KHOA C KH & CNG NGH .. ..

CHUYN HC PHN
CC THIT B C BN TRONG CH BIN NNG SN THC PHM

Tn chuyn

Hy nu c s vt l ca qu trnh nghin, cc thuyt nghin, cc nguyn tc nghin v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin ? V sao c th ni my ct thi, my xay xt l nhng trng hp c bit ca my nghin ?

Gio vin hng dn: TS. inh Vng Hng Sinh vin thc hin: Trng Quc Hn Lp: Cng Thn 39A

HU, 12/2007

1. T VN . Nghin p l qu trnh c hc nhm lm nh vt liu rn tng din tch b mt ring, to iu kin tt cho qu trnh ho tan, qu trnh truyn nhit, chuyn khi v cc yu cu cng ngh khc trong cc ngnh sn xut lng thc, thc phm, ch bin thc n chn nui,... Ngy nay, khoa hc v k thut khng ngng pht trin to iu kin vic sn xut ngy cng c c gii ho mc cao. T nhiu loi my nghin c ra i vi nhng c tnh u vit, ng dng vo sn xut em li hiu qu cao. Do yu cu nm vng nguyn l, hiu r bn cht ca qu trnh lm vic v c im ca qu trnh nghin. s dng tht thnh tho v c hiu qu cc loi my nghin l iu khng th thiu c i vi cc chuyn vin k thut, ngi iu khin my v cng nhn sa cha, hiu chnh. c bit quan trng hn na l ngi trc tip s dng my. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh s dng cc thit b nghin thng c hin tng ngi s dng ch bit s dng mt cch thun tu, t ngi quan tm n nguyn l hot ng, cc yu t nh hng ca my,... Nn nhiu khi gy nn nhng hu qu nh: lm tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho my, gim tui th ca cc my v thm ch cn gy nn hu qu ng tic i vi tnh mng con ngi. Trc nhng yu cu ca thc t nh vy nn ti thc hin chuyn Nu c s vt l ca qu trnh nghin, cc thuyt nghin, cc nguyn tc nghin v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin. T lin h gii thch v sao c th ni my ct thi, my xay xt l nhng trng hp c bit ca my nghin. Nhm gp phn tng nng sut v h gi thnh sn phm trong cc ngnh sn xut lin quan. ng thi gip ngi s dng cc loi my nghin mt cch d dng v an ton trong sn xut. 2. NI DUNG NGHIN CU. 2.1.C s vt l ca qu trnh nghin Nghin l qu trnh phn chia vt th thnh cc mnh vn bng cc lc c hc trong cc b phn lm vic ca my phi khc phc c lc lin kt phn t ca cc phn t vt th kt qu l to ra b mt mi. Bng kt qu nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ca nh khoa hc kt hp vi phng tin o c tin tin i n kt lun. - Mun ph v vt th phi dng ngoi lc tc dng sao cho thng c ng sut bn ca vt th (ng sut nn). Khi vt th chu bin dng n hi, bin dng do (c th t t hay t ngt ) v cui cng b ph v. Mc d ng sut ph v c th theo mt hng nhng li gy cho vt th hin tng nn nhiu hng. - Khi c ngoi lc tc dng gy nn sng chn ng lm rn nt vt th. vt th v phi to cho sng chn ng truyn qua ht vt th theo chiu tc ng ca lc v tc truyn sng bng tc m thanh.

- Khi vt th khng ph v m ch b nt th do lc ht phn t, cc vt nt khp li. Mun tip tc ph v phi tn thm nng lng khc phc lc ht phn t gia chng. 2.2.Cc thuyt nghin Nghin l qu trnh tiu tn nhiu nng lng, v vy vic xy dng cc thuyt nghin nhm xc nh cc mi quan h gia nng lng nghin vi cc c tnh nghin nh vt th nh: nghin hay nh, th tch ring hay th tch chu bin dng s c ngha rt ln: - Cho php ta tm ra phng hng hon thnh cc my nghin, la chn ng cc kiu my ng vi vt liu cho. - Thc hin qu trnh nghin vi mc tiu th nng lng ring thp nht, thu c hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Qua thc t s dng my nghin cho thy v mt tiu th nng lng v hao mn cc chi tit my th qu trnh nghin l kh tn km. V vy, yu cu t ra l ch nghin theo ng yu cu k thut t ra, khng nghin tha qu mc cn thit. C nh vy mi m bo gim tiu th nng lng gim hao mn v tng nng sut my. a) Thuyt din tch Thuyt din tch do P.R. Rittinger, (c,1867) xut: Cng cn thit nghin v vt th t l thun vi din tch mi to thnh. Bng 1. T s l/L 1/2 1/3 1/4 nghin Z = 2 3 4 S phn t hnh lp S mt phng nghin v phng nghin v n m 8 27 64 3 6 9

Gi s ta c mt vt hnh lp phng (hnh 1) mi cnh bng L c ln lt nghin v thnh cc hnh lp phng mi cnh bng l: Do , ta s suy ra cc h thc gia m, n v Z nh sau: n = Z3 v m = 3(Z-1) = 3( 3

n 1)

(2.1)

Ni dung ca thuyt din tch l: gi thit mun lm v vt th lp phng bng mt mt phng (v i) th phi tiu th mt cng A. Nu nghin v vt thnh nhng vt th lp phng vi mi cnh l =
L th phi dng ba 2

mt phng, khi cng tiu th s bng 3A (s phn t lp phng s c 23 = 8).

Hnh 1. S cc mt phng nghin Vy mun nghin thnh cc phn t lp phng vi mi cnh l =

L th 2

phi dng ti m = 3(Z - 1) mt phng, s phn t lp phng nghin l n = Z3. Khi cng tiu th nghin s l: mA = 3A(Z - 1). Nu gi A 1 v A2 l cng cn thit nghin v cng mt vt th hnh lp phng vi s mt phng nghin m1 v m2, vi nghin tng ng Z1 v Z2 th ta c th vit t s cng nghin v nh sau :
A1 m1 A 3 A( Z1 1) Z -1 = = = 1 A 2 m2 A 3 A( Z 2 1) Z 2 1

(2.2) (2.3)

Trng hp Z1 v Z2 ln, c th b qua s 1 t s v mu s, th ta c :

A1 Z = 1 A2 Z2

iu chng t rng nu nghin nh (vi cc nghin ln) th cng nghin t l thun vi nghin Z. Nu coi cng A khng i th c th vit: Ar = Kr (Z-1) (2.4) Trong : Ar - cng tiu th ton phn; Kr - h s t l. V d: Cng nghin t nghin Z1 = 4 ti nghin Z2 = 100 s tng ln nh sau:
A1 m1 A 3 A( Z1 1) 100 1 = = = = 33 ln A 2 m2 A 3 A( Z 2 1) 4 1

nghin cu cc ht c ng knh D = 2cm thnh ht nh c ng knh d1 = 0,5cm phi cn tiu th mt cng l A1 = 13kWh. Vy mun nghin nh hn na ti d2 = 0,1cm th cng cn thit l:
Z2 1 Z 1 A2 = A1 1 = A1 D 1 d2 D 1 d1 = 13. 2,0 1 0,1 2,0 1 0,5 = 82 kWh

T cng thc (2.4) ta li c:

(2.5) T th hin r cng tiu th t l thun vi tng din tch ring t lc u ca vt th l Sr = 6/L ng vi kch thc L hoc D ti khi v thnh bt l sr = 6/l ng vi kch thc l hay d. Thuyt din tch ch ng vi trng hp nghin ln ngha l vt th c nghin nh. Khi nghin nh th s sai lch khi tnh cng ln. Nguyn nhn do qu trnh nghin cc phn t khi nghin khng hon ton l hnh lp phng nn din tch tng cng ca n thng ln hn cc mnh vn hnh lp phng c cng th tch khong 1,2-1,7 ln. Khi tc dng ngoi lc c nhng phn t cha tch hn m ch b nt, ngha l c chi ph cng lm bin dng nhng cha c tnh n. b) Thuyt th tch Thuyt th tch do V.L. Kicpitrv (Nga, 1874), sau F. Kick (c, 1885) xut: Cng tiu th nghin t l thun vi th tch (hay khi lng) ca phn vt th bin dng. C s ca thuyt th tch l tnh cng bin dng ca vt th khi nghin. Lin h vi cng thc l thuyt bn da trn nh lut Hc (Hook) xc nh cng bin dng nn, ta thy c nhiu mt tng ng c th dng cng thc gii thch l thuyt th tch khi nghin. Mc d khi nghin th vt th b ph v ngoi gii hn bn, m theo nh lut Hc, khi nn p vt liu m tnh cng th khng vt qu gii hn bn. Hnh 2. ch s ph thuc gia lc tc dng P v bin dng ( ca vt th. Cng tiu th do lc P gy ra bin dng ( tnh nh sau: A = Pd
0

L6 6 6 l L = KR(sr Sr) AR = KR

(2.6)

Hnh 2. th ph thuc ca lc P vi bin dng

Vt th b bin dng chu lc tc dng trn chiu di l, theo nh lut Hc ta c: =

Pl EF

(2.7)

E - mun n hi; F - din tch b bin dng. Ta suy ra: A= Hay: A=

2 2 Pl lF dP = P l = P2 . EF 2EF F 2E 0 p

- ng sut nn khi bin dng, = P/V.

2 V 2E

(2.8)

V - th tch ca vt bin dng, V = l.F. Vy ta c: (2.9) H s Kk chnh l cng ring, tc l cng bin dng trn mt n v th tch:
AK = KKV = KKL3 = KKD3 = KKm = KKm

Kk = Ar =

2 2E

(2.10)

. H s Kk l hng s vi nhng iu kin nh sn, ph thuc vo vt nghin v my nghin, iu kin nghin v c xc nh bng thc nghim. Thuyt th tch nghin cu y v phn bin dng ca vt th. N ch ph hp trong giai on vt th cha b ph hu trong khi vt th nghin b ph hu. i vi nhng vt th c nghin nh khi bin dng c vt nt bn trong th cng ny c tnh n (khc phc c nhc im ca thuyt din tch). Tuy nhin i vi nhng vt th c nghin ln th bin dng coi nh rt nh dng thuyt th tch tnh th khng chnh xc. c) Thuyt dung ho Thuyt dung ho do Bond F. (1952) xut, phi hp c hai thuyt trn nh sau: "Cng nghin t l vi s trung bnh nhn ca din tch mi to thnh S v th tch chu bin dng V ". AB = K VS = K K K D 3 . K R D 2 = KBD2,5 (2.11) Sau khi bin i ta li c: AB = KB
1 1 = KB D-0,5 D d

Z 1

(2.12)

So snh ba thuyt nghin trn, ta c th thy chng xut pht t mt dng tng qut m Rundquit A.K. (Lin X c, 1956) v Charles R. (M, 1958) xut thnh mt phng trnh vi phn nh sau: dA = - K
dD Dm

(2.13)

Ly tch phn phng trnh , ng thi cho h s m m cc gi tr: 1; 2 v 3/2, ta s c: 6

- Vi m = 1, A = - K1 - Vi m = 2, A = - K2
d

dD D = KK ln = KKlnZ, l phng trnh theo D d D

thuyt th tch ca Kicpitrv - Kch.

dD 1 1 = KRD-1(Z - 1) l phng 2 = KR D d D D 1 1 dD l phng trnh theo 3/2 = KB D D d D
d

trnh theo thuyt din tch ca Rittingher. - Vi m = 3/2, A = - K3

thuyt dung ho ca Bond. Hnh thc vt l ca qu trnh nghin v vt th c th phn lm bn giai on lin tip: bin dng n hi, bin dng do, sp b ph v v giai on ph v. Biu thc ca thuyt th tch da vo qu trnh trc lc nghin v vt th, ch xt n dng nng lng cho phn th tch b bin dng ca vt th. Cn biu thc ca thuyt din tch da vo qu trnh to ra cc b mt mi sau khi nghin v vt th, ngha l xt n nng lng tiu th to ra cc din tch mi. Thc cht nng lng nghin v A phi l tng nng lng th tch (bin dng) v nng lng din (ph v). Nu gi AV l nng lng tiu th cho mi n v th tch v As l nng lng tiu th cho mi n v din tch, th ta c th vit: A = VAV + S AS (2.14) Hay:
A S = AV + .AS = AV + SrAS V V

(2.15)

Trong : Sr - din tch ring. Sr =

S V

Ta thy rng nu nghin to th din tch ring Sr nh v s hng th hai c th b qua c, ngha l thuyt th tch p dng ph hp cho qu trnh nghin to. Nu nghin nh, Sr rt ln n mc s hng th nht c th b qua c v tng i nh, ngha l thuyt din tch p dng cho qu trnh nghin nh s ng hn. d) Cng thc tng hp ca P.A Rebinde Do ch thiu st ca thuyt th tch v din tch V.S. Rebinde (Lin X c, 1928) ra cng thc tnh cng tng hp nghin v vt th nh sau: A = f1(V) + f2(S) = AV + AS = kV + S (2.16) AV - cng tiu th cho phn th tch bin dng (n hi) V ca vt th; As - cng tiu th cho cc din tch S mi to thnh ca vt th; k v - cc h s t l, trong h s c tnh n nng lng khc phc sc cng b mt ca vt th.

V.S. Rebinde gii thch rng, nng lng tnh theo thuyt th tch s d t st vi kt qu thc nghim l v khi nghin, trn mt vt th thot tin to nhiu vt nt rn nh gi l "min sp b nghin v". Khi lc bn ngoi khng tc ng na th cc vt rn nt thuc min c th khp li do tc dng ca lc ht lin kt phn t ca vt th. Do , s hng S l cng tiu th to ra din tch tng hp bi din tch mi to thnh Sm v din tch ca cc khe rn nt b khp li Sk, ngha l: S = (Sm +Sk) (2.17) Ta c th nhn xt rng cng AS to nn nhng din tch mi l hu ch, cn cng AV bin dng n hi l v ch. V vy c th coi hiu sut ca qu trnh nghin nh l rt thp v bng

AS (A S + A V )

(2.18) nng cao hiu sut nghin nh, V.S. Rebinde ngh dng cch gim cng ca vt th bng cht lng tc ng ln b mt vt th (hiu ng Rebinde) s gim c cng bin dng n hi. Cht lng ny khi c ngm vo vt th s lp cc khe rn nt, ngn cn khng cho cc khe khp li lm mt nng lng khi nghin v tip hoc dng cch tng cng A S bng vic dng vn tc nghin cao to iu kin "vt ng sut " nhiu nht, nhanh nht, to ra cc din tch mi. e) Cng thc thc dng ca Melnhikv X.V. (Lin X c, 1952) Cc biu thc xc nh nng lng nghin nu trn thc t khng th nh lng khi ta cn tm tr s tuyt i c th ca n, cc h s t l cha bit c c th. Cc biu thc ch dng nh tnh v tnh ton so snh. V vy, da vo cng thc Rbiner, Melnhikv xut cng thc thc dng xc nh nng lng nghin vi mc gn ng, c th dng tnh ton cho qu trnh nghin thc n chn nui: An = Cn [C v lgZ 3 + C s (Z - 1)] , J/kg (2.19) An - nng lng ring nghin v, c tnh n nh hng ca phng php nghin v cu to ca my nghin thng qua h s thc nghim Cn; CV- h s t l, c th nguyn nh cng ring (J/kg) v tng ng vi h s thuyt th tch; Cs- h s t l, c th nguyn J/kG v tng ng vi h s thuyt din tch (CS=KR/D.).

Bng 2. Tr s ca cc h s Cn, CV, CS ca mt s loi ht (theo thc nghim ca Melnhikv) Loi ht i mch Mch u Mt , ng knh kg/m3 tng ng D, mm 1,30. 103 1,36. 103 1,36. 103 4,2 3,8 6,3 Cc h s Cn 1,20,3 Cv, kJ/kg 8,5 4,6 10,7 Cs, kJ/kG 7,5 8,15 3,66

Cng thc thc dng ny, cng nh cng thc Rbiner, c th ng dng tnh ton qu trnh lm nh thc n rau c bng dao thi cc my thi rau c rm. Ta s c: A = AV + AS = Ane + Act (2.20) Ane - cng nn p vt thi, J/kg; Act - cng ct thi, J/kg. Cng thc (2.19) cng c th c vit dng gn hn nh sau: An = [C1lgZ 3 + C 2 (Z - 1)] (2.21) Bng cc kt qu kho nghim cc loi my nghin, thi, ta s xc nh cc h s C1 v C2. Dng phng php bnh phng b nht, t cc kt qu thc nghim cho ta cc tr s C1 v C2 nh sau: + i vi ht i mch: C1 = (10(13).103 J/kg v C2 = (6(9).103 J/kg. + i vi rau c rm: C1 = (7,5(8,5).103 J/kg v C2 = (0,6(0,9).103 J/kg. Cn ni thm i vi qu trnh lm nh rau c rm, nghin thi Z=Lc/ L thng rt ln. V vy, s hng th nht v phi ca cng thc (2.21) c th b qua, v n nh hn s hng th hai nhiu ln. Khi An ( Act = C2(Z - 1). Bng 3. Tr s cc h s Cn, Cv, Cs ca mt s rau c rm Rau c rm Cc h s Cn Cv, kJ/kg Cs, kJ/kg C ti: + linh 0,20 2,0 0,70,9 lng 0,10 1,1 -+ ba 0,23 2,3 -l 0,11 1,1 -C kh: + linh 0,12 1,3 -lng + ba l Rm (i mch

Cc nguyn tc nghin v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin Cc nguyn tc nghin nghin nh vt th cc my nghin thng lm vic theo cc nguyn tc sau: Qu trnh nghin nh vt liu trong cc my nghin c thc hin nh cc lc c hc. Cc dng tc dng cc lc c hc nhm ph v vt liu em nghin nh trn Hnh 3. Tu theo kt cu ca tng loi my nghin m lc ph v vt liu em nghin c th l lc nn p, ct b, va p, ch xt hoc do mt vi tc dng trn tc dng ng thi.

Hnh 3. Cc dng lc tc dng vo vt liu nghin a) p; b) b; c) va p; d) ch xt - Nguyn tc p dp: vt th b ph v nh lc nn p v dch trt khi chng i qua khe h gia 2 trc trn t song song v chuyn ng quay ngc chiu nhau vi vn tc vng nh nhau. Loi ny p dng cho cc my nghin ht kiu trc, my cn (hnh 3 a). - Nguyn tc ct nghin: vt th b ph v bi lc ct khi chng i vo khe h gia 2 trc, b mt trc c cc rnh kha ngc chiu nhau vi vn tc vng khc nhau t song song, chuyn ng quay (hnh 3b). Nguyn tc ny p dng trong cc my nghin ht kiu trc cun. - Nguyn tc va p: vt th b ph v nh ng nng va p cn thit (35-80)m/s tu theo tnh cht ca vt nghin v kt cu b phn nghin (hnh 3c). Nguyn tc ny c ng dng trong cc my nghin kiu ba, my nghin rng. - Nguyn tc ch xt: vt th b ph v nh lc nn p v ch st bi hai b mt nhm ca a trong c mt a chuyn ng quay (hnh 3d). Nguyn tc ny c p dng trong cc my xay kiu a, my nghin chu.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin

10

C rt nhiu yu t c bn nh hng n qu trnh nghin xut pht t tnh cht ca vt nghin v ca my nghin. - Tnh cht ca vt nghin: bn, cng, nht, m, kch thc hnh dng, trng thi v dng b mt, h s ma st, ng u. -Tnh cht ca my nghin: cu to b phn nghin; s lng, kch thc v khi lng ca b phn; hnh dng v trng thi ca b mt nghin; h s ma st gia b mt nghin v vt nghin; vn tc ca b phn nghin; lng ti cung cp; iu khin kh ng,.. Ring i vi my nghin ba, c th nu ti 30 yu t nh hng qu trnh nghin p bng ba. Hin nay vic nghin cu v nh hng ca cc yu t ny cn cha ton din, y . Hn na, c cc yu t cn mang tnh cht ngu nhin phc tp. Ni chung, cc nghin cu v qu trnh nghin hin nay thng tp trung vo vn nng cao cht lng sn phm nghin v gim mc chi ph nng lng ring. Di y trnh by mt s yu t chnh c nhiu nh khao hc nghin cu. a) C l tnh ca vt nghin (ht v rau c kh) + Ht: - c tnh bn tnh b thng c xc nh bng dng c o ng sut ko nn vt liu - c tnh bn ng bt ca ht c xc nh bng phng phptng t nh phng php vt l Hpkinxn (1914): dng mt tm chn cng c dn cm bin o lc va p v dng c quang in o vn tc va p. + Rau c: - c tnh bn tnh: i vi rau c, dng ch bin c hc ch yu l ct thi, do c tnh bn tnh c nh gi bng lc cn ct ring qo (kN/m), ng sut ct (MPa), cng ct thi ring Act (kJ/m2) nh nu mc ct thi. - c tnh bn ng: khi ch bin rau c bng cch nghin p ( cc my nghin kiu ba) th bin dng ch yu ca rau c c th xem l bin dng un. Hin nay ta cha trc tip xc nh c c tnh bn ng khi rau c b un v ph v. Do , ngi ta tm cch xc nh gin tip theo GS. Kraghelxki I.V. b) Vn tc nghin p cn thit ph v vt th i vi nhng my nghin ba theo ngyn l va p t do, vn tc nghin p v cn thit ph v ht phi t bng hay ln hn mt tr s ti thiu. Cch xc nh vn tc ti thiu ny da trn l thuyt truyn sng chn ng trong vt th khi va p (C s vt l ca qu trnh nghin) v l thuyt bn ca vt th. c) Ba nghin vi hin tng va p lch tm Cu to, hnh dng v s ba l nhng yu t nh hng chnh. c bit i vi cc ba my nghn thc n chn nui, ngi ta thit k theo 11

kiu bn l, p dng hin tng lch tm. Trc ht, ta cn phn tch tnh ton thy c nhng tc dng ca cch thit k ny. Khi ba c lp kiu bn l lm vic, nu gp mt s vt rn b vng li trong my, gia khe u ba - sng, th ba c th xoay ngc li v tri qua vt , trnh c gy v. c bit l ba c lp theo bn l ti l c tm quay, gi l tm vn tc tc thi, s pht huy c hin tng va p lch tm, khin lc va p khng di vo ch lp ba, khng gy gy v cht lp ba, khng gy nhng ti t ngt cho trc my, to iu kin cho ba chuyn ng n nh e) Sng v khe h gia u ba - sng Sng lp trong my nghin bao quanh cc u ba nghin c nhim v lc cho cc bt nh lt v thu ra ngoi, gi li cc ht bt cn to trong bung nghin tip tc c nghin na. Nh vy, kch thc l sng nh hng trc tip n nh ca bt. Tuy nhin mt vn cn quan tm l kch thc l sng cn bao nhiu v kp thi cho cc bt vi nh M t yu cu theo quy nh (v d M = 0,5 0,8mm) lt qua m khng gy qu nhiu bi bt (lng bi bt B < 20%). Ngi ta cha th dng l thuyt tnh ton m phi da vo thc nghim xc nh kch thc l sng cn thit sao cho t yu cu v nh ca bt v cc mc tiu th nng lng ring thp. t nh M = 0,5 0,8mm, kch thc l sng nn ly bng d = 2mm. Mt khc, cch b tr l sng v h s ri ca sng nh hng n nng sut ca my. Thng thng, ngi ta b tr l sng trn b tr theo hnh 6 cnh v h s ri = 0,10 0,35, tu theo bn ca vt liu lm sng. C nhng my nghin c thit k km theo mt b sng vi kch thc l thay i, v d, c cc l 2; 3; 6; 8mm, iu chnh nh ca bt theo yu cu cho tng loi vt nui. Gc bao ca sng quanh rto (a, trng) nghin t 120o n 360o. Phn gc khng lp sng s c thay bng cc tm p c cnh nhm vi cc gn sc tng cng tc dng va p cho vt nghin sau khi ba p bn vo mt nhm . Mt sng vi cc cnh sc ca cc l cng c tc dng nh ca tm p, nhng hn ch hn. Khe h u ba - sng cng l yu t nh hng r rt n nng lng v cht lng. Qua thc nghim ta c th thy khe h ny cng ln th ni chung mc tiu th nng lng ring cng gim, nh ca bt km i. Khe h ny thng thit k bng 520mm. Tuy nhin, ta cng cn ch n xu hng thit k ch to my nghin sng ngoi v khng sng hoc l khng phi ch to sng hoc l h hi sng, phi thay sng. f) Vn tc gi v kh ng hc trong my nghin kiu ba Khi my nghin kiu ba lm vic, trong bung nghin khng kh cng vi khi ht bt chuyn ng vng quanh trn mt sng, do tc ng ca b ba hoc cn do tc ng ca qut thu bt na. Hin tng lu chuyn ca khi ht bt v gi nh vy l bt li cho tc dng va p ca ba.

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2.4. V sao c th ni my ct thi, my xay xt l nhng trng hp c bit ca my nghin ? S d ni nh vy v my ct thi, my xay xt c c s vt l v nguyn tc lm vic da trn c s vt l v nguyn tc lm vic ca my nghin. Nguyn l lm vic ca my ct thi Thay v s dng ba nh my nghin th my ct thi s dng cc li dao gn vo cc trng quay. a) My thi rau c My thi rau c thng c nguyn l lm vic ca dao cu thi thuc, ngha l qu trnh ct thi c thc hin bng mt li dao chuyn ng quay v mt li dao c nh (tm k) ng thi vt thi c a vo cho dao thi

Hnh 4. S cc b phn thi rau c a) S my; b) B phn thi kiu a, c) B phn thi kiu trng 1- Dao thi; 2- Tm k thi; 3-a bt dao; 4- Trc cun 5- Bng chuyn 6Vnh trng b) My thi c qu Cc my thi c qu thng theo nguyn l lm vic ca dao bo g ngha l li dao c lp khe thng ca thn a hay trng lp dao s ct no vt thi ang t vo mt thn a hay trng lp dao thnh nhng lt thi (dy mng tu theo nh ca li dao so vi mt a hay trng lp dao). Lt thi s trt trn mt dao chui qua khe thng m thot ra pha mt kia ca thn a hay trng lp dao (hnh 5). Nh vy, v ngun l cu to, my thi c qu thng c cc b phn chnh nh sau: B phn thi gm mt s li dao 1 c lp trn a 2 hay trng 4 nhng khe thng ( lt thi chui qua).

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a)

b)

Hnh 5. S cu to b phn thi c qu a) b phn thi kiu a; b) b phn thi kiu trng Nguyn l lm vic ca my xay xt: Nh ta thy di y l nguyn l lm vic ca my xay xt v n da trn nguyn l p dp, va p, ch xt ca nguyn l nghin ni trn. ph v lp v ht ngi ta dng cc nguyn l sau : - Ph v v ht do ma st vi b mt nhm. Theo phng php ny, cho ht di chuyn vo my vi vn tc nht nh. Khi b mt ht tip xc vi b mt nhm ca my s hnh thnh lc hm chuyn ng ca ht, do v trc ra khi nhn - Ph v v ht do kt qu s va p nhiu ln ca ht ln b mt cng. Phng php ny da trn c s l khi ht chuyn ng vi vn tc no do b va p nhiu ln ln b mt cng, v ht b v v tch ra khi nhn (my xay kiu ly tm hay my xay kiu thanh p, cnh ba). - Ph v v ht bng c cu dao. Phng php ny da trn c s l khi ht ri vo khe h gia dao tnh v dao chuyn ng, cc li dao b tr trn cc a quay s xt v, gii phng nhn (my xay dao). - Ph v v ht bng phng php nn v ma st. Phng php ny da trn kt qu tc dng ca hai b mt lm vic, trong mt mt chuyn ng cn mt kia c nh n hi hoc nhm (my trc xt, ci xay). - Ph v v ht bng phng php nn v dch trt. Nguyn l c bn y l khi ht ri vo khe h gia cc trc quay ht b nn v dch trt, v ht b nt v tch ra khi nhn (my xay c trc bng cao su hay bng kim loi) hoc dng kh c tc siu m (my xay bng kh).

3. KT LUN. Qu trnh tm hiu cc vn ca qu trnh nghin, ti nu ln c: c s vt l ca qu trnh nghin, cc thuyt nghin, cc nguyn tc nghin v cc 14

yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin. ng thi gii thch c v sao c th ni my ct thi, my xay xt l nhng trng hp c bit ca my nghin. T gip ngi sn xut ng dng hp l cc cc loi my nghin trong qu trnh sn xut ngy cng hin i. Hn ch ti mc thp nht s hng hc, tit kim nhin liu, tng tui th cho my ng thi an ton trong s dng.

MC LC 1. T VN ......................................................................................1

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2. NI DUNG...........................................................................................1 2.1.C s vt l ca qu trnh nghin .................................................1 2.2.Cc thuyt nghin..........................................................................2 2.3.Cc nguyn tc nghin v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin..................................................................................................9 2.3.1.Cc nguyn tc nghin...........................................................9 2.3.2.Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nghin........................10 2.4.V sao c th ni my ct thi, my xay xt l nhng trng hp c bit ca my nghin ?..................................................................12 3.KT LUN..........................................................................................14 TI LIU THAM KHO: - Cc thit b c bn trong cng ngh thc phm 5-07 _ TS.inh Vng Hng. - Gio trnh thit b bo qun ch bin nng sn thc phm_TS. inh Vng Hng. - Ti liu t mng internet.

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