Bng cc t vit tt

b)Knh fading chon lc tn s

Hnh 3.5: Pilot trong gi OFDM
3.3.2 ng b k t da vo CP
Xt hai tn hiu thu cch nhau N bc:
d(m) = r (m) r (m + N),
Vi N l sng mang ph. N bng s im ly mu tng ng vi phn c ch
ca symbol OFDM, chng phi l bn sao ca nhau nn d(m) thp. Nu r(m) v
r(m-N) tng ng vi cc mu pht nm trong thi khong ca cng mt symbol
OFDM, d(m) l hiu ca hai bin ngu nhin khng tng quan. Cng sut ca
d(m) trong trng hp ny bng hai ln cng sut trung bnh ca symbol OFDM.
Nu s dng mt ca s trt c rng thi gian bng khong thi gian
ca CP (im cui ca ca s trng vi im bt u ca symbol OFDM) th khi
ca s ny trng vi thnh phn CP ca symbol OFDM s c mt cc tiu v cng
sut trung bnh ca cc mu d(m) trong ca s ny. Do , c th c lng c
thi im bt u ca symbol OFDM, v ng b thi gian c thc hin.
3.3.3 ng b khung k t da trn m ng b khung (FSC)
ng b khung k t nhm nhn bit v tr bt u ca khung k t tm
thy v tr chnh xc ca ca s FFT. Cc thut ton ng b khung symbol truyn
thng (dng symbol pilot, dng CP,) da vo quan h gia khong bo v GI v
phn sau ca symbol. Nhng cc thut ton ny khng th pht hin chnh xc v tr
bt u ca k t do nhiu ISI trong knh fading a ng. Cu trc khung c th
Bng cc t vit tt

c chia thnh vng m ng b khung FSC cho ng b khung symbol v vng
d liu cho truyn dn symbol OFDM (Hnh 3.6).

Hnh 3.6: Mt kiu cu trc khung symbol OFDM
C th biu din tn hiu khung OFDM nh sau:

) ( ) ( ) (
FSC data FSC frame
T t S t S t S + =
(3.16)
Trong , T
FSC
: Khong thi gian symbol FSC
Ti pha pht, chui cc mu dng s c pht gm c chui C
A
(n) ca
FSC v cc mu d liu khng c GI qua FFT l:

= =
= =

=
1
0
2
: 1 ..., , 1 , 0 ) (
1
) (
: ..., , 2 , 1 ) ( ) (
N
k
N
nk
j
m m
L
A
ta da N k e k X
N
n s
FSC C n n C n s

(3.17)
Trong , C
L
: di bit ca FSC
s
m
(n) : Chui cc mu ca symbol OFDM th m trong min
thi gian khi khng thm GI.
x
m
(k) : Symbol truyn dn phc th m trong min tn s.
N : S sng mang ph
Cc mu C
A
(n) c ng dng trc tip s(n) l s bt u khung
Bng cc t vit tt

Tn hiu FSC l mt chui tun t cc mu, ) ( ) ( n C n s
A
= , vi n = 1,2, C
L

c to thnh t vector FSC C(n) = {C(1), C(2), ..., C(
L
C )} gm cc C
L
gi tr nh
phn. i vi m C(n) c gi tr "1" , chng ta thc hin o cc tnh lun phin
to ra tn hiu 3 mc ) (n C
A
. V d: Cho C(n) = {1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1} th ) (n C
A
=
{1, 0, 0, -1, 1, -1, 0, 1}. Bng cch ny, ta c th duy tr s gi tr '1' v '-1' bng
nhau ti pha pht hn ch khong dch DC v duy tr mt mc c nh cho di
ng.
Cu trc ng b khung symbol OFDM gm: B nhn bit cng sut, b
nhn bit bit '0'/ '1' , thanh ghi dch C
L
, b cng Modulo -2 c gim bt, b tng,
b nhn bit nh.
Thut ton ng b khung symbol nh FSC gm c 3 bc: Nhn bit FSC,
xc nh cc mc ngng ti u Th1 v Th2 tng cng xc sut nhn bit v tr
u khung symbol.

Hnh 3.7: ng b khung k t dng FSC
3.3.3.1 Nhn bit FSC
Bng cc t vit tt

u tin, b ng b khung symbol s nhn bit cng sut bng cch dng
mi mu thu. Gi s nu chui mu tn hiu ti u th i sau knh a ng v
AWGN l ) (
~
i s , chng ta c th biu din mt tn hiu vi khong dch tn s v
pha thnh cc knh I v Q ring r nh sau:

O
+ =
j
Q I
e i s i s i y )). ( ) ( ( ) (
~ ~


) sin ) ( cos ) ( ( ) sin ) ( cos ) ( ( i s i s j i s i s
~
I
~
Q
~
Q
~
I
+ + =
(3.18)
Trong , ) (
~
i s
I
: Knh I ca s(i)
) (
~
i s
Q
: Knh Q ca s(i)
O : Biu din tng pha
0
2


+
N
i
, gm khong dch tn
s ( fT A = ) v khong dch pha
0
.
Nu chng ta thc hin nhn bit cng sut cho chui mu trn ng b
khung symbol nh trong Hnh 3.7, chng ta c th thu c cng sut m khng
ph thuc vo khong dch tn s v pha nh sau;
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
~
2
~
2 2
i s i s i y i y Q I
Q I
+ = + (3.19)
3.3.3.2 Xc nh mc ngng Th1
Theo php phn tch, chng ta s thu c mt mc ngng ti u Th1 trong
mi trng AWGN xc nh '0' v '1' t cng thc (3.19). thu c mt mc
ngng ti u trong mi trng a ng l rt kh khi n ph thuc vo kiu FSC.
Bng cc t vit tt


Hnh 3.8: Ngng ti u Th1 vi gi tr SNR
Cc ngng Th1 c th c vit:

2
/
1
0
4
1
) (
2
2
)
`

P
e I
P
Th
(3.20)
(.)
1
0

I : Hm ngc ca Bessel bc 0: (.)

0
I ,
2

: Phng sai ca cc bin ngu nhin Gaussian trong cc knh I v Q

P : Gi tr bin c nh ngha trong tn hiu
Hnh 3.8 so snh gia m phng v phn tch t cng thc (3.20) gi tr ca
ngng ti u vi cc SNR khc nhau.
Cc gi tr '0' v '1' c xc nh ri a n u vo thanh ghi dch ca b
nhn bit FSC ph hp vi tc ly mu T
s
v b php ton cng modulo-2 thc
thi C
L
thi im vi kiu FSC bit. y, u ra b cng modulo-2 sa i l '1'
nu cc bit ging nhau ti v tr hin ti, nu khng s c gi tr '-1'. Cc gi tr
Bng cc t vit tt

tng quan ny s c cng tt c cc khi tng v kt qu c so snh vi
ngng Th2 ca b nhn bit nh d tm FSC.
3.3.3.3 Xc nh mc ngng Th2
Nu gi tr nh chnh xc ca u ra b nhn bit nh l nh hn ngng
Th2 m thit lp cho b nhn bit nh, FSC khng c pht hin. y gi l s
nhn bit trt P
M
. Nu thit lp Th2 thp, tng quan u ra ca cc vng d liu
khc c th trn Th2 v c xem nh l FSC, gi l xc sut d phng sai P
F
.
i vi ng b khung symbol, xc sut nhn bit trt P
M
kh nng pht
hin li chnh xc P
C
. P
C
l xc sut nhn bit FSC khi s lng li trong FSC
tr nn ging nhau hoc t tng s li cc i (vi 2 / ) (
2
Th C
L
= ) ca qu trnh
nhn bit nh. V vy, kh nng nhn bit FSC ng P
C
c th c tm bng cch
cng xc sut ca cc li bit FSC di ngng li
.
Xc sut nhn bit trt c th
c tm bng cch tr tt c cc xc sut nhn bit ng ra khi ton b cng sut.
Khi ngng li v chiu di C
L
ca FSC tng, xc sut nhn bit trt
gim. Gi s nu chiu di FSC l
L
C bit, mi kh nng kt hp d liu ngu nhin
l
L
C
2
. Nu = 0, kh nng pht hin li l 1/
L
C
2 . y l kh nng pht hin ngu
nhin chnh xc vi kiu FSC. P
F
c th c gim bng cch tng s bit FSC, C
L

hoc gim ngng nhn bit . Nh vy, P
M
v P
F
c th trao i vi nhau khi cho
C
L
c nh v bin i gi tr hoc Th2.
Trong trng hp tng qut P
M
l rt nh cn P
F
l rt ln. iu ny c th
khc phc bng k thut ca s. Trong k thut ny, qu trnh nhn bit FSC ch
Bng cc t vit tt

trong mt khong c bit, s tnh ton trc cao c xem nh l mt nh. Vic
thc hin tng i n gin v cho hiu qu tt.
Nh vy, thut ton ng b khung symbol c th chn chiu di v kiu
FSC. iu ny ph thuc vo mi trng knh v hiu sut h thng. Khi mi
trng knh xu, ta c th m rng chiu di v gim
W
F
P v
M
P .
3.4 ng b tn s trong h thng OFDM
Trong k thut ng b tn s cn quan tm n li tn s v thc hin c
lng tn s. Li tn s y l s lch tn s nguyn nhn do s sai khc gia hai
b to dao ng bn pht v bn thu, dch tn Doppler v nhiu pha do knh
khng tuyn tnh. Hai nh hng li tn s lm gim bin tn hiu (do tn hiu c
dng hnh sine) c ly mu khng phi ti nh v to ra xuyn nhiu knh ICI
gia cc knh ph do mt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang ph .
Vn ng b tn s trong h thng OFDM gm c ng b tn s ly mu
v ng b tn s sng mang.
3.4.1 ng b tn s ly mu
Ti bn thu, tn hiu thu lin tc c ly mu theo ng h my thu. S
chnh lch nhp ng h gia my pht v my thu gy ra xoay pha, suy hao thnh
phn tn hiu c ch, to ra xuyn nhiu knh ICI.
khc phc vn ny, gii php th nht l s dng thut ton iu khin
b dao ng iu chnh bi in p VCO; gii php th hai l thc hin x l s
ng b tn s ly mu trong khi gi c nh tn s ly mu.
3.4.2 ng b tn s sng mang
Bng cc t vit tt

ng b tn s l vn quyt nh i vi h thng thng tin a sng
mang. Nu vic thc hin ng b khng bo m, hiu sut ca h thng cng nh
u im ca h thng ny so vi h thng thng tin n sng mang gim i ng
k. thc hin ng b tn s sng mang phi c lng khong dch tn sng
mang CFO.
Cng nh ng b thi gian (symbol), c th chia cc gii php c lng
tn s thnh cc loi : da vo tn hiu d liu, da vo tn hiu pilot, da vo CP,..
3.4.2.1 c lng khong dch tn s sng mang CFO da vo pilot
Trong thut ton ny, mt s sng mang c s dng truyn dn tn hiu
pilot. Tn hiu thng c chn l cc tn hiu PN. Bng cch s dng mt thut
ton thch hp, bn thu s xc nh c gi tr xoay pha ca tn hiu gy ra bi sai
lch tn s. Nu sai lch tn s nh hn mt na khong cch tn s gia hai
sng mang ph k nhau, nh x gia gi tr xoay pha v lch tn s l nh x 1-1
nn c th xc nh duy nht chnh lch tn s.
3.4.2.2 c lng tn s sng mang s dng CP
Xt sng mang ph c iu ch bng mt dng d liu:
1 ..., , 1 ) (
1
) (
1
0
2
+ = =

=
N L n e k S
N
n u
N
k
N
nk
j

Tn hiu pha pht:

=
n
s
nT g g n u t x ) ( ) ( ) (
Tn hiu pha thu: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t n nT g h n u t y
n
s
+ =

, vi h(t) l p ng knh;
n(t) l p ng nhiu.
Bng cc t vit tt

Tn hiu CP vi chiu di L (Hnh 3.9), tn hiu pha thu s l:
) ( ) ( ) (
/ 2
i n i u e i y
N i j
m
+ =


i vi { } 0 ..., , 1 + = L I , I i e hm
{ }

=
= +
= +

-
N l e
l
l i y i y E
j
s
n s
m m

2 2
2 2
0
) ( ) (


Hnh 3.9: CP trong mt symbol OFDM

Hm c lng:
y Z =
.

2
1
, vi
+ =
-
+ =
0
1
) ( ) (
L i
m m
N i y i y y

Gi tr c lng ch tha mn khi 5 , 0 s , khi 5 , 0 > phi thc hin
li mt gi nh ban u.
3.4.2.3 c lng CFO da trn d liu
Tn hiu pha thu c biu din:

= =
+
1 2 , 1 , 0 ; ) (
1
) (
/ ) ( 2
N n e H k S
N
n y
N k n j
k m


Ta c th tch hai phn sau khi qua FFT:

=
1
0
2
1
) (
1
) (
N
n
N
nk
j
m
e n y
N
k Y


0 = n
1 = N n
1 + = L n