chm, phn qu ni s tip tc i thng n sng hng qu ni.

Hnh 2.1: My ra c ph

b) B si phng: B SI PHNG ng dng: B si phng l thit b dng tch c thc lp ra khi c thc tt sau khi qua my xt c qu ni hoc dng tch c qu thnh hai loi qu chm v qu ni. Cu to: B si phng c cu to gm cc b phn sau: 1.Thng cha 2.Ca ra c chc 3.Ca ra c lp 4.Chn .
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Hnh 2.2: B si phng Nguyn tc hot ng: C ph thc sau khi qua my xt c qu ni s c a vo b si phng, c thc chc s chm xung di ri theo dng nc trong ng i n ca ra c thc tt ra ngoi, c thc lp ni ln mt nc qua ca ra c lp i ra ngoi. Trong qu trnh phn loi cn lin tc cung cp nc b sung cho y si phng.

c) My xt qu ti: MY XT QU TI ng d ng: My xt qu l thit b dng tch lp tht ca qu c ph, sau khi qua sng tp cht v my ra.

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Cu to: My xt qu c cu to gm cc b phn sau: 1.Phu np liu. 2.Rul xt 3.Mng chuyn c thc v v vo my tch v 4.Ca x c xanh. 5.M t truyn ng 6.Chn my 7.My tch v

Hnh 2.3: My xt qu ti. Nguyn l hot ng: C ph qu sau khi qua sng tp cht v my ra s c chuyn vo mng np liu ca my xt. Trn rul xt c gn cc thanh dao, xung quanh l khung li, cc thanh dao v khung li ny s bc tch v ra khi qu c ph. C ph thc v v s lt qua l li i xung mng n phu np liu ca my tch v, cn c qu xanh cha bc sch v s theo ca x liu i ra ngoi.

d)

My nh nht: MY NH NHT

ng dng: My nh nht l thit b dng nh sch lp nht bm trn ht c ph thc sau khi xt.
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Cu to: My nh nht c cu to gm cc b phn sau: 1.Phu np liu 2.Trng nh nht 3.Ca x liu 4.Phu hng cht nht v cht s. 5.M t truyn ng 6.H thng van cp nc. 7.Chn my.

Hnh 2.4: My nh nht. Nguyn tc hot ng: C ph thc sau khi qua lng tch qu s c a vo phu np liu ca my nh nht, c ph thc c vt ti y ln pha trn c cc cnh nh nht,ti y cc lp nht bm trn ht c ph thc c nh ra, nc nht v cht s s thot ra khi lt nh lng nc c cp t h thng van i vo dc thn trng nh nht .Nc nht v cht s ri xung phu hng chy vo b lng cn c thc sch nht tip tc i ln n ca x liu v ra ngoi. e) H thng my sy tnh: H THNG MY SY TNH H thng my sy tnh l h thng my c dng sy s b c ph thc sau khi c nh nht v lm ro. Tuy nhin cng c th s dng sy kh c ph thc sau khi ch bin t. H thng my sy tnh bao gm : L t l ngun cung cp nhit chnh. Qut ht dng chuyn ti nhit lng ca l t qua khay sy. Khay sy l ni cha nguyn liu cn sy. Ty vo tnh cht v yu cu ca qu trnh sy m ta c th dng h thng chuyn ti nhit lng trc tip hay gin tip. Cu to : (H thng my sy tnh loi cp nhit trc tip) 1. L t : y l loi l to nhit trc tip, nguyn liu dng t l c s dng bng than hoc bng v tru. Nguyn liu c t trong bung t, nhit lng t a vo khay sy ht thng qua h thng qut ht v cp nhit.

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Qut ht nhit : Vi h thng sy tnh loi cp nhit trc tip ta thng dng loi qut ht hng trc. y l loi qut ht c lu lng ht cao c t trc u khay sy: chuyn hn hp kh nng t l t v mt phn khng kh bn ngoi vo di khay sy. 3. Khay sy : c lm bng gch xy hoc lm bng cc tm thp c th tho rp v di chuyn c. Trn khay sy c b tr cc khung li cha nguyn liu cn sy, trn thnh khay c b tr cc ca np liu vo khi cn sy v x liu sau khi sy xong.
2.

Hnh 2.5: H thng my sy tnh. Nguyn l hot ng : Nguyn liu cn sy c tri u trn ton b din tch khay sy vi b mt cao khong 200mm. Nhit lng c cp vo y khay sy bi ngun nhit to ra bi l t, qut ht hng trc hot ng s ht trc tip mt phn nhit t l t v mt phn khng kh bn ngoi to thnh mt ha kh c vn tc cao i vo khay sy xuyn qua lp ht trn khung li. Ti y ht c tip xc vi hi nng c vn tc cao lm thot m c trong ht bc ln pha trn. Do lp ht c trong khay sy trng thi yn tnh nn trong qu trnh sy ta cn phi thng xuyn o lp ht bng phng php th cng cc ht trong khi ht tip xc u vi lng kh nng xuyn qua, lm gim thi gian sy Sau qu trnh sy c ph thc c m t 35% vi thi gian khong 8-10 gi. Thao tc vn hnh: 1. Chuyn c ph thc sau nh nht ro vo khay sy, tri u lp ht trn khung li cho kn nhit khi phi t thot ra ngoi theo cc khe li khng qua lp ht cn sy. Sau ta cn phi ng cc ca hng li. 2. Nhm l : Than sau khi c mi phi chy mi khi ng qut ht nhit mi khi khng bm vo c ph thc, tng c cht lng c ph sau khi sy 3. Khi ng qut ht hng trc: iu chnh cc ca ht nhit trc qut ht iu chnh ha kh gia khng kh nng trong bung t vi khong kh bn ngoi . 4. Khuy o : trong qu trnh sy sy iu cc ht c ph ta phi tin hnh khuy o lp ht khong 20-30 pht cho mt ln o. Qu trnh khuy o nhiu th iu ca ht c ph khi sy cng cao v thi gian sy s gim.
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X liu: Sau khi sy ht, ta tin hnh kim tra m ca ht , nu t yu cu, ta m cc ca hng trn thnh khe sy. Ngng cc qut ht nhit v chuyn khi ht ra ngoi. V sinh bo dng: Vic v sinh bo dng h thng my sy nh k nhm n nh qu trrnh lm vic c nng cao tui th ca m dwwo. Sau mi sy ta phi v sinh sch s li ca khay sy nng cao h s truyn nhit cho cc m sau. V sinh bung t : co sch than c v x than vng trong khe ca ghi l. - Kim tra li qut ht , cc bi, tra du m v bi trn cc bi, gi bi.
5.

f) H thng my sy trng quay: H THNG MY SY TRNG QUAY H thng my sy trng quay c nhiu u im trong vic sy c ph thc. V sy theo phng php ny s m bo m cn thit cho c ph v s gim ti thiu t l v v thc trong qu trnh sy.

Hnh 2.6: H thng my sy trng quay. Cu to: 1. L t: c dng cung cp khng kh nng cho my sy. Nguyn liu s dng l than v nhit c truyn i qua b trao i nhit trc khi c qut ht thi vo trng sy ht. 2. Qut ht kh nng: y l b phn gi vai tr ht kh nng t l t cp nhit cho trng sy trong sut qu trnh sy. 3. Trng sy ht: Qu trnh sy ht s c thc hin ti y, kh nng s c chuyn vo tm trng sy kt hp vi qu trnh o ht nh tc dng ca cnh o v cnh y c ph s lm gim dn m ca ht. 4. Gu ti np liu: L b phn chuyn nguyn liu cn sy vo bn cha liu
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5. Bn cha np liu vo trng sy: L b phn cha c ph chun b cho qu trnh sy mi, nh lng nguyn liu cn thit trc khi np liu vo trng sy ht, lm gim ti a thi gian cn thit cho qu trnh np liu 6. Mng tho ht ra ngoi khi sy: y l b phn c chc nng gom ton b c ph sau khi sy chuyn ra ngoi. Nguyn l hot ng v chc nng : 1. Nguyn l hot ng ca trng sy ht c vn hnh nh b truyn ng gim tc c kh c s vng quay ca trng sy l: 1,8 vng/pht. ng dn kh nng c dn vo tm trng sy nh mt trc rng lp trn gi trng sy c kt cu h v kh nng i vo chop dn kh nng thot ra ngoi. Bn trong trng sy, nh vo kt cu ca cc cnh y v cnh o, c ph thc c o lin tc trong sut qu trnh sy v qu trnh gim m sy ra lin tc, u trn b mt ca ht cng nh ton b khi ht. 2 . Tc ng ca cc c cu n qu trnh hot ng ca my Tay ng cc van x ca gu ti : c s dng chuyn c ph vo bung cha v x c ph ra ngoi sau khi sy. vic iu chnh ny thng qua van lt gn vo ca x u gu ti. Tay ng m ca x ca bung cha: Thao tc ny c thc hin thng qua tay quay gn trn ca x ca bn. Khi bt u mt m mi phi m ca np trng sy m ht ca x np c ph vo trng sy. Tay ng m cc ca np, x ca trng sy: Vic ng m cc ca ny ch thc hin khi trng sy dng hn. Khi bt u hay kt thc mt m sy cc ca ny m ra khi np c ph v ng li khi trng quay. Vn hnh phanh hm trng: - Hm trng khi c s c. - xc nh v tr tng ng gia cc ca trng vi ca x bn pha trn trc khi sy v mng gom c ph pha di sau khi sy. Qu trnh ny gip cho vic np v x liu c d dng , nhanh chng, c th dng ca x bt k v tr no khi cn thit. - Dng trng sy khi xc nh m ca c ph L t: L t gin tip cp nhit cho trng quay c th s dng nguyn liu than hay cc loi nguyn liu khc. Than sau khi nhm chy ta mi ht khng kh nng vo trong trng sy. Nhit trong trng sy khng c cao qu 75C. Qu trnh sy cng ty theo mc gim m ca nguyn liu sy: + Giai on 1: Khng ch nhit khong 45-50C trong thi gian u + Giai on 2: Tng nhit sy ln khong 60-70C + Giai on 3: Gim li nhit sy xung 40-45C Thao tc vn hnh: Cn nm r c cc nguyn l hot ng ca my trc khi thc hin cc thao tc trn my, trnh c nhng sai st khng cn thit. Cc thao tc vn hnh phi c thc hin trnh t theo cc bc sau: Bc 1: - M cng tc m t gu ti cho gu ti hot ng. - Chuyn c ph vo b phn np liu ca gu ti; ko cn m ca np vo gu, kim tra khi lng c ph ca bung cha trc khi vo sy.
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 Bc 2: Khi ng motor truyn ng sy trng v c cu phanh hm, iu chnh ng v tr cc ca x tng ng vi v tr ca np liu vo trng sy. M cc ca trn trng sy sau m ca x liu ca bung cha. Khi c ph y trng th ng ca x bung li. ng cc ca trng sy li khi ng motor truyn ng quay trng sy 1 vng kim tra khi lng bn trong ht c ph kn nh chp hay cha , nu cha th tip tc cho ht vo trng sy. h trong trng t lp ht n ca np liu t150-200mm, nu np qu y th kh nng o trn ca khi ht s b hn ch. Bc 3: M cng tc qut ht kh nng cp nhit vo trng sy. i vi c ph thcsau khi st toi v ro, thi gian cn sy l 32 gi t c m 13%. Nhit sy c biu th qua ng h gn trn trng sy. Kim tra m ca ht bng mt ca nh gia trng sy. Sau khi m t yu cu tin hnh hm phanh, dng trng x liu xung mng tho. Lu : sau khi x ht xong th ng cc ca trng sy li v quay thm 1 vng na ly ht lng ht cn xt trn chp dn kh nng. Trong thi gian sy ht ta tin hnh cp ht ln bn cha chun b cho m sau. V sinh bo dng my: Bi trn tt c cc v tr bi bng m chu nhit, chu ti trng. Kim tra, bm m vo cc bi, n khp ca cc bnh rng. Kim tra li cng ca dy ai, iu chnh li cho ng cng ca dy ai. kim tra mn ca b phanh hm, nu qu mn ta phi thay b hm khc. Chi sch mt li ca v ngoi trng sy v phn chp dn kh nng vo pha trong trng sy . Kim tra, sit cht ton b bulon ca h thng sy. Sn bo qun ton b phn trng sy nht l li thp bng li sn chu nhit nu lp sn c b bong trc. g) My tch tp cht: MY TCH TP CHT My tch tp cht l mt thit b cn thit trong h thng ch bin v phn loi c ph. My c chc nng lm sch c ph trc khi a vo my xt. My s tch cc tp cht ln nh cnh cy kh, v qu c ph v cc loi tp cht nh nh ht m , ct, Cu to: Cc b phn chnh ca my bao gm: 1. Ca np liu 2. Motor truyn ng chnh 3. Khung li sng 4. Khung sng 5. Chn my 6. Ca x liu 7. Ca np liu 8. Ca ht bi

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Hnh 2.7: My tch tp cht. Nguyn l hot ng: My hot ng da trn nguyn l chuyn ng ngc dng t thp ln cao nh tn s rung ca sng . Nguyn liu c np vo my bng gu ti, qua ca np liu t bn trn my v tri u xung b ngang pha thp ca mt sng. Trong qu trnh np liu, my ht bi bn ngoi cng c vn ng theo v ht lp bi ti ca ht bi chuyn ra ngoi vo thng cha bi. Khi khung sng chuyn ng rung s lm cho nguyn liu chuyn ng t pha mt thp cn sng ln pha mt cao ca sng. Nh khung sng c cc lp li khc nhau nn khi chuyn ng s lm gi li lp trn ca sng nhng tp cht ln nh: cnh l, v kh, dy bao, c kch thc ln hn ht c ph v i ra ngoi qua ca x tp cht. Cn c ph thnh phm s c ri xung mt sng k tip v i ra ngoi qua ca x liu. Ring nhng tp cht nh:ht m, v, ct ri xung y sng v i ra ngoi qua mt ca khc. Vn hnh: Trc khi vn hnh cn ch kim tra li chiu quay ca trc chnh. Kim tra cng vng ca khung sng v bulon nn. Kim tra s cn bng ca khung sng , b thanh truyn ca khung sng . Khi ng my chy khng ti trc khi cho nguyn liu vo my. Quan st tc chuyn ng ca c ph trn khung sng iu chnh cp cp liu cho ph hp. Quan st ca ra tp cht v ca ra sn phm iu chnh tc rung, nu ca ra tp cht cn ln c ph th cn phi gim bt tc cp liu gim bt dng chuyn ng ca ht. V sinh bo dng: Thng xuyn v sinh my, trong qu trnh lm vic nu c ting ng l th phi dng my kim tra khc phc sau mi cho hot ng li nh k kin tra v bm m li cc bi trc Kim tra , iu chnh li cng dy ai ca b truyn ng . Kim tra sit cht cc bulon trn my v b motor, c bit l b thanh truyn v cc bulon lin kt nhp sng. h) Mt xt v: MY XT V
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Gii thiu chung: My xt v dng xt v tch lp v ca c ph thc v c ph kh. Thnh phm i ra t my l c ph nhn x. Cu to: cu to chnh ca my xt v bao gm: 1.Trc chnh my 2.B phn x liu 3.Ca np liu 4. i trng iu chnh 5.Nm iu chnh mt dao 6.Qut thi tp 7.Khung my. Nguyn l hot ng: My hot ng da trn nguyn l ma st ca lp ht (hoc qu kh) trong rnh ca rul v dao xt, mng xt. Nguyn liu c ph i vo my, trc rul quay lm lp ht (hoc qu kh) trt qua rnh rul v ma st lp mt dao, rnh st ca rul v b mt nhm ca mng xt na trn, lm v ra lp v bao bc bn ngoi ht. Lp v v s c qut ht qua mng li xt na di v thi ra ngoi cha vo nh cha v tru.Cn lp ht nhn s di trt theo rnh rul i ra ngoi qua ca x ht. Ti im gia b phn x liu c ng thng vi h thng qut ht, nn trong qu trnh lp ht nhn thot qua b phn x liu s c qut ht tip nhng tp cht nh: v la, v thc ...ra ngoi, thnh phm cn li l nhng ht c ph nhn.

Hnh 2.8: My xt v.
k) My phn loi kch thc:

MY PHN LOI KCH THC Gii thiu chung: My phn loi kch thc l mt thit b trong h thng ch bin v phn loi c ph, chc nng ca my dng phn loi kch thc cc ht c ph theo nhng kch thc khc nhau da trn cc kch thc l tiu chun ca mt sng. My c kh nng phn loi ra cc loi c ht nh: ht 13,16,18, c bi,.... ngoi ra cn tch c cc tp cht nh: bi ht v m,.... Cu to: Cc b phn chnh ca my phn loi kch thc bao gm: 1.Chn my.
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2.Mng np liu. 3.Motor truyn ng trc chnh 4.Khung sng. 5.Ca ra thnh phm. Nguyn l hot ng: My hot ng phn loi theo kch thc c ht da theo nguyn l chuyn ng ngc dng, t thp ln cao nh tn s rung ca sng v kch thc l li ca tng khung li khc nhau t trong khung sng. Nguyn liu c np vo my bng gu ti, qua ca np liu t bn trn my v tri u xung b ngang pha thp ca mt sng. Trong qu trnh np liu vo my qut thi tp s hot ng v thi i nhng tp cht nh nh qua ca x tp i ra ngoi cha vo thng bi. Nguyn liu c tri u trn mt ngang ca sng. Khung sng chuyn ng vi tn s rung s lm nguyn liu chuyn ng t pha mt thp ca sng ln pha mt cao ca sng. Nh khung sng c cc lp li vi cc kch thc l li khc nhau theo cc kch c ht cn phn loi, nn khi chuyn ng s lm phn ra nhng ht c kch thc khc nhau theo l li trn khung li v c chuyn ng ra ngoi qua cc ca x liu. Trn tng lp li sng cn c b tr nhng vin bi chuyn ng t do nhm ngn chn nhng ht c ph b kp trong l li, m bo cho vic phn loi ht c c lin tc v tt hn.

Hnh 2.9: My phn loi kch thc. m) My phn loi trng lng: MY PHN LOI TRNG LNG Cng dng: My phn loi cc thnh phn khc nhau trong c ph nhn nh: - Ht chc. - Ht v, ht xt,ht b l su mt. - Mt t tp cht cn li nh: v tru, , l cnh.... Cu to: My phn loi trng lng c cu to gm cc b phn sau:
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1.Tay quay chnh tc rung 2.Tay quay chnh lu lng gi 3.Tay chnh nghing ngang 4.Nm hm nghing dc 5.Tay chnh nghing dc 6.Nm hm nghing ngang. 7.Mt sng 8.Mng x liu 9.Ca gi Nguyn l hot ng: - My hot ng to ra s phn loi nh kt hp 3 yu t: - Tn s rung ca khung sng qua vic iu chnh lm thay i bn knh ca puli v cp. - iu chnh nghing dc v nghing ngang ca khung sng. - iu chnh lu lng gi cc v tr ca mt sng (thng qua cc nm tay quay).

Hnh 2.10: My phn loi trng lng

n) My nh bng:

MY NH BNG Gii thiu chung: My c s dng bc lp v la v nh bng ht c ph nhn nhm nng cao cht lng thnh phm sau khi ch bin.

Cu to: Cc b phn chnh ca my nh bng gm: 1.Motor 2.B phn np liu

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3.B phn x liu 4.Qut thi tp. 5. i trng iu chnh bng

Hnh 2.11: My nh bng. Nguyn l hot ng: My hot ng da trn nn p v di trt ca ht c ph nhn trong rnh xon ca rul v mng xt. Ht c ph t chn vo nhau tch i mt phn lp v la trn b mt ht nhn v nh bng ht c nhn. Lp v lu sinh ra trong qu trnh nh bng s c qut ht thi ra ngoi. 2.3 Y u c u k thu t: B NN&PTNT va quyt nh tm thi s dng tiu chun quc gia TCVN 4193:2005 trong kim tra cht lng c ph nhn XK, trc khi quy chun k thut c ph c ban hnh. Tiu chun mi (TCVN 4193:2005) c T chc C ph Quc t (ICO) coi l quy nh chun phn loi c ph. Hin nay, phn ln DN ch bin c ph trong nc vn XK ch yu c ph c phn loi theo tiu chun c (TCVN 4193-93) vi cc ch tiu s ng l phn trm lng m, t l ht v v tp cht. Trong thng k qua sn giao dch LIFFE London, trong nin v 2006-2007, t l c ph b loi v cht lng khng t tiu cu ca VN tip tc tng. Trong s 708300 bao c ph b loi ra sn ny th VN chim ti 88%. C ph nhn gm: c ph ch (Arabica) v c ph vi (Robusta). C ph ch c 5 hng: Hng c bit; Hng1; Hng 2; Hng 3; Hng 4. C ph vi c 4 hng: Hng c bit; Hng 1; Hng 2; Hng 3. Theo tiu chun mi, c ph nhn c m nh hn hoc bng 12,5%. Hng c bit v hng 1 ca c ph ch khng c ln c ph vi v c ph mt. i vi c ph vi, hng c bit v hng 1 c t l c ln c ph vi nh hn hoc bng 0,5% v c ph ch nh hn hoc bng 3%. Theo Quyt nh, cc t chc, c nhn XK c ph phi thc hin vic kim tra cht lng theo tiu chun quc gia 4193:2005 trc khi thng qua.(Web chnh ph). Tiu chun ny gm c 6 hng mc chnh v 2 phc lc, quy nh c th v phn hng cht lng c ph nhn, mu sc, mi, m, t l ln c ph cc loi, tng tr s li cho php i vi tng hng c ph, t l khi lng i vi tng hng c ph trn sn l trn, phng php th, bao gi, ghi nhn v vn chuyn. a) Phn hng cht lng c ph nhn, c quy nh trong bng sau: Bng :- Phn hng cht lng c ph nhn C ph ch C ph vi
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Hng c bit Hng1 Hng 2

Hng 3 Hng 4

Hng c bit Hng1: 1a 1b Hng 2: 2a 2b 2c Hng 3 -

b) Mu sc: Mu c trng ca tng loi c ph nhn. c) Mi: Mi c trng ca tng loi c ph nhn, khng c mi l. d) m: Nh hn hoc bng 12,5%. e) T l c ph khc loi, c quy nh trong bng sau: Bng - T l ln c ph khc loi cho php trong cc hng c ph Loi c Hng c bit v Hng 2 Hng 3 Hng 4 ph hng 1 C ph Khng c ln R v C c ln R:<=1% c ln R:<=5% c ln ch v C:<=0,5% v C:<=1% R:<=5% v C:<=1% C ph c ln C:<=0,5% v c ln C:<=1% c ln C:<=5% vi A:<=3% v A:<=5% v A:<=5% Ch thch: - A: c ph ch (Arabica), R: c ph vi (Robusta),C: c ph mt (Chart). - %: tnh theo phn trm khi lng
f) Tng tr s li cho php i vi tng hng c ph, c quy nh trong bng sau:

Bng - Tng tr s li cho php i vi tng hng c ph Hng cht lng Mc ti a (trong 300 g mu)

C ph ch C ph vi Hng c bit 15 30 Hng 1 30 1a 60 1b 90 Hng 2 60 2a 120 2b 150 2c 200 Hng 3 120 250 Hng 4 150 g) T l khi lng i vi tng hng c ph trn sng l trn, c quy nh bng sau: Bng - T l khi lng i vi tng hng c ph trn sng l trn Hng cht lng Hng c bit C ph ch N0 18/ N016 C sng C ph vi N018/ N016 T l ti thiu (%) 90/10
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Hng 1 Hng 2 Hng 3 v hng 4

N016/ N014 N012 / N012 N012 / N010

N016/ N012 1/2 N012 /N012 N012 / N010

90/10 90/10 90/10

CHNG III: 3.1

K THUT SN XUT C PH HO TAN

Tnh hnh ch bin c ph hin nay Vit Nam .... C ph l mt loi thc ung lu i v ngy cng c pht trin v a chung. T vic sn xut, ch bin c ph mang li nhiu ngun li to ln. Vit Nam trc y vic s dng c ph ch yu l c ph bt sau pha bng phin hay ti lc...Ngy nay, i km vi c ph lc v c phn c a chung hn l c ph ho tan.Lnh
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vc ch bin sn xut c ph ho tan ca nc ta ngy nay ang trn pht trin mnh. Nu trc y ch c mt vi nhn hiu c qun kinh doanh: Nesstcafe v 1 s loi khc... th ngy nay nhng tn tui, thng hiu c ph ho tan ca Vit Nam ngy cng c u thch. n nay, Vit Nam c 3 n v sn xut c ph ho tan ln nht vi tng cng sut khong 2200 tn/nm l Vinacafe:1000 tn/nm; C ph Trung Nguyn vi sn phm G7 v Nesstcafe. Ngoi ra cn c mt s cng ty, thng hiu c ph nh l khc trong vic sn xut. Cc sn phm ch bin ca c ph: c ph rang xay v c ph ho tan.C ph rang xay ngy cng mt i v tr th c ph ho tan cng chim c lng ngi tiu dng. Nhiu thng hiu cho ra nhng sn phm mi ngoi sn phm thng thng l c ph ho tan nguyn cht l sn phm c ph 3 trong 2, thm ch l 4 trong 1. Tnh hnh ch bin, sn xut Vit Nam , th trng c ph ho tan dng nh bo ho: Vinacafe: 50,4%; Nestcafe: 33,2%; cn li l cc thng hiu khc. Tuy vy vn c nhiu c s, doanh nghip vn tip tc u t lm cho th trng cng gay gt. Ngoi Vinacafe v Nesstcafe th Vinamilk nhn hiu sa Vit Nam cng tham gia vo th trng vi sn phm Cafe Moment. V c bit l Trung Nguyn nhn hiu c ph rang xay c tn tui trc y u t mt dy chuyn sn xut v tham gia vo th trng vi sn phm G7, nng sut khong 200 tn/nm.

3.2

S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c ph ho tan: C ph nhn Lm sch Rang Xay Nc Trch ly Lc Ph gia C c Sy phun Bao gi Thnh phm Thuyt minh quy trnh:
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Tp cht

Cn Nc

1. C ph nhn (nguyn liu):Chn nguyn liu t cht lng tt: c kch thc, phm
cht tt mu sc ng u .. 2. Lm sch nguyn liu loi b tp cht cn xt li trong nguyn liu. 3. Rang: y l cng on x l nhit cho ht c ph nhit cao t 190- 240 0C nhm lm bin i cc thnh phn c trong ht to ra hng v v mu sc mong mun. 4. Xay: L qu trnh nghin mn c ph nhn sau khi rang bng c hc thun li cho qu trnh sau. 5. Trch ly: Sau khi c c ph bt ta tin hnh trch ly c ph bng H2O nng nhm ho tan cc cht c trong c ph to dung dch c ph. 6. Lc: Sau qu trnh trch ly ta tin hnh lc thu dung dch c ph v loi b c ph. 7. C c: Lm bc hi nc, tng nng ca cc cht ho tan c trong dch c ph v nng cao thun li cho qu trnh tip theo. 8. Sy phun: S dng my sy phun(chn khng) sy dung dch c ph c c v dng bt. Dch c ph c phun ra vi vn tc ln v tip xc vi khng kh nng to thnh bt c ph ho tan. 9. Bao gi: Bao gi c ph thnh phm bng bao b khng thm kh, m s dng dy chuyn ng gi. 3.3 Cc qu trnh cng ngh p dng trong quy trnh sn xut: * Qu trnh rang c ph: Rang c ph l cng on x l nhit cho ht c ph ti nhit cao(190-2400C/T=20-25 pht, kt hp vi o trn n trnh hin tng chy hay rang qu . Sau khi rang xong phi tin hnh lm ngui ngay trnh mt s bin i do nhit . C ph rang xong c mu nu. C th pha trn cc hng v, ph gia khc trong qu trnh rang ph hp vi th hiu, yu cu ca th trng. * Mt s bin i ca c ph sau khi rang: - Bin i v vt l: + Th tch tng 50- 100% kch thc ban u. + Trng lng gim: khong 20%. + Hm lng m gim. - Bin i ho hc: + Hydrocacben: b bin i trong qu trnh to ra cc phn ng mu v mi . + Lipid: cht bo mt khong 1- 2% tng s Lipid. + Protein: nhit cao phn ln protein b phn hu, phn cn li kt hp vi Hydratcacbon v acid Chlorogenic to thnh mu nu c ph . + Cc Acid: c bit l acid Chlorogenic c trong c ph, n phn hu khong 60- 70% trong qu trnh.Mt s acid d bay hi tt c to nn v chua ca c ph. + Alkaloid: Cafein hu nh khng bin i. Trigonelline gim 75% to ra cc acid v cc cht thm d bay hi. + Cht thm: c xu hng tng ln do cc thnh phn trong c ph chuyn ho. * Cc phng php rang: C 2 phng php rang ph bin l rang bng cch lm ny ht v rang bng cch dng khng kh nng.

3.4 Cc thit b my mc cng ngh p dng trong quy trnh sn xut:

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3.4.1 Thit b rang c ph RANG C PH ng dng: My rang c ph MR-25 l thit b chuyn dng rang c ph nhn. My c th s dng ring l hoc lp trong dy chuyn ch bin hon chnh. Cu to: My rang c ph MR-25 c cu to gm cc b phn sau: 1.Mng np liu 2.Tay m van np liu 3.Trng rang ht 4.Xm th c 5.Tay m ca x c sau khi rang 6.Ca x c sau khi rang 7.Nia lm ngui 8.Ca x c sau khi lm ngui 9.Tay xoay trng rang 10.Qut ht tp 11.Cyclon lng tp 12.Bn t ga 13.T in iu khin. 14.Motor truyn ng trng rang ht 15.Motor qut ht 16.Motor truyn ng nia lm ngui

Hnh 3.1: Rang c ph Nguyn tc hot ng: C ph nhn c chuyn vo trng rang qua mng np liu.Trong qu trnh rang, c ph c o u lin tc bn trong trng rang kt hp vi vic cp nhit vo bn di trng rang s lm ht c ph nhn chn u. C ph sau khi rang chn s c chuyn vo nia lm ngui h thp nhit ca ht. Tp cht, v la, khi sinh trong qu trnh rang s theo ng dn vo bung ht trc khi c qut ht thi vo cyclon lng tp. 3.4.2.Thit b xay c ph
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MY XAY C PH C ng d ng: My xay c ph l thit b chuyn dng xay c ph sau khi rang, c th lp nhiu my trong h thng ch bin hoc dng ring l trong cc h sn xut gia nh... C u t o: Vt liu ch to cho my : phn tip xc vi c ph lm bng thp khng r, v my lm bng thp en, c sn tnh in. 1.Phu np liu 2 Ca np iu chnh 3. a p 4.Ca x c ph thnh phm. 5. Motor truyn ng Nguyn l hot ng: C ph sau khi rang c np vo my qua phu np, khi my hot ng trc chnh c chc nng dn ng cho a p quay, ng thi chuyn c ph t t vo khe h gia 2 mt a nh rnh xon trn trc. C ph s c nghin nh trong khe h gia 2 mt a c nh v a quay nh cc rnh xt c quay trn a.C ph sau khi c nghin nh s i ra ngoi theo ca x thnh phm.

Hnh 3.2: Xay c ph 3.4.3 Thit b trch ly - Mc ch l t hiu sut cao v gi c hng v tt, ti a ca c ph rang. Ha tan c ph rang bng nc nng 900C. Trch ly d lm giu them cc cht ha tan khi c ph i qua cc thp, thn th trch ly trong 5-6 thp ni tip nhau bng ng dn. Tnh ton v thao tc th no c ph c mt dy nht nh trong cc tho v b mt tip xc vi nc c ti a.
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- Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly v cht lng sn phm: + nghin ca c ph + Nhit ca nc vo thit b trch ly v s bin i ca nhit trong qu trinh trch ly. + Thi gian ngm trch + T l c ph / nc. + Thit b trch ly. - C 2 phng php trch ly: trch ly gin on v trch ly lin tc:. + Trch ly gin on: thn dng l lc. + Trch ly lin tc: vi thit b dng tng gm 5-10 tng vi nc c xi lin tc t trn xung. Qua mi tng dch c ph s c ko theo vi nc v nng dch c ph tng. Nu nng ca dch c ph khng t th n s c hi lu t yu cu. Nhit ca nc vo trong ct trch ly l khong 154-1820C. Nhit ca nc cui giai on trch ly khong 60820C. Sau khi trch ly nhit ca dich trch cn c h thp nh vo thit b trao i nhit dng tm duy tr c mi v ca ht c ph trc giai on sy. Hu ht cc nh my c ph ha tan hin nay u dung phng ph trch ly lin tc v hiu sut lm vic tt, trch ly c su hn. Tuy nhin c 2 phng php u phi t c hiu qu trch ly 25-30%. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dung phng php trch ly bng siu m. Phng php ny c th ly ht ton b cht ha tan trong bt c ph mt cch lin tc, nhanh vi nc lnh. u vit hn na l gi c cc cht bc hi t c hng v tt nht. Tuy nhin phng php ny kh phc tp, phi thy phn bt c ph ri trung ha cng vi vic ha nghim xc nh cht lng ca dung dich ha tan rt phc tp. 3.4.4. Thit b sy phun Sy phun l 1 quy trnh cng ngh c s dng rng ri trong sn xut.Mt h phn tn mn ca nguyn liu t cht lng ha tan, nh tng, huyn ph c c c trc(40%-60% m) c phun hnh thnh nhng git mn, ri vo trong dng kh nng cng chiu hoc ngc chiu nhit khong 150-3000C trong bung sy ln. Cu to: 1.Qut 2.B lc 3.Phng sy 4.Vt ti 5.Co 6. a quay nhanh.
Hnh 3.3: Sy phun

Nguyn tc hot ng Cc git cht lng khi ri vo dng khng kh nng, hay khi chng b cht ti nhit bao ph ly mi hng v trong mt vi giy m bc ht.
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 Sn phm lng xung y phng dng bt. Sn phm c chuyn dch nh co 5 v ra khi my sy nh vt ti 4 hay nh c cu vn chuyn khc. Tc nhn sy b ht lin tc nh qut 1. Khi i qua b lc 2 lm lng, nhng tiu phn nh ca sn phm b dng kh mang i. Trong cc my sy tng t, cc cht lng c th phn tn bng cc a phun, vi c hc, vi kh ng hc. Cc my sy phun lm vic c ng knh t 500 n 15000 mm, nng sut bc hi m t 500 n 15000 kg/h.

3.5 Yu cu v cht lng sn phm, bin php kim tra, gim st bo m cht lng

Yu cu cht lng sn phm:

- Sn phm bt kh c mu sc p, c trng. - Bt mn, u c tnh tan tt. - Sau khi tan to ra dinh dng ng nht, khng vn cc v ng c n di y. - C hng thm m bo cht lng tt,khng c mi chy kht... * Cc bin php, kim tra, gim st bo m cht lng: - Trong mi cng on cn khng ch cc thng s k thut m bo cht lng cho sn phm v sau ny. - Thc hn tt qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun sn phm : Nhit m Nh kho, bao b. a. Phn hng cht lng: C ph rang c chia lm 2 hng: hng 1 v hng 2. b. Yu cu cm quan: Bng - Yu cu cm quan i vi c ph rang.
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Tn ch tiu 1.Mu sc 2.Mi 3.V

Yu cu Hng 1 Mu nu cnh gin m, ht rang ng u khng chy, cho php dnh t v lu mu nh bc. Thm rt c trng ca c ph rang, khng c mi l. C v rt c trng ca sn phm. Hng 2 Mu nu cnh gin, ht rang khng ng u, cho php dnh v la mu nh bc. Thm c trng ca c ph rang, khng c mi l. C v c trng ca sn phm.

c. Yu cu ho l: B ng - Yu cu v ho l i vi c ph rang. Tn ch tiu 1.Ht tt, tnh theo % khi lng, khng nh hn. 2.Mnh v, tnh theo % khi lng, khng ln hn 3.Ht b li, tnh theo % khi lng, khng ln hn 4. m, tnh theo % khi lng. khng ln hn 5.Hm lng tro, tnh theo % khi lng, khng ln hn - Tro tng s - Tro khng tan trong axit clohydric 6.T l cht tan trong nc, tnh theo % khi lng, khng nh hn 7.Tp cht, tnh theo % khi lng, khng ln hn Mc Hng 1 92 3 5 5 5 0.2 25 0.3 Hng 2 86 4 10 5 5 0.2 25 0.3

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SVTH: ng Vn Phng

Lp : 05C2

GVHD: Trn Thc

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