Internet

Internet l mng my tnh bao gm nhiu mng ca cc t chc, quc gia trn ton th gii v c lin kt vi nhau theo giao thc TCP/IP. Internet l mng my tnh ln nht th gii hay hiu n gin Internet l mng ca cc mng.

Giao thc TCP/IP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol): tp hp cc giao thc dng truyn ti v sa li cc d liu, cho php truyn d liu t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc trong mng Internet. Giao thc TCP/IP thng c s dng nh mt giao thc chun trong Internet, v vy cc my tnh ch trn Internet c lin kt vi nhau qua giao thc TCP/IP.

IP
IP (Internet Protocol): cc my tnh trn mng c th lin lc v phn bit vi nhau th mi my tnh phi c mt a ch ring gi l a ch IP v a ch ny tn ti duy nht trong mng Cu trc ca a ch IP bao gm 32 bit v c chia thnh 4 nhm, cc nhm cch nhau bi du chm ., mi nhm gm 3 ch s c gi tr t 000 n 255: xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx . V d: 165.113.245.2

Domain Name
Domain name (Tn min): lin lc hay truy cp thng tin ca my tnh no trn mng th ngi s dng phi nh a ch IP ca my , nhng a ch IP l nhng s rt kh nh. Do ngi ta thng t thnh tn gi (tng ng vi a ch IP) mang ngha no d nh v tn ny gi l Tn min. V d: vietsofonline.com Do my tnh lm vic bng nhng con s cho nn khi ta g tn min th phi c mt dch v chuyn i tn min sang a ch IP v ngc li, dch v ny c gi l dch v chuyn i tn min (DNS Domain Name Service)

ISP
ISP (Internet Service Provider): Nh cung cp dch v Internet cho ngi dng

ICP
ICP (Internet Content Provider): Nh cung cp thng tin trn Internet

IAP
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IAP (Internet Access Provider) Nh cung cp cng truy cp vo Internet cho cc mng

Tng tc kt ni vo mng
Khi bn kt ni vo mng modem ca bn thc hin qu trnh quay s (Dialing). i khi qu trnh ny ko di thi gian rt lu. Bn c th tng tc quay s ny bng cch sau:

Click vo ch Start. Chn Settings. Control panel. Double click vo biu tng modem. Chn tn modem ca bn. Click vo nt Properties. Click Connections tab. Click vo nt Advanced button. Trong "Extra settings" bn g S11=50 Click OK.

Modem kt ni ku to
Khi bn kt ni vo mng i khi bn nghe modem ca bn h ln rt ln, cng c khi bn khng thy modem ca ngi khc chng nghe ting g? Mt s loi modem gn bn ngoi (External Modem) c th c nt iu chnh m thanh trn v modem, bn c th t iu chnh c. Cn cc loi modem gn trong my hay mt vi loi gn bn ngoi m khng c nt iu chnh m thanh th bn phi iu chnh bng phn mm. Lc bn thc hin nh sau: M ca s Mycomputer-->Control Panel-->Modem-->properties. Bn thy thanh iu chnh m thanh v c th thay i y. Trong mt s trng hp bn iu chnh thanh chnh m thanh ri m m thanh vn khng thay i th bn lm nh sau: Mycomputer-->Control Panel-->Modem-->properties-->Connection->Advanced. Trong extra settings bn g chui sau sau vo:

ATM0: tt m thanh ca modem khi quay s. 2

ATM1L1: m thanh nh. ATM1L2: m thanh ln.

Hi thoi-Chatting
Hin nay, bn cnh cc dch v thng thng m bn vn s dng hng ngy trn Internet nh dch v truy cp cc trang web, Email... Bn c th s dng mt dch v khc na l Hi thoi-Chatting. Bn c th hn bn b khp ni trn th gii, ln mng Internet ni chuyn vi bn vo bt c lc no. Hin nay c hai phng thc chat ph bin. n gin nht hin nay l kiu text chat: Bn g phm trn mt chng trnh chat no mt li nhn, sau Enter. Li nhn ca bn lp tc c gi ti my ca ngi bn chat ca bn v sau bn c th nhn ngc li cc li nhn t ngi bn chat . Hin nay mt s Quc gia trn th gii c th s dng dch v Voice chat. Dch v ny cho php cc bn ni chuyn vi nhau (ging nh ni chuyn in thoi) m ch phi tr mt lng tin rt t so vi bn gi in thoi trc tip.

Khi nim E-Mail

Th in t hay thng gi e-mail (Electronic Mail), l mt tnh nng quan trng nht ca Internet. Mc d ban u c thit k nh mt phng thc truyn cc thng ip ring gia nhng ngi dng Internet, Internet e-mail l phng php truyn vn bn r tin nht c mi ni. Ch tn vi cent gi e-mail i bt k u trn th gii, r hn nhiu so vi cc bu in loi thp nht. Mt trong nhng li ch chnh ca e-mail l tc lu chuyn. Tuy khng tc thi nh fax, thi gian truyn e-mail thng c tnh bng pht, ngay c khi ngi gi v ngi nhn tn hai u ca tri t. H thng a ch e-mail Mt vn v cng quan trng trong qu trnh gi hay nhn th l cch xc nh chnh xc a ch ca th cn gi n. thc hin iu ny ngi ta s dng dch v nh tn vng (Domain Name Service DNS). Da trn dch v nh gi tn vng vic nh a ch e-mail cho ngi s dng rt n gin.

Dch v truyn file FTP (file transfer protocol)

Dch v FTP dng truyn ti cc file d liu gia cc Host trn Internet. Cng c thc hin dch v truyn file l chng trnh ftp, n s dng mt giao thc ca 3

Internet l giao thc FTP (File Tranfer Protocol). Nh tn ca giao thc ni, cng vic ca giao thc ny l thc hin chuyn cc file t mt my tnh ny sang my tnh khc. Giao thc ny cho php truyn file khng ph thuc vo vn v tr a l hay mi trng h iu hnh ca hai my. iu duy nht cn thit l c hai my u c phn mm hiu c giao thc FTP. FTP l mt phn mm nh vy trn h iu hnh Unix.

Kt Ni T Xa (Telnet)
Dch v Telnet cho php bn ngi ti my tnh ca mnh thc hin kt ni ti my ch xa (Remost Host) v sau thc hin cc lnh trn my ch xa ny. Khi bn kt ni n my Remote v thc hin xong vic Login, nhng g bn g vo bn phm s c chuyn n my Remote v c tc dng nh vic g bn phm chnh my Remote . Bn c th truy nhp bt c dch v g m my Remote cho php cc trm cc b ca mnh truy nhp. Telnet l mt nghi thc (protocol) mc ng dng (application) trong m hnh TCP/IP. Telnet cung cp dch v thng qua port 23 ca TCP, n dng TCP nh l mt phng thc truyn ti bi v n cn mt nghi thc nh hng kt ni (orientedconnection).

Dch V Hi Thoi Trn Internet-Irc

Internet Relay Chat (IRC Ni chuyn qua Internet) l phng tin thi gian thc, ngha l nhng t bn g vo s xut hin gn nh tc thi trn mn hnh ca ngi nhn v tr li ca h cng xut hin trn mn hnh ca bn nh vy. Thay v phi ch vi pht hay vi ngy i vi thng ip, bn c th trao i tc thi vi tc g ch ca bn. IRC c th mang tnh cht c nhn nh e-mail, ngi l khng khm ph c ni dung trao i ca bn hoc bn c th to knh m cho nhng ai bn mun cng tham gia. Cng khng him cc knh IRC c t 10 ngi tr ln tham gia hi thoi. Ngoi vic trao i li, ngi dng IRC cn c th gi file cho nhau nh hnh nh, chng trnh, ti liu hay nhng th khc.

WEB
World Wide Web c nhiu tn hn cc ti nguyn khc ca Internet, cn c gi l WWW hay W3. hiu c Web, bn cn phi bt u tm hiu v t tng Hypertext. Hypertext l d liu gm nhng phn lin kt vi nhng d liu khc. Mt v d n gin ca Hypertext l b bch khoa ton th. Bn ang c mt phn t trn nhng cy. cui ca bi bo bn thy mt phn tham kho ni rng bit thm 4

cc thng tin lin quan, hy xem cc thc vt (plants). Dng cui cng ny l mt lin kt, t cc bi bo cy (trees) n cc bi bo thc vt (plant). Trong ngn ng ca Web, mt ti liu Hypertext gm phn d liu v phn c th lin kt vi nhng ti liu khc. Chng trnh m bn dng c mt ti liu Hypertext c gi l Browser. Khi bn theo lin kt n mt phn khc th chng ti ni rng bn ang nh v (Navigate) Web. iu g lm cho Web c kh nng lin kt vi nhng loi ti nguyn ca Internet: mt file vn bn, mt phin kt ni ca Telnet, mt Gopher, mt nhm tin ca Usenet v v.v Chc nng ca Browser ca bn ging nh mt ca s vo Internet bng cch vo nhng phn lin kt m bn mun v vic truy cp vo mi ti liu dng mt phng php thch hp. Nh vy c im ca Web l rt chnh xc. Web l mt s c gng t chc tt c cc thng tin trn Internet (thm vo mt s thng tin a phng m bn mun thm chng vo) bng vic ci t cc ti liu dng Hypertext. Mc d gic m ny xa ri thc t, nhng Web cho php bn truy cp vo cc loi ti nguyn ca Internet, ch bng cch dng mt Browser c ti liu thch hp. Ti sao chng ta phi dng Web? Web c pht trin Thy S, ti trung tm nghin cu CERN. T tng ny c a ra nhm gip cc nh vt l hc ca CERN chia s cng vic ca h v dng chung nhng thng tin trong nhm. Chng bao lu sau, t tng ca Web c m rng v p dng vo trong Internet nh l mt k xo ca vic truy cp thng tin v cc dch v ca Internet. iu lm cho Hypertext c gi tr hn cc vn bn bnh thng l c phn lin kt. Vn ny sinh ra l phi t cc phn lin kt vo Hypertext cho hp l. iu ny mt rt nhiu cng sc v khng phi Hypertext no cng lm tt iu ny. c mt vi chng trnh c gng t ng x l iu ny: c mt chng trnh c mt vn bn bnh thng v c gng tm ra ni t cc lin kt. Tuy nhin khng c c chng trnh no c th thc s thay th c s suy lun ca con ngi. Gi tr c cc lin kt ca Hypertext thm vo vn bn bnh thng ph thuc vo cch dng cc phn lin kt hu dng. Mi lin kt l mt phn cho bit l c th nhy n mt vn bn khc c. Nhng ng tic thay l nhiu loi vn bn khng thch nghi cho vic chng t nhy i. Hn na ngay c khi nhy c, khng phi lc no cng bit c chnh xc ni m cc lin kt s nhy n. Vic nhy n nhy lui ca mt ti liu Hypertext ph thuc rt nhiu v suy ngh ca ngi t cc phn lin kt vo ti liu. iu quan trng th hai ca vic dng Web l truy cp vo cc ti nguyn Internet. Cch tt nht bn c th dng c cc ti nguyn thch hp nhiu ln. Web khng hon ho lm. i lc khi bn s thy dng mt cng c c thit k ring cho mt loi d liu no th tt hn. V d, mc d bn c th dng Web c cc bi bo ca Usenet, nhng bn dng chng trnh Newsreader th vn tt hn. Tuy nhin, Web c xc nh l cng c mm do nht bn thm him Internet.