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LNG

GIC
MT S CHUYN V NG DNG
TP 2 : PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH,
BT PHNG TRNH LNG GIC

V ANH KHOA HONG B MINH

V ANH KHOA HONG B MINH

LNG GIC
MT S CHUYN V NG DNG
TP 2 : PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH,
BT PHNG TRNH LNG GIC

TP. H CH MINH, THNG 8 2011

LI NI U
Cun sch LNG GIC MT S CHUYN V NG DNG ny c bin
son vi mc ch cung cp, b sung kin thc cho hc sinh THPT v mt s bn c
quan tm n mng kin thc ny trong qu trnh hc tp v lm vic. Trong tp 2
PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
ny, chng ti s xoy vo trng tm l PHNG TRNH LNG GIC, mt dng
ton quen thuc trong cc thi THPT, c bit l thi tuyn sinh i Hc.
cc chng chnh, chng ti chia lm 3 phn :
Phn I : Nu l thuyt cng v d minh ha ngay sau , gip bn c hiu v bit
cch trnh by bi. ng thi a ra cc dng ton c bn, thng gp trong qu trnh
lm bi trn lp ca hc sinh THPT. phn ny, chng ti s trnh by mt s bi bn
c c th nm vng hn, trnh sai st.
Phn II : Trong qu trnh tham kho v tng hp ti liu, chng ti s a vo
phn ny cc dng ton kh nhm gip cho cc hc sinh bi dng, rn luyn k nng
gii LNG GIC thnh tho hn khi gp phi nhng dng ton ny.
Phn III : Chng ti s a ra li gii gi cho mt s bi, qua bn c kim
tra li p s, li gii hoc cng c th tham kho thm.
Trong qu trnh bin son, mc d chng ti c gng bng vic tham kho mt lng
rt ln cc ti liu c sn v tip thu c chn lc kin t cc bn ng nghip dn
hon thin cun sch ny, nhng kh trnh khi nhng thiu st bi tm hiu bit v kinh
nghim cn hn ch, chng ti rt mong nhn c kin ng gp qu bu ca bn c
gn xa.
Chi tit lin h ti : anhkhoavo1210@gmail.com
minh.9a1.dt@gmail.com

CC TC GI
V ANH KHOA HONG B MINH.

LI CM N
Trong qu trnh bin son, chng ti xin cm n n nhng bn cung cp ti liu tham
kho v vui lng nhn kim tra li tng phn ca bn tho hoc bn nh my, to iu
kin hon thnh cun sch ny :
-

Ng Minh Nht (H Kinh T Tp.HCM)


Mai Ngc Thng (H Kinh T Tp.HCM)
Nguyn Th Thanh Huyn (THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh ng Nai)
Nguyn Huy Hong (THPT Chuyn L Hng Phong Tp.HCM)
Trn Lam Ngc (THPT Chuyn Trn i Ngha Tp.HCM)
Vng Tun Phong (THPT Chuyn Trn i Ngha Tp.HCM)
L Quang Hiu (THPT Chuyn Lng Th Vinh ng Nai)
Hong Minh Qun (H Khoa Hc T Nhin H Ni)

v mt s thnh vin din n MathScope.

MC LC
TP 2 : PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH,
BT PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
CHNG 4 : S LC V HM LNG GIC NGC
I.
II.

MT S TNH CHT C BN
V HM LNG GIC NGC ........................................................... 1
BI TP V D V HM LNG GIC NGC ............................... 2

CHNG 5 : PHNG TRNH LNG GIC


I.

PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN ............................................ 3


BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................ 13

II.
1.

CC DNG PHNG TRNH LNG GIC A V


PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN ........................................... 20
PHNG TRNH BC HAI ...................................................................... 20
BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................ 35

2.

PHNG TRNH BC NHT THEO

.............................. 41

BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................. 50
3.

PHNG TRNH I XNG THEO

............................... 53

BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................. 60
4.

PHNG TRNH BC HAI THUN NHT I VI

......... 61

BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................ 67
5.
a.

CC DNG PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHC ............................ 73


TNG HP ................................................................................................ 73
BI TP T LUYN ................................................................................ 95

b.

PHNG TRNH CHA CN THC.................................................... 100


BI TP T LUYN ............................................................................... 103

c.

PHNG TRNH KHNG MU MC .................................................. 107


BI TP T LUYN ............................................................................... 127

d.

PHNG TRNH C CHA THAM S ................................................ 131


BI TP T LUYN ............................................................................... 148

CHNG 6 : H PHNG TRNH LNG GIC ........................................... 154


I.
II.

TM TT MT S PHNG PHP THNG GP ....................... 154


CC BI TP MINH HA .................................................................... 155
BI TP T LUYN ............................................................................... 171

CHNG 7 : BT PHNG TRNH LNG GIC ......................................... 175


I.
II.

TM TT MT S PHNG PHP THNG GP ....................... 175


CC BI TP MINH HA .................................................................... 176
BI TP T LUYN ............................................................................... 186

C THM :
TN MN V S PI ............................................................................... 189
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................... 194

Chng 4 : S lc v hm lng gic ngc

CHNG 4
S LC V HM LNG GIC NGC
I.

MT S TNH CHT C BN V HM LNG GIC NGC


Hm s
l hm lng gic ngc ca
hm s
, c mt s tnh cht c bn sau
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(
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Hm s
ca hm s
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Hm s
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)
l hm lng gic
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Chng 4 : S lc v hm lng gic ngc


BI TP V D V HM LNG GIC NGC

II.

))

( )

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(

Do ,
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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

CHNG 5
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
PHNG TRNH LNG GIC C BN
CC DNG PHNG TRNH C BN

I.
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)
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CC DNG PHNG TRNH C BN C BIT


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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

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Chng ta s dng cc cng thc bin i lng gic nu trong Chng 2, phn tch
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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau

Gii:
a.

Ta c:
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b.

c.

Ta c:
(

Ta c:

d.

Ta c:

Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau


(
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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
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a.
Ta c:
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b.

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d.

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c.

Ta c:
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Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau

(
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(
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(

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Gii:
a.
Ta c:
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{
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b.

Ta c:
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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

{
c.

Ta c:
(

(
(

Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau

)(

(Tuyn sinh khi D 2004)

Gii:
a.
iu kin :
(

) ( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


b.
iu kin :
{

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
7

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Kt hp vi ( ) ta c nghim l
c.
Ta c:
(
)(
(
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(
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(

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Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh sau

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[ ]

(Tuyn sinh khi D 2002)

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a.
Ta c:
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(vi

])

Li c:
[

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{ }

{
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l
b.
Ta c:
(
)

(vi

])

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

Li c:
[

c.

Ta c:
(vi
(
(

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(

Li c:
[

Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau


(

Gii:
a.
Ta c :

Nh vy, phng trnh vit li thnh


(

)
9

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
[

Phng trnh tng ng vi

b.

Nu

|
nn

) th

Khi ,
{
(

Nu

) th

nn
(

Khi ,
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Bi 7: Gii cc phng trnh sau


(

)(

)
(

Gii:
a.
Phng trnh tng ng vi
(
)(
(
)(
10

(Tuyn sinh khi D 2004)


(Tuyn sinh khi B 2005)
n

)
)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

c.

u kin:
(

)( )

Ta thy :

Do , phng trnh tng ng vi


(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.
iu kin :
{

( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

11

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

)(

[
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.
Bi 8: Tm tt c cc gi tr nguyn ca tha mn

Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

{
{
Do ,
V

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)
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l c nguyn ca 49. Ta c :
nn
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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

BI TP T LUYN

5.1.1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

5.1.2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:


(

)
)

[ (

)]

5.1.3. Gii cc phng trnh sau:


(
(
d

)
(

(
)
5.1.4. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

d
(

)(

)
13

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

5.1.5. Gii cc phng trnh sau:


[

]
[

5.1.6. Gii cc phng trnh sau:


( c

n
(

(
(

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.1.1. Nghim ca phng trnh l :


(

d [

(
14

(H Ngoi Thng 1999)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.1.2. Nghim ca phng trnh l :
(

)
(

d [

5.1.3. Nghim ca phng trnh l :


[

15

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.1.4.
a.
S dng cng thc nhn i

s a phng trnh tr thnh :


(

b.
Tng t cu a, ta cng s dng cng thc nhn i
phng trnh tr thnh :
(
c.

s a

iu kin :
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.

Nghim ca phng trnh l :

[
e.

iu kin :
(

Thay vo phng trnh, ta c

16

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


f.

v
(

Phng trnh c nghim


g.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

h.

Phng trnh tng ng vi :

)
(

i.

iu kin :
( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

17

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


5.1.5.
a.
Ta c:
(

])

Li c:
[

b.

{ }

Ta c:

])

Li c:

[
[
}

5.1.6.
a.
Gi :

18

{ }
{ }

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
b.

iu kin:
( )

{
Phng trnh tng ng vi
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

[
19

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
iu kin :

e.

(
Phng trnh tng ng vi
(
(
(

)(

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)(

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(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

II.
CC DNG PHNG TRNH LNG GIC A V PHNG TRNH
LNG GIC C BN
1.
PHNG TRNH BC HAI
- Phng trnh bc hai theo cc hm s lng gic l nhng phng trnh c dng
sau:

Cch gii phng trnh ny th ta s coi cc n


l cc
nghim ca phng trnh
(
), ng thi lu n cc iu
kin ca .
Chng ta cng s dng nhng php bin i lng gic a phng trnh ban
u v cc phng trnh loi ny.

Lu cc cng thc lng gic sau:

20

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


[

b.

Ta c:

c.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.
iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


[

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

21

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )
(

b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

(
(

c.

)
)

iu kin:
{

Phng trnh tng ng vi


22

)( )

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

y chnh l cu b ca bi ny.
Nghim ca phng trnh l:
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.
Phng trnh tng ng vi

[
( )

Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

23

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

( )
(

b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )
(

c.

Ta c:
(

(
(
Khi , phng trnh tng ng:
(

24

)
)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
( )
[

(
d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )
( )
( )

[
e.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

25

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

)( )

Gii:
a.

iu kin:

Phng trnh tng ng vi

[
( )

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim
(

26

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Phng trnh tng ng vi

b.

c.

( )

iu kin:
( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Khi

, ta c:

27

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
( )

( )
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Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn cc nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.

iu kin:
( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

d ( )
[

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

28

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
e.

iu kin:
( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

d
(

) ( G
n

(
)

29

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Gii:
a.

iu kin :

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

[
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.
b.

iu kin :
(

) ( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
(

(
30

)
)(

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

( )

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

(
d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
(

(
)

)
(

31

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
[

( )
(

e.

iu kin :

( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


-

BI TP T LUYN

5.2.1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

32

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.2.2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
(

)
(

5.2.3. Gii cc phng trnh sau:


(

(
(

33

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.1. Nghim ca phng trnh l :

d [

( )

[
5.2.2.
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

34

)(

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

( )
(

b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


[

)]

( )

[
c.

iu kin :
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

35

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
( )
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


[

)
(

( )

5.2.3.
a.

iu kin :

( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

36

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
(

)
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


iu kin :

b.

( )

Ta c:
(

Khi , phng trnh tng ng vi

)
37

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim
(
c.

iu kin :
(

( )

( )

ng trnh tng ng vi
)

)(

[
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

38

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
d.

iu kin :
( )

{
Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim
(
e.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


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(

( )
(

f.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


39

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

(
g.

iu kin :

( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

( )
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

40

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
2.
-

PHNG TRNH BC NHT THEO


V
Phng trnh bc nht theo
v
l nhng phng trnh c dng tng
qut :

)( )

Nhng trng hp c bit :

;( ) c dng :

; ( ) c dng :

khng l nghim nn ( ) c dng :

; do

Phng php gii : (trng hp

Chia 2 v phng trnh cho

ta s c phng trnh:

Ta thy :
(
Nn c gc

tha mn :

41

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
ng trnh tr thnh :
(

Phng trnh ( ) c nghim khi v ch khi


Khi , ta t

Phng trnh tr thnh :


(

Cch khc :
Chia 2 v phng trnh cho , phng trnh tr thnh :
(

Chia 2 v phng trnh cho , phng trnh tr thnh :


(
Vi

) th ta t

Khi ,
( )
(
Gii ri suy ra .

42

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Mt s cng thc cn lu :

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

Ta c:

[
b.

Ta c:

c.

Ta thy

) khng l nghim ca phng trnh.

43

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)( )

Phng trnh tr thnh:

[
( )

[
d.

Ta thy

) khng l nghim ca phng trnh.


(

Phng trnh tr thnh:


(

[
(
e.

Ta c:

Phng trnh ( ) tr thnh:

( )

44

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

)
)

Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.
iu kin:
(

)( )

Vi iu kin ( ), phng trnh tng ng vi :

45

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


b.

Ta c:

( )

)
(

c.

46

Ta c:
(

(
(

nn phng trnh v nghim.

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
(

)(

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

(
(

[
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

c.

iu kin :
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

47

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

(
(

)
)(

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

(
[
48

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
b.

iu kin :
( )

{
Phng trnh tng ng vi

Thay nghim vo ( ) ta s c nghim ca phng trnh l:


(
c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

49

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

BI TP T LUYN

5.2.4. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

5.2.5. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

5.2.6. Gii cc phng trnh sau:


(

(
-

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.4. Nghim ca phng trnh :


(

50

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(
(

d [

)
)

5.2.5.
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
(

)
(

b.

iu kin :
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


51

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

[
(

5.2.6.
a.

iu kin :
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim
(
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

52

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

3.

PHNG TRNH I XNG THEO

Phng trnh i xng theo


(

l phng trnh c dng sau :


)

Phng php gii :

)( )

[ ]

Khi ,

53

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Thay vo phng trnh, ta c :
(

)
( )

Ta gii ( ) tnh ra so iu kin v thay vo ( ) tnh .


Ngoi ra, chng ta cn mt dng c h hng vi dng trn :
(

Phng php gii :

)( )

[ ]

Khi ,

Thay vo phng trnh ri lm tng t nh dng trn.

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:


(

Gii:
a.

54

[ ]( )

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Khi , phng trnh tr thnh
( )
(

b.

[ ]( )

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh


)

( )

[
c.

[ ]( )

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh


(

55

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

( )

d.

[ ]( )

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh


(

( )
(

[
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

56

)(

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Gii:
a.

[ ]( )

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh

( )
(

[
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )
(

[ ]

Khi , phng trnh ( ) tr thnh:

( )

57

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
c.

iu kin :
( )

Ta bin i phng trnh thnh


(

)
(

( )
[ ]

Phng trnh ( ) tr thnh:

)
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

[ ]

Khi , phng trnh ( ) tr thnh:


(

58

( )

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

( )
(
(

[
e.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
(

)(
)[ (

)
)(

( )

(
Vi phng trnh ( ) ta c nghim
Vi phng trnh ( ), ta t

( )
(

)
(

[ ]

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh


[
Vi

th
(

59

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

BI TP T LUYN

5.2.7. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

5.2.8. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

)
(

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.7. Nghim ca phng trnh l :

(
[
(
60

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.2.8. Nghim ca phng trnh l :
(

)
(

[
(

)
)

4.

PHNG TRNH BC HAI THUN NHT I VI

Phng trnh bc hai thun nht i vi

l phng trnh c dng :

Phng php gii :


Cch 1: Ta s dng cng thc

{
S

a phng trnh v dng:

61

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

Cch 2: Thay

); ta bin i a phng trnh v dng :

Nu
(hoc
) : ta t
(hoc
) lm nhn t chung, ta s c
phng trnh tch.
Nu
, xt thy
khng l nghim ca phng trnh, ta tin hnh
chia 2 v cho
th a phng trnh v dng
( )
Gii phng trnh ( ) ri so vi iu kin.

Ngoi ra chng ta cng c mt dng phng trnh tng t :

Phng php gii : Chng ta s dng cch 2 nu trn (chia 2 v cho

).

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.
V
khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v cho
phng trnh tr thnh:

(tha iu kin
62

[
)

. Khi ,

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
b.
V
khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v cho
phng trnh tr thnh:
(

)(

(tha iu kin
c.

Khi ,

Phng trnh tng ng vi :

V
khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v cho
phng trnh tr thnh:

. Khi ,

[
(tha iu kin

)
)

d.
V
khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v cho
phng trnh tr thnh:
(
(

)(

. Khi ,

63

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
(tha iu kin

Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

[
[
64

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


(

(
[

)(

[
(tha iu kin
c.

Ta a phng trnh v dng

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:

65

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

(tha iu kin
d.

Ta a phng trnh v dng

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


(

)(

66

)(

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

BI TP T LUYN

5.2.9. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

d
(

5.2.10. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

67

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.9. Nghim ca phng trnh l :


(

[
(

d [

5.2.10.
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


68

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

[
(
(tha iu kin
b.

)
)

Phng trnh tng ng vi

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:

(tha iu kin
c.

iu kin:

Phng trnh tng ng vi

69

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


(

)(

(loi v

Vy phng trnh v nghim.


d.

iu kin:
(

Do

nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

. Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


(

)(

)( )

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


e.

70

Phng trnh tng ng vi

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

Thay vo phng trnh ta c:


(

)
(

(ng)

Khi phng trnh tr thnh:


(

)
(

(tha iu kin

)
)

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:

f.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


(

)(
(

(tha iu kin

)
)
)
71

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
g.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn chia 2 v phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:

[
(tha iu kin

72

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
CC DNG PHNG TRNH LNG GIC KHC
TNG HP
Phng trnh tng hp l nhng phng trnh a v phng trnh tch m trong
, cc nhn t l cc dng phng trnh nu trn.

5.
a.
-

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:


(

)
(

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

[
(

b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)
73

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)(

c.

iu kin:
( )

{
Phng trnh tng ng vi
(

)
(
(

)(
)(

)
)

[(

)(

)(
(

74

)
)

]
(
(

)(

)]

)(
(

)
)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.

iu kin:
( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
(

)
)

)(

)(

(
)

[
( )

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

75

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )

[
b.

iu kin:
( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

76

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)[

)[

)(

)]
]
)

[
(

[
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.
c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
)(

)
)

77

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

[
d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

[(

[(

[
78

)(
)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

, phng trnh tr thnh:

( )
[

[
79

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

(
)

[ (

)(

)(

(
(

c.

)
)

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

80

[ (

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)(

( )

[
d.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Khi , phng trnh tng ng vi

(
[

)(

)
(
(

)
)

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

81

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
(

(
d

)(

Gii:
a.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)
)

82

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.
b.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)]

( )

( )

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta c:
(

( )

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta c:

[ ]

Phng trnh ( ) tr thnh:

( )

83

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:

[
c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

[
(
[

84

)
(

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Phng trnh tng ng vi

d.

)(

[
(

Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
)
(
(
[

)
)

85

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
Ta thy :

b.
|

(
)|
|
|
). Nn phng trnh cho vit thnh
(
)
|
( )
( )
|

|
(
)|

V
(

[
|
Vi phng trnh ( ) c nghim l

(
Vi phng trnh ( ) ch tha mn
tng ng vi
[
|
c.

. Trong iu kin ny, phng trnh ( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

)(

)[ (

)[

)(

)
(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
(

86

)(
)(

)
)

)
]
)]

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Nghim ca phng trnh l:

Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

(Tuyn sinh khi A 2005)


(Tuyn sinh khi B 2005)

(Tuyn sinh khi D 2006)


(

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
(

[(

[(

)(

(
(

)
)(

[
Nghim ca phng trnh l:
(
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

87

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)(

[
(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

[
Nghim ca phng trnh l:

d.

iu kin:

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

88

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)
(

[
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim

BI TP T LUYN
5.2.11. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

5.2.12. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

(
(
d

)
(

89

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.2.13. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

d
(

5.2.14. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.11.
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

(
(

90

)
)(

)(
)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

(
(

)(

)
(

c.

)(

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

)(

[
Qua cc bi a, b v c th ta thy c cng dng phng trnh l:

( )

Nguyn gc phng trnh trn l xut pht t phng trnh ny:


(

)(

( )

T phng trnh ( ) ngi ta khai trin ra v thm bt vo a v phng trnh


( ).
Cch gii thng thng l chng ta s dng cng thc

v cng
thc

hay

xem ci no c th a phng
trnh ( ) phng trnh ( ).
91

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
d.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim
(
e.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:


(

5.2.12.
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

92

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
b.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi :


(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)]
)

)
)

)
)

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim

)( )

[
c.

iu kin:
{

Phng trnh tng ng vi :


(
(

)
)

)
93

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

[
d.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

)
)

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)
)

)(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim

5.2.13.
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

94

)
)(

)(
)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)]

)]

Nghim ca phng trnh l:


(
c.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim
(

[
d.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

95

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)(

)(

)[(

)(

)(

]
)

Nghim ca phng trnh l:


(

[
e.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

[
f.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

[(

)(

)]
)

Nghim ca phng trnh l:


[

96

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.2.14.
a.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

(
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim
(
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

[
97

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

)(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

[
d.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

(
(

)
)(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim

98

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
e.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

[
f.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Nghim ca phng trnh l:

99

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
b.
-

PHNG TRNH CHA CN THC


dng phng trnh cha cn thc ny, chng ta thng p dng cc cng thc
bn di. Sau khi gii n phn so iu kin th chng ta s th nghim trc tip.

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh sau:

Gii: iu kin:
( )

{
Phng trnh tng ng vi

)(

100

)
( ( ))

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
(

)
(

{
(

Bi 2: Gii phng trnh sau:

Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )
(

Bi 3: Gii phng trnh sau:


(

(H Kinh T Quc Dn 2000)

101

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )

( )

Ta gii phng trnh ( ) :


[

)]
)

Kim tra iu kin ( ), ta nhn nghim ca phng trnh l

Bi 4: Gii phng trnh sau:

Gii: iu kin :

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
Vi

)(

, ta c
(

Vi
102

th

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l


[

BI TP T LUYN

5.2.15. Gii phng trnh sau:

103

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.15.
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

[
b.

iu kin :
( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

( )
( )

Vi phng trnh ( ) ta c
{
{

(
Vi phng trnh ( ) ta c

)
(

)
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

104

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
c.

iu kin :
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

{
{

{[

105

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


d.

( )

( ))

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh

Do ,

106

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
c.
-

PHNG TRNH KHNG MU MC


Cc phng trnh khng mu mc l cc phng trnh khng c mt cch gii c
th no, thng l s dng cc bt ng thc hoc o hm hm s nh gi v
tm ra nghim.
Chng thng s dng cc bt ng thc sau:

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Ta c:

(
Du

)
(

xy ra khi v ch khi:

107

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


5

Ta c:

(
Du

)
(

xy ra khi v ch khi:

108

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Qua 2 bi trn chng ta thy rng vi khng ng thi bng 2, dng phng trnh:

( )

Chng ta thng gii nh sau:

( )

Khi , chng ta s dng cc nh gi:

(
n y, ta xt du

xy ra khi v ch khi:

Ngoi ra, chng ta cng c th lm nh sau :


{

n y, chng ta cng xt du

xy ra i vi phng trnh ( ).

109

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

iu kin:
(

)( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

{
[

{
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

110

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
b.

iu kin:
(

( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Ta c:

(
Du

xy ra khi v ch khi

[
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.
c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


5

(
(

)
)(

)
)
111

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
( )
( )
Vi phng trnh ( ) ta c nghim
[

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta thy


{
Do ,
(

[
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l
(

Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(
(

112

)
)

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

(
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Ta c :
(d
{

(d {

Suy ra

Du

xy ra khi v ch khi
(

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:


(
c.

iu kin :
( )

Phng trnh cho c th vit li thnh


(

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta c :

)
)

( )
( )
113

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
Vi phng trnh ( ), ta c :

)
(
)

M vi mi , ta u c
{
Do ,
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim ca phng trnh l

Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.

Ta bin i phng trnh tr thnh


(

Ta thy :

114

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Du

xy ra khi v ch khi

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:


(
b.

Ta bin i phng trnh tr thnh

Ta thy :
{
Du

xy ra khi v ch khi
{

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:


(

)
115

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Phng trnh tng ng vi
(
)
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, ta c
c.

Mt khc :

Do , phng trnh tr thnh

( )
( )

{
( )
Phng trnh ( ) cho nghim
(

Phng trnh ( ) cho nghim


(

Suy ra
(

Khi ,
(

Suy ra
(

Nghim ny ch tha mn phng trnh ( ) nu chn. Do , nghim ca phng trnh


(

Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

d (
116

(
)

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Gii:
a.
iu kin :
( )

{
Ta c :

{
Vy phng trnh ch tha khi v ch khi
{

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


b.
iu kin :
( )

{
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c :
Suy ra
(
Li theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c :
Nn

. Mt khc, ta thy
(

Do , phng trnh ch tha khi v ch khi


( )
( )

{
(

( )

T ( ) v ( ) ta c
Kt hp vi ( ) ta c
{

Th li vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.

117

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
iu kin :

c.

( )

Ta c :
(

Ta thy :
(

)
(

Nn
(
)
(
)
Vy phng trnh ch tha khi v ch khi
(
(

[
Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.
d.
iu kin :
( )
Ta c :
(

)(
)(

)(

Mt khc,

Do , phng trnh ch tha khi v ch khi


{

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


118

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 6: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2006)

975

975

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2007)

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2008)

Gii:
a.
iu kin:
( )
Ta t :
{
Phng trnh a v dng
( )
M ta c :
(
Do ,
( )
(

(
)
(

)
)

Thay vo ( ), ta c :
(

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


b.
Nhn xt
khng l nghim ca phng trnh v nu
th
phng trnh khng tha mn. Tng t,
khng l nghim ca phng trnh.
119

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

975

()

7
97

()

)
)

(
) s ch
Nn hm s tng trn mi khong xc nh. Ngoi ra hm s ny vi
(
) ch nhn gi tr dng. Cho nn mi gi tr ( ) trn
nhn gi tr m v vi
khong ny khng th ng vi gi tr ca ( ) trn khong kia.
Cho nn phng trnh (
G ( )

) tng ng vi
(

c.
Nu

Do , phng trnh khng c nghim


Nu

). Ta nhn 2 v phng trnh cho

(
(

[
[

120

)
)

, ta c

( ).

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 7: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
(

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2008)

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2009)

2008

2008

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2009)

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2010)


Gii:
a.
t
Li t

| |

. Ta c :

. Ta c h

Tr 2 phng trnh theo tng v, ta c


(
(

)
(

T suy ra
Vy

(
b.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


9
9

(
)

)
(

)
121

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Xt hm s
( )
( )
Do , ( ) ng bin. Vy ta suy ra

Phng trnh tng ng vi

c.

2008

Xt hm s

) 2008(

2008

()
2008

()

2008

(
Do , ( ) ng bin. Khi , phng trnh tng ng vi
[
d.

( )

Ta c:
(

)
(

)(

Suy ra
(

Phng trnh ( ) tr thnh:


(

Do , phng trnh cho tr thnh


(

122

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 8: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2

Gii:
a.
-

Ta xt cc trng hp :
th

. Suy ra
2

Mt khc :

Do , phng trnh v nghim.


, chng minh tng t, ta c :

Do , phng trnh v nghim.


-

, ta thy h nghim tha mn phng trnh cho.

Vy phng trnh c nghim


(

123

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
iu kin :

b.

( )
, phng trnh cho tr thnh

Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c :

Du

xy ra khi v ch khi
(

, theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c :

(|

|)

Mt khc :
{

|
|

|
|

Nn
|
Du

xy ra khi v ch khi

|
|
|

|
|
|

[
|

)
|

Ta thy h trn v nghim. Do , kt hp vi ( ), ta c nghim ca phng trnh :


(

124

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
c.

Ta c :

Do , phng trnh lun xc nh. Khi , ta a phng trnh tr thnh


(
)
(
)
Ta t
Phng trnh a v dng
Ta xt hm s :
( )
()
Do , hm s ng bin trn (

). Khi ,
( )
( )
(
(

)(

Bi 9: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Gii:
a.
Theo bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, ta c :
)(

Du

)
(

xy ra khi v ch khi

125

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Ta thy, h ny v nghim. Do , phng trnh v nghim.


b.
iu kin :
( )

{
Ta c :
(

Theo bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, ta c :


Du

xy ra khi v ch khi
(

Ta thy, h trn v nghim. Do , phng trnh v nghim.


c.
iu kin :
( )
Phng trnh tng ng vi

Ta t

. Khi ,

th

( )

( )
Ta xt hm s :
()
()
Do , hm s ng bin trn
ca phng trnh ( ).
Vi
th

126

( )

( )

. M ta thy (

nn

l nghim duy nht

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Kt hp vi ( ), nghim ca phng trnh l :


(

BI TP T LUYN

5.2.16. Gii cc phng trnh sau:


5

)
7

5.2.17. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

127

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
-

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.17.
a.

iu kin:

Khi , phng trnh tng ng:

( )

Li c:

Khi ,
( )

(
b.

iu kin:

p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovsky, ta c:


(

Li c:
(
128

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Khi , phng trnh tng ng vi

(
(

)
)

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:


(
c.

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Ta c:
{
Du

xy ra khi v ch khi:
(

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:


(

)
129

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
d.

iu kin:
( )

Khi , phng trnh tng ng vi:

Vy phng trnh v nghim.


e.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

Ta c:

Du

xy ra khi v ch khi:
(

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l:


(

130

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
d.
-

PHNG TRNH C CHA THAM S


nhng phng trnh ny, chng ta c mt s phng php thng dng thng
gp nh sau :
Phng php lng gic :
( )
( )
( )
Phng trnh c dng
c
nghim khi v ch khi | |
.
( )
( )
( )
Phng trnh c dng
c
nghim khi v ch khi
.
Ch : Nu min gi tr ca ( ) khng phi th iu kin trn ch l
iu kin cn.
Phng php i s : Cho phng trnh lng gic ( ) c cha tham s, s
gii v bin lun c th theo cc th t sau :
Bin i ( ) thnh phng trnh ( ) c th t n ph, y c th
xut hin iu kin ( ). Nghim ca phng trnh ( ) cng l nghim
ca phng trnh ( ) vi iu kin ( ).
Xt phng trnh ( ), t n ph tr thnh phng trnh i s ( )
km iu kin ca n ph l ( ).
Nu iu kin ( ) c th bin i thnh iu kin ( ) tng ng
trong n ph th ta kt lun : iu kin cn v ( ) c nghim l
( ) ( ) ( ) c nghim.
Trong trng hp ( ) khng th bin i thnh iu kin mi trong n
ph, ta phi kim tra trc tip nghim ca ( ) khi cn phi i chiu
iu kin ( ).
Bi ton s t phc tp hn nu ta c khng c iu kin ( ), ngha l
( ) tng ng ( ).
Phng php dng min gi tr :
Phng php ny ch dng c sau khi bin i phng trnh lng
gic thnh phng trnh i s ch c bc nht hoc bc hai. Bng
phng php o hm hay phng php bt ng thc, ta khng cn v
th hm s m ch cn min gi tr khi cn tm iu kin phng
trnh c nghim.
Nhc li cng thc so snh nghim : Cho phng trnh bc hai
,
vi
, k hiu l ( ), c hai nghim
v hai s
. Ta c

khi v ch khi
( )

131

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

khi v ch khi

( )

khi v ch khi

( )

khi v ch khi
{

( )
( )

khi v ch khi
{

( )
( )

khi v ch khi
{

( )
( )

khi v ch khi
( )
( )
{

Bi 1: nh m phng trnh sau c nghim:


(

132

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Gii:
a.
Khi
Khi

Ta xt 2 trng hp
(
th

).

th

Phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi

b.

a phng trnh v dng


(

Khi

th

Khi

th

)
)

Phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi


[
c.

Ta bin i phng trnh tr thnh

Khi , phng trnh c nghim th


(

133

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Bi 2: Cho phng trnh


G

Gii: Ta bin i phng trnh tr thnh


(

( )

a.

( )

[
( )

b.
(

Khi ,
( )

)( )

Ta c :
[

134

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh sau:
(
G

)( )

Gii: iu kin:

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

(
[

)[ (

( )
(

a.

Kt hp vi ( ), ta nhn nghim trn l nghim ca phng trnh.


b.
(

Ta c:

135

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

( )

Khi , yu cu bi ton tng ng vi

{
{

Bi 4: Cho phng trnh

Gii: Phng trnh a v dng

a.
, phng trnh tr thnh

Khi

( )
(

b.
[
t

( )

Khi , yu cu bi ton tng ng vi


136

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

( )
( )
{

Bi 5: Tm phng trnh sau c nghim

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2008)

Gii: Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta ch cn xt nghim trn [

iu kin:
[

Ta c :
(

{
t

( )

.
[

]
. Do ,

Mt khc, ta li c :

( )
Xt hm s

( )
()

()

()

137

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
T bng bin thin, ta kt lun rng phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi
{

Bi 6: Xc nh phng trnh

)
(H Y Dc Tp.HCM 1999)

Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
( )

( )

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta c nghim


(
(

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta t

| |

. Khi :

( )

( )

Do phng trnh ( ) c 2 nghim phn bit vi mi , nn ta cn xc nh


( )
Khi , phng trnh ( ) c 2 nghim

138

(
tha iu kin

) {

phng

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Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
( )
( )
( )

Bi 7: Cho phng trnh tham s

(H S Phm Tp.HCM 2001)


Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi
(

(
[

)[ (

( )
(

( )

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta c nghim


(
Vi phng trnh ( ), ta t
thnh

)
. Khi , phng trnh ( ) tr

| |

( )
a.

Khi

th
( )

[
(

(
[

)
(

Vy phng trnh c nghim

139

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

[
b.

Ta c :

phng trnh ( ) c nghim

Do , ta cn xc nh

()

]. Xt hm s :

( )
Hm s ng bin trn [

]. Ta c :
{

)
( )

Khi , yu cu bi ton tng ng vi

Bi 8: Gii v bin lun phng trnh theo tham s

Gii: iu kin :
{

( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi

Khi , ta t
(

140

]. Ta a phng trnh v dng


)

( )

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Tuy nhin, do iu kin ( ) ta c
(

] { }

Do , phng trnh cho c nghim th

| |
| |

{
Ta thy, t phng trnh ( ), ta c th suy ra nghim ca phng trnh l
(

Bi 9: nh phng trnh sau c nghim

Gii: Ta c :

Nn ta c iu kin ca bi ton l
( )

{
Phng trnh a v dng

( )
t

| |

, phng trnh ( ) tr thnh


(

Ta thy,

( )

khng l nghim ca phng trnh ( ) nn

141

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Tuy nhin, do iu kin ( ) ta c
{

Khi , iu kin cn v phng trnh c nghim l

{
Do , ta tm c gi tr ca

tha yu cu bi ton l
(

) {

Bi 10: Cho phng trnh cha tham s

phng trnh c bao nhiu nghim nm trong on [

Khi

(H Cn Th 1998)
Gii: iu kin :

( )

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(
(

(
(

142

)(

)
)

)[

)
(

)(
)

)
(

)]

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
( )
[

( )

Vi phng trnh ( ), ta c nghim


(

Vi phng trnh ( ), phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi


| |

| |

Do , phng trnh ( ) v nghim. Mt khc, ta thy nghim ca phng trnh ( ) tha


mn iu kin ( ) khi
, ta xt :
{

Nh vy, phng trnh cho c 5 nghim nm trong on [

].

Bi 11: Cho phng trnh cha tham s

Xc nh phng trnh v nghim.


(H Giao Thng Vn Ti 1995)
Gii: iu kin :
( )
Phng trnh tng ng vi
(
t

| |

. Khi , phng trnh tr thnh

143

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Xt hm s
( )

| |

()

()
()

Da vo bng bin thin, gi tr ca

tha yu cu bi ton l :

Bi 12:
a.

Gii phng trnh :

b.

( )
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca phng trnh ( ) tng ng vi phng trnh
||)

(
( )
(H Thi Nguyn 2000)

Gii:
a.

Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
(

b.

[
Phng trnh ( ) tng ng vi
(

144

| |)

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
[

[
-

| |)

]
( )

| |)

iu kin cn :

Phng trnh ( ) v ( ) tng ng th phng trnh ( ) phi c tha bi phng


trnh

iu ny tng ng vi
(

| |)

| |
Vi

iu kin :
th
( )

[
Nh vy, phng trnh ( ) v ( ) tng ng vi nhau khi v ch khi

[
{[

145

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 13: Xc nh hai phng trnh sau tng ng
(

) ( )

( )

Gii: Phng trnh ( ) tng ng vi

Phng trnh ( ) tng ng vi


(

[
Vi

th phng trnh ( ) v ( ) tng ng vi nhau.

Vi

th phng trnh ( ) tng ng


[

Do , phng trnh ( ) v ( ) tng ng khi v ch khi

[
{
T cc gi tr trn, ta c gi tr

146

tha yu cu bi ton l

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Bi 14: Cho phng trnh cha tham s
5

Tm tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh tha mn bt phng trnh

Gii: Phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(

( )
( )
Vi

th ( ) tr thnh

)
(

Bt phng trnh tng ng vi


[

( )
( )

H nghim va tm c tha mn ( ) khi


{
H nghim va tm c tha mn ( ) khi

147

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

Do , ta c c nghim ca phng trnh tha yu cu bi ton l

BI TP T LUYN

5.2.18. Cho phng trnh:


)

5.2.19. Cho 2 phng trnh sau:

(
Tm

)(

2 phng trnh tng ng.


(H Y Dc Tp.HCM 1998)

5.2.20. Cho phng trnh sau:


(
a.
b.

Gii phng trnh khi


.
Tm phng trnh c nghim.

5.2.21. Cho phng trnh sau:


(
Tm
148

phng trnh c nghim.

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.2.22. Tm

hai phng trnh sau tng ng


7

)
(

)
( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2007)

5.2.23. Tm tt c cc gi tr

phng trnh

c ng 2 nghim

]
( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2007)

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

5.2.18. iu kin:
( )
Phng trnh tr thnh
( )
a.
( )

Ta t

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


149

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic

)
(

)
(

b.

( )

Yu cu bi ton tng ng vi
(

( )

( )

5.2.19. Ta t
( )

)(

)( )

Ta c:
( )

[
Li c:
( )

(
(
[

150

)
)
(

(
)

(
)
]

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
)(

[
Yu cu bi ton tng ng vi

[
5.2.20. Khi

ta c:
(

khng l nghim ca phng trnh. Khi y, ta chia 2 v

Vy khi
th
phng trnh cho

Khi , phng trnh tr thnh:


(
a.

Khi

th ta c
(

b.

)(

Phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi


[

151

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
5.2.21.

[ ]

vi

[ ]

Phng trnh tr thnh

t ( )
()

Suy ra

[ ]

vi

Nn ( ) ng bin trn khong [ ]


Khi tp gi tr ca ( ) l [

Vy phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi ( )


[

[ ]

c nghim

5.2.22. Ta t
{

( )

( )

Phng trnh ( ) lun c nghim l

Vy phng trnh ( ) tng ng vi phng trnh ( ) th iu kin cn l phng


(
)
trnh ( ) phi c nghim
Khi :
( )

[
thay vo 2 phng trnh v gii ra 2 tp nghim khng trng nhau nn loi

Khi
.
Khi
nhn
152

v
.

thay vo 2 phng trnh v gii ra 2 tp nghim trng nhau nn

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 5 : Phng trnh lng gic
Vy [

tha yu cu bi ton.

5.2.23. Chng minh c


(

l mt nghim ca phng trnh.

]
( )

()

( )

]
(

( )

Th nn iu kin cn v tha yu cu bi ton l ( )


(

c ng mt nghim

153

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

CHNG 6
H PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
TM TT MT S PHNG PHP THNG GP

I.
1.

2.
-

3.
-

PHNG PHP TH
Phng php th l mt phng php c bn trong vic gii h phng trnh
lng gic. Thng thng, ta c ba cch s dng phng php ny : th trc
tip, bin i ri th sau, gii tm nghim ca mt phng trnh ri th vo
phng trnh cn li.
PHNG PHP CNG I S
Trong phng php ny ta s c mt s loi c bn cn nm :


i. Loi 1 : {


ii. Loi 2 : {


iii. Loi 3 : {


iv. Loi 4 : {


v. Loi 5 : {


nhng loi ny ta thng c ba bc gii : i

thnh

; cng v tr hai phng trnh ca h c mt h phng


trnh mi c bn hn; gii h va c tm nghim.
PHNG PHP KH SAU KHI BNH PHNG
C hai dng c trng trong phng php ny :

{
-

4.
-

154

( )
( )

()
()

Phng php ny cng thng gm ba bc gii : bnh phng hai v hai


phng trnh ca h; cng li th c mt phng trnh mt n s; gii
phng trnh va tm c ri th nghim vo hai phng trnh ban u
kim tra.
MT S PHNG PHP KHC
Ngoi ra, ta cn c nhiu phng php khc, chng hn nh : t n ph; s
dng bt ng thc c in, dng o hm

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
II.

CC BI TP MINH HA

Bi 1: Gii h phng trnh sau:


( ){

Gii: Ta c

( )

Bi 2: Gii h phng trnh sau :

( ){

Gii: Ta c

( )

{
[

)]

155

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

{
(

)
(

Bi 3: Gii h phng trnh sau:

( )

(H Y Dc Tp.HCM 1997)

Gii: Ta c
( )

{
(

)
(

{
156

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

Bi 4: Gii h phng trnh sau:

( ){

Gii: iu kin:

Ta c:
( )

(
(

)
)

{
{

Bi 5: Gii h phng trnh sau :


{

( )
( )

(H Ngoi Ng Tin Hc Tp.HCM 1997)

157

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
Gii: Ly ( )

( ) theo tng v, ta c :
( )

Th ( ) vo ( ), ta c
(
Vi

, khi

th

Bi 6: Gii h phng trnh sau :


( )

(H S Phm Vinh 1997)

Gii:
( )
Ly ( )

( )

( )

( ) theo tng v, ta c :
(

)
(

Nu

th

( )

Vy nghim ca h l :

158

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
-

Nu

th

( )

{
Vy nghim ca h l :

Bi 7: Gii h phng trnh sau :

( ){

Gii:
( )
Ly ( )

( )

( )

( ) theo tng v, ta c :

( )

Khi ,
( )

Th li, ta nhn nghim ca h l :


(

159

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
Bi 8: Gii h phng trnh sau :

( ){

Gii: iu kin :
(

Ta c :
( )

Suy ra

[
ng vi

v iu kin bi ton, ta c nghim ca h l :

160

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
Bi 9: Gii h phng trnh sau :

( ){

Gii: iu kin :

Ta c :
( )

(
{

[
{

)
)

161

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

{
(

{
[
Vi

. Do , kt hp vi iu kin bi ton, nghim ca h l

th

Bi 10: Gii h phng trnh sau :

Gii: Ta t

[ ] ( )

Khi , h phng trnh tng ng vi

{
(

{
(

162

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

( )

[
(

[
{
Bi 11: Gii h phng trnh sau :

( )
( )

)( )

Gii: iu kin :

phng trnh ( ) ta c :

Do , ta s kho st hm s
( )
163

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
( )
Vy hm s nghch bin. Do ,
Thay vo ( ) ta c :

T , kt hp vi iu kin ( ), ta nhn c nghim ca h l :

Bi 12: Gii h phng trnh sau :

) ( )
)( )

Gii: iu kin

)( )

Ta c :
|
{

164

|
(

|
)

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
Nn ( ) tng ng vi
()

( )

Gii ( ) :
(

Nghim trn tha iu kin ca h, ta th vo ( ):


(

Do , nghim trn khng l nghim ca h.


Gii ( ) :
(

Nghim trn tha iu kin ca h, ta th vo ( ):


(
(

)
(

(
)

Do , kt hp vi iu kin ( ), ta nhn c nghim ca h l


165

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
(

)
(

Bi 13: Gii h phng trnh sau :

( ){

|| ||

Gii:
( )

| |

( ){

| |

| |
( ){

| |

| |

Gii ( ) :
{
V |

| |

| |

| |

| |
nn
{

| |

. Suy ra
| |

Do , nghim ca h l :
(

{(

) (

)}

Gii ( ) :
{

| |
| |

| |

{| |

| |

| |
(

166

| |

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
nh gi tng t nh trn, ta c nghim ca h l :
(

{(

)(

)(

)(

)}

Bi 14: Gii h phng trnh sau :


Gii: V hm s
c chu k tun hon
).
h nn ta xt h trn (
. Khi

v ta thy

u khng l nghim ca

) v h tng ng vi

( )

( )

( )

( )

{
Cng theo v cc phng trnh ca h, ta c

( )

167

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

( )

Mt khc, ta xt hm s :

( )

( )

Do , hm s nghch bin. Kt hp vi ( ), suy ra :

()

()

Khi ,

Bi 15: Gii h phng trnh sau :

( )

( )

)]

Gii: Ta c :
( )

168

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
[

)]

)]

(
(

)
)

)
(

)
)

[
(

)
(

(
)

)
)

{
(

(
[{

[{

Bi 16: Gii h phng trnh sau :


( ){

169

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
Gii:

( )

Ly ( )

( )

( )

( ) theo tng v, ta c
(

( )
{

( )

Gii ( ) :
(

, ta thay vo ( ) :

Vi

)
(

Do , ta c :

( ){

( ){

Ln lt thay ( ) ( ) vo ( ) ta nhn ( ) l nghim ca h.


170

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
thay vo ( ), ta c :

Vi

Do , ta c :
(

( ){

( ){

Ln lt thay ( ) ( ) vo ( ) ta nhn ( ) l nghim ca h.

BI TP T LUYN

6.1.1. Gii cc h phng trnh sau

{
{

171

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

d {

6.1.2. Gii cc h phng trnh sau


{

d
[

]
]

6.1.3. Gii cc h phng trnh sau


{
(

172

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic

(
(

)
)

6.1.4. Cho {

Gii h phng trnh sau :


{

GI GII BI TP T LUYN

6.1.1. Nghim ca h phng trnh l:


(

d {

173

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Chng 6 : H phng trnh lng gic
6.1.2. Nghim ca h phng trnh l:
(

{
d

6.1.3. Nghim ca h phng trnh l:

)
(

6.1.4. Nghim ca h phng trnh l:


(
{

)
(

174

)
)

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic

CHNG 7
BT PHNG TRNH LNG GIC
I.

TM TT MT S PHNG PHP THNG GP


- gii mt bt phng trnh lng gic, ta thng dng hai phng php sau :
1. Phng php 1 : a bt phng trnh v cc dng c bn nh :
Thng thng ta dng ng trn lng gic
tm cc h nghim tng ng.
2. Phng php 2 : Vit bt phng trnh v tch hoc thng cc hm s lng
gic dng c bn. Xt du cc tha s t chn nghim thch hp.
CC BT PHNG TRNH CN NM
-


Nu
Nu

, bt phng trnh v nghim.


, bt phng trnh c nghim l :
(

Nu

, bt phng trnh c nghim l :

Nu

Nu
Nu

, bt phng trnh v nghim.


, bt phng trnh c nghim l :

, bt phng trnh c nghim l :

Nu

, bt phng trnh c v s nghim.

Nu

, bt phng trnh c v s nghim.

175

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
-

c nghim l :

c nghim l :

II.

CC BI TP MINH HA

Bi 1: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: Bt phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)(
(

)
(

Bi 2: Gii bt phng trnh sau :


|

Gii: Ta t :

Bt phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)
|

176

|
|

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic

[
{
[
[{
[

Bi 3: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: iu kin :

)( )

177

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

( )

Bi 4: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: iu kin :
(

)( )

Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

178

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
(

( )

Bi 5: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: iu kin :

)( )

Bt phng trnh tng ng vi


(

)[

)(

)]

Kt hp vi ( ) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l

179

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
Bi 6: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: iu kin :
(

)( )

Bt phng trnh tng ng vi


(

Kt hp vi ( ) ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l


(

Bi 7: Tm nghim ca bt phng trnh

Tha mn bt phng trnh

( )

( )

Gii: Bt phng trnh ( ) tng ng vi

180

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic

Bt phng trnh ( ) tng ng vi

Do , nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l

Bi 8: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: iu kin :
(
t

)( )

. Khi , bt phng trnh tng ng vi

[
Vi

th
(

Vi

th
(

So vi iu kin ( ), ta nhn 2 nghim trn l nghim ca bt phng trnh.

181

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
Bi 9: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

(H Kinh T Tp.HCM 1997)


Gii: Bt phng trnh tng ng vi
(
t ( )

)[ (

)[ (

nn ta ch cn xt du ca ( ) trn [

Do hm s tun hon c chu k


Ta c :
( )

( )
(

( )

Vi ( ) :

Vi ( ), ta t

| |

( )

Suy ra
(
Lp bng xt du ca ( ) trn [

182

] ta thy

].

www.VNMATH.com
Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
7

0
( )

Nh vy, ta c trong 1 chu k nghim ca bt phng trnh l

Do , nghim ca bt phng trnh l

Bi 10: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: t ( )
Do hm s tun hon c chu k

nn ta ch cn xt du ca ( ) trn [

].

Ta c, bt phng trnh tng ng vi

{
Lp bng xt du trn [

] ta thy

183

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic

7
5

0
0

Suy ra nghim ca bt phng trnh l

[
Bi 11: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

Gii: iu kin :
( )
Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

, ta a bt phng trnh tr thnh

Ta xt hm s
()

184

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
()

Do , ( ) ng bin trn [

Ta xt thm hm s

()

( )
Do , ( ) nghch bin trn [
Suy ra vi mi

)
{

()
()

( )
( )

()

( )

Nh vy, ta c :
()

()

Khi ,
(

( )

Bi 12: Gii bt phng trnh sau :

( ngh Olympic 30-4, 2006)


Gii: iu kin :
( )
Bt phng trnh tng ng vi

185

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
t

. Ta a bt phng trnh tr thnh

Ta xt hm s
()
( )

Do , ( ) ng bin trn [

).

Suy ra :
( )

Nh vy,

BI TP T LUYN
7.1.1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

7.1.2. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

186

( )

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
7.1.3. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

7.1.4. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :

GI GII BI TP T LUYN
7.1.1. Nghim ca bt phng trnh l :
(

)
(
(

7.1.2. Nghim ca bt phng trnh l :

187

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Chng 7 : Bt phng trnh lng gic
7.1.3. Nghim ca bt phng trnh l :

)
(

7.1.4. Nghim ca bt phng trnh l :

188

www.VNMATH.com
c thm : Tn mn v s pi

c Thm

TN MN V S PI

S l mt trong nhng hng s c o v c bit nht ca Ton hc, v lun hp


dn cc nh khoa hc ni chung v nh Ton hc ni ring bi hu ht cc lnh vc u
thy s xut hin ca s . C th nh s ng vai tr l t l ca ng knh v chu vi
ng trn, hay l mt s siu vit, tc l s khng l nghim ca bt k phng trnh i
s vi h s nguyn no
hng nghn nm nay, con ngi lun c gng tnh ton nhiu hn na cc ch s
sau du phy thp phn ca s . Chng hn nh Archimedes tnh gi tr bng nh
gi xut pht t cch tng s cnh ca a gic ni tip vng trn

Cch xp x trn ca Archimedes c chnh xc n 3 ch s sau du phy. Cn


Ptomely vo nm 150 sau Cng Nguyn tnh xp x bng
. V cuc ua ny

189

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kt thc bi kt qu ca Ludolf van Ceulen (1540-1610), ngi tn 10 nm, tnh cnh


- gic u tm c s vi chnh xc 35 ch s sau du phy.
ca
V mt l thuyt, phng php xp x ca Archimedes c th ko di v hn, nhng
vi pht minh v php tnh vi phn, phng php ca ngi Hy Lp khng c dng
n na. Thay vo , cc chui tch v lin phn s v hn hi t c s dng
xp x s .

T cui th k 17, cc dy v hn v chui tr thnh nhng i tng ch yu trong


nghin cu ca cc nh Ton hc. Mt trong nhng kt qu u tin theo hng ny l
chui Leibnitz c Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) tm ra vo nm 1673.

Chui Leibnitz l mt trng hp ring ca mt chui tng qut hn, c tm ra bi


James Gregory (1638-1675) vo nm 1670.
( )

(| |

Nu nh trong chui Gregory, ngoi vic thay


c chui Leibnitz th ta c
th thay vi cc gi tr khc nh hn, c mt chui khc c tc hi t cao hn
rt nhiu. Abraham Sharp (1651-1742) s dng kt qu trn t c kt qu k lc
vo nm 1699 vi 71 ch s sau du phy.

(
)
( )
Tip theo , cc nh Ton hc thng qua vic tm nhng t hp cc
m mi trong chng c biu din bi cc chui hi t nhanh hn chui Leibnitz.

190

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c thm : Tn mn v s pi

Chng ta c th kim tra d dng cc ng thc ny bng cch s dng cc hng ng


thc lng gic :
(
(
(| |

)
)

Vic khai trin ny cho ta c mt chui thun tin hn rt nhiu cho vic tnh ton.
V gip John Machin (1680-1751) tnh c 100 ch s sau du phy vo nm 1706.
Thnh cng ca John Machin khi ln cho cc nh Ton hc khc tip tc tham gia
cuc chy ua m n bt u t thi Archimedes.
S dng phng php ca Abraham Sharp, De Lagny (1660-1734) tnh c 127
ch s sau du phy vo nm 1719. Khng lu sau , Leonard Euler (1707-1783) bng
mt phng php khc kim tra kt qu ca De Lagny v tm ra sai st ch s th 113.
Nm 1841, William Reserford (khng r nm sinh, nm mt) tm ra 208 ch s sau
du phy v c kim tra li bi Johan Martin Zacharias Dase (1824-1861) sai ch s
153. Nm 1847, Thomas Clausen (1801-1885) tin thm n 250 ch s sau du phy,
trong c 248 ch s tnh ng.
Nm 1853, William Reserford tng thnh tch ca mnh ln 440 ch s sau du phy.
V k lc ca thi k ny c thit lp bi William Shanks (1812-1882) vi 530 ch s
(trong 527 ch s tnh ng). V sau, William Shanks phi lm vic ct lc tnh
tip cc ch s tip theo, a k lc ln n 707 ch s tnh ng.
n th k 20, cuc cch mng my tnh nh du nhng thnh tu v i ca tr tu
con ngi. Nhng kim tra u tin trn my tnh in t vo nm 1945 pht hin
William Shanks sai ngay t ch s th 528. iu ny khin nh Ton hc Harold
Scott MacDonald Coxeter (1907-2003) phi tht ln rng : Khng th khng bun khi
ngh rng, nhng tnh ton m Shanks ti nghip phi b ra mt phn ln ca cuc i
tnh, th my tnh in t hin i c th thc hin trong vi giy nh l khi ng
vy. V nh vy, s xut hin ca my tnh in t lm cho tc cuc ua tm nhng
ch s sau du phy cng tng nhanh.
191

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Nm 1949, John Von Neumann (1903-1957) cng cc cng s tnh c 2037 ch


s sau du phy trn mt trong nhng my tnh in t u tin ENIAC. Ngng 10000
ch s t c vo nm 1958 bi Fredrick Jenuine (1908-1973) vi s tr gip ca my
tnh IBM 704. V 100.000 ch s sau du phy ca s c tnh vo nm 1961 bi
Daniel Shanks (1917-1996) cng vi my tnh IBM 7079. Nm 1973, Jan Gyiu v M.
Buet (khng r nm sinh, nm mt) lp k lc vi mc 1 triu ch s sau du phy, s
dng gn mt ngy lm vic ca my CDC-7600.
n cui th k 20, ngi ta tnh c s vi chnh xc n ch s th 200 t.
V cho ti hin ti, mi y nht l k lc ca Fabrice Bellard (1972) khi tnh chnh xc
n ch s th 2.7 t t ca s . Mt n 131 ngy tnh ton, nhng y l mt kt
qu cc k n tng v Fabrice Bellard ch s dng my tnh bn thng thng x
l s liu cng vi vic pht trin mt phn mm x l thut ton mnh hn 20 ln so vi
nhng sn phm tng t trc .
Tng nh l k nguyn ca my tnh in t loi b con ngi ra khi cuc chi
mt cch dt khot, my tnh no c tc x l nhanh hn th my thng. Nhng s
thc th khng nh vy, chnh con ngi khi xng cuc chy ua khng tin khon
hu ny v to nn nhiu thut ton nhn nhanh gip my tnh in t x l hiu qu hn.
Tr li con s 200 t c thit lp vo cui th k 20
Nm 1987, Jonathan v Peter Borwein (1953) tm ra mt chui ng ngc nhin :
(

( ) (

) [

) (

Dy cc s hng di du tnh tng vi


b sung thm khong 25 ch
) cho
s sau du phy cho s ng vi mi s hng. Ch ring s hng u tin (
gi tr gn ng n 24 ch s sau du phy.
Thm ch, Jonathan v Peter Borwein cn a ra thut ton gip tnh ton cc ch s
sau du phy ca s , c hiu qu thn k. Mi mt bc tnh ca thut ton ny lm
tng thm di cc ch s sau du phy c tnh ng ln 4 ln. Di y l m t
ca thut ton ny :
Ta t
v

hng trc bi cng thc


192

, cc s hng tip theo

c tnh theo s

www.VNMATH.com
c thm : Tn mn v s pi

Dy s {

} c xy dng bi cng thc


(

Khi

cng tng th ta c nh gi
2

Ni cch khc,

C s ca pht minh ra thut ton ny l nhng nghin cu trong lnh vc tch phn
elliptic v hm theta. Thut ton k diu ny ly tng ca nh Ton hc thin ti
ngi n Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920). V con s 200 t xut hin t
C th ni thm rng, mt trong nhng phng php gy t m nht tnh s l
ca Count Buffon vo th k 18 cng vi Bi ton chic kim ca ng. Trn mt mt
phng, ta k cc ng thng song song cch u nhau n v chiu di. Th chic kim
c di nh hn ln mt phng . Nu chic kim ri ln trn ng k th ln th
c coi l thnh cng. Khm ph y bt ng ca Buffon l t l s ln th thnh cng
so vi khng thnh cng l mt biu thc cha s .
Nu chiu di kim bng

n v th xc sut th thnh cng l

S ln th cng nhiu th xp x cho s cng chnh xc. Trong mt phng php xc


sut khc tnh s l vo nm 1904, R. Chartes tm ra xc sut hai s nguyn
c vit ngu nhin nguyn t cng nhau v xc sut mt s nguyn c chn ngu
nhin m n khng chia ht cho s chnh phng u mang chung gi tr tuyt vi l

193

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TI LIU THAM KHO


[1] Nguyn Vn Nho, Nguyn Vn Th, Chuyn Lng gic, NXB Tng hp
Tp.HCM, 2007.
[2]

V Giang Giai, Tuyn tp 400 bi ton lng gic, NXB i hc S Phm, 2007.

[3]

Phm Tn Phc, Cc chuyn Lng gic, NXB Tp.HCM, 1999.

[4] Hunh Cng Thi, o Khi, Phng php gii ton Lng gic THPT, NXB i
hc S Phm, 2004.
[5] Trn Vn Ton, V Hu Phc, Luyn Thi Cp Tc Ton Hc, NXB HQG
Tp.HCM, 2009.
[6] Don Minh Cng, Gii thiu Thi Tuyn Sinh Vo i Hc mn Ton (t
1997-1998 n 2004-2005), NXB HQG H Ni, 2004.
[7] Hunh Cng Thi, Cc dng ton in hnh : Phng Trnh, H Phng Trnh
Lng Gic, NXB HQG H Ni, 2006.
[8]

Theoni Pappas, Nim vui Ton Hc, NXB Kim ng, 2009.

[9]

Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XII 2006, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2006.
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XIII 2007, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2007.
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XIV 2008, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2008.
Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 thng 4, Ln XV 2009, Ton hc, NXBGD, 2009.

194

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