MATTERS AND ITS CHANGES

A. MATTER Matter is anything that has mass and occupies volume and space, the objects around us such as tables, cars, books, water and air is also a material other than occupy space also has mass. Many ways to tell if something is included or not material, for example, to show the air occupying the space indicated by the hot air balloon that expands when blown. Light and not a matter for not menempatii space.

1. Form of Matter According to its form, matter are grouped into three, namely: solid, liquid and gas. a. Solids Solids usually have a definite shape and a definite volume. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary water ice) or irregularly

(an amorphous solid such as common window glass). However, when a solid is broken into smaller pieces it is not changed chemically. For example if you crush an aspirin into a power it is still a solid just in smaller pieces. The examples of solid are steel, stone and lime. The material can be changed if it is affected by the heat energy, electrical or chemical. b. Liquid A liquid is a form of matter that is a fairly incompressible. This means that a liqiud basically has a fixed volume, but not a fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms and molecules, held together by forces called chemical bonds. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. Some liquids resist compression, while others can be compressed. Unlike a

gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena. The examples of liquid are water, oil, syrup. c. Gas A gas is an easily compressible fluid. This means that a given quantity of gas will fit into a container of any size and shape. A gas has neither a definite volume nor a definite shape. The examples of gas are LPG gas, water vapor, air, etc

2. Properties of Matter

Solid Shape Definite shape

Liquid

Gas

Not having a Not having shape distinctive form

Volume

Definite volume

Specific

Not having current volume

Compression Not compressed Factor

Can be compressed but can be neglected

Can be compressed

Distance between particle a.

Very close

Not too close Far from each other and not too far

EXTENSIVE Property Extensive property are measured depends on how much of the material being measured. Mass, length and volume are extensive properties. The more material the greater mass. The values of the extensive properties the same can be summed. For example, two coins have a combined mass of which is the sum of the individual pieces, and the volume occupied by the water in the two glasses is the sum of the volume of water in each of the glass.

b.

INTENSIVE Property Intensive property does not depend on the amount of material being measured. Temperature is an intensive nature. Imagine we can have two glasses of water the same temperature. If we mix the water, the temperature of the water, then the water temperature will remain the same as when the temperature is still separate. Unlike mass and volume, temperature and other intensive properties such as melting point, boiling point and density are not additive. INTENSIVE properties is devided into 2: a) Physical properties are properties of a material that can be measured and observed without changing the composition or identity of a substance. Examples are color, melting point, boiling point, density, viskovitas, specific heat, and violence. We can measure the melting point of ice by heating the ice beam and record the temperature when ice turns into water. Unlike water ice and not just from the appearance of the structure, so the change is a physical change. we can freeze ice water to get back. Thus, the melting point of a substance is a physical property. For example : Color : the wavelength associated with the reflected by the surface of the material Smell : dealing with gas or vapor released by the material. Sense : dealing with the composition and material Boiling point: the lowest temperature of a liquid when it starts fumes. Melting point: the lowest temperature of a solid substance when it started to melt Freezing point: the lowest temperature of a liquid when it starts to freeze Conductivity: related to the ability of a substance to conduct electric current heat magnetization: related to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent Solubility: related to the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent

Hardness: soft touch with a hard material. b) Chemical properties are properties of matter that can not be measured or observed, and can change the identity of the substance. For example, changes in the chemical, hydrogen gas is burned in oxygen gas produced water. After the change, the initial substances hydrogen and oxygen gas will disappear and chemically dissimilar compounds (water) will be formed. We can not recover the hydrogen and oxygen from water with physical changes such as boiling or freezing. Material or substances are classified into 2 groups: 1. Single substances (pure) A single substance (pure) consists of: a. Element The element is a single substance that can not be broken down into simpler components by chemical reactions. For example: Iron (Fe), Silver Elemental iron can not be decomposed into other substances but can only be broken down into the iron atom. Elemental iron and iron atoms are similar substance. Elements based on their properties are classified into two types, namely metallic and nonmetallic elements (non-metallic). Metallic elements and their properties - Tangible solid except for mercury (Hg) - Can deliver heat or electricity - Can be forged into shape plate Can be formed into wire Its surface is shiny

Which includes metal elements, for example: Iron symbol Fe Aluminium symbol Al Zinc symbol Zn Copper symbol Cu

The properties of nonmetallic elements - Unable to deliver electrical current (insulator) - The surface is not shiny unless the element carbon - Unable to deliver heat (insulator) - Tangible solid or gaseous - It can not be forged into shape plate That includes non-metallic elements such as: Carbon symbol C Oxygen symbol O Hydrogen symbol H Nitrogen symbol N

b. Compounds The compound is a single substance formed from two or more elements through. In certain ways. Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances GCC and can even be forming elements. For example, sugar is a compound composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen elements and oxygen elements, if the sugar levels will break down into simpler compounds are carbon oxides and water vapor. Another example The compound H2O water symbol, formed by two types of elements, namely the element hydrogen (H) and elemental oxygen (O) or: H2O water compound, formed by 2 atoms of elements H and O elements. According to the origin of the formation of compounds can be classified into two, namely organic compounds and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds Organic compound is a compound derived from living or makhkuk formed by living things (organisms). Are more numerous than the inorganic compounds. Organic compounds also called carbon compounds (Carbon), for any compound containing the elements carbon (C).

Classified as organic compounds such as: - U + (urea) in the urine - Granulated sugar comes from sugar cane - Alcohol derived from fermentation (fermentation) sugar solution - Acids contained in fruit vinegar has a sour taste (sour) - Gasoline is composed of several types of compounds Alkanes derived from fossils. Inorganic compounds Inorganic compounds are compounds that do not come from living things. Inorganic compounds are classified into: - Oxide Compounds - Acid Compounds - Compounds Bases - Compound Salts

2. Mixture The mixture is a substance made up of several types of substances, the properties of its constituent substances remain (still there) Example: A solution of sugar, is formed by water and sugar, sugar properties still exist in solution indicated sense sweet solution Homogeneous mixture Homogeneous mixtures is a mixture, if the limit constituent substances do not appear and the substance of each particle is spread evenly. example: 1. 22 carat gold is formed by silver and gold, but silver and gold metal does not appear in the homogeneous material. 2. ORS is formed by the water, sugar and salt. In this solution constituent components are not visible

Heterogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture is a substance formed by several types of substances that limit its constituent substances can still be seen or known, and the properties of its constituent substances are still there. example: 1. The mixture is formed by water and cooking oil.

2. Put sugar into a glass of warm water, a solution of soluble sugars sense sweeter at the bottom than at the surface of the 3. A material formed by cement, gravel and sandstone. If the material is cut, then cement, sandstone and pebble to become evident.

B. MATTER CHANGES Material change is a change in the nature of a substance or material into another substance whether or not a new substance. Material changes are divided into two types, namely: 1. Physical Changes Physical changes are changes that alter a substance in terms of form, shape or size, but does not change the substance into a new substance. Examples of physical changes: a. changes form - Ice cubes melt into water - The water evaporates into steam - Camphor sublimes into gas, etc. Information o Melt (states of matter changes from solid to liquid) o Freezes (changes in states of matter from liquid to solid) o Condense (change states of matter from liquid to solid) o Evaporate (change states of matter from liquid to gas) o Deposition (states of matter change from gas to solid) o Sublimes (changes states of matter from solid to gas)

b. deformation - Grain ground into flour - Yarn converted into fabric - Cut the tree trunk so the wood beams and plywood, etc. c. changes in taste based sensing devices - Changes in temperature - Changes in taste, and so forth

3. Chemical Change A chemical change is a change of a substance or material that causes the formation of a new substance. Chemical changes can be characterized by the formation of gas, formation of precipitate, discoloration, and changes in energy. Consider the following examples: a. The formation of gas Gas can be formed when we add a piece of chalk into a solution of hydrochloric acid. The gas is carbon dioxide. b. Formation sediments A solution can react with another solution forms a precipitate (solid). This reaction is called a precipitation reaction. For example, the reaction between calcium nitrate solution with sodium carbonate. When the two solutions are mixed, it will form a precipitated calcium carbonate which is white. c. Discoloration The color change may indicate the occurrence of a chemical change. Notice when you burn paper. Originally the white paper, but after being burned and turned to charcoal smoke arise when the fire goes out. As another example, copper carbonate (green) which when heated will turn into copper oxide (colored black) and carbon dioxide gas. d. Energy change When there is a chemical change, energy possessed by a substance changes. This energy can be increased or decreased. The energy possessed by a substance increases when the Agent receives energy from the environment. For example, the reactions of

photosynthesis in green plants mentioned above. Energy obtained from the sun plants. Another example when cooking food. The heat energy received food so that it becomes mature. Conversely, the energy possessed by a substance when the substance is reduced energy release into the environment. For example, the fireworks are burned releases heat energy to the surroundings, the air around fireworks. What about the chemical changes that occur in your house? We may not realize that many of the chemical changes that occur in our homes. For example, when we fry an egg. Mature egg has a different color and shape with raw eggs. Raw eggs were originally liquid turns into a solid when it is ripe. Original egg white or colorless transparent turns white. Even the egg whites lightly browned at the edges if fried too long. Chemical changes also occur in the following circumstances. One night we went out electricity at home. What will we do? Ordinarily we lit a match to light a candle. When the lighter ignited the chemical changes. Fire burning matchstick into charcoal colored black. Note the iron fence that is at home or school. Is there a rusty piece of iron? The iron rust caused by a chemical reaction between the iron with oxygen and water vapor in the air. The formation of rust on iron also includes a chemical change. Every day we see a car or motorcycle on the highway crossing. Car engine needs fuel, such as gasoline or diesel. Gasoline mixed with the air inside the car burned so hot embossing. Energy from burning mostly used to drive the car. New substances are produced from the burning gas is discharged through the exhaust flue.

The occurrence causes chemical changes Chemical changes can be caused by several things. First, the chemical changes can occur due to burning. Second, chemical changes can occur due to mixing of substances. Third, chemical changes may also occur due to the flow of electricity.

Chemical changes due to combustion can be observed on the burning paper or burning wood for fuel. In a chemical change, the heat energy given to the substances that form new substances. On paper and wood burning, new substances are formed charcoal (containing carbon), and the gas comes off as smoke. Chemical changes may also occur due to mixing of two or more kinds of substances that produce new substances. For example, sodium hydroxide is mixed with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and water. Chemical changes can occur due to the flow of electricity. For example, when the vehicle battery recharge. Electricity chemical reaction in the battery, so the battery can be reused.

INFORMATION Chemical changes in everyday life and industry. The chemical industry utilizing a chemical reaction to convert natural materials into a relatively inexpensive products that we need. For example, changing the oil into plastics, detergents, or drugs. In everyday life, we often use a chemical reaction to a variety of purposes. For example, cooking and baking.

From the few examples of chemical and physical changes that have been discussed, it can be made several conclusions as follows: Physical changes do not produce a new substance. Physical changes are reciprocal, meaning that it can return to its original state. Chemical changes produce new substances. In general, new substances are formed is difficult return to its original state.

REFERENCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid http://nurriasf.blogspot.com/2011/12/sifat-intensif-dan-ekstensif.html http://webchemdian.blogspot.com/2009/06/materi-dan-perubahannya_18.html http://faisalmunjul.wordpress.com/2010/08/07/sifat-sifat-materi/ http://www.indonesiacerdas.web.id/2012/06/perubahan-fisika-dan-perubahan-kimia.html http://www.anneahira.com/perubahan-fisika-dan-kimia.htm http://rizaljenius.wordpress.com/2009/11/08/perubahan-fisika-kimia/ http://gudangmakalah.blogspot.com/2009/05/makalah-perubahan-fisika-danperubahan.html http://memetmulyadi.blogspot.com/2012/04/unsur-senyawa-dan-campuran.html http://klikbelajar.com/umum/pengertian-unsur-senyawa-dan-campuran-dalam-kimia/