20 chuyên đề LTĐH

Chuyen e 1: PHNG TRNH AI SO
& BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
CAC HANG ANG THC C BAN

1. ( ) + = + +
2 2 2
2 a b a ab b
2
2 a b a ab b
) a b a b
3
3 3 a b a a b ab b
3
3 3 a b a a b ab b
) b a b a ab b
) a b a ab b
ab b a b a 2
2
) (
2 2
+ = +
2. ( ) = +
2 2
ab b a b a 2
2
) (
2 2
+ = +
3. a b = +
2 2
( )(
4. ( ) + = + + +
3 3 2 2
) ( 3
3
) (
3 3
b a ab b a b a + + = +
5. ( ) = +
3 3 2 2
6. a + = + +
3 3 2 2
( )(
7. a b = + +
3 3 2 2
( )(

Ap dung:
Biet va . Hay tnh cac bieu thc sau theo S va P S y x = +
+ =
4
x D
P xy =
d
2
) y a + =
2
x A
2
y) - (x B = ) b
3
) y c + =
3
x C
4
) y

A. PHNG TRNH AI SO
I. Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac nhat:

1. Dang : ax + b = 0 (1)
so tham : b a,
so an : x
2. Giai va bien luan:
1

Ta co : (1) ax = -b (2)
Bien luan:
Neu a 0 th (2)
a
b
x =
Neu a = 0 th (2) tr thanh 0.x = -b
* Neu b 0 th phng trnh (1) vo nghiem
* Neu b = 0 th phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x
Tom lai :
a 0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat
a
b
x =
a = 0 va b 0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem
a = 0 va b = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x

Ap dung:
V du : Giai va bien luan cac phng trnh sau:
m x mx 2 2
2
+ = +

3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh:
nh ly: Xet phng trnh ax + b = 0 (1) ta co:

(1) co nghiem duy nhat a 0
(1) vo nghiem
=
0
0
b
a
(1) nghiem ung vi moi x
=
=
0
0
b
a

Ap dung:
V du : Vi gia tr nao cua a, b th phng trnh sau nghiem ung vi moi x
0 ) 1 (
2 4
= + + b x a x a
II.Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac hai:

1. Dang:
2
0 ax bx c + + = (1)
so tham : c , b a,
so an : x
2. Giai va bien luan phng trnh :

Xet hai trng hp
Trng hp 1
2
: Neu a th (1) la phng trnh bac nhat : bx + c = 0 0 =
b 0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat
b
c
x =
b = 0 va c 0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem
b = 0 va c = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x
Trng hp 2: Neu a 0 th (1) la phng trnh bac hai co
Biet so ( hoac
2
4 b a = c
' 2 '
' vi b
2
b
b ac = = )
Bien luan:
) Neu th pt (1) vo nghiem 0 <
) Neu th pt (1) co nghiem so kep 0 =
1 2
2
b
x x
a
= = (
'
1 2
b
x x
a
= = )
) Neu th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet 0 >
1,2
2
b
x
a

= (
' '
1,2
b
x
a

= )

Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac phng trnh sau: x
x
x
a =
8 12
12 5
) 3
) 1 (
3 2
)
2
2
=
+
x
x x
b
V du 2: Giai va bien luan phng trnh : 2 ) 1 ( 2
2
= x m x x
3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai:
nh ly : Xet phng trnh :
2
0 ax bx c + + = (1)

) Pt (1) vo nghiem hoac
=
=
0
0
0
c
b
a
<
0
0 a
) Pt (1) co nghiem kep
0
0 a
) Pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet
>
0
0 a
) Pt (1) co hai nghiem
0
0 a
) Pt (1) nghiem ung vi moi x
=
=
=
0
0
0
c
b
a
3

ac biet
Neu pt(1) co he so a,c thoa a.c < 0 th pt(1) luon co hai nghiem phan biet.
Ap dung:
V du 1: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet:
x m
x
x x
=
+
1
1 2
2

V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet:
0 ) 2 2 )( 1 (
2
= + + + + m mx x x
4. nh ly VIET oi vi phng trnh bac hai:
) nh ly thuan: Neu phng trnh bac hai :
2
0 ax bx c + + = ( 0 a ) co hai nghiem x
1
, x
2
th

= =
= + =
a
c
x x P
a
b
x x S
2 1
2 1
.

) nh ly ao : Cho hai so bat ky , . Khi o chung la nghiem cua phng trnh
x
2
- Sx + P = 0 vi S = + va P = . ) 4 (
2
P S

) Y ngha cua nh ly VIET:
Cho phep tnh gia tr cac bieu thc oi xng cua cac nghiem ( tc la bieu thc cha x
1
, x
2
va
khong thay oi gia tr khi ta thay oi vai tro x
1
,x
2
cho nhau .V du:
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
1
1 1
x x x x
x x
A + +
+
= ) ma
khong can giai pt tm x
1
, x
2
, tm hai so khi biet tong va tch cua chung .
Chu y:
) Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a+b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem la
1 2
1 va x
c
x
a
= =
) Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a-b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem la
1 2
1 va x
c
x
a
= =
Ap dung:
V du 1 : Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 1 2
2
= + m x x
Vi gia tr nao cua m th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
thoa man 4
2
2
2
1
= + x x
V du 2: Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 2 3 2
2
= + m mx x
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
thoa man 4 3 5
2 1
= + x x
5. Dau nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai:
Da vao nh ly Viet ta co the suy ra nh ly sau:

nh ly: Xet phng trnh bac hai :
2
0 ax bx c + + = (1) ( 0 a )
) Pt (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet
> 0
P > 0
S > 0

) Pt (1) co hai nghiem am phan biet

> 0
P > 0
S < 0

) Pt (1) co hai nghiem trai dau P < 0

Ap dung:
V du : Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem dng phan biet: 0
2
= + + m x mx
II. Phng trnh trung phng:

1.Dang : (1)
4 2
0 ( a 0 ) ax bx c + + =
2.Cach giai:

) at an phu : t = x
2
( ). Ta c phng trnh: (2) 0 t 0
2
= + + c bt at
Giai pt (2) tm t. Thay t tm c vao t = x
2
e tm x
Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (2) ma ta suy ra c so nghiem
cua phng trnh (1)

Ap dung:
V du : Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co 4 nghiem phan biet: m x x = 3 2
2 4
4
III . Phng trnh bac ba:

1. Dang:
3 2
0 ax bx cx d + + + = (1) ( 0 a )
5

2 .Cach giai: Ap dung khi biet c mot nghiem cua phng trnh (1)

)Bc 1: Nham mot nghiem cua phng trnh (1). Gia s nghiem la x = x
0
)Bc 2: S dung phep CHIA A THC hoac s o HOOCNE e phan tch ve trai thanh nhan
t va a pt (1) ve dang tch so :
(1) (x-x
0
)(Ax
2
+Bx+C) = 0

0
2

0 (2)
x x
Ax Bx C
=

+ + =

)Bc 3: Giai phng trnh (2) tm cac nghiem con lai ( neu co).
Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a) b) 0 4 12 9 2
2 3
= + x x x 1 4 2
2 3
= + + x x x x
V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet
2 2 3
2 3
+ = + m mx x x
Chu y
Ta co the ap dung phng phap phan tch a thc thanh nhan t bang ky thuat s dung s o HOOCNE,
e giai cac phng trnh a thc bac cao (vi ieu kien nham c mot nghiem cua a thc)
V du: Giai phng trnh: 0 18 21 5
2 3 4
= + + x x x x

B. BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO
I. Bat phng trnh bac nhat:
1. Dang : (1) 0 > + b ax (hoac < , , )
2. Giai va bien luan:

Ta co : (2) ) 1 ( b ax >
Bien luan:
Neu th 0 > a
a
b
x > ) 2 (
Neu th 0 < a
a
b
x < ) 2 (
Neu th (2) tr thanh : 0 = a b x > . 0
* th bpt vo nghiem 0 b
* th bpt nghiem ung vi moi x 0 > b
Ap dung:
V du1: Giai va bien luan bat phng trnh :
2
1 m x mx + > +
V du 2: Giai he bat phng trnh sau:
+

+
0 1 3
0 4
0 9 2
x
x
x
II. Dau cua nh thc bac nhat:
1. Dang: 0) (a ) ( + = b ax x f
2. Bang xet dau cua nh thc:
6

x

a
b
+
ax+b Trai dau vi a 0 Cung dau vi a
Ap dung:
V du : Xet dau cac bieu thc sau: ) 3 2 )( 1 )( 3 ( x x x A + =
) 1 2 )( 2 (
7

+
=
x x
x
B
III. Dau cua tam thc bac hai:
1. Dang: 0) (a
2
) ( + + = c bx ax x f
2. Bang xet dau cua tam thc bac hai:

3. ieu kien khong oi dau cua tam thc:
nh ly: Cho tam thc bac hai: 0) (a
2
) ( + + = c bx ax x f

>
<
>
0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f

<
<
<
0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f

>

0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f

<

0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f
x

1

2
x x +
f(x) Cung dau a 0 Trai dau a 0 Cung dau a

ac 4
2
= b
x

a
b
2
+
f(x) Cung dau a 0 Cung dau a

x
+
f(x) Cung dau a
0 <

0 =
0 >
Ap dung:
V du : Cho tam thc ) 2 ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) (
2
+ + = m x m x m x f
Tm m e R x > 0 ) (x f
IV. Bat phng trnh bac hai:
1. Dang: ( hoac 0
2
> + + c bx ax < , , )
7

2. Cach giai: Xet dau tam thc bac hai ve trai roi chon nghiem thch hp.
Ap dung:
V du1 : Giai cac he bat phng trnh: a) b)
> + +
>
0 1 10 11
0 11 3
2
x x
x
> + +
> +
0 3 2
0 2 7 3
2
2
x x
x x
V du 2: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet:
0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 3 2 (
2
= + + + m x m x
V. So sanh mot so vi cac nghiem cua tam thc bac hai c bx ax x f + + =
2
) ( ( 0 a )
nh ly:

[ ]
>
>
>
< <
<
>
>
< <
<
< <
0
,
0
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
S
0 ) a.f(
0

x
thoa x nghiem hai co c th Tam
2
S
0 ) a.f(
0

x
0 ) a.f(
x
1
1
1
1
1
1
x
x
x
x
x
x

Ap dung:
V du 1: Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 2 3 2
2
= + m mx x
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem x
1
, x
2
thoa man
2 1
1 x x < <
V du 2: Xac nh m e phng trnh : co nghiem 0 5 4 ) 5 (
2
= + + m x m x [ ] 4 ; 1 x

BAI TAP REN LUYEN:
Bai 1: Cho phng trnh: m mx
x
x x
2 2
2
4 2
2
+ =
+
(1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet (m>1)
Bai 2: Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 5 3 ) 1 (
2
= + + m x m x
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem dng phan biet (
5
m 3 m 7
3
< < > )
Bai 3: Cho phng trnh: 0
1
2
=
+ +
x
m x mx
(1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet (
1
m 0
2
< < )
Bai 4: Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 1
2 4
= + m mx x
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 4 nghiem phan biet (m 1 m 2) >
Bai 5: Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 ) )( 1 (
2
= + + m mx x x
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 3 nghiem phan biet
1
(m 0 m 4 m )
2
< >
Bai 6: Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 3 3
2 3 2 3
= + + k k x x
Tm k e phng trnh (1) co 3 nghiem phan biet ( 1 k 3 k 0;2) < <
Bai 7: Cho phng trnh : (1) 0 ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 (
2
= + + m x m mx
1
, x
2
thoa
9
7 1 1
2
2
2
1
= +
x x

1
(m )
2
=
Bai 8: Cho phng trnh : (1) 0 3 4 ) 1 ( 2 2
2 2
= + + + + + m m x m x
1
, x
2
thoa
2
9
) ( 2
2 1 2 1
= + x x x x
(m 4) =
Bai 9: Cho phng trnh: (1) 0 1
2
= + + m x mx
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
thoa man 1
1 1
2 1
>
x x

6
(0 m m 1)
5
< <
Bai 10: Cho phng trnh: m x
x
x + =
+ + 2
1
3
3 (1)
Tm m e pt (1) hai nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
sao cho bieu thc at GTNN
2
2 1
) ( x x d = (m 0) =
1
1
2
=
+

mx
x
x x
(1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co hai nghiem phan biet nho hn -1 (m )
3
2
3
1
2 3
= + + m x mx x (1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co ba nghiemphan biet x
1
, x
2
, x
3
thoa man 15
2
3
2
2
2
1
> + + x x x
(m 1 m 1) < >

--------------------Het-------------------
8
Chuyen e 2 : HE PHNG TRNH AI SO
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
I. He phng trnh bac nhat nhieu an
1. He phng trnh bac nhat hai an

a. Dang :
(1)
1 1 1
2 2 2
a x b y c
a x b y c
+ =
+ =

Cach giai a biet: Phep the, phep cong ...
b. Giai va bien luan phng trnh : Quy trnh giai va bien luan
Bc 1: Tnh cac nh thc :

1 2 2 1
2 2
1 1
b a b a
b a
b a
D = = (goi la nh thc cua he)

1 2 2 1
2 2
1 1
b c b c
b c
b c
D
x
= = (goi la nh thc cua x)

1 2 2 1
2 2
1 1
c a c a
c a
c a
D
y
= = (goi la nh thc cua y)
Bc 2: Bien luan
Neu th he co nghiem duy nhat 0 D
=
=
D
D
y
D
D
x
y
x
Neu D = 0 va 0
x
D hoac 0
y
D th he vo nghiem
Neu D = D
x
= D
y
= 0 th he co vo so nghiem hoac vo nghiem

Y ngha hnh hoc: Gia s (d
1
) la ng thang a
1
x + b
1
y = c
1

(d
2
) la ng thang a
2
x + b
2
y = c
2

Khi o:
1. He (I) co nghiem duy nhat (d
1
) va (d
2
) cat nhau
2. He (I) vo nghiem (d
1
) va (d
2
) song song vi nhau
3. He (I) co vo so nghiem (d
1
) va (d
2
) trung nhau

Ap dung:
V du1: Giai he phng trnh:
= +
=
2 3 4
9 2 5
y x
y x
V du 2: Giai va bien luan he phng trnh :
= +
+ = +
2
1
my x
m y mx
V du 3: Cho he phng trnh :
= +
= +
1
3 2
my x
y mx
9
Xac nh tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e he co nghiem duy nhat (x;y) thoa x >1 va y > 0
( 2 m 0) < <
V du 4: Vi gia tr nguyen nao cua tham so m he phng trnh
4 2 mx y m
x my m
+ = +
+ =
co nghiem duy nhat

(x;y) vi x, y la cac so nguyen.
( m 1 m 3 = = )
II. He phng trnh bac hai hai an:
1. He gom mot phng trnh bac nhat va mot phng trnh bac hai hai an:
V du : Giai he:
= +
= +
5 2 2
5 2
2 2
xy y x
y x
Cach giai: Giai bang phep the
2. He phng trnh oi xng :
1. He phng trnh oi xng loai I:
a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau
th he phng trnh khong thay oi.
b.Cach giai:

Bc 1
10
: at x+y=S va xy=P vi ta a he ve he mi cha hai an S,P.
2
4 S P
Bc 2: Giai he mi tm S,P . Chon S,P thoa man .
2
4 S P
Bc 3: Vi S,P tm c th x,y la nghiem cua phng trnh :
( nh ly Viet ao ).
2
0 X SX P + =

Chu y: Do tnh oi xng, cho nen neu (x
0
;y
0
) la nghiem cua he th (y
0
;x
0
) cung la nghiem cua he
Ap dung:
V du 1: Giai cac he phng trnh sau :
1) 2)
= + +
= + +
2
4
2 2
y x xy
y xy x
2 2
7
3 3 16
x y xy
x y x y
+ + =
+ =
3) 4)
= +
= + +
30
11
2 2
xy y x
y x xy
= + + +
= +
0 9 2 ) ( 3
13
2 2
xy y x
y x
5) 6)
= +
= +
35
30
3 3
2 2
y x
xy y x
= +
= +
20
6
2 2
xy y x
x y y x
7)
= +
= +
4
4
xy y x
y x
8)
= +
= +
2
34
4 4
y x
y x
1) (0;2); (2;0) 2) (2; 3), ( 3;2), (1 10;1 10), (1 10;1 10) + + 3) ( 1;5), (5;1), (2;3), (3;2)
4)
10 10 10 10
(3; 2), ( 2;3), ( 2 ; 2 ), ( 2 ; 2 )
2 2 2
+ +
2
5) ( 6) (1 2;3);(3;2) ; 4), (4;1)
7) (4;4) 8) (1 2;1 2), (1 2;1 2) + +
V du2 : Vi gia tr nao cua m th he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
= +
= +
m y y x x
y x
3 1
1

2. He phng trnh oi xng loai II:
a.nh ngha: o la he cha hai an x,y ma khi ta thay oi vai tro x,y cho nhau
th phng trnh nay tr thanh phng trnh kia cua he.
b. Cach giai:

Tr ve vi ve hai phng trnh va bien oi ve dang phng trnh tch so.
Ket hp mot phng trnh tch so vi mot phng trnh cua he e suy ra nghiem cua he .
11

Ap dung:
V du: Giai cac he phng trnh sau:
1) 2) 3)
2 2
2 2
2 3
2 3
x y y
y x x
+ =
+ =
2
2
x
= +
= +
y xy y
x xy x
3 2
3 2
2
2 2 3 2
2 3 2
3 2
3 2
y x x
x y y
y
= +
= +

4)
2
2
1
3
1
3
x y
x
y x
y
+ =
+ =
5)
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
x
x
x
y
y

III. He phng trnh ang cap bac hai:

a. Dang :
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
a x b xy c y d
a x b xy c y d
+ + =
+ + =

b. Cach giai:

hoac
y
t
x
= . Gia s ta chon cach at
x
t
y
= .
x
t
y
= at an phu
Khi o ta co the tien hanh cach giai nh sau:
Bc 1: Kiem tra xem (x,0) co phai la nghiem cua he hay khong ?
Bc 2: Vi y 0 ta at x = ty. Thay vao he ta c he mi cha 2 an t,y .T 2 phng trnh ta
kh y e c 1 phng trnh cha t .
Bc 3: Giai phng trnh tm t roi suy ra x,y.

Ap dung:
V du: Giai cac he phng trnh sau:
1) 2) 3)
2 2
2 2
3 2 1
2 5 2
x xy y
x xy y
+ + =
+ + =
1
5
5
=
=
49 5
56 2 6
2 2
2 2
y xy x
y xy x
3 2
3 2
2 3
6 7
x x y
y xy
+ =
+ =
IV. Cac he phng trnh khac:

Ta co the s dung cac phng phap sau:
a. at an phu:
V du : Giai cac he phng trnh :
1) 2)
3)
= + + +
= +
6
3
2 2
xy y x y x
y x xy
=
= +
36 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
12
2 2
y y x x
y x y x
2 2
3 2 2 3
5
6
x y x y
x x y xy y
+ =
+ =
b. S dung phep cong va phep the:

2 2
2 2
x y 10x 0
x
12
V du: Giai he phng trnh :
y 4x 2y 20 0
+ =
+ + =

c. Bien oi ve tch so:
V du : Giai cac he phng trnh sau:
1) 2) 3)
+ = +
+ = +
) ( 3
2 2
2 2
y x y x
y y x x
+ + = +
+ = +
2
7 7
2 2
3 3
y x y x
y y x x
+ =
=
1 2
1 1
3
x y
y
y
x
x

--------------------------Het------------------------
Chuyen e 3: PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH
CHA GIA TR TUYET OI
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. nh ngha va cac tnh chat c ban :
neu x 0
( x )
neu x < 0

=
x
1. nh ngha:
13
x R
x

2. Tnh chat :

2
2
0 , x , x x , -x x x x =
a b a b + +
a b a b +
. 0 a b a b a b + = +
. 0 a b a b a b = +
II. Cac nh ly c ban :

a) nh ly 1 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : A = B A
2
= B
2
b) nh ly 2 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : A > B A
2
> B
2

III. Cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh cha gia tr tuyet oi c ban & cach giai :

* Dang 1 :
2 2
B A B A = = , B A B A = =

* Dang 2 :
=
2 2
0
B A
B
B A ,
=
B A
B
B A
0
,
=
<
=
B A
A
B A
A
B A
0
0

* Dang 3 :
2 2
B A B A > > , 0 ) )( ( > + > B A B A B A

* Dang 4:
2
B 0
A B
A B
>
<

<
2
,
B 0
A B
B A B
>
<

< <
<
<
<
<
B A
A
B A
A
B A
0
0

* Dang 5:
>
<
>
2 2
0
0
B A
B
B
B A ,
B 0
A B B 0
A B A
<
>
B < >

IV. Cac cach giai phng trnh cha gia tr tuyet oi thng s dung :

* Phng phap 1 : Bien oi ve dang c ban

V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :

1) x x x x 2 2
2 2
+ = 2) 0 3 8 2 2 3 2
2 2
= + + + x x x x 3) 3 3 4
2
+ = + x x x
4)
x
x
1
3 2 = 5) 2
1
4 2
2
=
+
+
x
x
6)
2
2
1 10
1 3
2
=
+
+
x
x
7) 1 2 1 2
2 2
+ = + x x x x

* Phng phap 2 : S dung phng phap chia khoang


1) 4 3 2 = + x x 2) 3
1 4
3
+ =

x
x

V. Cac cach giai bat phng trnh cha gia tr tuyet oi thng s dung :


V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :

1) 6 5
2
< x x 2) 6 9 5
2
< + x x x

* Phng phap 2 : S dung phng phap chia khoang

V du : Giai bat phng trnh sau :

x x x > + 3 2 1

-------------------Het-----------------
14
Chuyen e 4:
PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG TRNH CHA CAN THC
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. Cac ieu kien va tnh chat c ban :

* A co ngha khi A 0
* 0 A vi A 0
* A A =
2
&
<
=
0 A neu A -
0 A neu A
A
* ( ) A A =
2
vi A 0
* B A B A . . = khi A , B 0
* B A B A = . . khi A , B 0

15
II. Cac nh ly c ban :

16
a) nh ly 1 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : A = B A
2
= B
2
b) nh ly 2 : Vi A 0 va B 0 th : A > B A
2
> B
2
c) nh ly 3 : Vi A, B bat ky th : A = B A
3
= B
3
A > B A
3
> B
3

III. Cac phng trnh va bat phng trnh can thc c ban & cach giai :

* Dang 1 :
A 0 (hoac B 0 )
A B
A B

=

=

* Dang 2 :
2
B 0
A B
A B

=

=

* Dang 3 :
2
A 0
A B B 0
A B
< >
<

* Dang 4:
2
A 0
B 0
A B
B 0
A B

<
>

>

IV. Cac cach giai phng trnh can thc thng s dung :
V du 1: Giai phng trnh sau :
1) 4 2 = x x (x=6)
2) 0 2 1 9 3
2
= + + x x x
1
(x )
2
=
3) 4 1 1 2 2 2 = + + + + x x x (x=3)

V du 2: Tm m e cac phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet
1 2 2
2
+ = + + x mx x
9
(m )
2

Bai tap ren luyen:
(
5
14
= x ) 1) 5 2 3 4
2
= + x x x
2) 7 1 2 2 = x x ( 5 = x )
3) 1 2 3 2
2
+ = + x x x ( )
3
15 3
= x
4)
2 4
4
4
2 2
x x
= ( 2 2 = x )
5) Tm m e cac phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet: 1 3 2
2
+ = + x mx x

17
* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc
V du : Giai phng trnh sau :
1) 1 3 4 9 2 + + = + x x x (
11
x 0 x )
3
= =
2) 0 1 2 3 1 5 = x x x (x=2)
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) ( 9 = x )
18
1 7 2 3 = + x x
2) ( 1 = x ) 3 8 + = + x x x
(
3
3 2 3 +
= x ) 3) 2 1 + = + + x x x
4) 4 3 1 + = + x x ( 0 = x )

* Phng phap 3 : at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh hoac he pt ai so
1) x x x x 3 3 ) 2 )( 5 (
2
+ = + (x 1 x 4) = =
2) 5 ) 4 )( 1 ( 4 1 = + + + + x x x x (x 0 x 3) = =
3) 0 1 3 1 2
2
= + + x x x (x 1 x 2 2) = =
4) 1 1 2
3
= x x (x 1 x 2 x 10) = = =
Bai tap ren luyen:
(
2
5 3 3
= x ) 1) 4 ) 5 )( 2 ( 5 2 = + + + + x x x x
2) 16 2 12 2 4 4
2
+ = + + x x x x (x=5)

* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so : A.B = 0 hoac A.B.C = 0
x x
x
x
=
1 2 3
2 3
2

* Phng phap 5 : Nham nghiem va s dung tnh n ieu e chng minh nghiem duy nhat
* Ta thng s dung cac tnh chat sau:
Tnh chat 1: Neu ham so f tang ( hoac giam ) trong khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = C
co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b).
( do o neu ton tai x
0
(a;b) sao cho f(x
0
) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng
trnh f(x) = C)

Tnh chat 2 : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la mot ham giam trong
khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) .
( do o neu ton tai x
0
(a;b) sao cho f(x
0
) = g(x
0
) th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng
trnh f(x) = g(x))
1) 4 2 5 9 + = + x x
2) 1 1 4 1 4
2
= + x x
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) (x=3)
19
1 4 1 = + x x
(x=4) 2) 7 8 2 5 = + + + x x

V. Cac cach giai bat phng trnh can thc thng s dung :
1) 1 3 4
2
+ < + x x x
2) 3 2 5 4
2
+ + x x x
3) 1 4
2
< + + x x x
4) 2 ) 4 )( 1 ( > + x x x
Bai tap ren luyen:
20
1) ( 3 x ) 2 6
2
+ + x x x
2) ( 3 1 1 = x x ) 1 ) 1 ( 2
2
+ x x
3) ( ) 4 x x x x < 12
2
4) ( 1 10 x x ) x x x > + 2 6 5 2
2

* Phng phap 2 : at ieu kien (neu co) va nang luy tha e kh can thc
V du : Giai bat phng trnh sau :
x x x + + 7 8 2 3

Bai tap ren luyen:
1) 1 2 4 + x x 11 + x ( 5 4 x )
2) ( ) 4 > x 1 5 5 3 > + x x
(
3
3 2 3 +
x ) 3) x x x + + 1 2

* Phng phap 3 : at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so
1) 3 4 2 4 5 2
2 2
+ + + + x x x x
2) 1 2 3 3 4 2
2 2
> + + x x x x
Bai tap ren luyen:
21
1) ( 1 3 x x ) x x x x 2 7 1 10 5
2 2
+ +
(-9<x<4) 2) 28 5 5 ) 4 )( 1 (
2
+ + < + + x x x x

* Phng phap 4 : Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so hoac thng so
1) 0 2 3 2 ) 3 (
2 2
x x x x
2) 1
4
3 5
<
+
x
x

Bai tap ren luyen:
1
2
8 1 1
2
<

x
x
(
3
1
0 0
2 2
1
< < < x x ) 1)
2) 3
4 1 1
2
<

x
x
(
2
1
0 0
2
1
< < x x )
3) 0
12 19 4
7
2
<
+
x x
x
( 7 4
4
3
< < < x x )

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
DANG1: Cac bai toan giai phng trnh va bat phng trnh
Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh
1. 2 2 1 6 8 2
2 2
+ = + + + x x x x ( 1 = x )
2.
2
2 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( x x x x x = + + (
8
9
; 0 = = x x )
3. 4 7 1 7 2 8 = + + + + + + x x x x (x=2)
4. 2 1 2 1 2 = + + x x x x ( 1
2
1
x )
5. 3 6 3 3 3
2 2
= + + + x x x x ( 2 ; 1 = = x x )
6. 2 5 3 2 9 4 1 2 3
2
+ + = + x x x x x (x=2)
Bai 2: Giai cac bat phng trnh
1.
3
7
3
3
) 16 ( 2
2
> +
x
x
x
x
x
( 34 10 > x )
2. 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) 4 (
2 2
< + + x x x x x ( 3 2 3 2 + < < x )
3.
1 2
1
5 3 2
1
2
>
+
x
x x
( 2
2
3
1
2
5
> < < < x x x )
4. 2 2
1 1 2
2
+ >
+
x
x
x
( 0
2
1
< < x )
5. ) 1 ( 6 1 2 ) 2 2 ( x x x ( 5 1 x )

DANG 2: S dung cac phep bien oi giai cac bai toan co cha tham so
Bai 1: Giai va bien luan phng trnh
1. x a x x =
2

2. x a a a x = +
Bai 2: Giai va bien luan bat phng trnh:
1. x a x 2
2. a x a x a x 3 2 > (a>0)
Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem: 3 2
2
+ = mx x m x ( ) 1 m

22

DANG 3: S dung ao ham giai cac bai toan co cha tham so
Bai 1: Tm m e cac phng trnh sau co nghiem:
1) m x x x x = + + + ) 2 )( 7 ( 2 7 ( 3
2
9
2 3 x )
2) m x x x x = + + + + ) 8 )( 1 ( 8 1 ( ) 2
2
3
( 3 3 + m )
3) m x x x x = + + + ) 6 )( 3 ( 6 3 ( 3
2
9
2 3 x )
Bai 2: Tm m e bat phng trnh:
1) ) 3 5 2 ( ) 3 )( 2 1 (
2
+ + > + x x m x x nghiem ung vi moi
3 ;
2
1
x (m<-6)
2) m x x x x + + 2 ) 4 )( 2 (
2
nghiem ung vi moi ( ) [ 4 ; 2 x ] 4 m

----------------Het--------------
23
Chuyen e 5: PHNG TRNH VA BAT PHNG
CO CHA MU VA LOGART
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO MU
1. Cac nh ngha:

n
n thua so
a a.a...a =

(n Z , n 1, a R)
+

1
a a = a

0
a 1 = a 0

n
n
1
a
a
= { } (n Z , n 1, a R/ 0 )
+

m
n m
n
a a = ( a 0 ) ; m, n N >

m
n
m
n m
n
1 1
a
a
a
= =

20

2. Cac tnh chat :

m n m n
a .a a
+
=

m
m n
n
a
a
a
=

m n n m m.n
(a ) (a ) a = =

n n n
(a.b) a .b =

n
n
n
a a
( )
b
b
=

3. Ham so mu: Dang : ( a > 0 , a
x
y a = 1 )
Tap xac nh : D R =
Tap gia tr : ( ) T R
+
=
x
a 0 x > R
Tnh n ieu:
* a > 1 : ong bien tren
x
y a = R
* 0 < a < 1 : nghch bien tren
x
y a = R
o th ham so mu :

a>1
y=a
x
y
x
1
0<a<1
y=a
x
y
x
1

Minh hoa:

f(x)=2^x
-4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x
y f(x)=(1/2)^x
-4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x
y
y=2
x y=
x
2
1

1
x
y y
x
1
O
O

21
II. KIEN THC C BAN VE HAM SO LOGART
1. nh ngha: Vi a > 0 , a 1 va N > 0

dn
M
a
log N M a N = =

ieu kien co ngha: co ngha khi N
a
log
>
>
0
1
0
N
a
a
22

2. Cac tnh chat :

a
log 1 0 =

a
log a 1 =

M
a
log a M =

log N
a
a N =

a 1 2 a 1 a 2
log (N .N ) log N log N = +

1
a a 1 a 2
2
N
log ( ) log N log N
N
=

a
log N . log N
=
a
ac biet :
2
a a
log N 2. log N =

3. Cong thc oi c so :

a a b
log N log b. log N =

a
b
a
log N
log N
log b
=
* He qua:
va
k a
a
1
lo
a
b
1
log b
log a
= g N log N
k
=

4. Ham so logart: Dang ( a > 0 , a
a
y log x = 1 )
Tap xac nh :
+
= D R
Tap gia tr = T R
Tnh n ieu:
* a > 1 : ong bien tren
a
y log x =
+
R
* 0 < a < 1 : nghch bien tren
a
y log x =
+
R
o th cua ham so logart:
0<a<1
y=log
a
x
1
x
y
O

a>1
y=log
a
x
1
y
x
O

Minh hoa:

f(x)=ln(x)/ln(1/2)
-4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x
y
y=log
2
x
x
y
x
y
f(x)=ln(x)/ln(2)
-4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x
y
x y
2
1
log =
1
O
1
O

23
5. CAC NH LY C BAN:

1. nh ly 1: Vi 0 < a 1 th : a
M
= a
N
M = N

2. nh ly 2: Vi 0 < a <1 th : a
M
< a
N
M > N (nghch bien)

3. nh ly 3: Vi a > 1 th : a
M
< a
N
M < N (ong bien )

4. nh ly 4: Vi 0 < a 1 va M > 0;N > 0 th : log
a
M = log
a
N M = N

5. nh ly 5: Vi 0 < a <1 th : log
a
M < log
a
N M >N (nghch bien)

6. nh ly 6: Vi a > 1 th : log
a
M < log
a
N M < N (ong bien)

III. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG:

1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : a
M
= a
N
(ong c so)

x 10 x 5
x 10 x 15
16 0, 125.8
+ +

=
Bai tap ren luyen:

3
17
7
5
128 . 25 , 0 32

+
+
=
x
x
x
x
(x=10)

24
2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so
1) 3 4 2)
2x 8 x 5
.3 27 0
+ +
+ =
x x x
6.9 13.6 6.4 0 + = 3)
x x
( 2 3 ) ( 2 3 ) 4 + + =
4) 5) 6) 3 2 2
2
2
2
=
+ x x x x
0 27 . 2 18 12 . 4 8 . 3 = +
x x x x
0 7 . 7 14 . 9 2 . 2
2 2
= +
x x x
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) 4 ) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 = +
x x
( + ( 1 x )
2) 8 + (x=0)
x x x
27 . 2 18 =
3) (x=0)
1 3
2 50 125
+
= +
x x x
4) (x=0)
1 2
2 10 25
+
= +
x x x
5)
x
( 3 8 ) ( 3 8 ) 6 + + =
x
( ) 2 = x
6) (x=0)
x x x
8 . 2 12 27 = +

3. Phng phap 3: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so A.B = 0 ...
1) 8.3
x
+ 3.2
x
= 24 + 6
x
2) 0 4 2 2 . 4 2
2
2 2
= +
+ x x x x x

Bai tap ren luyen:
12 ( 20 5 15 . 3 3 .
1
= +
+ x x x
3
5
log
3
= x )

25
4. Phng phap 4: Nham nghiem va s dung tnh n ieu e chng minh
nghiem duy nhat (thng la s dung cong cu ao ham)
co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b). ( do o neu ton tai x
0
(a;b) sao cho
f(x
0
) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh f(x) = C)
Tnh chat 2 : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la ham mot ham giam trong
khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) . (
do o neu ton tai x
0
(a;b) sao cho f(x
0
) = g(x
0
trnh f(x) = g(x))
1) 3
x
+ 4
x
= 5
x
2) 2
x
= 1+
x
2
3 3)
x
1
( ) 2x 1
3
= +
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) (x=2) 1 6 3 . 3 2 . 2 = +
x x x
2) (x=1) x
x
= 3 2

IV. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban :
a
log M log N
a
= (ong c so
1) 2) + =
x
log (x 6) 3
x x
2 1
2
log (4 4) x log (2 3)
+1
+ =
3) ) 3 ( log ) 4 ( log ) 1 ( log
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
x x x = + + ( 14 1 ; 11 + = = x x )

26
2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so.
1)
3
3
2 2
4
log x log x
3
+ = 2) 0 5 1 log log
2
3
2
3
= + + x x

3. Phng phap 3: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang tch so A.B = 0 ...

2 7 2
log x 2. log x 2 log x. log x + = +
7
Bai tap ren luyen:
(x=1;x=4) ) 1 1 2 ( log . log log . 2
3 3
2
9
+ = x x x

27

4. Phng phap 4: Nham nghiem va s dung tnh n ieu e chng minh nghiem duy nhat.
(thng la s dung cong cu ao ham)
co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b). ( do o neu ton tai x
0
(a;b) sao cho
f(x
0
) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh f(x) = C)
Tnh chat 2 : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la ham mot ham giam trong
khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) . (
do o neu ton tai x
0
(a;b) sao cho f(x
0
) = g(x
0
trnh f(x) = g(x))

2
2 2
log (x x 6) x log (x 2) 4 + = + +

V. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH MU THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : a
M
< a
N
( ) , , >
1)
2
x x 1 x 2x
1
3 ( )
3

2)
2
x 1
x 2x
1
2
2

Bai tap ren luyen:
2 2 + ( )
1 1
3 3
+
+
x x x x
2 x

28
2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so.
1) 2)
2x x 2
2 3.(2 ) 32
+
+ 0 < 9
x 3 x
2 2

+ 3)
2 1
1
x x
1 1
( ) 3.( ) 12
3 3
+
+ >
4) 5 2 4 2 8
1 1
> + +
+ + x x x
( ) 2 0 < x
5)
1 1
2 1 2 1 2 . 15
+ +
+ +
x x x
( 2 x )
Bai tap ren luyen:
2 + ( 0 4 49 . 3 14 .
x x x
3 log
7
2
x )

VI. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : ( )
a a
log M log N < , , >
1) 2)
2
x
log (5x 8x 3) 2 + > <
2 3
3
log log x 3 1
3) 4)
2
3x x
log (3 x) 1
>
x
x 9
log (log (3 9)) 1
5) ) 1 2 ( log 1 2 log 4 ) 144 4 ( log
2
5 5 5
+ + < +
x x

29

2. Phng phap 2: at an phu chuyen ve bat phng trnh ai so.
1) 2)
x
x
2
3 2
log (3 2) 2. log 2 3 0
+
+ + >
2
2x
x
log 64 log 16 3 +
3) 2
3 log
3 ) (log
2
2
2
>
+
+
x
x
(
2
1
8
1
< < x )

30
BAI TAP REN LUYEN
DANG 1: Cac bai toan giai phng trnh va bat phng trnh
Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh
1) 1
2
12
2
1
2 . 6 2
) 1 ( 3
3
= +
x x
x x
(x=1)
2) ) 4 ( log 4 log 2 ) 1 ( log
3
8
2
2
4
x x x + + = + + ( 6 2 2 ; 2 = = x x )
3) ) 2 ( log log
3 7
+ = x x (x=49)
4) (x=5) ) 2 ( log log
7 5
+ = x x
5) 0 7 2 . 3 2 . 5
3 5 1 3
= +
x x
(x=1)
6)
3
2 8
1 2
2
1
log 4 log 2 3 2 log + =
x
x
(
2
5
= x )
7)
x
x x
x
1
3
2
2
log
3
2
log
=

(x=1,x=2,x=4)
8) ( 0 5
8
log 3
2
2
log
2 =
+
x
x
x
x 2 ,
2
1
= = x x )
9) ( x x x x 2 6 log ) 1 ( log
2
2
2
= + 2 ,
4
1
= = x x )
10)
x
x
x
4
4
log
2
) 10 ( log . 2 log 2 1 = + (x=2,x=8)

Bai 2: Giai cac bat phng trnh
1) 0 9 . 9 3 . 8 3
4 4 2
>
+ + + x x x x
(x>5)
2) 2 3 . 7 9
1 2
2
2
2

x x x x x x
( 2 0
4
1
x x )
3)
x x x +
<
1 1 2
2
1
2
1
3 6
( 1 1 0 1 > < < < x x x )
4) 0 128
8
1
4
1
1 3

x x
(
3
4
x )
5) ) 1 ( log 1 ) 2 1 ( log
5
5
+ + < x x (
2
1
5
2
< < x )
6) x x
2 2
log log 2 > ( 2
4
1
< x )
7) ( ) 1 ) 9 3 ( log log
9
<
x
x
10 log
3
> x
8)
) 1 3 ( log
1
) 3 ( log
1
2
2
4

<
+ x x x
( 1
3
2
< < x )
9) 0
1
) 3 ( log ) 3 ( log
3
3
1
2
2
1
>
+
+ +
x
x x
(-2 < x <-1)

31

Bai 3 : Tm tap xac nh cua cac ham so sau:
1.
2
1
2
3 2
log
2
x x
y
x

=
+
2.
3 8
0,3
2
log ( 1)
2
2 8
x x
x
y
x x

= +

DANG 2: S dung cong cu ai so giai cac bai toan co cha tham so
Bai 1: Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh sau co nghiem: ( 0 ) 1 2 .( 4 4 =
x x
m 1 0 < m m )
Bai 2: Cho phng trnh: 0 2 2 . 4
1
= +
+
m m
x x
Tm m e phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet
2 1
x x sao cho 3
2 1
= + x x (m=4)
Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co hai nghiem trai dau: 0 1 4 ) 1 2 ( 16 ). 3 ( = + + + + m m m
x x
(
4
3
1 < < m )

32

DANG 3: S dung cong cu ao ham giai cac bai toan co cha tham so
Bai 1: Tm m e phng trnh sau vo nghiem: (
x x x
m 36 . 81 . 2 16 . 5 = + 10 2 < m )
Bai 2: Tm m sau cho bat phng trnh: 0 ) 4 ( log ) 1 ( log 1
2
5
2
5
> + + + + m x x x
co nghiem x ] 3 , 2 [
( 29 21 m )
Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh: 0 2
3
1
3
1
1
= + +

m
x
x
co nghiem ( 2 m )
Bai 4: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem: 0 5 4 4 ) 5 ( 16
2
1 1
2
1 1
= + + +

m m
x x

----------------------Het----------------------
33
Chuyen e 6: HE PHNG TRNH CHA
CAN THC-MU VA LOGART

Cac phng phap giai thng s dung

1. Phng phap 1: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng va phep the

V du : Giai cac he phng trnh

1)
2 3
9 3
x 1 2 y 1
3log (9x ) log y 3
+ =
6)
= +
=

4 ) ( log ) ( log
)
3
1
( ) 3 (
2 2
2
y x y x
y x y x

2)
= +
=
25
1
1
log ) ( log
2 2
4
4
1
y x
y
x y
7)
y
3
3 4 x
( x 1 1)3
x
y log x 1

+ =
+ =

3)
=
+
+
=
+
y
y y
x
x x
x
2 2
2 4
4 5 2
1
2 3
8)
=
= +
1 log log
4
4 4
8
log
8
log
y x
y x
x y
4)
= +
+ =
10 2
1
y x
x x y
9)
x 4 y 3 0
log x log y 0
4 2
+ =
=

5) 10)
= +
= +
4 log log 2
5 ) ( log
2 4
2 2
2
y x
y x
= +
=
3
64 4 . 2
y x
y x
11)
= +
=
2 ) ( log
1152 2 . 3
5
y x
y x

2. Phng phap 2: at an phu

V du : Giai cac he phng trnh
1)
= +
= +
20
5
y y x x
y x
2)
1
3 2 5
4 6.3 2
y x
x y
+
=
0 + =

3)
2
log log 2
3 20 log
x y
y
y x
x x y x
+ =
= +
4)
=
= +
+ +
+
16 2 . 3 2
1 4 2 4
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2
y x y
y y x x
5)
= + + +
= +
4 1 1
3
y x
xy y x
6)
=
= +
1 log 1 log 3
5 log 5 3 log
3 2
3 2
y x
y x

-------------------------Het---------------------------
28
Chuyen e 7: BAT ANG THC
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
I. So thc dng, so thc am:
Neu x la so thc dng, ta ky hieu x > 0
Neu x la so thc am, ta ky hieu x < 0
Neu x la so thc dng hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong am, ky hieu 0 x
Neu x la so thc am hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong dng, ky hieu 0 x
Chu y:
Phu nh cua menh e "a > 0" la menh e " 0 a "
Phu nh cua menh e "a < 0" la menh e " " 0 a
II. Khai niem bat ang thc:
1. nh ngha 1: So thc a goi la ln hn so thc b, ky hieu a > b neu a-b la mot so dng, tc
la a-b > 0. Khi o ta cung ky hieu b < a
Ta co: 0 a b a b > >
Neu a>b hoac a=b, ta viet . Ta co: b a
0 b - a b a
2. nh ngha 2:
Gia s A, B la hai bieu thc bang so
Menh e : " A ln hn B ", ky hieu : A > B
" A nho hn B ", ky hieu :A < B
" A ln hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B
" A nho hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B
c goi la mot bat ang thc
Quy c :
Khi noi ve mot bat ang thc ma khong ch ro g hn th ta hieu rang o la mot bat
ang thc ung.
Chng minh mot bat ang thc la chng minh bat ang thc o ung
III. Cac tnh chat c ban cua bat ang thc :
1. Tnh chat 1:
a b
a c
b c
>
>
>
2. Tnh chat 2: a b a c b c > + > +

He qua 1: a b a c b c > >
He qua 2: a c b a b c + > >
3. Tnh chat 3:
a b
a c b d
c d
>
+ > +
>
4. Tnh chat 4:
neu c > 0
neu c < 0
ac bc
a b
ac bc
>
>

<
He qua 3: a b a b > <

He qua 4:
neu c > 0
neu c < 0
a b
c c
a b
a b
c c
>
>

<

29
5. Tnh chat 5:
0
0
a b
ac bd
c d
> >
>
> >
6. Tnh chat 6:
1 1
0 0 a b
a b
> > < <
7. Tnh chat 7:
n n
b a N n b a > > >
*
, 0
8. Tnh chat 8:
n
b a N n b a > > >
n

*
, 0
He qua 5: Neu a va b la hai so dng th :

2 2
b a b a > >
Neu a va b la hai so khong am th :

2 2
b a b a
IV. Bat ang thc lien quan en gia tr tuyet oi :
1. nh ngha:
neu x 0
( x )
neu x < 0

=
x
x R
x

2. Tnh chat :
2
2
0 , x , x x , -x x x x =
3. Vi moi ta co : R b a ,
a b a b + +
a b a b +
. 0 a b a b a b + = +
. 0 a b a b a b = +
V. Bat ang thc trong tam giac :
Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th :
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
b c a b c < < +
c a b c a < < +
a b c a b < < +
a b c A B C > > > >
VI. Cac bat ang thc c ban :
a. Bat ang thc Cauchy:
Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co :
2
a b
ab
+

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b
Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a
1
,a
2
,...a
n
ta co :

1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a
1
= a
2
=...= a
n
b. Bat ang thc Bunhiacopski :
Cho bon so thc a,b,x,y ta co :

2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( )( ) ax by a b x y + + +
Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi ay = bx
30
Tong quat :
Cho hai bo so va ta co :
1 2
( , ,... )
n
a a a
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
b b b

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ... ) ( ... )( ... )
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + + + + + + +

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = = vi quy c rang neu mau bang 0 th t cung bang
1 1 1 1
( )
4 a b a b
+
+
c) Bat ang thc c ban: Cho hai so dng a,b ta luon co:

Cac phng phap c ban chng minh bat ang thc :

Ta thng s dung cac phng phap sau

1. Phng phap 1: Phng phap bien oi tng ng
Bien oi tng ng bat ang thc can chng minh en mot bat ang thc a biet rang ung .

V du1:
Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau:
1. a b vi moi so thc a,b,c
2 2 2
c ab bc ca + + + +
b ab a b + + + + 2. a vi moi a,b
2 2
1
V du 2:
Cho hai so a,b thoa ieu kien a+b , chng to rang: 0
3 3
3
(
2 2
a b a b + +
)
V du 3: Chng minh rang neu x>0 th 16 ) 1
2 1
( ) 1 (
2
2
+ + +
x x
x

2. Phng phap 2: Phng phap tong hp

Xuat phat t cac bat ang thc ung a biet dung suy luan toan hoc e suy ra ieu phai chng
minh.

V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC co cac canh a,b,c, chng minh : a b
2 2 2
2( ) + + < + + c ab bc ca
V du 2: Cho x, y la cac so thc dng thoa man ieu kien
4
5
= + y x . Chng minh rang:
5
4
1 4
+
x x

V du 3: Cho x,y,z la cac so dng. Chng minh rang: zx yz xy z y x 5 3 4 2 3 + + + +
V du 4: Chng minh rang vi moi moi x,y dng ta co: ) ( 2
1 1
2 2
y x
y x
y x + + + +
31
V du 5: Cho tam giac ABC co cac canh a,b,c, chng minh :
0 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( + + + + + b a c ca a c b bc c b a ab
V du6: Cho x,y,z va xyz=1. Chng minh rang : z y x z y x + + + +
3 3 3
V du 7: Cho x, y, z > 0 va x+y+z=xyz. Chng minh rang : 3 3 xyx
V du 8: Cho ba so dng a, b, c . Chng minh rang : 9
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
c
c b a
b
c b a
a
c b a

V du 9: Cho ba so dng x,y,z thoa man 1 + + z y x . Chng minh rang :
10
1 1 1
+ + + + +
z y x
z y x
V du 10: Cho a,b,c >0 va abc=1. Chng minh rang :
3
b c c a a b
a b c
a b c
+ + +
+ + + + +

3. Phng phap 3: S dung ao ham xet cac tnh chat cua ham so

V du 1: Chng minh bat ang thc: sinx < x vi moi x > 0
V du 2: Chng minh bat ang thc:
2
1 cos
2
x
x > vi moi x > 0
V du 3: Chng minh bat ang thc: x tgx x 2 sin > + vi moi )
2
; 0 (

x
V du 4: Vi
2
0

< < x , chng minh
1
2
3
sin 2
2 2 2
+
> +
x
tgx x

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

Bai 1: Cho cac so dng x,y,z thoa man xyz=1. Chng minh rang
3 3
1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
zx
x z
yz
z y
xy
y x

Khi ang thc xay ra?
Bai 2: Chng minh rang vi moi x R , ta co:
x x x
x x x
5 4 3
3
20
4
15
5
12
+ +

Khi nao ang thc xay ra?
Bai 3: Cho x,y,z la cac so dng thoa man 4
1 1 1
= + +
z y x
. Chng minh rang :
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ + z y x z y x z y x

Bai 4: Vi a,b,c la ba so thc dng thoa man ang thc abc ca bc ab = + + , chng minh rang:
3
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+
+
+
+
ca
c a
bc
b c
ab
a b

32
Chuyen e 8: LNG GIAC
TOM TATGIAO KHOA
A. KIEN THC C BAN:
I. n v o goc va cung:
1. o:

.
y
x
o
180
O
bet goc
0
1 Goc
180
1
=
33
2. Radian: (rad)
rad
0
180 =

3. Bang oi o sang rad va ngc lai cua mot so goc (cung ) thong dung:

o 0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
0
360
0
Radian 0
6

3
2

4
3

6
5

2

II. Goc lng giac & cung lng giac:
1. nh ngha:
x
y
B
(im gc)
+
t
O
A
(im ngn)
2 k AB + =

x
y

+

2. ng tron lng giac:

So o cua mot so cung lng giac ac biet:

k
C A
k
C
k
A
+
+
+
+
2
D B,
k ,
2
2
- D
2k
2
2
B
2k

(tia gc)
Z) (k 2 ) , ( + = k Oy Ox
t
(tia ngn)
O
x
y
O C A
B
D

34
III. nh ngha ham so lng giac:

1. ng tron lng giac:
A: iem goc
x
'
Ox : truc cosin ( truc hoanh )
+
x
y
O C A
B
D
1
1
1 = R 1
1
' x
' u
u
t
' t
' y
y
'
Oy : truc sin ( truc tung )
t
'
At : truc tang
u
'
Bu : truc cotang

2. nh ngha cac ham so lng giac:
a. nh ngha: Tren ng tron lng giac cho AM= .
Goi P, Q lan lt la hnh chieu vuong goc cua M tren x
'
Ox va y
'
Oy
T, U lan lt la giao iem cua tia OM vi t
'
At va u
'
Bu
Ta nh ngha:

cos
sin
tg
cot
OP
OQ
AT
g BU
=
=
=
=

t
' t
t
y

b. Cac tnh chat :

Vi moi ta co :
1 sin 1 hay sin 1
1 cos 1 hay cos 1
tg xac nh
2
k
+
cotg xac nh k

c. Tnh tuan hoan

sin( 2 ) sin
cos( 2 ) cos
( )
cot ( ) cot
k
k
tg k tg
g k g

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
) ( Z k
' u
x
u
' y
t
1
Q
' x O
B
T
A
P
U
Trc cosin
Trc sin
Trc cotang
+
Trc tang
IV. Gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc ) ac biet:
Ta nen s dung ng tron lng giac e ghi nh cac gia tr ac biet

- 3
-1
- 3/3
(iem goc)
t
t'
y
y'
x
x'
u
u'
- 3 -1 - 3/3
1
1
-1
-1
-/2
5/6
3/4
2/3
-/6
-/4
-/3
-1/2
- 2 /2
- 3 /2
-1/2 - 2 /2 - 3 /2
3 /2
2 /2 1/2
3 /2
2 /2
1/2
A
/3
/4
/6
3/3
3
B
/2
3/3 1 3
O

+

35
0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
135
0
150
0
180
0
360
0
Goc

Hslg
0
6

3
2

4
3

6
5

2
sin 0
2
1

2
2
2
3
1
2
3

2
2

2
1

0 0
cos 1
2
3

2
2
2
1

0
2
1

2
2
2
3

-1 1
tg 0
3
3

1
3
kx
3
-1
3
3

0 0
cotg kx
3
1
3
3
0
3
3
-1
3
kx kx

V. Ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc) co lien quan ac biet:
o la cac cung :
1. Cung oi nhau : va - (tong bang 0) (Vd:
6
&
6

,)
2. Cung bu nhau : va - ( tong bang ) (Vd:
6
5
&
6

,)

3. Cung phu nhau : va
2
( tong bang
2
) (Vd:
3
&
6

,)

4. Cung hn kem
2
: va
2
+ (Vd:
3
2
&
6

,)

5. Cung hn kem : va + (Vd:
6
7
&
6

,)

1. Cung oi nhau: 2. Cung bu nhau :

cos( ) cos
sin( ) sin
( )
cot ( ) cot
tg tg
g g

=
=
=
=

cos( ) cos
sin( ) sin
( )
cot ( ) cot
tg tg
g g

=
=
=
=

36

3. Cung phu nhau : 4. Cung hn kem
2

cos( ) sin
2
sin( ) cos
2
( )
2
cot ( ) t
2
tg cotg
g g

=
=
=
=

cos( ) sin
2
sin( ) cos
2
( )
2
cot ( ) t
2
tg cotg
g g

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

5. Cung hn kem :

cos( ) cos
sin( ) sin
( )
cot ( ) cot
tg tg
g g

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

tang , cotang
Hn kem
Hn kem
2

sin bang cos
cos bang tr sin
Phu cheo
Bu sin oi cos
V du 1: Tnh )
4
11
cos(

,
4
21
tg
V du 2: Rut gon bieu thc: ) 3 cos( ) 2 cos( )
2
cos( x x x A + + + + =

VI. Cong thc lng giac:
1. Cac he thc c ban:
2
2
2
2
1
1 tg =
cos
1
1 cotg =
sin
tg . cotg = 1

+
+
2 2
cos sin 1
sin
tg =
cos
cos
cotg =
sin

+ =

37

V du: Chng minh rang:
1. x x x x
2 2 4 4
cos sin 1 sin cos = +
2. x x x x
2 2 6 6
cos sin 3 1 sin cos = +
2. Cong thc cong :

cos( ) cos . cos sin .sin
cos( ) cos . cos sin .sin
sin( ) sin . cos sin . cos
sin( ) sin . cos sin . cos
tg +tg
tg( + ) =
1 .
tg tg
tg( ) =
1 .
tg tg
tg tg

+ =
= +
+ = +
=
+

V du: Chng minh rang:

+ =
= +
1. cos sin 2 cos( )
4
2. cos sin 2 cos( )

4
3. Cong thc nhan oi:

=
=
=
=
=
=
2 2
2
2
4 4
2
cos2 cos sin
2cos 1
1 2sin
cos sin
sin2 2sin . cos
2
2
1
tg
tg
tg

2
2 cos 1
cos
2
+
=

2
2 cos 1
sin
2

=
2 sin
2
1
cos sin =
4 Cong thc nhan ba:
38

3
3
cos3 4cos 3cos
sin3 3sin 4sin

=
=

5. Cong thc ha bac:

2 cos 1
2 cos 1
;
2
2 cos 1
sin ;
2
2 cos 1
cos
2 2 2
+
=
+
= tg

6.Cong thc tnh sin , cos ,tg theo
2
t tg
=

2 2
2
2
1
2
;
1
1
cos ;
1
2
sin
t
t
tg
t
t
t
t
+
=
+
=
+
=

7. Cong thc bien oi tch thanh tong :

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1
cos . cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin .sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin . cos sin( ) sin( )
2

= + +
= +
= + +

V du:
1. Bien oi thanh tong bieu thc: x x A 3 cos . 5 cos =
2. Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc:
12
7
sin
12
5
cos

= B
8. Cong thc bien oi tong thanh tch :

cos cos 2cos . cos
2 2
cos cos 2sin .sin
2 2
sin sin 2sin . cos
2 2
sin sin 2cos .sin
2 2
sin( )
cos cos
sin( )
cos cos
tg tg
tg tg

+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
+
=
+
+ =
=

4
3 sin sin 3
sin
3

=
4
cos 3 3 cos
cos
3

+
=
V du: Bien oi thanh tch bieu thc: 3x sin 2x sin sin + + = x A
9. Cac cong thc thng dung khac:

cos sin 2 cos( ) 2 sin( )
4 4
cos sin 2 cos( ) 2 sin( )
4 4

+ = = +
= + =

8
4 cos 3 5
sin cos
4
4 cos 3
sin cos
6 6
4 4

+
= +
+
= +

B. PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC
Cac bc giai mot phng trnh lng giac
Bc 1: Tm ieu kien (neu co) cua an so e hai ve cua pt co ngha
Bc 2: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng e bien oi pt en mot pt a biet cach giai
Bc 3: Giai pt va chon nghiem phu hp ( neu co)
Bc 4: Ket luan
I. nh ly c ban: ( Quan trong )

u = v+k2
sinu=sinv
u = -v+k2
u = v+k2
cosu=cosv
u = -v+k2
tgu=tgv u = v+k (u;v )
2
cotgu=cotgv u = v+k (u;v k )
k

+

39

( u; v la cac bieu thc cha an va Z k )

V du : Giai phng trnh:
1. sin3 sin( 2 )
4
x x
= 2.
4
3
cos )
4
cos(

= x
3. 4. x x 2 sin 3 cos =
4 4
1
sin cos (3 cos6 )
4
x x + = x
II. Cac phng trnh lng giac c ban:
1. Dang 1: sinx = m ; cosx = m ; tgx = m ; cotgx = m ( R m )

* Gpt : sinx = m (1)

Neu 1 m > th pt(1) vo nghiem
Neu 1 m th ta at m = sin va ta co

x = +k2
(1) sinx=sin
x = ( - )+k2

* Gpt : cosx = m (2)

Neu 1 m > th pt(2) vo nghiem
Neu 1 m th ta at m = cos va ta co

x = +k2
(2) cosx=cos
x = +k2

* Gpt: tgx = m (3) ( pt luon co nghiem R m )

at m = tg th
(3) tgx = tg x = +k

* Gpt: cotgx = m (4) ( pt luon co nghiem R m )

at m = cotg th
(4) cotgx = cotg x = +k

Cac trng hp ac biet:

sin 1 x = 2
2
sinx = 0 x = k
sin 1 x = 2
2
cos 1 x = 2
cosx = 0 x = + k
2
cos 1 x = 2
x k
x k
x k
x k
= +
= +
= +
=

V du:

1) Giai cac phng trnh :

a) =
1
sin2
2
x b)
2
cos( )
4 2
x

=
c) 0 3 )
6
2 sin( 2 = +

x d) 0 3 )
3
cos( 2 = +

x
e) f) 1 2 cos 2 sin = + x x x x x 2 cos sin cos
4 4
= +

2) Giai cac phng trnh:
a)
4 4
1 cos sin 2cos2 x x + = x c) 0 2 4 sin ) cos (sin 4
4 4
= + + x x x
b)
6 6
sin cos cos4 x x + = x d)
3 3
1
sin . cos cos .sin
4
x x x x =
e) 4 )
2
. 1 ( sin cot = + +
x
tg tgx x gx
40
2. Dang 2:

2
2
2
2
sin sin 0
cos cos 0
0
cot cot 0
a x b x c
a x b x c
atg x btgx c
a g x b gx c
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
( 0 a )

Cach giai
41
:

at an phu : t = sinx ( t = cosx; t = tgx; t = cotgx)
Ta c phng trnh :
2
0 at bt c + + = (1)
Giai phng trnh (1) tm t, roi suy ra x
Chu y : Phai at ieu kien thch hp cho an phu (neu co)

V du :
a) b)
2
2cos 5sin 4 0 x x + =
5
cos2 4cos 0
2
x x + =
c)
2
2sin 4 5cos x x = + d) 2cos cos2 1 cos2 cos3 x x x = + + x

e)
4 4
1
sin cos sin2
2
x x x + = f) 0 ) 2
2
cos( ) cos (sin 2
4 4
= + x x x

g)
4 4
sin cos 1 2sin
2 2
x x
x + = h) 0 cos . sin cos sin
4 4
= + + x x x x
k) 0
sin 2 2
cos . sin ) sin (cos 2
6 6
=
+
x
x x x x
l) 3 2 cos )
2 sin 2 1
3 sin 3 cos
(sin 5 + =
+
+
+ x
x
x x
x

3. Dang 3:
cos sin (1) ( a;b 0) a x b x c + =
Cach giai:

Chia hai ve cua phng trnh cho
2 2
a b + th pt

2 2 2 2 2 2
(1) cos sin
a b
x x
a b a b a b
+ =
+ +
c
+
(2)

at
2 2 2 2
b
cos va sin
a
a
a b b
= =
+ +
vi [ ) 0; 2 th :

2 2
2 2
c
(2) cosx.cos + sinx.sin =
a
c
cos(x- ) = (3)
a
b
b

+

Pt (3) co dang 1. Giai pt (3) tm x.

Chu y :

2 2 2
Pt acosx + bsinx = c co nghiem a b c +
42

V du : Giai cac phng trnh :
a) + = 3sin 1 x x cos b) 2 sin 3 cos = + x x
c)
4 4
4( d) sin cos ) 3sin4 2 x x x + + =
x
tgx
cos
1
3 =
e) 3
1 sin cos 2
2 sin cos
2
=

x x
x x

d. Dang 4:
(1)
2 2
sin sin . cos cos 0 (a;c 0) a x b x x c x + + =

Cach giai 1:

2 2
1 cos2 1 cos2
sin va cos
2 2
x x
x x
+
= = Ap dung cong thc ha bac :
va cong thc nhan oi :
1
sin . cos sin2
2
x x = thay vao (1) ta se bien oi pt (1) ve dang 3 x

Cach giai 2: ( Quy ve pt theo tang hoac cotang )

Chia hai ve cua pt (1) cho ta c pt:
2
cos x

2
0 atg x btgx c + + =
ay la pt dang 2 a biet cach giai

Chu y: Trc khi chia phai kiem tra xem x
2
k
= + co phai la nghiem cua (1) khong?

V du : Giai phng trnh:
0 3 1 cos cos . sin ) 3 1 ( sin 3
2 2
= + + x x x x
d. Dang 5:
(1) (cos sin ) sin . cos 0 a x x b x x c + + + =

Cach giai :
at cos sin 2 cos( ) vi - 2 2
4
t x x x t
= + =
Do
2
2
t 1
(cos sin ) 1 2sin . cos sinx.cosx=
2
x x x x

+ = +
Thay vao (1) ta c phng trnh :

2
1
0
2
t
at b c
+ + = (2)
Giai (2) tm t . Chon t thoa ieu kien roi giai pt: 2 cos( )
4
x t
= tm x.

V du : Giai phng trnh :
sin2 2 2(sin cos ) 5 0 x x x + =

Chu y : Ta giai tng t cho pt co dang : (cos sin ) sin . cos 0 a x x b x x c + + =

V du : Giai phng trnh :

sin2 4(cos sin ) 4 x x x + =
43

4. Cac phng phap giai phng trnh lng giac thng s dung :
a. Phng phap 1: Bien oi pt a cho ve mot trong cac dang pt lng giac c ban a biet
V du: Giai phng trnh:
0
2
3
2 sin cos sin
4 4
= + + x x x
b. Phng phap 2: Bien oi pt a cho ve dang tch so
C s cua phng phap la da vao cac nh ly sau ay:

hoac
A=0
. 0
B=0
A B

=

A=0
. . 0 B=0
C=0
A BC

a. si b.
2 2 2
n sin 2 sin 3 2 x x x + + =
2 2 2 2
sin 3 cos 4 sin 5 cos 6 x x x = x
in cos2 cos 0 x x x + =

c. 2s d.
3
0 3 )
4
sin( 2 cos 2 2 2 sin = + + + +

x x x
c. Phng phap 3: Bien oi pt ve dang co the at an so phu
Mot so dau hieu nhan biet :
* Phng trnh cha cung mot mot ham so lng giac ( cung cung khac luy tha)

a. cos 0 1 cos 2 cos 3 = + x x x
3
= + x x x

b. 4 0 1 cos 4 2 cos cos
c.
1
2cos2 8cos 7
cos
x x
x
+ =
d. 2 2 cos sin
2 4
= + x x
* Phng trnh co cha (cos sin ) va sinx.cosx x x
V du : Giai phng trnh : a. + + =
3 3
3
1 sin cos sin2x
2
x x
b. 1 ) cos (sin 2 cos sin
3 3
+ = + x x x x
BAI TAP REN LUYEN
DANG 1: Giai phng trnh lng giac
S dung 1 trong 3 phng phap sau
Bien oi phng trnh ve dang phng trnh lng giac c ban
Bien oi phng trnh ve dang phng trnh tch so
Bien oi phng trnh ve dang co the at an so phu chuyen ve phng trnh ai so
Bai 1: Giai cac phng trnh lng giac sau
1) 0 3 )
4
sin( 2 cos 2 2 2 sin = + + + +

x x x 2) 0 7 cos 2 sin
2
5
cos
2
sin
2
3
cos
2
7
sin = + + x x
x x x x

3)
6
cos . 3 )
2
3 ( cos )
2
2 ( cos )
2
( cos
2 2 2

= + + + + x x x
4)
)
4
( sin 2
2 sin 1
2 sin
2
sin
2
cos
2
4 4
+
+
=
x
x
x
x x
5) x x x x 2 sin 3 cos 8 sin 7 cos = +
6) 1 2 sin cos sin 2 + = + x x x

Bai 2 : Giai cac phng trnh lng giac sau
1. 8.
3
2sin cos2 cos 0 x x x + + =
2 2 2
sin ( ). cos 0
2 4 2
x x
tg x
=
2.
2 2
7
sin . cos 4 sin 2 4sin ( )
4 2 2
x
x x x

= 9.
2
cos (cos 1)
2(1 sin )
sin cos
x x
x
x x
= +
+

3. 9sin 6cos 3sin2 cos2 8 x x x x + + = 10.
1
2 cos .s
3
tg x tgx x x = in3
4.
4 4
sin cos 1 1
cot 2
5sin2 2 8sin2
x x
g x
x x
+
= 11.
1
2cos2 8cos 7
cos
x x
x
+ =
5.
2
4
4
(2 sin 2 )sin3
1
cos
x x
tg x
x
+ = 12.
2
cos2 1
cot 1 sin sin2
1 2
x
gx x x
tgx
= +
+

6. 3 ( 13. 2sin ) 6cos tgx tgx x x + + 0 =
2
cot 4sin2
sin2
gx tgx x
x
+ =
7. 14.
2
cos2 cos .(2 1) 2 x x tg x + =
2
cos cos sin .(1 . )
2
x
tgx x x x tgx tg + = +
DANG 2: Phng trnh lng giac co cha tham so
S dung phng phap sau
Chon an phu thch hp va tm ieu kien ung cho an phu va chon (tuy thuoc vao x)
Chuyen phng trnh ve phng trnh ai so
Lap luan e chuyen bai toan a cho theo an phu va chon
S dung phng phap giai tch hoac ai so e tm tham so theo yeu cau cua e bai
Bai 1: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem:
0 2 sin
4
1
2 cos cos sin
2 4 4
= + + + m x x x x
Bai 2: nh m e phng trnh : m
x x
gx tgx x x = + + + + + + )
cos
1
sin
1
cot (
2
1
1 cos sin
44
co nghiem
2
; 0

x
Bai 3: Cho ham so: 1 ) cos
cos
2
( ) cos
cos
4
( 2
2
2
= + + x
x
m x
x

Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem thuoc ).
2
; 0 (

Bai 4: Cho phng trnh : 0 1 ) cot ( 3
sin
3
2
2
= + + + gx tgx m x tg
x

Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh co nghiem.
Bai 5: Xac nh m e phng trnh :

4 4
2(sin x cos x) cos4x 2sin2x m 0 + + + =
co t nhat mot nghiem thuoc oan [0; ]
2

Bai 6: Cho phng trnh : m x x x = ) sin (cos 4 2 sin (1)
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh (1) co nghiem.
Bai 7: Tm m e phng trnh :
4 4 6 6 2
4(sin x cos x) 4(sin x cos x) sin 4x m + + = co nghiem.
Bai 8: Cho phng trnh cos4 6sin cos 0 x x x m + =
nh m e phng trnh co nghiem 0;
4
x

.
Bai 9: Tm m e phng trnh : 0 ) cos )(sin cos . (sin 2 cos 2 = + + x x m x x x
co nghiem tren oan
2
; 0

Bai 10: Cho phng trnh: mtgx
x x
x x
=
+
2 2
6 6
sin cos
sin cos

Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem
Bai 11: Cho phng trnh: m x x = +
4 4
) 1 (sin sin
Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem
Bai 12: Tm m e phng trnh : co nghiem
2
2 2sin2x m(1 cosx) + = + x [ ; ]
2 2

--------------------------Het--------------------------

45
Chuyen e 9: HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
I. Cac ky hieu:
A, B, C: la cac goc nh A, B, C
a, b, c : la o dai cac canh oi dien vi cac nh A, B, C
h
a
, h
b
, h
c
: la o dai cac ng cao ha t cac nh A, B, C
m
a
, m
b
, m
c
: la o dai cac ng trung tuyen ke t A, B, C
l
a
, l
b
, l
c
: la o dai cac ng phan giac trong ke t A, B, C
R : la ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC
r : la ban knh ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC
p =
2
1
(a+b+c) : la na chu vi tam giac ABC
S : la dien tch tam giac ABC
c
a
b
m
a
l
a
h
a
H D
M
B
A
C

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac vuong :
Trong tam giac vuong ABC . Goi b
'
, c
'
la o dai cac hnh chieu cac canh goc vuong len canh huyen ta co
cac he thc:

= =
= =
= =
= =
=
+ =
=
+ =
= =
gB b tgC b c
gC c tgB c b
B a C a c
C a B a b
c b h a
c b h
c b h
c b a
c a b a b
cot . .
cot . .
. 7
cos . sin .
cos . sin .
. 6 . . . 5
1 1 1
. 4
. . 3
. 2
. . . 1
2 2 2
' ' 2
2 2 2
' ' 2

c &
2

46
c b
a
h
c'
b'
H
A
B
C

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac thng
1. nh ly ham so COSIN:
Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co :

C ab b a c
B ca a c b
A bc c b a
cos 2
cos 2
cos 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
+ =
+ =
+ =

47

c b
a
A
B
C

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, bnh phng moi canh bang tong bnh phng hai canh kia tr i hai
lan tch hai canh ay vi cosin cua goc xen gia chung.
He qua: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co :

bc
a c b
A
2
cos
2 2 2
+
= ,
ac
b c a
B
2
cos
2 2 2
+
= ,
ab
c b a
C
2
cos
2 2 2
+
=

2. nh ly ham so SIN:
Trong tam giac ABC ta co :

R
C
c
B
b
A
a
2
sin sin sin
= = =

He qua: Vi moi tam giac ABC, ta co:

C R c B R b A R a sin 2 , sin 2 , sin 2 = = =

c
a
b
O
A
B
C

Ghi nh:
Trong mot tam giac, ty so gia mot canh cua tam giac va sin cua goc oi dien vi canh o bang ng
knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac.
3. nh ly ve ng trung tuyen:
Trong tam giac ABC ta co :

4 2
4 2
4 2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
c b a
m
b c a
m
a c b
m
c
b
a
+
=
+
=
+
=

48

4. nh ly ve dien tch tam giac:

Dien tch tam giac ABC c tnh theo cac cong thc sau:

) )( )( ( . 5
. 4
4
. 3
sin
2
1
sin
2
1
sin
2
1
. 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
. 1
c p b p a p p S
pr S
R
abc
S
A bc B ac A ab S
ch bh ah S
c b a
=
=
=
= = =
= = =

c
a
b
m
a
M
B
A
C
c
a
b
h
a
H
B
A
C

5. nh ly ve ng phan giac:

b a
C
ab
l
c a
B
ac
l
c b
A
bc
l
c b a
+
=
+
=
+
=
2
cos 2
;
2
cos . 2
;
2
cos . 2

CAC DANG TOAN C BAN
Dang 1: CHNG MINH ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC
e chng minh ang thc lng giac A=B ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau
Phng phap 1: Bien oi ve nay thanh ve kia
Phng phap 2: Xuat phat t mot mot he thc ung a biet e suy ra ang thc can chng minh
V DU MINH HOA:
V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau:
a)
A B
sinA sin B sinC 4. cos . cos . cos
2 2
+ + =
C
2

b)
2 2 2
sin A sin B sin C 2 2cosA. cosB. cosC + + = +
V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau:
a) ( tgA tgB tgC tgA.tgB.tgC + + = ABC khong vuong)
b)
A B B C C A
tg .tg tg .tg tg .tg 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + =

Dang 2: CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC

I. Bat ang thc trong tam giac :
Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th :
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
b c a b c < < +
c a b c a < < +
a b c a b < < +
a b c A B C > > > >

II. Cac bat ang thc c ban :
1. Bat ang thc Cauchy:

49

Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co :
2
a b
ab
+


Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a
1
,a
2
,...a
n
ta co :

1 2
1 2
...
. ...
n
n
n
a a a
a a a
n
+ + +

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a
1
= a
2
=...= a
n

2 . Bat ang thc Bunhiacopski :
Cho bon so thc a,b,x,y ta co :

2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( )( ) ax by a b x y + + +
Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi ay = bx
Tong quat :
Cho hai bo so ( , va ta co :
1 2
,... )
n
a a a
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
b b b

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2
( ... ) ( ... )( ... )
n n n n
a b a b a b a a a b b b + + + + + + + + +

1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = = vi quy c rang neu mau bang 0 th t cung bang

3) Bat ang thc c ban:

1 1 1 1
( )
4
+
+ x y x y
a) Cho hai so dng x, y ta luon co:

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y

b) Vi moi so thc x, y ta luon co: xy y x 2
2 2
+

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y
III. Bat ang thc JENSEN :
1) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) < 0 ) ; ( b a x (f la ham loi) th
Vi moi ta co: ) ; ( ,..., ,
2 1
b a x x x
n

)
...
(
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
n
x x x
f
n
x f x f x f
n n
+ +
+ + +
) 2 ( n
n
x x x = = = ...
2 1

2) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) > 0 ) ; ( b a x (f la ham lom) th
Vi moi ta co: ) ; ( ,..., ,
2 1
b a x x x
n

50
)
...
(
) ( ... ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
n
x x x
f
n
x f x f x f
n n
+ +
+ + +
) 2 ( n
n
x x x = = = ...
2 1

e chng minh ang thc lng giac A<B (>, , ) ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng
phap sau:
Phng phap 1: Bien oi bat ang thc can chng minh en en mot bat ang thc hien nhien ung
Phng phap 2: S dung cac bat ang thc c ban a biet (Co si, BCS,...) e suy ra bat ang thc can
chng minh
V DU MINH HOA:
V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang:
8
1
2
sin .
2
sin .
2
sin
C B A

a)
2
3 3
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos + +
C B A

b)
2
3 3
sin sin sin + + C B A
c) 3
2 2 2
+ +
C
tg
B
tg
A
tg
a)
8
3 3
2
cos .
2
cos .
2
cos
C B A

b) 3 3 + + tgC tgB tgA
c)
3 3
1
2
.
2
.
2

C
tg
B
tg
A
tg

Dang 3: NHAN DANG TAM GIAC

KIEU E TOAN 1:
biet.... ac goc co giac tam la

eu giac tam la
can giac tam la
can vuong giac tam la
vuong giac tam la
ABC
trc" cho kien ieu "
man thoa ABC giac tam Cho
TH

KIEU E TOAN 2:
biet.... ac goc co giac tam la

eu giac tam la
can giac tam la
can vuong giac tam la
vuong giac tam la
ABC
trc" cho kien ieu "
man thoa ABC giac tam Cho
VA U CAN

51
"ieu kien cho trc" co the la:
ang thc lng giac ve goc
ang thc lng giac + o dai (canh, trung tuyen, phan giac,...)
ang thc o dai
He ang thc
1) Nhan dang tam giac vuong
Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho
trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac
2) Nhan dang tam giac can
Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho
trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac
3) Nhan dang tam giac eu
Ngoai phng phap a neu tren ta co the giai quyet bai toan theo cach sau
Phng phap s dung bat ang thc: Gom 2 bc (ap dung khi "ieu kien cho trc" co dang
ang thc A = B
Bc 1: CM bat ang thc B A hoac B A (1)
Bc 2: Lap luan e ang thc (1) xay ra ma khi ang thc (1) xay ra th tam giac ABC eu
V DU MINH HOA:
V du 1: Tam giac ABC co tgA
A B
B A
=
+
+
cos sin
cos sin
. Chng minh rang ABC vuong
V du 2: Chng minh rang neu thoa man ieu kien ABC 0 1 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos = + + + C B A th tam
giac o la tam giac vuong
V du 3: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac can
1)
C
tgA tgB 2. cot g
2
+ = 2)
sin A sin B sinC A C
cot g . cot g
sinA sinB sinC 2 2
+ +
=
+

V du 4: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac eu
2)
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
3
1 cos A 1 cosB 1 cosC
+ + =
+ + +

52
1)
1
cos A. cos B. cosC
8
=
3)
A B
cos A cos B cosC sin sin sin
2 2
+ + = + +
C
2
4)
1 1 1 1 1 1
A B
cos A cos B cosC
sin sin sin
2 2
+ + = + +
C
2

V du 5: Xac nh dang cua tam giac ABC biet:
1)
C
a b tg (a.tgA b.tgB)
2
+ = +
2)
b c a
cos B cosC sinB.sinC
+ =
3)
b c
cos B cosC
a
+
+ =
4)
a. cos A b. cos B c. cosC 1
a b c 2
+ +
=
+ +

V du 6: Hay tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC neu trong tam giac o ta co :

2 2 2
9
sin A sin B sin C 3cosC cos C
4
+ + = + +
2

V du 7: Tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC biet rang

=

8
3 3 2
2
sin
2
sin
2
sin
) ( 4
C B A
bc a p p

trong o BC = a, AB = c,
2
c b a
p
+ +
=

--------------------------------Het---------------------------
53
Chuyen e 10: CAC BAI TOAN C BAN
CO LIEN QUAN EN KHAO SAT HAM SO

1.BAI TOAN 1 : O TH CUA HAM SO
CO MANG DAU GIA TR TUYET OI

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
Phng phap chung:

e ve o th cua ham so co mang dau gia tr tuyet oi ta co the thc hien nh sau:
Bc 1: Xet dau cac bieu thc cha bien ben trong dau gia tr tuyet oi .
Bc 2: S dung nh ngha gia tr tuyet oi e kh dau gia tr tuyet oi
Phan tch ham so a cho thanh cac phan khong co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi
( Dang ham so cho bi nhieu cong thc)
Bc 3: Ve o th tng phan roi ghep lai( Ve chung tren mot he truc toa o)

* Cac kien thc c ban thng s dung:
1. nh ngha gia tr tuyet oi :

<

=
0 A neu
0 A neu
A
A
A
2. nh ly c ban:

=
B A
B
B A
0

3. Mot so tnh chat ve o th:

a) o th cua hai ham so y=f(x) va y=-f(x) oi xng nhau qua truc hoanh
b) o th ham so chan nhan truc tung lam truc oi xng
c) o th ham so le nhan goc toa o lam tam oi xng

* Ba dang c ban:

Bai toan tong quat:
T o th (C):y=f(x), hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau:
=
=
=
) ( : ) (
) ( : ) (
) ( : ) (
3
2
1
x f y C
x f y C
x f y C

54

Dang 1: T o th ) ( : ) ( ) ( : ) (
1
x f y C x f y C = =
Cach giai

B1. Ta co :
<

= =
(2) 0 f(x) neu
(1) 0 f(x) neu
) (
) (
) ( : ) (
1
x f
x f
x f y C
B2. T o th (C) a ve ta co the suy ra o th (C
1
) nh sau:
Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox ( do (1) )
Lay oi xng qua Ox phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ( do (2) )
Bo phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ta se c (C
1
)

Minh hoa
55

Dang 2: T o th ) ) ( : ) ( ) ( : ) (
2
x f y C x f y C = = ( ay la ham so chan)
Cach giai

B1. Ta co :
<

= =
(2) 0 x neu
(1) 0 x neu
) (
) (
) ) ( : ) (
2
x f
x f
x f y C
2
) nh sau:
Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha ben phai truc Oy ( do (1) )
Lay oi xng qua Oy phan o th (C) nam pha ben phai truc Oy
( do do tnh chat ham chan )
Bo phan o th (C) nam pha ben trai truc Oy (neu co) ta se (C
2
)

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
y = x
3
-3x+2
f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
f(x)=abs(x^3-3*x+2)
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
(C): y = x
3
-3x+2
2 3 : ) (
3
1
+ = x x y C
y=x
3
-3x+2
y=x
3
-3x+2
Minh hoa:

x

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
y = x
3
-3x+2
f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
f(x)=abs(x^3)-abs(3*x)+2
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
(C): y = x
3
-3x+2
2 3 : ) (
3
2
+ = x x y C
y=x
3
-3x+2
y=x
3
-3x+2
y
y
x x
Dang 3: T o th ) ( : ) ( ) ( : ) (
3
x f y C x f y C = =
Cach giai

B1. Ta co :
=
=

=
(2)
(1)
) (
) (
0 ) (
) ( : ) (
3
x f y
x f y
x f
x f y C
3
) nh sau:
Gi nguyen phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox ( do (1) )
Lay oi xng qua Ox phan o th (C) nam pha tren truc Ox ( do (2) )
Bo phan o th (C) nam pha di truc Ox ta se c (C
3
)

Minh hoa:

56

f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
y = x
3
-3x+2
y=x
3
-3x+2
x
y f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
f(x)=x^3-3*x+2
f(x)=-(x^3-3*x+2)
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-8
-6
-4
-2
2
4
6
8
x
y
(C): y = x
3
-3x+2
2 3 : ) (
3
3
+ = x x y C
x
y

y=x
3
-3x+2

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

Bai 1: Cho ham so : (1) x x y 3
3
+ =
1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so (1)
2. T o th (C) a ve, hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau:
x x y a 3 )
3
+ = b) x x y 3
3
+ = c) x x y 3
3
+ =
Bai 2: Cho ham so :
1
1
+
=
x
x
y (1)
1. Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th (C) cua ham so (1)
2. T o th (C) a ve, hay suy ra o th cac ham so sau:

1
1
)
+
=
x
x
y a b)
1
1
+
=
x
x
y c)
1
1
+
=
x
x
y d)
1
1
+
=
x
x
y e)
1
1
+
=
x
x
y

2.BAI TOAN 2 : S TNG GIAO CUA HAI O TH
Bai toan tong quat:
Trong mp(Oxy) . Hay xet s tng giao cua o th hai ham so :
1
2
(C ) : y f(x)
(C ) : y g(x)
=

x
y y y
x x
O O O
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
1
x
2
x
1
M
2
M 2
y
1
y 0
M
) (
2
C
) (
1
C

(C
1
) va (C
2
) khong co iem chung (C
1
) va (C
2
) cat nhau (C
1
) va (C
2
) tiep xuc nhau

Phng phap chung:
* Thiet lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua o th hai ham so a cho:
f(x) = g(x) (1)
* Khao sat nghiem so cua phng trnh (1) . So nghiem cua phng trnh (1)
chnh la so giao iem cua hai o th (C
1
) va (C
2
).
57

Ghi nh: So nghiem cua pt (1) = so giao iem cua hai o th (C
1
) va (C
2
).

Chu y 1 :
* (1) vo nghiem (C
1
) va (C
2
) khong co iem iem chung
* (1) co n nghiem (C
1
) va (C
2
) co n iem chung
Chu y 2 :
* Nghiem x
0
cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o iem chung cua (C
1
) va (C
2
).
Khi o tung o iem chung la y
0
= f(x
0
) hoac y
0
= g(x
0
).
x
y
0
y
0
x
O

Ap dung:
V du: Tm toa o giao iem cua ng cong (C):
1
1 2
+
=
x
x
y va ng thang 1 3 : ) ( = x y d

Minh hoa:
f(x)=(2*x-1)/(x+1)
f(x)=-3*x-1
x(t )=-1 , y(t )=t
f(x)=2
-20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25
-20
-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
x
y
1
1 2
: ) (
+
=
x
x
y C
1 3 : ) ( = x y d

`

b. ieu kien tiep xuc cua o th hai ham so :
nh ly :

(C
1
) tiep xuc vi (C
1
) he : co nghiem
' '
f(x) g(x)
f (x) g (x)
=

M
O
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
y
x
Ap dung:
V du: Cho va 1 3 : ) (
2
= x x y P
1
3 2
: ) (
2
+
=
x
x x
y C . Chng minh rang (P) va (C) tiep xuc nhau
Minh hoa:

58

f(x)=x^2-3*x-1
f(x)=(-x^2+2*x-3)/(x-1)
-20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25
-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
x
y
) (C ) (P

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Cho ham so (1)
2
( 1)( ) y x x mx m = + +
Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 3 iem phan biet.
Bai 2: Cho ham so (C)
3 2
2 3 y x x = 1
Goi (d) la ngthang i qua iem M(0;-1) va co he so goc bang k. Tm k e ng thang (d) cat
(C) tai ba iem phan biet.
Bai 3: Cho ham so (C) 2 3
3
+ = x x y
Goi (d) la ngthang i qua iem A(3;20) va co he so goc bang m. Tm m e ng thang (d)
cat (C) tai ba iem phan biet.
Bai 4 : Cho ham so (1)
4 2
1 y x mx m = +
Xac nh m sao cho o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh tai 4 iem phan biet.
Bai 5: Cho ham so
2
2 4
2
x x
y
x
+
=
(1)
Tm m e ng thang (d): y = mx+2-2m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet
Bai 6: Cho ham so
1
1
2
+

=
x
x x
y (1)
Tm m e ng thang (d): y = m(x-3)+1 cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet
Bai 7: Cho ham so
2
4 1
2
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

Tm cac gia tr cua m e ng thang (d):y=mx+2-m cat o th ham so tai hai iem phan biet
thuoc cung mot nhanh cua o th.
Bai 8: Cho ham so
2
1
mx x m
y
x
+ +
=
(1)
Tm m e o th ham so (1) cat truc hoanh ta hai iem phan biet va hai iem o co hoanh o
dng .
Bai 9: Cho ham so
2
1
1
x mx
y
x
+
=
(1)
nh m e ng thang y=m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem phan biet A, B sao cho OA OB .
Bai 10: Tm m e tiem can xien cua ham so
2
1
1
x mx
y
x
+
=
cat cac truc toa o tai hai iem A,B sao cho
dien tch tam giac OAB bang 8.
Bai 11: Cho ham so
2
3
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) i qua iem M(2;
2
5
) sao cho (d) cat o th (C) tai hai iem
phan A,B va M la trung iem cua AB.
Bai 12: Cho ham so
) 1 ( 2
3 3
2
+
=
x
x x
y (1)
Tm m e ng thang y=m cat o th ham so (1) tai hai iem A,B sao cho AB=1
Bai 13: Cho ham so
2
( 1)( ) y x x mx m = + + (1)
Tm m e o th ham so (1) tiep xuc vi truc hoanh. Xac nh toa o tiep iem trong moi trng
hp tm c
59
Bai 14: Cho ham so
1
1
2
+
=
x
x x
y . Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) qua M(0;1) va tiep xuc vi o th
ham so
Bai 15: Cho ham so
2
6 3
2
+
=
x
x x
y (C)
Tm tren (C) tat ca cac cap iem oi xng nhau qua iem ) 1 ;
2
1
( I
Bai 16: Cho ham so
1
2 2
2
+
=
x
x x
y (C) va hai ng thang 3 : ) ( & : ) (
2 1
+ = + = x y d m x y d
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e (C) cat (d
1
) tai hai iem phan biet A, B oi xng nhau qua (d
2
)
Bai 17: Cho ham so
x
x y
4
+ = (1)
Chng minh rang ng thang m x y d + = 3 : ) ( luon cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet A,B. Goi I la
trung iem cua oan thang AB, hay tm m e I nam tren ng thang 3 2 : ) ( + = x y

60
3.BAI TOAN 3: TIEP TUYEN VI NG CONG
a. Dang 1:
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th (C):y = f(x) tai iem
0 0 0
M (x ; y ) (C)

(C): y=f(x)
0
x
x
0
y
y
0
M

Phng phap:

Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) tai M(x
0
;y
0
) co dang:
61

y - y
0
= k ( x - x
0
)

Trong o : x
0
: hoanh o tiep iem
y
0
: tung o tiep iem va y
0
=f(x
0
)
k : he so goc cua tiep tuyen va c tnh bi cong thc : k = f
'
(x
0
)

Ap dung:
V du: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua o th ham so tai iem uon cua no 3 3
3
+ = x x y

`b. Dang 2:
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi o th (C): y=f(x) biet tiep tuyen co he so goc k cho trc

Phng phap: Ta co the tien hanh theo cac bc sau

Bc 1: Goi
0 0
( ; ) ( ) M x y C la tiep iem cua tiep tuyen vi (C)
Bc 2: Tm x
0
bang cach giai phng trnh :
'
0
( ) f x k = , t o suy ra =?
0 0
( ) y f x =
Bc 3: Thay cac yeu to tm c vao pt: y - y
0
= k ( x - x
0
) ta se c pttt can tm.
(C): y=f(x)
0
x
x
0
y
y
0
M

Chu y : oi vi dang 2 ngi ta co the cho he so goc k di dang gian tiep nh : tiep tuyen song song,
tiep tuyen vuong goc vi mot ng thang cho trc .

(C): y=f(x)
x
y
a k / 1 =
O
b ax y + = :
2

(C): y=f(x)
x
y
a k =
b ax y + =
1

Khi o ta can phai s dung cac kien thc sau:
nh ly 1: Neu ng thang ( ) co phng trnh dang : y= ax+b th he so goc cua ( ) la:

k a
=
62

nh ly 2: Neu ng thang ( ) i qua hai iem
B A
( ; ) va B(x ; ) vi x x
A A B B
A x y y th he so
goc cua ( ) la :

B A
B A
y y
k
x x

nh ly 3: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang ( )
1 2
va ( ) . Khi o:

1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
// k k
k .k 1

=
=

Ap dung:
V du1: Cho ng cong (C):
3 2
1 1
2
3 2
y x x x = +
4
3

Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang (d): y = 4x+2.
V du 2: Cho ng cong (C):
1
3
2
+
+
=
x
x
y
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang x y 3 : ) ( =
c. Dang 3:
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C): y=f(x) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(x
A
;y
A
)

y

x
A A A A
y x x k y x x k y y + = = ) ( ) ( :
O
) ; (
A A
y x A
) ( : ) ( x f y C =
Phng phap: Ta co the tien hanh theo cac bc sau

Bc 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang ( ) qua A va co he so
goc la k bi cong thc:
( ) ( )
A A A
y y k x x y k x x y = = +
A
(*)
Bc 2: nh k e ( ) tiep xuc vi (C). Ta co:

A
'
f(x)=k(x-x )
tiep xuc (C) he co nghiem (1)
f ( )
A
y
x k
+
Bc 3: Giai he (1) tm k. Thay k tm c vao (*) ta se c pttt can tm.

Ap dung:
V du1: Cho ng cong (C): 4 3
2 3
+ + = x x y
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(0;-1)
V du 2: Cho ng cong (C):
2 5
2
x
y
x

Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem A(-2;0).
BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua o th (C) cua ham so x x x y 3 2
3
1
2 3
+ = tai iem uon va
chng minh rang la tiep tuyen cua (C) co he so goc nho nhat
Bai 2: Cho ng cong (C):
2
1
2
+
+
=
x
x x
y
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang 2 : ) ( = x y
Bai 3: Cho ham so
1
6 3
2
+
+ +
=
x
x x
y (C)
Tm tren o th (C) cac iem ma tiep tuyen tai o vuong goc vi ng thang x y d
3
1
: ) ( =
Bai 4: Cho ng cong (C):
2
1
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

Tm cac iem tren (C) ma tiep tuyen vi (C) tai o vuong goc vi tiem can xien cua (C).
Bai 5: Cho ham so
1
1
2
+
=
x
x x
y (C)
Tm cac iem tren o th (C) ma tiep tuyen tai moi iem ay vi o th (C) vuong goc vi ng
thang i qua hai iem cc ai, cc tieu cua (C).
Bai 6: Cho ham so
3
1
2 3
1
2 3
+ + = x
m
x y (C
m
)
Goi M la iem thuoc (C
m
) co hoanh o bang -1 . Tm m e tiep tuyen cua (C
m
) tai iem M song
song vi ng thang 5x-y=0
Bai 7: Cho ng cong (C): 2 3
2 3
+ = x x y
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet tiep tuyen i qua iem M(2;-7)

63
4.BAI TOAN 4: BIEN LUAN SO NGHIEM CUA PHNG TRNH BANG O TH

C s cua phng phap:

Xet phng trnh f(x) = g(x) (1)
Nghiem x
0
cua phng trnh (1) chnh la hoanh o giao iem cua (C
1
):y=f(x) va (C
2
):y=g(x)
64

Dang 1 : Bang o th hay bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : f(x) = m (*)

Phng phap:

Bc 1: Xem (*) la phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua hai o th:

( ) : ( ) : (C) la o th co nh
( ) : : ( ) la ng thang di ong cung phng Ox
va cat Oy tai M(0;m)
C y f x
y m
=
=
Bc 2: Ve (C) va ( ) len cung mot he truc toa o
Bc 3: Bien luan theo m so giao iem cua ( ) va (C)
T o suy ra so nghiem cua phng trnh (*)

Minh hoa:

y
x
0
x
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
y
x
) ( : ) ( x f y C =
) ; 0 ( m
1
m
2
m
m
O

y =

Dang 2: Bang o th hay bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh : f(x) = g(m) (* *)

Phng phap: at k=g(m)
Bc 1: Xem (**) la phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua hai o th:

( ) : ( ) : (C) la o th co nh
( ) : : ( ) la ng thang di ong cung phng Ox
va cat Oy tai M(0;k)
C y f x
y k
=
=
Bc 2: Ve (C) va ( ) len cung mot he truc toa o
Bc 3: Bien luan theo k so giao iem cua ( ) va (C) . D a vao he thc k=g(m) e suy ra m
T o ket luan ve so nghiem cua phng trnh (**).

Minh hoa:
65

x
y
k y =
) ; 0 ( k
K
1
M
O
2
K

Ap dung:
V du: 1) Khao sat s bien thien va ve o th ham so 4 12 9 2
2 3
+ = x x x y
2) Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh: 0 4 12 9 2
2 3
= + m x x x
3) Tm m e phng trnh sau co 6 nghiem phan biet: m x x x = + 12 9 2
2
3

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua cac phng trnh :
a.
2
1
x
m
x
=
b.
2
1
x
m
x
=

Bai 2: Tm k e phng trnh sau co ba nghiem phan biet:

3 2 3 2
3 3 x x k k + + = 0
Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co nghiem duy nhat:

3
3 2 x mx + = 0
Bai 4 :Tm m e phng trnh sau co hai nghiem phan biet:

2
2 4 3 2 1 x x m x + = 0
Bai 5: Tm m e phng trnh sau co 6 nghiem phan biet:

3 2
2
3 2 log x x m + = 0
Bai 6: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh :
3
2
2 3
3
x
x x
e
e e m + =
Bai 7: Tm a e phng trnh sau co nghiem:

2 2
1 1 1 1
9 ( 2).3 2 1
t t
a a
+ +
+ + + = 0
5. BAI TOAN 5: HO NG CONG

BAI TOAN TONG QUAT:
Cho ho ng cong ( m la tham so ) ) , ( : ) ( m x f y C
m
=
Bien luan theo m so ng cong cua ho i qua iem cho trc. ) (
m
C ) ; (
0 0 0
y x M
PHNG PHAP GIAI:

Ta co :
Ho ng cong i qua iem ) ; (
0 0 0
y x M ) , (
0 0
m x f y = (1) ) (
m
C
Xem (1) la phng trnh theo an m.
Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (1) ta suy ra so ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M
0
Cu the:
Neu phng trnh (1) co n nghiem phan biet th co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M
0

Neu phng trnh (1) vo nghiem th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu khong i qua M
0

Neu phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi m th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu i qua M
0

Trong trng hp nay ta noi rang M
0
la iem co nh cua ho ng cong ) (
m
C

Ap dung:
V du: Goi (C
m
) la o th ham so
m x
m
m x y
+
+ + =
2
1 . Tm m e tiem can xien cua (C
m
) i qua iem
A(2;0)
V du: Cho ham so (1). Tm m e iem uon cua o th ham so (1) thuoc ng 1 9 3
2 3
+ + = x mx x y
thang y=x+1
TM IEM CO NH CUA HO NG CONG
BAI TOAN TONG QUAT:
Cho ho ng cong ( m la tham so ) ) , ( : ) ( m x f y C
m
=
Tm iem co nh cua ho ng cong (C
m
)
PHNG PHAP GIAI

Bc 1: Goi la iem co nh (neu co) ma ho (C ) ; (
0 0 0
y x M
m
) i qua. Khi o phng trnh:
nghiem ung ) , (
0 0
m x f y = m (1)
Bc 2: Bien oi phng trnh (1) ve mot trong cac dang sau:
Dang 1: 0 = + B Am m
Dang 2: 0
2
= + + C Bm Am m
Ap dung nh ly: (2) 0 = + B Am
=
=

0
0
B
A
m
66
(3)
=
=
=
= + +
0
0
0
0
2
C
B
A
m C Bm Am
Bc 3: Giai he (2) hoac (3) ta se tm c ) ; (
0 0
y x
6. BAI TOAN 6: TM CAC IEM AC BIET TREN O TH CUA HAM SO
Bai 1: Cho ham so
2
3 6
2
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

Tm tren o th ham so tat ca nhng iem co cac toa o la nguyen .
Bai 2: Cho ham so
2
2 2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

Tm iem thuoc o th ham so sao cho khoang cach t o en truc hoanh bang hai lan khoang
cach t o en truc tung .
Bai 3: Cho ham so
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+

Tm tren o th ham so nhng iem co tong khoang cach en hai tiem can nho nhat
Bai 4: Cho ham so
2
2 2
1
x x
y
x
+
=

Tm iem M tren o th (C) sao cho khoang cach t M en giao iem cua hai ng tiem can la
nho nhat
Bai 5: Cho ham so
2
4 5
2
x x
y
x
+ +
=
+

Tm iem thuoc o th ham so sao cho khoang cach t iem o en ng thang y+3x+6=0 la
nho nhat.
Bai 6: Cho ham so
4 2
2 3 2 1 y x x x = + +
Tm tren o th ham so iem M sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang (d):y=2x-1 la nho
nhat.
Bai 7: Cho ham so
1
1
y x
x
= +
(C)
Tm hai iem A,B tren hai nhanh khac nhau cua (C) sao cho o dai oan AB nho nhat
Bai 8: Cho ham so
2
2
1
x x
y
x
+ +
=

Tm tren o th ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua iem
5
(0; )
2
I
Bai 9: Cho ham so
2
1
x
y
x
=

Tm tren o th ham so hai iem oi xng nhau qua ng thang y=x-1

67

7. BAI TOAN 7: CAC BAI TOAN VE S OI XNG
Bai 1: Cho ham so
1
1
2
+
=
x
x x
y (C). Chng minh rang (C) nhan giao iem hai tiem can ng va xien
lam tam oi xng.
Bai 2: Cho ham so
2 2
2
1
2
x m x m
y
x
+ +
=
+
(C
m
)
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e o th (C
m
) co hai iem phan biet oi xng nhau qua goc
toa o
Bai 3: Cho ham so (C
3 2 2
3 3( 1) 1 y x mx m x m = + +
2
m
)
m
toa o
Bai 4: Cho ham so
2
4 5
2
x mx m
y
x
+
=
(C
m
)
m
toao

----------------------------------Het-----------------------------------
68
Chuyen e 11: NG DUNG CUA AO HAM
TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO
Tom tat giao khoa
nh ngha y f ) (x : Cho ham so =
[ ]
xac nh tren khoang (a;b)
[ ] )
2
( )
1
(
2 1
: ) ; (
2
,
1

f x f x f x x b a x x < <
n
b) (a; tren (tang) bien ong

[ ] [ ] )
2
( )
1
(
2 1
: ) ; (
2
,
1
f x f x f x x b a x x > <
n
b) (a; tren (giam) bien nghch

69

x
y
x
y
1
x
2
x
) (
1
x f
) (
2
x f
a
b O
) ( f
( f
2
x
)
1
x
a
b
1
x
2
x
) ( : ) ( x f y C =

1. ieu kien can cua tnh n ieu:
nh ly 1: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b)
[ ]
b) (a; x
'
f b) (a; khoang tren (tang) bien ong f 0 ) (x
[ ]
b) (a; x 0 ) (
'
f x b) (a; khoang tren (giam) bien nghch f
2. ieu kien u cua tnh n ieu:
[ ] b) (a; tren (tang) bien ong b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f f >

[ ] b) (a; tren (giam) bien nghch b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f f <

[ ] b) (a; tren oi khong b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f f =

x a
b
) ( ' x f
) (x f
+
x a
b
) ( ' x f
) (x f

[ ] b) (a; tren (tang) bien ong
b) (a; cua iem han hu
so mot tai ra xay ch thc ang
b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f
f

[ ] b) (a; tren (giam) bien nghch

b) (a; cua iem han hu
so mot tai ra xay ch thc ang
b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f
f

Minh hoa nh ly:

nh ly 4
70
: Gia s ham so f co ao ham tren khoang (a;b)
[ ] f
b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f b) (a; tren (tang) bien ong
[ ]

b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f b) (a; tren (giam) bien nghch f
[ ]

= b) (a; x 0 (x)
'
f b) (a; tren oi khong f
x a
b
) ( ' x f
) (x f
+
0
x
0
+
x a
b
) ( ' x f
) (x f
0
x
0

3. Phng phap xet chieu bien thien cua ham so:
y f ) (x = ta co the thc hien nh sau: Muon xet chieu bien thien cua ham so
Bc 1: Tm mien xac nh cua ham so : D=?
Bc 2: Tnh va xet dau ) (
'
x f ) (
'
x f
Bc 3: Da vao nh ly ieu kien u e ket luan.

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Khao sat s bien thien cua ham so:
1) x x y = 4 2)
1
2
3
+
+
=
x
x
y 3)
1
2
2
=
x
x
y
4) 5)
x x
e y
+
=
2
x
x
e
y = 6) x x y ln
2
2
1
=
7)
x
x
y
ln
= 8) x x y + = 4 2 9)
2
2 x x y + =
Bai 2: Cho ham so 2 3 ) 1 2 (
2
2
3
3
1
) ( + + + + = = a x a x x x f y (1). Tm a e ham so nghch bien tren R
Bai 3: Tm m e ham so 4 ) 3 (
2
) 1 (
3
3
1
+ + + = x m x m x y ong bien tren khoang (0;3)
Bai 4: Cho ham so
3
2
) 3 2 (
2
) 1 (
3
3
1
) ( + + = = x m x m x x f y (1)
a) Vi gia tr nao cua m, ham so (1) ong bien tren R
b) Vi gia tr nao cua m, ham so (1) ong bien tren khoang (1;+)
Bai 5: Cho ham so
1
2 ) (
+ + = =
x
m
x x f y (1)
Tm a e ham so (1) ong bien tren moi khoang xac nh cua no
Bai 6: Cho ham so
1
1 3 ) 2 (
2
2
) (
+ + +
= =
x
m x m x
x f y (1)
Tm a e ham so (1) nghch bien tren moi khoang xac nh cua no
Bai 7: Cho ham so :
m x
m x m x
y
+ + +
=
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
. nh m e ham so ong bien trong khoang (1; +)
Bai 8: Chng minh rang: vi moi x tgx x 3 sin 2 > +

2
; 0

x
Bai 9: Chng minh rang:
3
3
x
x tgx + > vi moi
2
; 0

x
Bai 10: Chng minh rang: x tgx
4
vi moi
4
; 0

x
Bai 11: Cho ham so
3 2
1
(2 1) 2
3
y x ax a x a = + +
Tm a e ham so nghch bien trong khoang (-2;0)
Bai 12: Cho ham so (1) 1
2 3
+ + = x mx x y
Tm cac gia tr cua m e ham so (1) nghch bien trong khoang (1;2)
Bai 13: Cho ham so
2
1
1
x mx
y
x
+
=

Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (- ;1) va (1;+).
Bai 14: Cho ham so
2
2
2
x x m
y
x
+
=

Xac nh m e ham so nghch bien tren [-1;0].
Bai 15: Cho ham so
2 2
5 6
3
x x m
y
x
+ + +
=
+

Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (1;+).
Bai 16: Cho ham so
2
(2 3) 1
( 1)
x m x m
y
x m
+ +
=

Tm m e ham so ong bien tren khoang (0;+)

71
NG DUNG TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO E
CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC
GIAI PHNG TRNH - BAT PHNG TRNH - HE BAT PHNG TRNH
********
C s e giai quyet van e nay la dung ao ham e xet tnh n ieu cua ham so va da vao
chieu bien thien cua ham so e ket luan ve nghiem cua phng trnh , bat phng trnh, he phng trnh .
CAC KIEN THC C BAN
----------
I. nh ngha : Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong khoang (a,b).
a) f tang ( hay ong bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x
1
, x
2
(a,b) : x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
)
b) f giam ( hay nghch bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x
1
, x
2
(a,b) : x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
II. Cac tnh chat :
1) Tnh chat 1: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang (hoac giam) tren khoang (a,b) ta co :

f(u) = f(v) u = v (vi u, v (a,b) )
72

2) Tnh chat 2: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang tren khoang (a,b) ta co :

f(u) < f(v) u < v (vi u, v (a,b) )

3) Tnh chat 3: Gia s ham so y = f(x) giam tren khoang (a,b) ta co :

f(u) < f(v) u > v (vi u, v (a,b) )

4) Tnh chat 4:

Neu y = f(x) tang tren (a,b) va y = g(x) la ham hang hoac la mot ham so giam
tren (a,b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem thuoc khoang (a,b)

*Da vao tnh chat tren ta suy ra :

Neu co x
0
(a,b) sao cho f(x
0
) = g(x
0
) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nghiem duy nhat tren (a,b)

BAI TAP AP DUNG

Bai 1 : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) 1 1 x 4 1 x 4
2
= +
2)
x x x
2 ) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 ( = + +
3) x log ) x 1 ( log
7
3
2
= +
Bai 2 : Giai cac phng trnh sau:
1)
2 x x 1 x
) 1 x ( 2 2
2
=

2) 2 x 3 x )
5 x 4 x 2
3 x x
( log
2
2
2
3
+ + =
+ +
+ +

Bai 3 : Giai cac he :
1) vi x, y
= +
=
2 y 8 x 5
y x gy cot gx cot
(0, )
2)
= +
+ =
2 y x
) 2 xy ).( x y ( 2 2
2 2
y x
Bai 4: Giai cac bat phng trnh sau.
1) 5
x
+ 12
x
> 13
x
2) x (x
8
+ x
2
+16 ) > 6 ( 4 - x
2
)
Bai 5 : Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau :
1) e
x
> 1+x vi x > 0
2) ln (1 + x ) < x vi x > 0
3) sinx < x vi x > 0
4) 1 -
2
1
x
2
< cosx vi x 0

------Het-------

73
CC TR CUA HAM SO
Tom tat giao khoa
I. nh ngha: Cho ham so y=f(x) xac nh tren khoang (a;b) va x
0
(a;b)

74

x
y
(
)
a
b 0
x
O
) (
0
x f
) (x f
) ( : ) ( x f y C =
x
( )
x
y
O
a b 0
x
x
) (x f
) (
0
x f
) ( : ) ( x f y C =

<
0
x \ V x )
0
f(x f(x)
0
x
n
f so ham cua AI CC iem la

>
0
x \ V x )
0
f(x f(x)
n

0
x
f so ham cua TIEU CC iem la

II.ieu kien can cua cc tr:
nh ly Fermat : Gia s y=f(x) lien tuc tren khoang (a;b) va ) ; (
0
b a x

= 0 )
0
(
'
f x
0
x tai tr cc at f
0
x tai ham ao co f
Y ngha hnh hoc cua nh ly:
Neu ham so ( ) y f x = co ao ham tai iem x
0
va at cc tr tai iem o th tiep tuyen cua ng cong
(C): ( ) y f x = tai iem M(x
0
,f(x
0
)) phai cung phng vi Ox
III. ieu kien u e ham so co cc tr:
1) nh ly 1: Gia s ham so y=f(x) co ao ham tren mot lan can cua iem x
0
( co the tr
tai iem x
0
)

+
0
x tai AI CC at f
- sang t dau oi
'
f
ma
0
x qua i x khi Neu

) (

x

+
0
x tai TIEU CC at f
sang t dau oi
'
f
ma
0
x qua i x khi Neu

) (

x
Bang tom tat:
x a
b
) ( ' x f
) (x f
+
0
x
0
CT

x a
b
) ( ' x f
) (x f
+
0
x
0

CD
2) nh ly 2: Gia s ham so y=f(x) co ao ham lien tuc ti cap hai tai x
0
va f
'
(x
0
)=0, f
''
(x
0
)0

<
0
x tai AI CC at f
' '
f Neu 0 )
0
( x

>
0
x tai TIEU CC at f
' '
f Neu 0 )
0
( x

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Tm cc tr cua cac ham so:
1) x x y = 4 2)
1
2
3
+
+
=
x
x
y 3)
1
2
2
=
x
x
y
4) 5)
x x
e y
+
=
2
x
x
e
y = 6) x x y ln
2
2
1
=
7)
x
x
y
ln
= 8) x x y + = 4 2 9)
2
2 x x y + =
Bai 2: Cho ham so . Tm m e y at ) 1
2
( 2 ) 1 4
2
(
2
) 1 ( 2
3
+ + + + = m x m m x m x y
cc ai, cc tieu tai hai iem x
1
, x
2
thoa man ieu kien )
2
1
(
2
1
2
1
1
1
x x
x x
+ = +
Bai 3: Cho ham so
1
2
2
+
=
mx
mx x
y . Xac nh m e ham so co cc ai, cc tieu
vi hoanh o thoa man
2 1
4
2 1
x x x x = +
Bai 4: Tm m e ham so
m x
mx x
y
+
+ +
=
1
2
at cc ai tai x = 2

Bai 5: Gia s ham so
) (
) (
) (
x v
x u
x f = at cc tr tai x
0
. Chng minh rang neu
th 0 )
0
(
'
x v
)
0
(
'
)
0
(
'
)
0
(
x v
x u
x f =
Ap dung : Tm gia tr cc tr cua ham so:
2
5 3
2
+
+ +
=
x
x x
y
Bai 6: Cho ham so . Chia f(x) cho f d cx bx ax x f + + + =
2 3
) (
'
(x), ta c:
+ + + = x B Ax x f x f ) ).( (
'
) (
Gia s f(x) at cc tr tai x
0
Chng minh rang : + =
0
)
0
( x x f
Ap dung : Tm gia tr cc tr cua ham so: 2 3
2
3
3
+ = x x x y

75
Bai 7: Goi (C
m
) la o th ham so
x
mx y
1
+ = (1)
Tm m e ham so (1) co cc tr va khoang cach t iem cc tieu cua (C
m
)
en tiem can xien cua (C
m
) bang
2
1

Bai 8: Goi (C
m
) la o th ham so
1
1 ) 1 (
2
+
+ + + +
=
x
m x m x
y (1)
Chng minh rang vi m bat ky, o th (C
m
) luon luon co iem cc ai,
iem cc tieu va khoang cach gia hai iem o bang 20
Bai 9: Cho ham so
m x
mx x
y
+
+ +
=
1
2
. Tm m sao cho ham so at cc ai tai x = -1
Bai 10: Cho ham so 2 ) 1 2 (
3
1
2 3
+ + = m x m mx x y
Tm m sao cho ham so co hai cc tr co hoanh o dng
Bai 11: Cho ham so
1
2
+
+ +
=
x
m x x
y (1)
Xac nh m sao cho ham so (1) co hai gia tr cc tr trai dau nhau.
Bai 12: Cho ham so (1) 4 ) 3 2 ( 3
2 2 3
+ + + = x m m mx x y
Tm m e o th ham so (1) co iem cc ai va cc tieu ve hai pha cua truc tung
Bai 13: Cho ham so :
3
( ) 3 y x m x =
Xac nh m e ham so at cc tieu tai iem co hoanh o x = 0.
4 2 2
( 9) 1 y mx m x = + + 0
Tm m e ham so co ba iem cc tr.
3 2 2 3
3 3(1 )
2
y x mx m x m m = + + +
Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem cc tr cua o th ham so .
Bai 16: Cho ham so
2
1
x mx
y
x
+
=

Tm m e ham so co cc ai ,cc tieu . Vi gia tr nao cua m th khoang cach gia hai iem cc
tr cua o th ham so bang 10.
Bai 17: Cho ham so
2
2
1
x mx
y
mx
+
=

Xac nh m e ham so co cc ai , cc tieu vi hoang o thoa man
1 2 1
4 .
2
x x x x + =

76
GTLN VA GTNN CUA HAM SO
Tom tat giao khoa
1. nh ngha: Cho ham so y f ) (x = xac nh tren D
So M c goi la GTLN cua ham so neu:

=

M D
M x f
)
D x ) (
0
f(x cho sao
0
x tai Ton

Ky hieu: y
D x
Max M
=
So m c goi la GTNN cua ham so neu:

=

m D
x f
)
D x m ) (
0
f(x cho sao
0
x tai Ton

Ky hieu: y
D x
m
= min
0
x
O
M
) (x f
x
x
y
0
x
) ( : ) ( x f y C =
m
D

Minh hoa:

2. Cac phng phap tm GTLN & GTNN cua ham so ) (x f y = tren D
a) Phng phap 1: S dung bat ang thc
V du 1: Tm GTLN va nho nhat cua ham so :
x
x y
2
+ = vi x > 0
V du 2: Tm GTNN cua ham so : x x y + = 4 2
b) Phng phap 2: S dung ieu kien co nghiem cua pt hoac he phng trnh
V du: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:
2
2
3
2
+ +
+
=
x x
x
y
b) Phng phap 2: S dung ao ham, lap BBT cua ham so f tren D roi suy ra ket qua
V du 1: Tm GTLN cua ham so :
4
3
3
4 x x y =
V du 2: Tm GTNN cua ham so :
x
x y
2
2
+ = vi x > 0
77
V du 3: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : x x y + = 4 2
V du 4: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : x - 2x sin = y tren
2
;
2

V du 5: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :
cosx 2
sinx
+
= y tren [ ] ; 0
2
2 x x y + =
2
1
2
cos sin + = x x y
) 8 cos 4 (cos
2
1
) 4 cos . 2 sin 1 ( 2 x x x x y + =
BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so:
vi x x x x y 9
2
2
3
3
4
+ = ] 2 ; 2 [ x
Bai 2: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so :
x x y = 2 sin tren
2
;
2


x
e x y .
2
= tren ] 2 ; 3 [
Bai 4: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so : = y 5cosx cos5x tren

[ ;
4 4
]
2
2
3
2
+ +
+
=
x x
x
y
2
3 12 x x y + =
2
4 ) 2 ( x x y + =
1
2
) 3 ( + = x x y vi ] 2 ; 0 [ x
Bai 9: Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat cua ham so :
+ +
=
+
2
2cos cos 1
cos 1
x x
y
x

Bai 10: Tm gia tr ln nhat va gia tr nho nhat cua ham so

=
4
3
2sin sin tren oan 0;
3
y x x
Bai 11: Tm GTNN cua ham so :
3
3 2
2 x x y = tren oan
3 ;
2
1

78
Bai 12: Cho phng trnh vi . Tm a e nghiem ln 0 13 ) 6 2 (
2
= + + a x a x 1 a
cua phng trnh at gia tr ln nhat.
Bai 13: Cho ham so
1
2 4
2
) 1 (
2
+ +
=
x
m m x m x
y (1)
Xac nh cac gia tr cua m e ham so co cc tr. Tm m e tch cac gia tr
cc ai va cc tieu at gia tr nho nhat
x x x x x f 2 sin 3
2
) cos (sin 2 2
2
cos ) ( + + =
Bai 15: Tm gia tr ln nhat va be nhat cua ham so sau :
= + +
2 2
y 4cos x 3 3sinx 7sin x
1 sin
2
sin
1 sin
+ +
+
=
x x
x
y
= +
1
2(1 sin2 cos4 ) (cos4 cos8 )
2
y x x x x
Bai 18: Tm GTLN va GTNN cua ham so: = + +
3 3
2(sin cos ) 8sin .cos y x x x x
Bai 19: Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau : 17
4
sin
4
) sin 1 (
8
1
+ x x R x

--------------------------------Het----------------------------------

79
Chuyen e12: CAC BAI TOAN LIEN QUAN EN THAM SO
Cac phng phap giai thng s dung
Phng phap 1: Phng phap ai so.
S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng thch hp e tm so nghiem
V du: Tm m e he phng trnh sau co nghiem:
= +
= +
m y y x x
y x
3 1
1

Phng phap 2: Phng phap giai tch
S dung cong cu ao ham xet tnh n ieu, cc tr, GTLN & GTNN e tm so
nghiem
V du: Tm m e vi moi 0 3 4 cos sin 8 2 cos
2
+ m x x x
4
; 0

x
Phng phap 3: Phng phap o th cua giai tch
Da vao v tr tng oi cua cac o th e e tm so nghiem
V du: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh: m x x x x + = + 5 4 5 2
2 2

Phng phap 4: Phng phap o th cua hnh hoc giai tch
Da vao cac o th cua hnh hoc giai tch e tm so nghiem
V du: Bien luan theo m so nghiem cua phng trnh: m x x =
2
3 12
Phng phap 5: Phng phap ieu kien can va u
V du: Cho he phng trnh:
= +
= +
2 2 2
6 m y x
m y x
Tm m e he phng trnh a cho co nghiem duy nhat, xac nh nghiem o

Chu y: Khi co s dung an phu th phai tm ieu kien ung cho an phu

80

Phng phap ai so Phng phap giai tch Phng phap o th cua
giai tch

Pt,bpt,hpt, hbpt
co cha tham so

Phng phap o th cua
hnh hoc giai tch
Phng phap ieu kien
can va u
BAI TAP REN LUYEN:
Bai 1: Tm m e cos vi moi 0 3 4 cos sin 8 2
2
+ m x x x
4
; 0

x
0 2 sin
4
1
2 cos cos sin
2 4 4
= + + + m x x x x
Bai 3: nh m e phng trnh : m
x x
gx tgx x x = + + + + + + )
cos
1
sin
1
cot (
2
1
1 cos sin
co nghiem
2
; 0

x
Bai 4: Cho bat phng trnh : (1) 0 3 2 4 + m m
x x
Tm m e bat phng trnh (1) co nghiem.
Bai 5: Cho phng trnh : ( ) 0 log log 4
2
1
2
2
= + m x x (1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co nghiem thuoc khoang (0;1).
Bai 6: Cho ham so: 1 ) cos
cos
2
( ) cos
cos
4
( 2
2
2
= + + x
x
m x
x

Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem thuoc ).
2
; 0 (

Bai 7: Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m sao cho ta co:
R x m x x x x + + , cos . sin cos sin
6 6
Bai 8: Tm m e bat phng trnh sau ung vi moi x [ 4; 6]

2
(4 x)(6 x) x 2x m + +
Bai 9: Cho phng trnh : 0 1 ) cot ( 3
sin
3
2
2
= + + + gx tgx m x tg
x

Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh co nghiem.
Bai 10: Xac nh m e phng trnh :

4 4
2(sin x cos x) cos4x 2sin2x m 0 + + + =
co t nhat mot nghiem thuoc oan [0; ]
2

Bai 11: Cho phng trnh : m x x x = ) sin (cos 4 2 sin (1)
Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua m e phng trnh (1) co nghiem.
Bai 12: Cho bat phng trnh :
2
m. 2x 7 x m + < + (1)
Tm m e bat phng trnh nghiem ung vi moi x .
4 4 6 6 2
4(sin x cos x) 4(sin x cos x) sin 4x m + + = co nghiem.
Bai 14: Tm tat ca cac gia tr cua tham so m e phng trnh: m m
x x x x
2 ) 2 2 )( 1 ( 4 4
2 2 1 1
+ + = +
+ +
co nghiem thuoc oan [0;1].
Bai 15: Cho phng trnh : 0 3 2 ) 2 ( 2
2 2
= + m x x x x
Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem.
Bai 16: Cho phng trnh cos4 6sin cos 0 x x x m + =
81
nh m e phng trnh co nghiem 0;
4
x

.
Bai 17: Cho ham so
2 3
f(x) sin 2x 2(sinx cosx) 3sin2x m = + + +
Tm m e f(x) 1 vi moi x [0; ]
2

Bai 18: Tm m e phng trnh : 0 ) cos )(sin cos . (sin 2 cos 2 = + + x x m x x x
co nghiem tren oan
2
; 0

Bai 19: Cho phng trnh : 0 1 2 3 ). 2 ( 9
2
1 1
2
1 1
= + + +
+ +
m m
x x

Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem.
Bai 20: Cho bat phng trnh: 4 2 ) 1 (
2 2 2
+ + + + x x m x (1)
Tm m e co nghiem x ] 1 ; 0 [
Bai 21: Tm m e phng trnh sau co hai nghiem trai dau: 0 1 3 ) 5 2 ( 9 ) 3 ( = + + + m m m
x x
m x x x x = + + + ) 6 )( 3 ( 6 3
2 2 2
2 1 4
2
(log x) log x 3 m(log x 3) + = co nghiem thuoc [32; +)
Bai 24: Cho bat phng trnh : m
x x x
=
+
+
+
2
sin
2
2
cos 1
2
2 cos 2
2
Xac nh m e bat phng trnh thoa man vi moi x
Bai 25: Cho phng trnh: 0 2
2
1
2
1
2 2
= + +
m
x
x

Tm m sao cho phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat trong oan [0;1]

-------------------------------Het------------------------------
82
Chuyen e 13: TCH PHAN VA NG DUNG
TOM TAT GIAO KHOA
I. Bang tnh nguyen ham c ban:
Bang 1 Bang 2

Ham so f(x) Ho nguyen ham F(x)+C Ham so f(x) Ho nguyen ham F(x)+C
a ( hang so) ax + C

x

1
1
x
C
+
+
+

( ) ax b

+
a
1
1
( )
1
ax b
C
+
+
+
+

1
x

ln x C +
1
ax b +

1
ln ax b C
a
+ +
x
a

ln
x
a
C
a
+

x
e
x
e C +
ax b
e
+

1
ax b
e C
a
+
+
sinx -cosx + C sin(ax+b)

1
cos( ) ax b C
a
+ +
cosx Sinx + C cos(ax+b)

1
sin( ) ax b C
a
+ +
2
1
cos x

tgx + C
2
1
cos ( ) ax b +

1
( ) tg ax b C
a
+ +
2
1
sin x

-cotgx + C
2
1
sin ( ) ax b +

1
cot ( ) g ax b C
a
+ +
'
( )
( )
u x
u x

ln ( ) u x C +
2 2
1
x a

1
ln
2
x a
C
a x a
+
+

tgx

ln cos x C +
2 2
1
x a +

2 2
ln x x a C + + +
cotgx ln sin x C +

Phng phap 1:
Phan tch tch phan a cho thanh nhng tch phan n gian co cong thc trong bang nguyen
ham c ban
Cach phan tch : Dung bien oi ai so nh mu, luy tha, cac hang ang thc ... va bien oi
lng giac bang cac cong thc lng giac c ban.
V du : Tm ho nguyen ham cua cac ham so sau:
1.
3
1
( ) cos
1
f x x
x x
= +
+
2.
2
2x 5
f(x)
x 4x 3
=
+

83
Phng phap 2: S dung cach viet vi phan hoa trong tch phan
V du: Tnh cac tch phan: 1.
5
cos sin x xdx
2.
cos
tgx
dx
x
3.
1 ln x
dx
x
+

I. TNH TCH PHAN BANG CACH S DUNG N VA CAC TNH CHAT TCH PHAN
1. nh ngha: Cho ham so y=f(x) lien tuc tren [ ] ; a b . Gia s F(x) la mot nguyen ham cua ham so f(x)
th:

[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a = =
( Cong thc NewTon - Leiptnitz)

2. Cac tnh chat cua tch phan:
Tnh chat 1: Neu ham so y=f(x) xac nh tai a th : ( ) 0
b
a
f x dx =

Tnh chat 2: ( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx =

Tnh chat 3: Neu f(x) = c khong oi tren [ ] ; a b th: ( )
b
a
cdx c b a =

Tnh chat 4: Neu f(x) lien tuc tren [ ] ; a b va ( ) 0 f x th ( ) 0
b
a
f x dx
Tnh chat 5: Neu hai ham so f(x) va g(x) lien tuc tren [ ] ; a b va [ ] ( ) ( ) x a;b f x g x th
( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx g x dx

Tnh chat 6: Neu f(x) lien tuc tren [ ] ; a b va ( ) ( m,M la hai hang so) m f x M th
( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
m b a f x dx M b a

Tnh chat 7: Neu hai ham so f(x) va g(x) lien tuc tren [ ] ; a b th

[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b b
a a
b
a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx =

Tnh chat 8: Neu ham so f(x) lien tuc tren [ ] ; a b va k la mot hang so th
. ( ) . ( )
b b
a a
k f x dx k f x dx =

Tnh chat 9: Neu ham so f(x) lien tuc tren [ ] ; a b va c la mot hang so th
( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +

Tnh chat 10: Tch phan cua ham so tren [ ] ; a b cho trc khong phu thuoc vao bien so , ngha
la : ( ) ( ) ( ) ...
b b b
a a a
f x dx f t dt f u du = =

=
84
Bai 1: Tnh cac tch phan sau:
85
1)
1
3
0
x
dx
(2x 1) +
2)
1
0
x
dx
2x 1 +
3)
1
0
x 1 xdx
4)
1
2
0
4x 11
dx
x 5x 6
+
+ +

5)
1
2
0
2x 5
dx
x 4x 4
6)
3 3
2
0
x
dx
x 2x 1 + +
7)
6
6 6
0
(sin x cos x)dx
8)
3 2
0
4sin x
dx
1 cos x

9)
4
2
0
1 sin2x
dx
cos x
10)
2
4
0
cos 2xdx
11)
2
6
1 sin2x cos2x
dx
sinx cos x
+ +
+
12)
1
x
0
1
dx
e 1 +
.
13) dx x x ) sin (cos
4
0
4 4
14)
+
4
0 2 sin 2 1
2 cos
dx
x
x
15)
+
2
0 1 3 cos 2
3 sin
dx
x
x
16)

2
0 sin 2 5
cos
dx
x
x

17)
+
0
2
2
3 2
4
dx
x x
18)
+ +
1
1
2
5 2x x
dx

Bai 2:
1)
3
2
3
x 1dx
2)
4
2
1
x 3x 2dx
3)
5
3
( x 2 x 2 )dx
4)
2
2
2
1
2
1
x 2
x
+
dx
5)
3
x
0
2 4dx
6)
0
1 cos2xdx
7)
2
0
1 sin xdx
8) dx x x

2
0
2

Bai 3:
1) Tm cac hang so A,B e ham so f(x) Asin x B = + thoa man ong thi cac ieu kien
va
'
f (1) 2 =
2
0
f(x)dx 4 =

2) Tm cac gia tr cua hang so a e co ang thc :
2
2 3
0
[a (4 4a)x 4x ]dx 12 + + =

II. TNH TCH PHAN BANG PHNG PHAP OI BIEN SO :
1) DANG 1:Tnh I = bang cach at t = u(x)
b
'
a
f[u(x)].u (x)dx
Cong thc oi bien so dang 1: [ ]

=
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ' . ) (
b u
a u
b
a
dt t f dx x u x u f
Cach thc hien:

Bc 1: at t dx x u dt x u ) ( ) (
'
= =
Bc 2: oi can :
) (
) (
a u t
b u t
a x
b x
=
=
=
=

Bc 3: Chuyen tch phan a cho sang tch phan theo bien t ta c
[ ]
=
b
f I (tiep tuc tnh tch phan mi)
=
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ' . ) (
b u
a u a
dt t f dx x u x u

Tnh cac tch phan sau:
1)
2
3 2
0
cos xsin xdx
2)
2
5
0
cos xdx
3)
4
2
0
sin4x
dx
1 cos x
4)
1
3 2
0
x 1 x dx

5)
2
2 3
0
sin2x(1 sin x) dx
6)
4
4
0
1
dx
cos x
7)
e
1
1 lnx
dx
x
+
8)
4
0
1
dx
cos x

9)
e 2
1
1 ln x
dx
x
+
10) 11)
1
5 3 6
0
x (1 x ) dx
6
2
0
cos x
dx
6 5sinx sin x
12)
3 4
0
tg x
dx
cos2x

13)
4
0
cos sin
3 sin2
x x
dx
x
+
+
14)
+
2
0
2 2
sin 4 cos
2 sin
dx
x x
x
15)
+

5 ln
3 ln 3 2
x x
e e
dx
16)
+
2
0
2
) sin 2 (
2 sin
dx
x
x

17)
3
4
2 sin
) ln(
dx
x
tgx
18)

4
0
8
) 1 (
dx x tg 19)

+
2
4
2 sin 1
cos sin
dx
x
x x
20)
+
+
2
0 cos 3 1
sin 2 sin
dx
x
x x

21)
+
2
0 cos 1
cos 2 sin
dx
x
x x
22)
+
2
0
sin
cos ) cos (
xdx x e
x
23)
+
2
1 1 1
dx
x
x
24)
+
e
dx
x
x x
1
ln ln 3 1

25)
4
0
2
2 sin 1
sin 2 1
dx
x
x

2) DANG 2: Tnh I = bang cach at x =
b
a
f(x)dx
(t)

Cong thc oi bien so dang 2: [ ]
dt t t f dx x f I
b
a
) ( ' ) ( ) (

Cach thc hien:

Bc 1: at dt t dx t x ) ( ) (
'
= =
Bc 2: oi can :
=
=
=
=
t
t
a x
b x

Bc 3: Chuyen tch phan a cho sang tch phan theo bien t ta c
(tiep tuc tnh tch phan mi) [ ]
dt t t f dx x f I
b
a
) ( ' ) ( ) (

1)
1
2
0
1 x dx
2)
1
2
0
1
dx
1 x +
3)
1
2
0
1
dx
4 x
4)
1
2
0
1
dx
x x 1 +

5)
1
4 2
0
x
dx
x x 1 + +
6)
2
0
1
1 cos sin
dx
x x
+ +
7)
2
2 2
2
0
x
dx
1 x
8)
2
2 2
1
x 4 x dx

86
9)
2
3
2
2
1
dx
x x 1
10)
3 2
2
1
9 3x
dx
x
+
11)
1
5
0
1
(1 )
x
dx
x
12)
2
2
2
3
1
1
dx
x x

13)
2
0
cos
7 cos2
x
dx
x
14)
1 4
6
0
1
1
x
dx
x
+
+
15)
2
0
cos
1 cos
x
dx
x
16)
+ +
0
1
2
2 2x x
dx

17)
+ +
1
0 3 1 1 x
dx
18)
2
1 5
1
dx
x
x x

II. TNH TCH PHAN BANG PHNG PHAP VI PHAN:
1)
8
2
3
1
1
dx
x x +
2)
7 3
3 2
0
1
x
dx
x +
3)
3
5 2
0
1 x x dx +
4)
ln2
x
0
1
dx
e 2 +

5)
7
3
3
0
1
3 1
x
dx
x
+
+
6)
2
2 3
0
1 x x d +
x 7)
+
3 2
5
2
4 x x
dx

III. TNH TCH PHAN BANG PHNG PHAP TCH PHAN TNG PHAN:
Cong thc tch phan tng phan:

[ ]

=
b
a
b
a
b
a
dx x u x v x v x u dx x v x u ) ( ' ). ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ' ). (
Hay: [ ]

=
b
a
b
a
b
a
vdu v u udv .

Cach thc hien:

Bc 1: at
) (
) ( '
) ( '
) (
x v v
dx x u du
dx x v dv
x u u
=
=
=
=

Bc 2: Thay vao cong thc tch phan tng tng phan : [ ]

=
b
a
b
a
b
a
vdu v u udv .
Bc 3: Tnh [ va ]
b
a
v u.

b
a
vdu

1)
2
5
1
lnx
dx
x
2)
2
2
0
x cos xdx
3)
1
x
0
e sinxdx
4)
2
0
sin xdx
5) 6)
e
2
1
xln xdx
3
2
0
x sinx
dx
cos x

87
7) 8)
2
0
xsin x cos xdx
4
2
0
x(2cos x 1)dx
9)
2
2
1
ln(1 x)
dx
x
+

10) 11) 12)
1
2 2x
0
(x 1) e dx +
e
2
1
(xlnx) dx
2
0
cos x. ln(1 cos x)dx

13)
2
1
ln
( 1)
e
e
x
dx
x +
14)
1
2
0
xtg xdx
15)

1
0
2
) 2 ( dx e x
x
16) 17)
+
1
0
2
) 1 ln( dx x x

e
dx
x
x
1
ln
18)
+
2
0
3
sin ) cos (
xdx x x
19) 20)
+ +
2
0
) 1 ln( ) 7 2 ( dx x x

3
2
2
) ln( dx x x

MOT SO BAI TOAN TCH PHAN QUAN TRONG VA NG DUNG
Bai 1: 1) CMR neu f(x) le va lien tuc tren [-a;a] (a>0) th :
a
a
f(x)dx 0

2) CMR neu f(x) chan va lien tuc tren [-a;a] (a>0) th :
a a
a 0
f(x)dx 2 f(x)dx
=

Bai 2: 1) CMR neu f(t) la mot ham so lien tuc tren oan [0,1] th:
a)
2 2
0 0
f(sinx)dx f(cos x)dx

=

b)
0 0
xf(sin x)dx f(sinx)dx
2

=

AP DUNG: Tnh cac tch phan sau:
88
1)
n 2
+
n n
0
cos x
dx vi n Z
cos x sin x
2)
4 2
4 4
0
cos x
dx
cos x sin x
3)
6 2
6 6
0
sin x
dx
sin x cos x

4) 5)
5
0
xsin xdx
2
2
2
4 sin
x cosx
dx
x
6)
1 4
2
1
sin
1
x x
dx
x
+
+

7)
2
0
xsinx
dx
4 cos x
8)
4 3
0
cos sin x x xd
x

Bai 3:CMR neu f(x) lien tuc va chan tren R th
+
0
( )
( ) vi R va a > 0
1
x
f x
dx f x dx
a

=
+

; a 1
AP DUNG : Tnh cac tch phan sau:
2)
1 2
1
1
1 2
x
x
dx
3)
2
sin
3 1
x
x
dx
1)
1 4
1
2 1
x
x
dx

IV .NG DUNG TCH PHAN TNH DIEN TCH HNH PHANG:
Cong thc:

89
1
C
y
2
C
y
2
C
x
1
C
x

]dx x g x f S ) ( ) (

[
=
b
a
[ ]
=
b
a
dy y g y f S ) ( ) (

Tnh dien tch cua cac hnh phang sau:
1) (H
1
):
2
2
x
y 4
4
x
y
4 2
2) (H
2
) :
2
y x 4x 3
y x 3
= +
= +
3) (H
3
):
3x 1
y
x 1
y 0
x 0

=

4) (H
4
): 5) (H
2
2
y x
x y
=
5
):
2
y x
y 2 x
=
6) (H
6
):
2
y x 5 0
x y 3 0
+ =
+ =

7) (H
7
):
lnx
y
2 x
y 0
x e
x 1
8) (H
8
) :
2
2
y x 2x
y x 4
=
x = +
9) (H
9
):
2
3 3
y x x
2
y x
2
= +

10) (H
10
): 11)
2
y 2y x 0
x y 0
+ =
+ =

=
=
) (
2 : ) (
: ) (
Ox
x y d
x y C
12)
=
=
=
1 : ) (
2 : ) (
: ) (
x
y d
e y C
x

V. NG DUNG TCH PHAN TNH THE TCH VAT THE TRON XOAY.
Cong thc:
=
=
=
=
b x
a x
x g y C
x f y C
H
:
:
) ( : ) (
) ( : ) (
: ) (
2
1
2
1
=
=
=
=
b y
a y
y g x C
y f x C
H
:
:
) ( : ) (
) ( : ) (
: ) (
2
1
2
1
x
y
) (H
a
b
) ( : ) (
1
y f x C =
) ( : ) (
2
y g x C =
a y =
b y =
O
y
x
x
) (H
a
b
) ( : ) (
1
x f y C
a =
=
) ( : ) (
2
x g y C
b x =
O
=

b
a
x
y
0 = x
O
) ( : ) ( y f x C =
b y =
a y =
a
b 0 = y
) ( : ) ( x f y C =
b
a x =
b x =
x
y
O

[ ] dx x f V
b
a
2
) (
= [ ] dy y f V
b
a
2
) (
=

Bai 1: Cho mien D gii han bi hai ng : x
2
+ x - 5 = 0 ; x + y - 3 = 0
Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh truc Ox
Bai 2: Cho mien D gii han bi cac ng : y x; y 2 x; y 0 = = =
Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh truc Oy
Bai 3: Cho mien D gii han bi hai ng : va y = 4
2
y (x 2) =
Tnh the tch khoi tron xoay c tao nen do D quay quanh:
a) Truc Ox
b) Truc Oy
Bai 4: Cho mien D gii han bi hai ng :
2 2
4 ; y x y x 2 = = + .
Bai 5: Cho mien D gii han bi cac ng :
2
2
1
;
1 2
x
y y
x
= =
+


------------------------------Het-------------------------------
90
Chuyen e 14: HNH HOC GIAI TCH TRONG
MAT PHANG
A. KIEN THC C BAN:

PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG MAT PHANG
TOA O IEM - TOA O VEC T

91
I. He truc toa o E-CAC trong mat phang :

x
'
Ox : truc hoanh
y
'
Oy : truc tung
O : goc toa o
: vec t n v (
1 2
, e e

1 2 1
1 va e e e e = =

2
)
x
y
1
e
2
e
O
' x
' y

Quy c : Mat phang ma tren o co chon he truc toa o e-Cac vuong goc Oxy c goi la mat phang
Oxy va ky hieu la : mp(Oxy)
II. Toa o cua mot iem va cua mot vec t:
1. nh ngha 1: Cho ( ) M mp Oxy . Khi o vec t OM
c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo

e e bi he thc co dang : OM
1 2
,

xe ye
1 2
vi x,y
= +

.
Cap so (x;y) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua iem M.
Ky hieu: M(x;y) ( x: hoanh o cua iem M; y: tung o cua iem M )

' x
y
2
'
/
1 2
( ; )
n
M x y OM xe ye = +

Y ngha hnh hoc:

va y=OQ x OP =

2. nh ngha 2: Cho a m ( ) p Oxy
. Khi o vec t a

e e bi he thc co dang :
1 2
,

1 1 2 2 1 2
vi a ,a a a e a e = +

.
Cap so (a
1
;a
2
) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua vec t . a
Ky hieu:
1 2
( ; ) a a a =

/
1 2 1 1 2 2
=(a ;a )
n
a a a = +

e a e

Y ngha hnh hoc:

1 1 1 2 2 2
va a =A a A B B =
x
1
e
e
O
M Q
P
y
y
x
O
x'
' y
M Q
P
x
y
x
y
1
e
2
e
O
' x
' y
P
a
y
x
O
' x
' y
1
A 1
B
2
A
2
B B
K
A
H
BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Trong mat phang Oxy hay ve cac iem sau: A(2;3), B(-1;4), C(-3;-3), D(4;-2), E(2;0), F(0;-4)
III. Cac cong thc va nh ly ve toa o iem va toa o vec t :
nh ly 1: Neu
B
( ; ) va B(x ; )
A A B
A x y y th
92

( ; )
B A B A
AB x x y y =

nh ly 2: Neu a a th
1 2 1 2
( ; ) va ( ; ) a b b b = =

* a b
1 1
2 2
a

b
a b
=
=

=

* a b
1 1 2 2
( ; ) a b a b + = + +

) a b a b =

) ka ka =
* a b
1 1 2 2
( ;
* k a ( )
1 2
. ( ; k

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Cho A(1;3), B(-2;-1), C(3;-4). Tm toa o iem D sao cho t giac ABCD
la hnh bnh hanh.
Bai 2: Cho A(1;2), B(2;3), C(-1;-2). Tm iem M thoa man 0 2 2 = + CB MB MA
IV. S cung phng cua hai vec t:
Nhac lai
Hai vec t cung phng la hai vec t nam tren cung mot ng thang hoac nam tren hai ng
thang song song .
nh ly ve s cung phng cua hai vec t:
nh ly 3 : Cho hai vec t va vi 0 a b b

a k b

a b cung phng !k sao cho . =

Neu 0 a

th so k trong trng hp nay c xac nh nh sau:
k > 0 khi a
cung hng b

k < 0 khi a
ngc hng b

a
k
b
=

nh ly 4 : , , thang hang cung phng A B C AB AC

(ieu kien 3 iem thang hang )
nh ly 5: Cho hai vec t
1 2 1 2
( ; ) va ( ; ) a a a b b b = =

ta co :

a b
1 2 2 1
cung phng a . . 0 b a b =

(ieu kien cung phng cua 2 vec t
) ; (
A A
y x A
) ; (
B B
y x B
a
A
B
C
a
2 5
a b , b - a
5 2
= =

a

) 4 ; 2 (
) 2 ; 1 (
=
=
b
a
: VD
) ; (
) ; (
2 1
2 1
b b b
a a a
=
=

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
93
Bai 1: Cho
1
(0; 1); (2; 3); ( ; 0)
2
A B C . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang
Bai 2: Cho A(1;1), )
4
3 1
; 2 3 (
+
B , )
4
3 1
; 3 2 (

C . Chng minh A, B, C thang hang
V. Tch vo hng cua hai vec t:
Nhac lai:
x
y
. . . cos( , ) a b a b a b =

2 2
a a =

a b . 0 a b =

1 2 1 2
( ; ) va ( ; ) a a a b b b = =

ta co :

a b (Cong thc tnh tch vo hng theo toa o)
1 1 2 2
. a b a b = +

1 2
( ; ) a a a =
ta co :

2 2
1 2
a a a = +
(Cong thc tnh o dai vec t )

nh ly 8: Neu
B
( ; ) va B(x ; )
A A B
A x y y th

2 2
( ) ( )
B A B A
AB x x y y = + (Cong thc tnh khoang cach 2 iem)

1 2 1 2
( ; ) va ( ; ) a a a b b b = =

ta co :

a b (ieu kien vuong goc cua 2 vec t)
1 1 2 2
a 0 b a b + =

1 2 1 2
( ; ) va ( ; ) a a a b b b = =

ta co

1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
.
cos( , )
.
.
a b
a b a b
a b
a b
a a b b
+
= =
+ +

(Cong thc tnh goc cua 2 vec t)
b

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Chng minh rang tam giac vi cac nh A(-3;-3), B(-1;3), C(11;-1) la tam giac vuong
Bai 2: Cho ) 7 ; 3 4 2 ( ), 3 3 6 ; 8 ( ), 3 ; 2 ( + + C B A . Tnh goc BAC.
O
' x
' y
a
O
B
A

) ; (
B B
y x B ) ; (
A A
y x A
VI. iem chia oan thang theo ty so k:
nh ngha: iem M c goi la chia oan AB theo ty so k ( k 1 ) neu nh : . MA k MB =

A M B

nh ly 11 : Neu
B
( ; ) , B(x ; )
A A B
A x y y va . MA k MB =

( k 1 ) th

.
1
.
1
A B
M
A B
M
x k x
x
k
y k y
y
k

=

94

ac biet : M la trung iem cua AB
2
2
A B
M
A B
M
x x
x
y y
y
+
=

VII. Mot so ieu kien xac nh iem trong tam giac :

+ +
=
+ +
=
= + +
3
3
0 . 1
C B A
G
C B A
y y y
y
x x x
GC GB
G
x
GA ABC giac tam tam trong la G
2.
. 0
H la trc tam tam giac ABC
. 0
AH BC AH BC
BH AC BH AC

=

=

3.
'
'
'
la chan ng cao ke t A
cung phng
AA BC
A
BA BC

4.
IA=IB
I la tam ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC
IA=IC
5. =

D la chan ng phan giac trong cua goc A cua ABC .
AB
DB DC
AC

6. =

' ' '
D la chan ng phan giac ngoai cua goc A cua ABC .
AB
D B D
AC
C
7. J la tam ng tron noi tiep ABC .
AB
JA J
BD
= D

VIII. Mot so kien thc c ban thng s dung khac:
1. Cong thc tnh dien tch tam giac theo toa o ba nh :
nh ly 12: Cho tam giac ABC . at
1 2 1 2
( ; ) va ( ; ) AB a a AC = b b =

ta co :

1 2 2 1
1
.
2
ABC
S a b
= a b
G
A
B
C
H
A
B
C
A
C
I
A
B
C
B
A'
A
C
D
A
B
J
C
D
B
A

C
B

2. Cac bat ang thc vec t c ban :
nh ly 13: Vi hai vec t u, v

bat ky ta luon co :
u
v u

+

u v u v + +

. . u v u v

Dau bang xay ra khi va ch khi , u v

la hai vec t cung phng cung chieu hoac la co mot
trong hai vec t la vec t khong .

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Tm dien tch tam giac co cac nh A(-2;-4), B(2;8), C(10;2)
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC co dien tch bang 3 vi A(3;1), B(1;-3)
1. Tm C biet C tren Oy
2. Tm C biet trong tam G cua tam giac tren Oy
Bai 3: Cho A(1;1), B(-3;-2), C(0;1)
1. Tm toa o trong tam G, trc tam H va tam ng tron ngoai tiep I cua tam giac ABC.
2. Chng minh rang G, H, I thang hang va GI GH 2 =
3. Ve ng cao AA
'
cua tam giac ABC. Tm toa o iem A
'
Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(6;4), B(-4;-1), C(2;-4).
Tm toa o tam va ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC
Bai 5: Tm toa o trc tam cua tam giac ABC, biet toa o cac nh ( 1; 2), (5; 7), (4; 3) A B C
Bai 6: Cho ba iem A(1;6), B(-4;-4), C(4;0)
1. Ve phan giac trong AD va phan giac ngoai AE. Tm toa o D va E
2. Tm toa o tam ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC
Bai 7: Cho hai iem A(0;2), ) 1 ; 3 ( B . Tm toa o trc tam va toa o tam ng tron ngoai tiep
cua tam giac OAB (TS A 2004)
Bai 8: Cho tam giac ABC co cac nh A(-1;0), B(4;0), C(0;m) vi 0 m . Tm toa o trong tam G
cua tam giac ABC theo m. Xac nh m e tam giac GAB vuong tai G. (TS D 2004).

-------------------Het-------------------

95

NG THANG TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN

I. Cac nh ngha ve VTCP va PVT cua ng thang:
1. VTCP cua ng thang :

a
la VTCP cua ng thang ( )

n
0
a co gia song song hoac trung vi ( )
a
la VTPT cua ng thang ( )

n
0
n co gia vuong goc vi ( )
n

96

* Chu y:
Neu ng thang ( ) co VTCP
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
th co VTPT la
2 1
( ; n a a = )
) (
n
) (

Neu ng thang ( ) co VTPT ( ; ) n A B =
th co VTCP la ( ; ) a B A =
) (

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Cho ng thang i qua hai iem A(1;-2), B(-1;3). Tm mot VTCP va mot VTPT cua ( ) ( )
II. Phng trnh ng thang :
1. Phng trnh tham so va phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang :
a. nh ly : Trong mat phang (Oxy). ng thang ( ) qua M
0
(x
0
;y
0
) va nhan
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
lam
VTCP se co :
Phng trnh tham so la :
0 1
0 2
.
( ) : ( )
.
x x t a
t
y y t a
= +

= +

Phng trnh chnh tac la :
0 0
1 2
( ) :
x x y y
a a

=
y
BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Cho hai iem A(-1;3), B(1;2). Viet phng trnh tham so va chnh tac cua ng thang qua A, B
Bai 2: Cac iem P(2;3); Q(4;-1); R(-3;5) la cac trung iem cua cac canh cua mot tam giac .Hay lap
phng trnh chnh tac cua cac ng thang cha cac canh cua tam giac o.
) ; (
0 0 0
y x M
a
) ; ( y x M
x
O
2. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :
a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M
0
(x
0
;y
0
) va co VTPT ( ; ) n A B =
la:
97

0 0
( ) : ( ) ( ) 0 A x x B y y + =

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC biet ( 1; 2), (5; 7), (4; 3) A B C
1. Viet phng trnh cac ng cao cua tam giac
2. Viet phng trnh cac ng trung trc cua tam giac
Bai 2: Cho tamgiac ABC vi A(1;-1) ; B(-2;1); C(3;5).
a) Viet phng trnh ng vuong goc ke t A en trung tuyen BK cua tam giac ABC .
b) Tnh dien tch tam giac ABK.
b. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :
nh ly :Trong mat phang (Oxy). Phng trnh ng thang ( ) co dang :

Ax + By + C = 0 vi
2 2
0 A B +

Chu y:
T phng trnh ( ):Ax + By + C = 0 ta luon suy ra c :
1. VTPT cua ( ) la ( ; ) n A B =

2. VTCP cua ( ) la ( ; ) hay a ( ; ) a B A B A = =

3. ( ;
0 0 0 0 0
) ( ) 0 M x y Ax By C + + =
Menh e (3) c hieu la :
ieu kien can va u e mot iem nam tren ng thang la toa o iem o
nghiem ung phng trnh cua ng thang .
BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang biet phng trnh tong quat cua no la 5 2 3 x y 0 + =
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua M(-1;2) va song song ( ) : 2 3 4 0 x y + =
Bai 3: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua N(-1;2) va vuong goc ( ) : 2 3 4 0 x y + =
Bai 4: Cho hai iem A(-1;2) va B3;4) . Tm iem C tren ng thang x-2y+1=0 sao cho tam giac
ABC vuong C.
Bai 5: Cho A(1;1) ; B(-1;3) va ng thang d:x+y+4=0.
a) Tm tren d iem C cach eu hai iem A, B.
b) Vi C tm c . Tm D sao cho ABCD la hnh bnh hanh .Tnh dien tch hnh bnh hanh.

) y M ; (
0 0 0
x
) ; ( y x M
n
y
x
O
) ; ( y M
0 0 0
x
) ; A n
( B =
x
y
) ; ( A B a =
O
) ; ( A B a =
3. Cac dang khac cua phng trnh ng thang :

a. Phng trnh ng thang i qua hai iem A(x
A
;y
A
) va B(x
B
;y
B
) :

( ) :
A A
B A B A
x x y y
AB
x x y y

=

( ) :
A
AB x x = ( ) :
A
AB y y =
98

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Cho tam giac ABC biet A(1;-1), B(-2;1), C1;5). Viet phng trnh ba canh cua tam giac
b. Phng trnh ng thang i qua mot iem M
0
(x
0
;y
0
) va co he so goc k:
nh ngha: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ng thang . Goi ( , ) Ox = k tg th = c goi la he so goc
cuang thang

nh ly 1: Phng trnh ng thang qua
0 0 0
( ; ) M x y co he so goc k la :

(1)
0 0
y - y = k(x- x )

Chu y 1: Phng trnh (1) khong co cha phng trnh cua ng thang i qua M
0
va vuong goc
Ox nen khi s dung ta can e y xet them ng thang i qua M
0
va vuong goc Ox la
x = x
0
Chu y 2: Neu ng thang co phng trnh y ax b = + th he so goc cua ng thang la k a =
nh ly 2: Goi k
1
, k
2
lan lt la he so goc cua hai ng thang
1 2
, ta co :

1 2 1
// k k =
2

1 2 1 2
k . 1 k =
BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Viet phng trnh ng thang qua A(-1;2) va vuong goc vi ng thang 3 4 x y + = 0
c. Phng trnh t i qua mot iem va song song hoac vuong goc vi mot t cho trc:

i.
1 1
Phng trnh ng thang ( ) //( ): Ax+By+C=0 co dang: Ax+By+m =0

ii.
1 2
Phng trnh ng thang ( ) ( ): Ax+By+C=0 co dang: Bx-Ay+m =0
x
y
O
) ; ( y x M
x
y
y
) ; (
A A
y x A ) ; (
B B
y x B
y
) ; (
A A
y x A
) ; (
B B
y x B
A
x
B
x
A
y
B
y
) ; (
A A
y x A
) ; (
B B
y x B
A
y
B
y
x
x
O
)
y
O
; ( y M x
0
x
0
y
x
Chu y: c xac nh bi mot iem co toa o a biet nam tren
1 2
; m m
1 2
;
0 :
1 1
= + + m By Ax
x
y
O
0
x
0 :
1
= + + C By Ax
1
M
0 :
2 1
= + m Ay Bx
x
y
O
0
x
1
M
0 :
1
= + + C By Ax

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua M(-1;2) va song song ( ) : 2 3 4 0 x y + =
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang qua N(-1;2) va vuong goc ( ) : 2 3 4 0 x y + =

III. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :

99

Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ) : 0
( ) : 0
A x B y C
A x B y C
+ + =
+ + =

V tr tng oi cua phu thuoc vao so nghiem cua he phng trnh :
1
( ) va ( )
2
hay
1 1 1
2 2 2
0
0
A x B y C
A x B y C
+ + =
+ + =
1 1 1
2 2 2
(1)
A x B y C
A x B y C
+ =
+ =
Chu y: Nghiem duy nhat (x;y) cua he (1) chnh la toa o giao iem M cua
1 2
( ) va ( )
nh ly 1:

1 2
1 2
1 2
. He (1) vo nghiem ( ) //( )
. He (1) co nghiem duy nhat ( ) cat ( )
. He (1) co vo so nghiem ( ) ( )
i
ii
iii

nh ly 2: Neu
2 2 2
; ; A B C khac 0 th

=
= =
1 1
1 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2
1 1
1 2
2 2
A
. ( ) cat ( )
A
A
. ( ) // ( )
A
A
. ( ) ( )
A
1
2
B
i
B
B C
ii
B C
B C
iii
B C

1
x
y
O
2
2 1
//
1
x
y
O
2
y
O
1
x
2
2 1

2 1
cat

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC co phng trnh ba canh la
( ) : 8 3 17 0
( ) : 3 5 13
( ) : 5 2 1 0
AB x y
AC x y
BC x y
0
+ =
=
+ =

Tm toa o ba nh A, B, C
Bai 2: Cho tamgiac ABC co nh A(2;2) .Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC.Biet rang
cac ng thang 9x-3y-4=0 va x+y-2=0 lan lt la cac ng cao cua tam giac xuat phat t
B va C.
Bai 3: Tuy theo m, hay bien luan v tr tng oi cua hai ng thang sau:

1
2
: 1
: 2 0
d mx y m
d x my
0 + =
+ =

IV. Goc gia hai ng thang
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ) : 0
( ) : 0
A x B y C
A x B y C
+ + =
+ + =

Goi ( 0 ) la goc gia
0 0
90
2 1
( ) va ( ) ta co :

1
x
y
O
2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
cos
.
A A B B
A B A B
+
=
+ +

100

He qua:
(
1 2 1 2 1 2
) ( ) A 0 A B B + =
BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua iem A(0;1) va tao vi ng thang : x+2y+3=0
mot goc bang 45
0
Bai 2: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua hnh vuong co nh la (-4;5) va mot ng cheo co phng
trnh 7x-y+8=0.
V. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang :
nh ly 1: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang ( ) : 0 Ax By C + + = va iem
0 0 0
( ; ) M x y
Khoang cach t M
0
en ng thang ( ) c tnh bi cong thc:

0 0
0
2 2
( ; )
Ax By C
d M
A B
+ +
=
+

nh ly 2: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang :
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ) : 0
( ) : 0
A x B y C
A x B y C
+ + =
+ + =
va ( )

Phng trnh phan giac cua goc tao bi ( )
1 2
la :

1 1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
2
A x B y C A x B y C
A B A B
+ + + +
=
+ +

0
M
y
O
x
H
) (
y
O
1
x
2

nh ly 3: Cho ng thang 0 : ) (
1
= + + C By Ax va hai iem M(x
M
;y
M
), N(x
N
;y
N
) khong nam
tren ( ). Khi o:
M
N
M
N
Hai iem M , N nam cung pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi

0 ) )( ( > + + + + C By Ax C By Ax
N N M M

Hai iem M , N nam khac pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi
0 ) )( ( < + + + + C By Ax C By Ax
N N M M

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(1;-1) ; B(-2;1); C(3;5). Tnh chieu cao ke t A
Bai 2: Cho hai ng thang
1 2
: 2 2 0& : 2 4 7 0 d x y d x y = + = . Viet phng trnh ng phan giac
cua goc tao bi d
1
va d
2
Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC vi A(-6;-3); B-4;3), C9;2). Lap phng trnh ng phan giac trong cua goc
A cua tam giac ABC.
Bai 4: Cho hai iem P(2;5) va Q(5;1) .Lap pt ng thang qua P cach Q mot oan co o dai bang 3
Bai 5: Cho ba ng thang 0 2 : ) ( , 0 4 : ) ( , 0 3 : ) (
3 2 1
= = = + + y x d y x d y x d . Tm toa o iem M
nam tren ng thang (d
3
) sao cho khoang cach t M en ng thang (d
1
) bang hai lan khoang
cach t M en ng thang (d
2
)
VI. Chum ng thang :
M

1
2

I

1. nh ngha: Tap hp cac ng thang cung i qua mot iem I c goi la mot chum ng thang .
I goi la nh cua chum
Mot chum ng thang hoan toan c xac nh neu biet :
i. nh cua chum
hoac ii. Hai ng thang cua chum
2. nh ly: Trong Mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang
1 2
, cat nhau xac nh bi phng trnh :

+ + =
+ + =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ) : 0
( ) : 0
A x B y C
A x B y C

Khi o : Moi ng thang qua giao iem cua
1 2
, eu co phng trnh dang:

101

( + + + + + = +
2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
) : ( ) ( ) 0 ( 0) A x B y C A x B y C

Chu y:
102

=
=
1
2
0 va 0 th
0 va 0 th

ac biet :

+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
1 1
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
Neu 0 va 0 th va trong trng hp nay
phng trnh co the viet di dang sau:
1. m(A ) (A ) 0
hoac 2. (A ) (A ) 0
x B y C x B y C
x B y C n x B y C
M
2
1

I

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua giao iem cua hai ng thang 3 5 2 0 &5 2 4 0 x y x y + = + =
va vuong goc vi ng thang ( ) : 2 4 0 d x y + = .

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

Bai 1: Phng trnh hai canh cua tam giac trong mat phang toa o la 5x-2y+6=0 va 4x+7y-21=0
Viet phng trnh canh th ba cua tam giac biet trc tam cua tam giac trung vi goc toa o.
Bai 2: Cho tam giac ABC , canh BC co trung iem M(0;4) con hai canh kia co phng trnh
2x+y-11=0 va x+4y-2=0.
a) Xac nh nh A.
b) Goi C la iem tren ng thang x+4y-2=0, N la trung iem AC . Tm iem N roi tnh
toa o B, C.
Bai 3: Cho tam giac ABC co M(-2;2) la trung iem cua BC , canh AB co phng trnh x-2y-2=0,
canh AC co phng trnh : 2x+5y+3=0.Xac nh toa o cua cac nh cua tam giac ABC.
Bai 4: Cho tam giac ABC co nh B(3;5) ng cao ke t A co phng trnh 2x-5y+3=0 va ng
trung tuyen ke t C co phng trnh x+y-5=0 .
a) Tnh toa o iem A.
b) Viet phng trnh cua cac canh cua tam giac ABC.
Bai 5: Cho tam giac ABC co trong tam G(-2;-1) va co cac canh AB:4x+y+15=0 vaAC:2x+5y+3=0
a) Tm toa o nh A va toa o trung iem M cua BC .
b) Tm toa o iem B va viet phng trnh ng thang BC.
Bai 6: Cho tam giac ABC co nh A(-1;-3).
a) Biet ng cao BH: 5x+3y-25=0, ng cao CK: 3x+8y-12=0. Tm toa o nh B , C.
b) Biet ng trung trc cua AB la 3x+2y-4=0 va trong tam G(4;-2). Tm B, C.
Bai 7: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC biet nh C(4;-1) ng cao va trung tuyen
ke t mot nh co phng trnh 2x-3y+12=0 va 2x+3y=0.
Bai 8: Lap phng trnh cac canh cua tam giac ABC neu biet A(1;3) va hai ng trung tuyen co
phng trnh la x-2y+1=0 va y-1=0.
Bai 9: Cho tam giac ABC biet C(4;3) phan giac trong (AD):x+2y-5=0, trung tuyen (AE)
4x+13y-10=0.Lap phng trnh ba canh.
Bai 10: Cho tam giac ABC biet A(2;-1) va phng trnh hai ng phan giac trong cua goc B va C
lan lt la d: x-2y+1=0 va x+y+3=0 .Tm phng trnh cua ng thang cha canh BC.
Bai 11: Cho iem M(-2;3) . Tm phng trnh ng thang qua M va cach eu hai iem A(-1;0)
va B(2;1).
Bai 12: Cho A(2;-3) , B(3;-2) .Trong tam G cua tam giac nam tren ng thang d: 3x-y-8=0, dien
tch tam giac ABC bang 3/2 . Tm C.
Bai 13: Viet phng trnh ng thang song song vi d: 3x-4y+1=0 va co khoang cach en ng
thang d bang 1.
Bai 14: Cho tam giac can ABC biet phng trnh canh ay AB:2x-3y+5=0 canh ben AC:x+y+1=0
Tm phng trnh canh ben BC biet rang no i qua iem D(1;1).
Bai 15: Cho tam giac ABC co nh A(-1;3) , ng cao BH nam tren ng thang y=x , phan giac
trong goc C nam tren ng thang x+3y+2=0 . Viet phng trnh canh BC .
Bai 16: Cho ng thang d: 2x+y-4=0va hai iem M(3;3) , N(-5;19).Ha MK d va goi P la iem
oi xng cua M qua d:
a) Tm toa o cua K va P.
b) Tm iem A tren d sao cho AM + AN co gia tr nho nhat va tnh gia tr o.
Bai 17: Cho tam giac ABC vuong A , phng trnh BC la 3x y 3 0 = , cac nh A va B
thuoc truc hoanh va ban knh ng tron noi tiep bang 2. Tm toa o trong tam G cua
tam giac ABC.
Bai 18: Cho hnh ch nhat ABC co tam I(1/2;0) , phng trnh ng thang AB la x-2y+2=0 va
AB=2AD . Tm toa o cac nh A, B, C, D biet rang nh A co hoanh o am.
Bai 19: Trong mp(Oxy) cho hai ng thang
1
: 0 d x y = va
2
: 2 1 0 d x y + = . Tm toa o cac nh
hnh vuong ABCD biet rang nh A thuoc d
1
, nh C thuoc d
2
va cac nh B,D thuoc truc hoanh

---------------------------Het--------------------------

103

NG TRON TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I. Phng trnh ng tron:
1. Phng trnh chnh tac:
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh cua ng tron (C) tam I(a;b), ban knh R la :

104

( ) (1)
2 2 2
: ( ) ( ) C x a y b R + =

Phng trnh (1) c goi la phng trnh chnh tac cua ng tron
ac biet: Khi I O th (hay:
2 2
( ) : C x y R + =
2 2 2
y R x = )
BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Bai 1: Viet phng trnh ng tron ng knh AB biet A(1;3), B(3:-5)
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh ng tron co tam I(-1;2) va tiep xuc ng thang ( ) : 3 4 2 0 x y + =
2. Phng trnh tong quat:
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh :
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by c + + = vi a b
2 2
0 c + >
la phng trnh cua ng tron (C) co tam I(a;b), ban knh
2 2
R a b = + c
BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Bai 1: Xac nh tam va ban knh cua ng tron ( )
2 2
: 2 4 20 0 C x y x y + + =
Bai 2: Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua ba iem A(3;3), B(1;1),C(5;1)
Bai 3: Cho phng trnh : (1)
2 2
4 2 2 3 x y mx my m + + + + = 0
nh m e phng trnh (1) la phng trnh cua ng tron (C
m
)
II. Phng trnh tiep tuyen cua ng tron:
nh ly : Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng tron
( ) tai iem
2 2
: 2 2 0 C x y ax by c + + =
0 0
( ; ) ( ) M x y C la :

( )
0 0 0 0
: ( ) ( ) 0 x x y y a x x b y y c + + + + =
x
y
O
) ; ( b a I
R
b
a
) ; ( y x M

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Xet ng tron (C) qua ba iem A(-1;2), B(2;0), C(-3;1). Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) tai A
IV. Phng tch cua mot iem oi vi mot ng tron:
Nhac lai :
nh ngha: Cho ng tron (O;R) va mot iem M co nh .
Phng tch cua iem M oi vi ng tron (O) c ky hieu la M/(O) la mot so
(C)
I(a;b)
) (
) ; (
0 0 0
y x M
105
2
c xac nh nh sau: M/(O) =
2
d R ( vi d = MO )
Chu y :
M/(O) > 0 ngoai ng tron (O) M
M/(O) < 0 trong ng tron (O) M
M/(O) = 0 tren ng tron (O) M

nh ly:
Trong mp(Oxy) cho iem
0 0
( ; ) M x y va ng tron
2 2
2 2 x y ax by c 0 + + = vi
a b co tam I(a;b) va ban knh
2 2
0 c + >
2 2
R a b c = + . Phng tch cua iem M oi vi
ng tron (C) la
M/(O) =
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2 x y ax by c + +
(C)
M
I

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Cho ng tron (C): va iem A(3;5). Xet v tr cua iem A oi vi ng tron
(C)
2 2
2 4 4 0 x y x y + + =
IV. Truc ang phng cua hai ng tron:
Nhac lai:
nh ly : Tap hp cac iem co cung phng tch oi vi hai ng tron khac tam la mot
ng thang vuong goc vi ng noi hai tam.
ng thang nay c goi la truc ang phng cua hai ng tron o.

Cach xac nh truc ang phng

) (
1
C
) (
2
C
2
I
1
I
) (
1
C
) (
2
C
1
I 2
I
M
)
1
C
) (
2
C
1
I
2
I
(

M

) (
2
C
) (
1
C
) (
3
C
I
1
I
2
I
3
I

1

nh ly :
Cho hai ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
) khong cung tam co phng trnh:

2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2
( ) : 2 2 0
( ) : 2 2 0
C x y a x b y c
C x y a x b y c
+ + =
2
+ + =

Phng trnh truc ang phng cua (C
1
) va (C
2
) la :

( )
1 2 1 2 2 1
: 2( ) 2( ) 0 a a x b b y c c + + =

106

Cach nh:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
x y a x b y c x y a x b y c + + = + +
BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Xac nh phng trnh truc ang phng cua hai ng tron sau:
2 2
1
2 2
2
( ) : 4 5 0
( ) : 6 8 16 0
C x y y
C x y x y
+ =
+ + + =
VI. Cac van e co lien quan:
1. V tr tng oi cua ng thang va ng tron:

) (C
) (C
) (C
I
I
I
R
R H
R
M

M H
H
M
nh ly:
( ) ( ) d(I; ) > R C =
( ) tiep xuc (C) d(I; ) = R
( ) cat (C) d(I; ) < R

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Bai 1: Cho ng tron (C): . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (C) biet rang tiep
2 2
( 3) ( 1) x y + = 4
tuyen nay i qua iem M(6;3)
Bai 2: Cho ng tron (C): . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi ng tron biet
2 2
6 2 5 x y x y + + + = 0
tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang ( ) : 2 10 0 d x y + + =
Bai 3: Cho ng tron va iem M(-3;1). Goi T 0 6 6 2 : ) (
2 2
= + + y x y x C
1
, T
2
la cac tiep iem cua
cac tiep tuyen ke t M en (C). Viet phng trnh ng thang T
1
T
2
.
2. V tr tng oi cua hai ng tron :

1
I
1
R
1
C
2
I
2
R
2
C
1
I 1
R
1
C
2
C
2
R
2
I
1
C
1
I 1
R
2
C
2
R
2
I
1
C
2
C
1
I
2
I

1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
( ) va (C ) khong cat nhau I I > R
( ) va (C ) cat nhau R < I I < R
( ) va (C ) tiep xuc ngoai nhau I I = R
( ) va (C ) tiep xuc trong
C R
C R
C R
C
R
+
+
+
1 2 1 2
nhau I I = R R

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Xac nh v tr tng oi cua hai ng tron sau:
2 2
1
2 2
2
( ) : 4 5 0
( ) : 6 8 16 0
C x y y
C x y x y
+ =
+ + + =

VII: Chum ng tron:

nh ly: Cho hai ng tron cat nhau :
( )
2 2
1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2
( ) : 2 2 0
1
2
: 2 2 0
C x y a x b y c
C x y a x b y c
+ + =
+ = +
Phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua giao iem cua (C
1
) va (C
2
) co dang :

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 ) 0 ( + 0) x y a x b y c x y a x b y c + + + + + =
BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua cac giao iem cua hai ng tron
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2
: 10 0; ( ) : 4 2 20 0 C x y x C x y x y + = + + =
va i qua iem A(1;-1)

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Lap phng trnh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac co ba nh la A(1;1); B(-1;2); C(0;-1).
Bai 2: Lap phng trnh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac co ba canh nam tren ba ng thang

1 2 3
x 2
( . d ) : y ;(d ) : y x 2;(d ) : y 8 x
5 5
= = + =
Bai 3: Lap phng trnh ng tron noi tiep tam giac co ba nh la A(-1;7); B(4;-3); C(-4;1).
Bai 4: Lap phng trnh ng tron i qua cac iem A(-1;1) va B(1;-3) co tam nam tren ng
thang (d):2x - y + 1 = 0.
Bai 5: Lap phng trnh ng tron i qua iem A(-1;-2) va tiep xuc vi ng thang
(d): 7x-y-5=0 tai iem M(1;2).
Bai 6: Lap phng trnh ng tron co tam nam tren ng thang 2x+y=0 va tiep xuc vi ng
thang x-7y+10=0 tai iem A(4;2).
Bai 7: Viet phng trnh ng tron co tam nam tren ng thang 4x +3y - 2 = 0 va tiep
xuc vi hai ng thang : x + y + 4 = 0 va 7x - y + 4 = 0.
Bai 8: Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua iem A(2;-1) va tiep xuc vi hai truc toa o Ox,Oy.
Bai 9: Cho ng tron (C):(x-1)
2
+(y-2)
2
=4 va ng thang (d):x-y-1=0. Viet phng trnh
ng tron (C
'
) oi xng vi ng tron (C) qua ng thang (d). Tm toa o giao iem
cua (C) va (C
'
).
107
Bai 10:Cho hai ng tron: (C
1
):
2 2
10 0 x y x + = va (C
2
):
2 2
4 2 20 x y x y 0 + + =
1. Viet phng trnh ng tron i qua cac giao iem cua (C
1
) va (C
2
) va co tam nam tren
ng thang (d): x + 6y - 6 = 0.
2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua cac ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
) .
Bai 11: Cho hai ng tron: (C
1
):
2 2
4 5 x y y 0 + = va (C
2
):
2 2
6 8 16 x y x y 0 + + + =
Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua cac ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
) .
Bai 12: Cho hai ng tron :

2 2
1
2 2
2
(C ) : x y 4x 2y 4 0
(C ) : x y 10x 6y 30 0
+ + =
+ + =
co tam lan lt la I va J.
1) Chng minh (C
1
) tiep tiep xuc ngoai vi (C
2
) va tm toa o tiep iem H.
2) Goi (D) la mot tiep tuyen chung khong i qua H cua (C
1
) va (C
2
) . Tm toa o giao
iem K cua (D) va ng thang IJ.Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) i qua K va tiep
xuc vi hai ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
) tai H.
Bai 13: Cho iem M(6;2) va ng tron (C):
2 2
2 4 x y x y 0 + = . Lap phng trnh ng thang
(d) qua M cat (C) tai hai iem phan biet A, B sao cho 10 AB =
Bai 14: Cho ng tron (C): va iem A(1;2). Hay lap phng trnh cua ng thang
2 2
9 x y + =
cha day cung cua (C) i qua A sao cho o dai day cung o ngan nhat.
Bai 15: Cho ng tron (C): va iem M(2;4)
2 2
2 6 6 x y x y + + = 9
1. Chng to rang iem M nam trongng tron.
2. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua iem M, cat ng tron tai hai iem A va B sao
cho M la trung iem cua AB .
3. Viet phng trnh ng tron oi xng vi ng tron a cho qua ng thang AB.
Bai 16: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ho ng tron (C
m
) co phng trnh :
0
2 2
x y (2m 5)x (4m 1)y 2m 4 + + + + =
1) Chng to rang (C
m
) qua hai iem co nh khi m thay oi.
2) Tm m e (C
m
) tiep xuc truc tung.
Bai 17: Cho ho ng tron (C
m
) co phng trnh :
2 2
x y (m 2)x 2my 1 0 + + =
1) Tm tap hp tam cac ng tron (C
m
) .
2) Cho m = -2 va iem A(0;-1). Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen cua ng tron (C
-2
)
ve t A.
Bai 18: Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen cua ng tron (C):
2 2
2 6 9 x y x y 0 + + =
1. Tiep tuyen song song vi ng thang x-y=0
2. Tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng thang 3x-4y=0
Bai 19: Cho tam giac ABC eu noi tiep trong ng tron (C):
2 2
( 1) ( 2) 9 x y + = . Xac nh toa
o cac iem B, C biet iem A(-2;2).
Bai 20: Trong mp(Oxy) cho ho ng tron (C
m
) co phng trnh :

2 2
x 2mx y 2(m 1)y 12 0 + + + =
1) Tm tap hp tam cac ng tron (C
m
) .
2) Vi gia tr nao cua m th ban knh cua ho ng tron a cho la nho nhat?
Bai 21: Cho hai ho ng tron :
108

'
2 2
m
2 2
m
(C ) : x y 2mx 2(m 1)y 1 0
(C ) : x y x (m 1)y 3 0
+ + + =
+ + + =
Tm truc ang phng cua hai ho ng tron tren. Chng to rang khi m thay oi cac truc
ang phng o luon luon i qua mot iem co nh.

2 2
1
2 2
2
(C ) : x y 2x 9y 2 0
(C ) : x y 8x 9y 16 0
+ =
+ + =
1) Chng minh rang hai ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
) tiep xuc nhau.
2) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
).

2 2
1
2 2
2
(C ) : x y 10x 0
(C ) : x y 4x 2y 20 0
+ =
+ + =
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
).

2 2
1
2 2
2
(C ) : x y 4x 5 0
(C ) : x y 6x 8y 16 0
+ =
+ + + =
Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron (C
1
) va (C
2
).
Bai 25: Cho hai iem A(2;0), B(6;4). Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) tiep xuc vi truc hoanh tai iem
A va khoang cach t tam cua (C) en iem B bang 5 (TS.K.B2005)
ng dung phng trnh ng tron e giai cac he co cha tham so
Bai 1: Cho he phng trnh :

2 2
x y
x y a
+ =
1
Xac nh cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat.
Bai 2: Cho he phng trnh :
2 2
0
0
x y x
x ay a
+ =
+ =
Xac nh cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh co 2 nghiem phan biet

Bai 3: Tm m e he sau co nghiem duy nhat

2 2
2 2
(x 2) y m
x (y 2) m
+ =
+ =

109

NG ELP TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I.nh ngha:
Elp (E) la tap hp cac iem M co tong khoang cach en hai iem co nh F
1
; F
2
bang hang so
* Hai iem co nh F
1
; F
2
c goi la cac tieu iem
* F
1
F
2
= 2c ( c > 0 ) c goi la tieu c
110

{ }
1 2
(E) M/ MF MF 2a = + = ( a>0 : hang so va a>c )
(E)

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Elp va cac yeu to:

2 2
2 2
x y
(E) : 1
a b
+ = vi
2 2 2
b a c = ( a > b) (1)

2. Cac yeu to cua Elp:
* Elp xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem:
- Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy
- Tieu iem F
1
(-c;0); F
2
(c;0)
- Tieu c F
1
F
2
= 2c
- Truc ln nam tren Ox; o dai truc ln 2a ( = A
1
A
2
)
- Truc nho nam tren Oy; o dai truc ln 2b ( = B
1
BB
2
)
- nh tren truc ln : A
1
(-a;0); A
2
(a;0)
- nh tren truc nho :B
1
(0;-b); B
2
(0;b)
- Ban knh qua tieu iem:
2c
M
1
2
F
F
-a
a
(E)
c
-c
y
x
R S
P
Q
O
M
1
r
2
r
1
A
2
A
1
B
2
B
1
F
2
F
Vi M(x;y) (E) th
1 1
2 2
c
r MF a x a ex
a
c
r MF a x a e
a
= = + = +
x = = =

- Tam sai :
c
e (0 e
a
= < 1) <
- ng chuan :
a
x
e
=
III. Phng trnh tham so cua Elp: (E)
x acost
:
y bsint
=
t [0; 2 )
IV. Tiep tuyen cua Elp:
nh ly: Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (E) :
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
+ = tai M
0
(x
0;
y
0
) (E) la :
111

) :
0 0
2 2
x x y y
1
a b
+ = (

V. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi Elp:
nh ly: Cho Elp (E) :
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
va ng thang ( ) : Ax By C 0 + + = ( A
2
+ B
2
> 0 ) + =

A a
2 2 2 2 2
( ) tiep xuc (E) B b C + =

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

x
y
O
) (E
x
y
O
) ; (
0 0 0
y x M

) (E
Bai 1: Cho (E) co hai tieu iem la
1 2
( 3; 0); ( 3; 0 F F ) va mot ng chuan co phng trnh
4
3
x =
1. Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua (E).
2. M la iem thuoc (E). Tnh gia tr cua bieu thc:
P F
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
3 . M F M OM FM F M = +
3. Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) song song vi truc hoanh va cat (E) tai hai iem A, B sao
choOA OB
Bai 2: 1. Lap phng trnh chnh tac cua (E) co tieu iem
1
( 15; 0) F , tiep xuc vi (d): 4 10 0 x y + =
2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (E) vuong goc vi (d): 6 0 x y + + = .
Bai 3: Cho Elp (E) :
2 2
1
9 4
x y
+ = va ng thang (d): mx 1 0 = y
1. Chng minh rang vi moi gia tr cua m, ng thang (d) luon cat (E) tai hai iem phan biet
2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (E), biet rang tiep tuyen o i qua iem A(1;-3).
Bai 4: 1. Lap phng trnh chnh tac cua (E) co tieu iem
1 2
( 10, 0); ( 10; 0) F F , o dai truc ln bang
2 18 .
2. ng thang (d) tiep xuc (E) tai M cat hai truc toa o tai A va B. Tm M sao cho dien tch
nho nhat. OAB
2 2
1
8 4
x y
+ = va ng thang (d): 2 2 0 x y + =
1. CMR (d) luon cat (E) tai hai iem phan biet A,B . Tnh o dai AB.
2. Tm toa o iem C thuoc (E) sao cho ABC co dien tch ln nhat.
Bai 6: Cho hai Elp :
2 2 2 2
1 2
( ) : 1 va (E ) : 1
16 9 9 16
x y x y
E + = + = . Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua hai
elp tren.
2 2
1
24 12
x y
+ = . Xet hnh vuong ngoai tiep (E) ( tc la cac canh hnh vuong tiep xuc
vi (E) . Viet phng trnh cac ng thang cha cac canh hnh vuong o.
2 2
1
9 4
x y
+ = . Cho A(-3;0),M(-3;a),B(3;0),N(3;b) trong o a,b la hai so thay oi
1. Xac nh toa o giao iem I cua ng thang AN va BM.
2. Chng minh rang ieu kien can va u e ng thang MN tiep xuc vi (E) la ab=4
3. Vi a,b thay oi , nhng luon tiep xuc vi (E) . Tm quy tch iem I.

112

NG HYPEBOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I. nh ngha:

113

{ }
1 2
(H) M/ MF MF 2a = = ( a > 0 : hang so va a < c ) (1)

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua Hypebol va cac yeu to:

2 2
2 2
x y
(H) : 1
a b
= vi
2 2 2
b c a = (1)

M
1
F
2
F
c 2

x
a
b
y =
x
a
b
y =
1
F
2
F
M
x
y
1
B
2
B
1
A
2
A
a
c c
a
O

2. Cac yeu to cua Hypebol:
* Hypebol xac nh bi phng trnh (1) co cac ac iem:
- Tam oi xng O, truc oi xng Ox; Oy
- Tieu iem F
1
(-c;0); F
2
(c;0)
- Tieu c F
1
F
2
= 2c
- Truc thc nam tren Ox; o dai truc thc 2a ( = A
1
A
2
)
- Truc ao nam tren Oy; o dai truc ao 2b ( = B
1
BB
2
)
- nh: A
1
(-a;0); A
2
(a;0)
- Phng trnh tiem can :
b
y x
a
=
- Ban knh qua tieu iem:
Vi M(x;y) (H) th :
Vi x > 0
1 1
2 2
r MF a ex
r MF a ex
= = +
= = +

Vi x < 0

1 1
2 2
r MF (a ex)
r MF ( a ex
= = +
) = = +
- Tam sai :
c
e (e
a
= >1)
- ng chuan :
a
x
e
=
IV. Tiep tuyen cua Hypebol:
nh ly: Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) :
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
= tai M
0
(x
0;
y
0
) (H) la :

114

0 0
2 2
x x y y
1
a b
= ( ) :

V. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi Hypebol:
nh ly: Cho Hypebol (H) :
2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
= va ng thang ( ) : Ax By C 0 + + = ( A
2
+ B
2
> 0 )

2 2 2 2 2
A a B b C = ( ) tiep xuc (H)
x
y
0
M
O

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Cho Hypebol (H):
2 2
1
16 9
x y
=
1. Tm o dai truc ao, truc thc , tam sai , tieu iem F
1
,F
2
cua (H)
2. Tm tren (H) nhng iem sao cho
1 2
MF MF
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= .
CMR tch cac khoang cach t mot iem M
0
bat ky tren (H) en hai tiem can la mot so khong oi
Bai 3: Cho Hypebol (H): .
2 2
4 4 x y =
1. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) tai
10 4
( ;
3 3
A )
0

2. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) biet no vuong goc vi ng thang : : 2 x y =
3. Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (H) ke t M(2;-1)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= trong mat phang Oxy
Tm a,b e (H) tiep xuc vi hai ng thang (
1 2
) : 5 6 16 0 va (D ) :13 10 48 0 D x y x y = =

NG PARABOL TRONG MAT PHANG TOA O
115

A.KIEN THC C BAN
I. nh ngha :
{ } (P) M/ MF d(M, = =

* F la iem co nh goi la tieu iem
* ( ) la ng thang co nh goi la ng chuan
* HF = p > 0 goi la tham so tieu

II. Phng trnh chnh tac cua parabol:

1) Dang 1: Ptct: y
2
= 2px 2) Dang 2: Ptct: y
2
= -2px
p
K
H
F
M

3) Dang 3: Ptct: x
2
= 2py 4) Dang 4: Ptct : x
2
= -2py

III.Tiep tuyen cua parabol:
nh ly: Trong mp(Oxy). Phng trnh tiep tuyen vi (P): y
2
= 2px tai M
0
(x
0;
y
0
) (P) la :

( ) : y
0
y = p.(x + x
0
)

O
x
y
M
0
(P)
y
x
p/2
F(-p/2;0)
M
2 / : ) ( p x =
y
x
-p/2
:y = -p/2
F(0;p/2)
O
M
F(0;-p/2)
x
( ) : y = p/2
p/2
y
O
M
( ): x=-p/2
y
O
-p/2
F(p/2;0)
M
x
IV. ieu kien e ng thang tiep xuc vi parabol:
nh ly: Trong mp(Oxy) cho (P) : y
2
= 2px va ng thang ( ) : Ax By C 0 + + = (A
2
+ B
2
> 0)
(P
x
y
o

( ) tiep xuc (P)
2
B p 2AC =

BAI TAP REN LUYEN
Bai 1: Cho (P): y
2
= 16x
1. Lap phng trnh tiep tuyen cua (P), biet tiep tuyen o vuong goc vi ng thang
(d) : 3x-2y+6=0
2. Lap phng trnh cac tiep tuyen vi (P) ke t M(-1;0) en (P)
Bai 2: Lap phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cua elp :
2 2
1
8 6
x y
+ = va parabol: .
2
12 y x =
Bai 3: Cho A(3;0) va (P): y=x
2

1. Cho ( ) M P va
M
x a = . Tnh AM . Tm a e AM ngan nhat
2. Chng minh neu AM ngan nhat th AM vuong goc tiep tuyen tai M cua (P)
Bai 4: Cho (P):y
2
= 2x va cho A(2;-2); B(8;4). Gia s M la iem di ong tren cung nho AB cua (P). Xac
nh toa o cua M sao cho tam diac AMB co dien tch ln nhat.
Bai 5: Cho (P):
2
y x = va iem I(0;2). Tm toa o hai iem M, N thuoc (P) sao cho 4 IM IN =

----------------------------------Het-------------------------------

116
Chuyen e 15: HNH HOC GIAI TCH TRONG
KHONG GIAN

A. KIEN THC C BAN:

PHNG PHAP TOA O TRONG KHONG GIAN
TOA O IEM - TOA O VEC T

117
I. He truc toa o E-CAC trong khong gian

x
'
Ox : truc hoanh
O
z
' x
y
x
' y
3
e
K
1
e
K 2
e
K
' z
y
'
Oy : truc tung
z
'
Oz : truc cao
O : goc toa o
: vec t n v
1 2 3
, , e e e
JG JJG JJG

Quy c : Khong gian ma trong o co chon he truc toa o e-Cac vuong goc Oxyz c goi la
khong gian Oxyz va ky hieu la : kg(Oxyz)
II. Toa o cua mot iem va cua mot vec t:
1. nh ngha 1: Cho ( ) M kg Oxyz . Khi o vec t OM
JJJJG
bi he thc co dang :
1 2 3
, , e e e
JG JJG JJG
1 2 3
+ y vi x,y,z OM xe ye e = +
JJJJG JG JJG JJG
\.
Bo so (x;y;z) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua iem M.
Ky hieu: M(x;y;z)
( x: hoanh o cua iem M; y: tung o cua iem M, z: cao o cua iem M )

z

/
1 2 3
( ; ; )
n
M x y z OM xe ye ze = + +
JJJJG JG JJG JJG

Y ngha hnh hoc:

; y= OQ ; z = OR x OP =
O
M
y
x
z
y
x
z
y
x
p
1
M
M
Q
3
M
2
M
R
O
2. nh ngha 2: Cho ( a kg Oxyz )
G
. Khi o vec t a
G
bi he thc co dang :
1 2 3
, , e e e
JG JJG JJG
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2
+ a vi a ,a a a e a e e = +
G JG JJG JJG
\.
Bo so (a
1
;a
2
;a
3
) trong he thc tren c goi la toa o cua vec t . a
G
Ky hieu:
1 2
( ; ) a a a =
G

/
1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3
=(a ;a ;a )
n
a a a e a e = + +
G G JG JG JJG
a e
J

118

II. Cac cong thc va nh ly ve toa o iem va toa o vec t :
nh ly 1: Neu
B
( ; ; ) va B(x ; ; )
A A A B B
A x y z y z th

( ; ; )
B A B A B A
AB x x y y z z =
JJJG

nh ly 2: Neu a a th
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) va ( ; ; ) a a b b b b = =
G G

* a b
1 1
2 2
3 3
a

b
a b
a b
=
= =
G G

* a b
1 1 2 2 3 3
( ; ; ) a b a b a b + = + + +
G G
) a b a b a b =
G G
) a ka ka ka =
G
* a b
1 1 2 2 3 3
( ; ;
* k ( )
1 2 3
. ( ; ; k \

III. S cung phng cua hai vec t:
Nhac lai
Hai vec t cung phng la hai vec t nam tren cung mot ng thang hoac nam tren hai ng
thang song song .
nh ly ve s cung phng cua hai vec t:
nh ly 3 : Cho hai vec t va vi 0 a b b
G G G G
a k b
G G

a b cung phng !k sao cho . =
G G
\

Neu th so k trong trng hp nay c xac nh nh sau: 0 a
G G
k > 0 khi a
G
cung hng b
G

k < 0 khi a
G
ngc hng b
G

a
k
b
=
G
G

, , thang hang cung phng A B C AB AC
JJJG JJJG
nh ly 4 :

1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) va ( ; ; ) a a a a b b b b = =
G G
ta co :

a b
1 1
2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
3 3
a
cung phng a : : : :
kb
a kb a a b b b
a kb
=
= =
G G
119

IV. Tch vo hng cua hai vec t:
Nhac lai:

. . . cos( , ) a b a b a b =
G G G G G G

2 2
a a =
G G

. 0 a b a b =
G G G G

1 2 2 1 2 3
( ; ; ) va ( ; ; ) a a a a b b b b = =
G G
ta co :

1 1 2 2 3 3
. a b a b a b a b = + +
G G

nh ly 7: Cho hai vec t ta co :
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
G

2 2 2
1 2 3
a a a a = + +
G

nh ly 8: Neu
B
( ; ) va B(x ; )
A A B
A x y y th

2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
B A B A B A
2
AB x x y y z z = + +
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) va ( ; ; ) a a a a b b b b = =
G G
ta co :

1 1 2 2 3 3
a 0 a b b a b a b + + =
G G

1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) va ( ; ; ) a a a a b b b b = =
G G
ta co :

+ +
= =
+ + + +
G G
G G
G G
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
.
cos( , )
.
.
a b a b a b a b
a b
a b
a a a b b b

V. iem chia oan thang theo ty so k:
nh ngha : iem M c goi la chia oan AB theo ty so k ( k 1 ) neu nh :
. MA k MB =
JJJG G JJJ

A M B

nh ly 11 : Neu
B
( ; ; ) , B(x ; ; )
A A A B B
A x y z y z va . MA k MB =
JJJG JJJG
( k 1 ) th

.
1
.
1
.
1
A B
M
A B
M
A B
M
x k x
x
k
y k y
y
k
z k z
z
k

=

120

ac biet : M la trung iem cua AB
2
2
2
A B
M
A B
M
A B
M
x x
x
y y
y
z z
z
+
=
+
=
+
=

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(3;1;0), B(-1;2;-1), C(2;-1;3)
Tm iem D sao cho t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh
Bai 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(2;-1;6), B(-3;-1;-4), C(5;-1;0)
a.Chng minh rang tam giac ABC vuong .
b. Tm toa o trong tam G cua tam giac ABC
c. Tnh o dai ng trung tuyen ke t A

VI. Tch co hng cua hai vec t:
1. nh ngha: Tch co hng cua hai vec t
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ) va ( ; ; ) a a a a b b b b = =
G G
la mot vec t c
ky hieu : co toa o la : ; a b
G G

2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
; ; ;
a a a a a a
a b
b b b b b b

=

G G
Cach nh:
1 2 3
1 2 3
( ; ; )
( ; ; )
a a a a
b b b b
=
=
G
G
1 2 3

2. Tnh chat:

; va ; a b a a b b

G G G G G G
A

1
. ;
2
ABC
S AB

=

JJJG HJJG
AC
B
C

;
ABCD
S AB

=

.
JJJG JJJG
A
B
C
D
' A
' B
' C
' D
AD

' ' ' '
'
.
; .
ABCD A BC D
V AB AD

=

JJJG
JJJG JJJG
AA
A
B
C
D

121

1
. ; .
6
ABCD
V AB AC

=

JJJG JJJG JJJG
AD
b
G G

A
B
C
D

cung phng ; 0 a b a

=

G G G

, , ong phang , . 0 a b c a b c

=

G G G G G G

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Bai 1: Cho bon iem A(-1;-2;4), B(-4;-2;0), C(3;-2;1), D(1;1;1)
a. Chng minh rang bon iem A,B,C,D khong ong phang
b. Tnh dien tch tam giac ABC
c. Tnh the tch t dien ABCD
Bai 2: Tnh the tch t dien ABCD biet A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1), D(-1;-5;3)

NG THANG VA MAT PHANG TRONG KHONG GIAN
I. Cac nh ngha:
1. Vec t ch phng cua ng thang:
1. VTCP cua ng thang :

la VTCP cua ng thang ( )
n
0
a co gia song song hoac trung vi ( )
a
G G
G a
G

a
K
a
K

) (
Chu y:
Mot ng thang co vo so VTCP, cac vec t nay cung phng vi nhau.
Mot ng thang ( ) hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot VTCP cua
no.
2. Cap VTCP cua mat phang:
a
K

Cho mat phang xac nh bi hai ng thang cat nhau a va b . Goi la VTCP cua ng
G
a
G
thang a va la VTVP cua ng thang b. Khi o :
JGJ
b
Cap c goi la cap VTCP cua mat phang ( , ) a b
JG

Chu y :
Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot cap VTCP cua
no.

b
K
a
b
122
3. Vec t phap tuyen ( VTPT) cua mat phang :
n
K

n la VTPT cua mat phang
G
0
n co gia vuong goc vi mp
n
G G
G

Chu y:
Mot mat phang co vo so VTPT, cac vec t nay cung phng vi nhau.
Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh khi biet mot iem thuoc no va mot cap VTPT cua no.

4. Cach tm toa o mot VTPT cua mat phang khi biet cap VTCP cua no:

nh ly: Gia s mat phang co cap VTCP la :
1 2 3
1 2 3
( ; ; )
( ; ; )
a a a a
b b b b
G
G th mp co mot VTPT la :

2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
; ; ;
a a a a a a
n a b
b b b b b b

= =

G G G

BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Tm mot VTPT cua mat phang biet i qua ba iem A(-2;0;1), B(0;10;3), C(2;0;-1)
II. Phng trnh cua mat phang :
nh ly 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh mat phang i qua iem
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z va co mot
VTPT la: ( ; ; ) n A B C =
G

0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 A x x B y y C z z + + =

nh ly 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh dang :

0 Ax By Cz D + + + = vi
2 2 2
0 A B C + +
] , [ b a n
K
K K
=
a
K
b
K
) ; ; ( C B A n =
K
) ; ; (
0 0 0 0
z y x M
) ; ; ( C B A n =
K
0
M
z
y

la phng trnh tong quat cua mot mat phang . x

Chu y :
Neu ( ) : 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = th ( ) co mot VTPT la ( ; ; ) n A B C =
G

123

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) ( ) : 0 Ax 0 M x y z Ax By Cz D By Cz D + + + = + + + =
Cac trng hp ac biet:
1. Phng trnh cac mat phang toa o:
(Oxy):z = 0
(Oyz):x = 0
(Oxz):y = 0
2. Phng trnh mat phang theo oan chan:
Phng trnh mat phang cat cac truc Ox, Oy, Oz tai
( ; 0; 0)
(0; ; 0) (a,b,c 0)
(0; 0; )
A a
B b
C c
) (Oxz
) (Oxy
) (Oyz
z
y
O
x
la: 1
x y z
a b c
+ + =
A
B
C
a
b
c
O

BAI TAP AP DUNG:
Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ba iem A(3;1;0), B(-1;2;-1), C(2;-1;3)
Viet phng trnh mat phang (ABC)
Bai 2: Cho iem A(1;3;2), B(1;2;1), C(1;1;3)
Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang (d) i qua trong tam tam giac ABC va vuong goc vi
mat phang cha tam giac.
III. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang - Chum mat phang :
1. Mot so quy c va ky hieu:
Hai bo n so : c goi la ty le vi nhau neu co so
1 2
1 2
( , ,..., )
( , ,..., )
n
n
a a a
b b b
0 t sao cho
1 1
2 2
.
.
n n
a tb
a tb
a tb
=
Ky hieu: hoac
1 2 1 2
: : ... : : : ... :
n
a a a b b b =
n
1 2
1 2
...
n
n
a a a
b b b
= = =
2. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , xac nh bi phng trnh :

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) : 0 co VTPT ( ; ; )
( ) :
2
; ) 0 co VTPT ( ;
A x B y C z D n A B C
A x B y C
+ + + = =
+ +C z D n A B + = =
JJG
JJG

1
n
K

2
n
K

1
n
K
2
n
K

1
n
K
2
n
K

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
A
( ) cat ( ) A : : : : (hay: )
A
A
( ) // ( )
A
A
( ) ( )
A
B B C C A
B C A B C hoac hoac
B B C C A
B C D
B C D
B C D
B C D

= =
= = =

ac biet:

1 2 1 2 1 2
A 0 A B B C C + + =
124

3. Chum mat phang :

a. nh ngha: Tap hp cac mat phang cung i qua mot ng thang c goi la mot chum mat
phang .
goi la truc cua chum
Mot mat phang hoan toan c xac nh neu biet
i. Truc cua chum
hoac ii. Hai mat phang cua chum
b. nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , cat nhau xac nh bi phng trnh :

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ) : 0
( ) : 0
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + + =
+ + + =

Khi o : Moi mat phang qua giao tuyen cua va eu co phng trnh dang:

2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
( ) : ( ) ( ) 0 ( 0) A x B y C z D A x B y C z D + + + + + + + = +

Chu y:

0 va 0 th
0 va 0 th

=
=
ac biet :
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2
Neu 0 va 0 th va trong trng hp nay
phng trnh co the viet di dang sau:
1. m(A ) (A ) 0
hoac 2. (A ) (A
x B y C z D x B y C z D
x B y C z D n x B

+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + +
2 2 2
) 0 y C z D + + =

NG THANG TRONG KHONG GIAN

I. Phng trnh cua ng thang:
1.Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh tham so cua ng thang ( ) i qua iem
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z
va nhan lam VTCP la :
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
G

0 1
0 2
0 3
( ) : (t )
x x ta
y y ta
z z ta
= +
= +
= +
\
125

2. Phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) . Phng trnh chnh tac cua ng thang ( ) i qua iem
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z
va nhan lam VTCP la :
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
G

0 0 0
1 2 3
( ) :
x x y y z z
a a a

= =

3. Phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang :
Trong khong gian ta co the xem ng thang la giao tuyen cua hai mat phang nao o.
Xem ( ) = vi
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ) : 0

( ) : 0
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + + =
+ + + =
ta co nh ly sau.
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) he phng trnh:

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0
vi A : : : :
0
A x B y C z D
B C A B C
A x B y C z D
+ + + =
+ + + =

la phng trnh tong quat cua mot ng thang.
Chu y: Neu
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) : 0 ( ( ; ; ))
( ):
( ) : 0 ( ( ; ; ))
+ + + = =

+ + + = =
G
G th ( ) co mot VTCP la :

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
, ; ;
B C C A A B
a n n
B C C A A B

= =

G G G

O
z
y
x
)
a
K
(
0
M
) , , ( z y x M

II. V tr tng oi cua ng thang va mat phang :
1.V tr tng oi cua ng thang va mat phang :

n
K
M ) ( a
K

n
K
M
) (
a
K

n
K
M ) (
a
K

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho :
ng thang
0 0
1 2
0
3
: ( )
x x y y z z
a a a

= = co VTCP
1 2 3
( ; ; ) a a a a =
G
va qua
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z
va mat phang ( ) : 0 Ax By Cz D + + + = co VTPT ( ; ; ) n A B C =
G

Khi o :
1 2 3
1 2 3
0 0 0
1 2 3
0 0 0
( ) cat ( ) Aa 0
Aa 0
( ) // ( )
0
Aa 0
( ) ( )
0
Ba Ca
Ba Ca
Ax By Cz D
Ba Ca
Ax By Cz D
+ +
+ + =

+ + +
+ + =

+ + + =

126

ac biet:
1 2 3
( ) ( ) a : : : : a a A B C =
a
K
n
K

Chu y: Muon tm giao iem M cua ( ) va ( ) ta giai he phng trnh :
( )
( )
pt
pt

tm x,y,z
Suy ra: M(x,y,z)
2. V tr tng oi cua hai ng thang :

0
M
'
0
M
a
K
1
b
K
0
M
u
K
' u
K
1
'
0
M
0
M
'
0
M u
K
' u
K
1
u
K
' u
K
0
M
'
0
M
1

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :

0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0
' ' '
( ) : co VTCP ( ; ; ) va qua M ( ; ; )
( ) : co VTCP ( ; ; ) va qua M ( ; ; )
x x y y z z
u a b c x y z
a b c
x x y y z z
u a b c x y z
a b c

= = =

= = =
G
JG

=

=
=
JG JJJJJJJG
G
JG JJJJJJJG
G
' '
1 2 0 0
' '
0 0
1 2
' ' '
1 2
( ) va ( ) ong phang , . 0
, . 0
( ) cat ( )
: : : :
( ) // ( ) : :
u u M M
u u M M
a b c a b c
a b c
= =

JG JJJJJJJG
G
' ' ' ' ' '
0 0 0 0 0 0
' ' ' ' ' '
1 2 0 0 0 0 0
' '
1 2 0 0
: : ( ) : ( ) : ( )
( ) ( ) : : : : ( ) : ( ) : ( )
( ) va ( ) cheo nhau , . 0
a b c x x y y z z
a b c a b c x x y y z z
u u M M
0

Chu y: Muon tm giao iem M cua ( )
1 2
va ( ) ta giai he phng trnh : tm x,y,z
1
2
( )
( )
pt
pt

Suy ra: M(x,y,z)

III. Goc trong khong gian:
1. Goc gia hai mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai mat phang , xac nh bi phng trnh :

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
( ) : 0
( ) : 0
A x B y C z D
A x B y C z D
+ + + =
+ + + =

Goi la goc gia hai mat phang ( ) &( ) ta co cong thc:
127

1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos
.
A A B B C C
A B C A B C
+ +
=
+ + + +

2. Goc gia ng thang va mat phang:

) ; ; (
2 2 2 2
C B A n =
K
) ; ; (
1 1 1 1
C B A n =
K
0 0
90 0
) (
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang

= =
0 0
( ) :
0
x x y y z z
a b c
) ; ; ( c b a a =
va mat phang ( ) : 0 Ax By Cz D + + + =
Goi la goc gia hai mat phang ( ) &( ) ta co cong thc:

) ; ; ( C B A n
K
=
K

0 0
90 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin
.
Aa Bb Cc
A B C a b c
+ +
=
+ + + +

3.Goc gia hai ng thang :
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :

= =

= =
0 0
1
0 0
2
' ' '
( ) :
( ) :
0
0
x x y y z z
a b c
x x y y z z
a b c

Goi la goc gia hai mat phang
1
( ) &( )
2
ta co cong thc:
128

' ' '
2 2 2 '2 '2 '2
cos
.
aa bb cc
a b c a b c
+ +
=
+ + + +

) ; ; (
1
c b a a =
K
1
) ' ; ' ; ' (

2
c b a a =
K
0 0
90 0 IV. Khoang cach:
1. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang ( ) : 0 Ax By Cz D + + = va iem
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z +
Khoang cach t iem M
0
en mat phang ( ) c tnh bi cong thc:

0 0 0
0
2 2 2
( ; )
Ax By Cz D
d M
A B C
+ + +
=
+ +

) ; ; (
0 0 0 0
z y x M
H

2. Khoang cach t mot iem en mot ng thang:

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang ( ) i qua iem
0 0 0 0
( ; ; ) M x y z va co VTCP
. Khi o khoang cach t iem M ( ; ; ) u a b c =
G
1
en ( ) c tnh bi cong thc:

0 1
1
;
( , )
M M u
d M
u

=
JJJJJJG G
G

3. Khoang cach gia hai ng thang cheo nhau:

nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang cheo nhau :
G

1 0
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
2 0
( ) co VTCP ( ; ; ) va qua M ( ; ; )
( ) co VTCP ( ; ; ) va qua M ( ; ; )
u a b c x y z
u a b c x y z
=
=
0 0 0
0 0 0
JG
2
va ( ) Khi o khoang cach gia ( )
1
c tnh bi cong thc

' '
0 0
1 2
'
, .
( , )
,
u u M M
d
u u

=

JG JJJJJJJG
G
JG
G

H

u
K
) ; ; (
0 0 0 0
z y x M
1
)
M
(
0
M
'
0
M
u
K
' u
K
1
BAI TAP REN LUYEN

-------------***-------------
Bai 1: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A'B'C'D' vi A(0;0;0), B(1;0;0), D(0;1;0), A'(0;01).
Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD.
1. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang A'C va MN
2. Viet phng trnh mat phang cha A'C va tao vi mat phang Oxy mot goc biet
6
1
cos =
Bai 2: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho iem A(0;1;2) va hai ng thang :

+ =
=
+ =
+
=
=
t z
t y
t x
d
z y x
d
2
2 1
1
: &
1
1
1
1
2
:
2 1

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) qua A, ong thi song song vi d
1
va d
2
.
2. Tm toa o cac iem M thuoc d
1
, N thuoc d
2
sao cho ba iem A,M,N thang hang
Bai 3: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho iem A(1;2;3) va hai ng thang :

1
1
2
1
1
1
: &
1
3
1
2
2
2
:
2 1
+
=
+
=
z y x
d
z y x
d
1. Tm toa o iem A' oi xng vi iem A qua ng thang d
1
2. Viet phng trnh ng thang i qua A, vuong goc vi d
1
va cat d
2

Bai 4: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho 4 iem A(0;1;0), B(2;3;1), C(-2;2;2), D(1;-1;2) .
1. Chng minh cac tam giac ABC, ABD, ACD la cac tam giac vuong .
2. Tnh the tch t dien ABCD.
3. Goi H la trc tam tam giac BCD, viet phng trnh ng thang AH.
Bai 5: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho 3 iem A(1;1;2), B(-2;1;-1), C(2;-2;1).
1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (ABC).
2. Xac nh toa o hnh chieu vuong goc cua iem O tren mat phang (ABC).
3. Tnh the tch t dien OABC.
Bai 6: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang:

1 2
1
2 4 0
: va :
2 2 4 0
1 2
2
x t
x y z
y t
x y z
z t
= +
+ =

+ + =

= +
= +

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang
1
va song song vi ng thang
2

2. Cho iem M(2;1;4). Tm toa o iem H thuoc ng thang
2
sao cho oan thang MH co o
dai nho nhat.
Bai 7: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang (P) : 2x-y+2=0 va ng thang

(2 1) (1 ) 1 0
:
(2 1) 4 2 0
m
m x m y m
d
mx m z m
+ + + =
+ + + + =
Xac nh m e ng thang d
m
song song vi mat phang (P)
Bai 8: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang (P) :x-y+z+3=0 va hai iem A(-1;-3;-2), B(-5;7;12)
1. Tm toa o iem A
la iem oi xng vi iem A qua mat phang (P)

2. Gia s M la iem chay tren mat phang (P). Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc : MA+MB
Bai 9: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang
2 1 0
: va mat phang (P): 4x-2y+z-1=0
2 0
x y z
x y z
+ + + =

+ + + =

129
Viet phng trnh hnh chieu vuong goc cua ng thang tren mat phang (P).
Bai 10: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang:
1 2
0 3
: va d :
1 0 3 6
3 0 x az a ax y
d
y z x z
= + =

+ = =

1. Tm a e hai ng thang d
1
va d
2
cat nhau
2. Vi a=2, viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha ng thang d
2
va songsong vi ng thang
d
1.
Tnh khoang cach gia d
1
va d
2
khi a=2
Bai 11: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD.A
co A trung vi goc toa o,

B(a;0;0).D(0;a;0), A
(0;0;b) (a>0,b>0) . Goi M la trung iem cua canh CC
.
1. Tnh the tch khoi t dien BDA
M theo a va b
2. Xac nh ty so
a
b
e hai mat phang (A
BD) va (MBD) vuong goc vi nhau.

Bai 12: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho t dien ABCD vi A(2;3;2), B(6;-1;-2), C(-1;-4;3), D(1;6;-5). Tnh
goc gia hai ng thang AB va CD . Tm toa o iem M thuoc ng thang CD sao cho
tam giac ABM co chu vi nho nhat.
Bai 13: 2. Trong khong gian vi he toa do e cac vuong goc Oxyz cho hai ng thang

1
:
1
1 2 1
x y
d
+
= =
z
0
0
va
3 1
:
2
2 1
x z
d
x y
+ =
+ =

1. Chng minh rang d
1
, d
2
cheo nhau va vuong goc vi nhau.
2. Viet phng trnh tong quat cua ng thang d cat ca hai ng thang d
1
, d
2
va song song
vi ng thang
4 7
:
1 4
3
2
x y z
= =

Bai 14: Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho t dien OABC vi
A(0;0; 3 a ), B(a;0;0), C(0; 3 a ;0) (a>0). Goi M la trung iem cua BC. Tnh khoang
cach gia hai ng thang AB va OM.
Bai 15: Trong khong gian vi he truc toa o ecac vuong goc Oxyz cho hai iem A(2;1;1),
B(0;-1;3) va ng thang
3 2 11
:
3 8 0
0 x y
d
y z
=
+ =

1. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua trung iem I cua AB va vuong goc vi AB. Goi K la
giao iem cua ng thang d va mat phang (P), chng minh rang d vuong goc vi IK.
2. Viet phng trnh tong quat cua hnh chieu vuong goc cua d tren mat phang co phng trnh
1 0 x y z + + =
Bai 16: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai ng thang :

1 2
2 0
1 2
( ) : va (d ) :
1 0 3 1 1
x y z
x y z
d
x
+ + = +
= =

+ =

Lap phng trnh ng thang qua M(0;1;1) sao cho vuong goc vi (d
1
) va cat (d
2
).

1 2
3 2 8 0
1 3 2
( ) : va (d ) :
5 2 12 3 2 1 0
x y
x y z
d
x z
= + +
= =

+ + =

1. Chng minh d
1
va d
2
cheo nhau.
2. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang tren.
3. Lap phng trnh ng thang qua M(-4;-5;3) sao cho cat ca d
1
va d
2
.
Bai 18: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang (d) va mat phang (P) co phng trnh :

1 1 2
( ) : va (P):x-y-z-1=0
2 2 3
x y z
d
+
= =
130
Lap phng trnh ng thang qua A(1;1;-2) sao cho va //(P) d .

1 2
2 4
1 1
( ) : va (d ) :
2 2 1 2 1 1
0
0
x y z
x y z
d
x y z
+ = +
= =

+ + =

va mat phang ( ) . : 1 0 P x y z + + =
Lap phng trnh ng thang sao cho ( ) P va cat ca hai ng thang d
1
va d
2
.
Bai 20: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang :

1 2
( ) :
2 1 3
x y
d

= =
z
va iem I(2;-1;3)
Goi K la iem oi xng cua I qua (d) . Tm toa o iem K.
Bai 21: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang :

1
( ) :
3 4 1
3 x y z
d
+
= = va iem A(1;2;1)
Tnh khoang cach t iem A en ng thang (d).

1 2
2 1 0 3 3
( ) : va (d ) :
x-y+z-1=0 2 1 0
0 x y x y
d
x y
+ + = + + =

+ =

z

1. Chng minh rang d
1
va d
2
cat nhau. Tm toa o giao iem I cua d
1
va d
2
.
2. Lap phng trnh mat phang (P) i qua d
1
va d
2
.
3. Tnh the tch phan khong gian gii han bi (P) va cac mat phang toa o.
Bai 23: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;1) , B(2;1;3) va mat phang (P): x-3y+2z-6 = 0.
1. Lap phng trnh mat phang (Q) i qua A, B va vuong goc vi (P).
2. Viet phng trnh chnh tac cua giao tuyen cua (P) va (Q).
3. Goi K la iem oi xng cua A qua (P). Tm toa o iem K.
Bai 24: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;-1) va B(7;-2;3) va ng thang (d):
2 3 4
4 0
0 x y
y z
+ =
+ =

1. Chng minh (d) va AB ong phang .
2. Tm toa o giao iem I
0
cua ng thang (d) vi mat phang trung trc cua oan AB.
3. Tm ( ) I d sao cho tam giac ABI co chu vi nho nhat.
Bai 25: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(0;0;-3) , B(2;0;-1) va mat phang (P): 3x - 8y + 7z -1 = 0
1. Tm toa o giao iem I cua ng thang AB va mat phang (P).
2. Tm iem C thuoc mat phang (P) sao cho tam giac ABC eu.
Bai 26: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(1;2;3) , B(4;4;5) va mat phang (P): z = 0
1. Tm M (P) sao cho MA+MB la nho nhat.
2. Tm N (P) sao cho NA NB la ln nhat.
Bai 27: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho hai iem A(3;1;0) , B(-9;4;9) va mat phang (P): 2x - y + z + 1 = 0
Tm M (P) sao cho MA MB la ln nhat.

Bai 28: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho ng thang (d) va mat phang (P) co phng trnh :

4 1
( ) : va (P):x-y+3z+8=0
4 3 2
x y z
d
+
= =
Viet phng trnh hnh chieu cua (d) len (P)
131

1 2
3 2 0
2 1
( ) : va (d ) :
3 0 1 1 2
x z
x y z
d
y
+ =
= =

=

1. Chng minh d
1
va d
2
cheo nhau.
2. Lap phng trnh ng vuong goc chung cua hai ng thang d
1
va d
2
.

1 2
1 5 1
( ) : va (d ) :
1 0 1 0 2 3
5 x y z x y z
d
+
= = = =

1. Chng minh d
1
va d
2
cheo nhau.
2. Tm toa o cac iem A, B cua ng vuong goc chung AB cua d
1
va d
2
.
Bai 31: Cho tam giac ABC co toa o cac nh : A(0;1;0); B(2;2;2); C(-2;3;4)
va ng thang
1 2
( ) :
2 1 2
3 x y z
d
+ +
= =
.
1. Tm toa o iem M nam tren (d) sao cho AM AB .
2. Tm toa o iem N nam tren (d) sao cho V
NABC
= 3.
Bai 32: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho O(0;0;0), A(6;3;0), B(-2;9;1) va S(0;5;8)
1. Chng minh rang SB . OA
2. Chng minh rang hnh chieu cua canh SB len mat phang (OAB) vuong goc vi OA. Goi
K la giao iem cua hnh chieu o vi OA. Tm toa o iem K.
3. Goi P, Q lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh OS va AB.Tm toa o M thuoc SB sao cho
PQ va KM cat nhau.
Bai 33: Cho hai ng thang :

1 2
2 0
1 2 3
( ) : va (d ) :
2 3 5 1 2 3 0
x y z
x y z
d
x y z
+ =
= =

+ =

Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang (d
1
) va (d
2
)
Bai 34: Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang nam trong mat phang y+2z=0 va cat hai
ng thang :

1 2
1 2
( ) : va (d ) : 4 2
4 1
x t x
d y t y
z t z
t
t
= =

= = +

= =

Bai 35: Cho bon iem A(-4;4;0), B(2;0;4), C(1;2;-1), D(7;-2;3)
1. Chng minh rang bon iem A,B,C,D nam tren cung mot mat phang .
2. Tnh khoang cach t C en ng thang AB.
3. Tm tren ng thang AB iem M sao cho tong MC+MD la nho nhat.
Bai 36: Cho hnh t dien ABCD biet toa o cac nh A(2,3,1) ; B(4,1,-2) ; C(6,3,7) ; D(-5,-4,8)
Tnh o dai ng cao hnh t dien xuat phat t D.
Bai 37: Trong khong gian Oxyz cho iem A(-1,2,3) va hai mat phang (P):x-2 = 0 , (Q):y-z-1=0
Viet phng trnh mat phang (R) i qua A va vuong goc vi hai mat phang (P) , (Q).
Bai 38: Trong khong gian Oxyz cho mat phang (P) i qua ba iem A(1,3,2) , B(1,2,1) va C(1,1,3)
Viet phng trnh tham so cua ng thang (d) i qua trong tam cua tam giac ABC
va vuong goc vi mat phang cha tam giac o.
Bai 39: Lap phng trnh cua ng thang (d) i qua iem A(1,2,3) va vuong goc vi hai ng
thang va
1
2x y 2 0
(d ) :
2x z 3 0
+ =
+ =
2
x y 4z 10 0
(d ) :
2x 4y z 6 0
+ + =
+ =

Bai 40: Lap phng trnh cua ng thang (d) i qua iem A(3,2,1) song song vi mat phang
132
(P): x+y+z-2 = 0 va vuong goc vi ng thang
x y 1 0
(d) :
4y z 1 0
+ =
+ + =

Bai 41:Lap phng trnh mat phang cha ng thang (d):
x 3z 2 0
y 5z 1 0
=
+ =
va co khoang cach
en iem A(1,-1,0) bang 1.
Bai 42: Cho hai ng thang (d
1
) va (d
2
) co phng trnh la :

1
x 8z 23 0
(d ) :
y 4z 10 0
+ + =
+ =
va
2
x 2z 3 0
(d ) :
y 2z 2 0
=
+ + =

1. Chng to (d
1
) va (d
2
) cheo nhau.
2. Tnh khoang cach gia (d
1
) va (d
2
) .
3. Viet phng trnh mat phang (P) cha (d
1
) , mat phang (Q) cha (d
2
) sao cho (P)//(Q).
4. Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) song song vi Oz va cat ca (d
1
) va (d
2
)

MAT CAU TRONG KHONG GIAN

I. Phng trnh mat cau:
nh ly : Trong Kg(Oxyz). Phng trnh cua mat cau (S) tam I(a;b;c), ban knh R la :

133
(1) + + =
2 2 2 2
( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) S x a y b z c R

Phng trnh (1) c goi la phng trnh
) M
chnh tac cua mat cau

ac biet: Khi I O th + + =
2 2 2
( ) : C x y z R
2

2. Phng trnh tong quat:
nh ly : Trong Kg(Oxyz). Phng trnh :

+ + + =
2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y z ax by cz d

z
vi + + >
2 2 2
0 a b c d la phng trnh cua mat cau (S) co
tam I(a;b;c), ban knh = + +
2 2 2
R a b c d .
BAI TAP NG DUNG:
Cho 4 iem A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1), D(-1;-5;3)
Viet phng trnh mat cau i qua bon iem A, B, C, D. Xac nh tam va ban knh cua mat cau
II. Giao cua mat cau va mat phang:
nh ly: Trong Kg(Oxyz) cho mat phang ( ) va mat cau (S) co phng trnh :

+ + + =
+ + =
( ) : 0
2 2 2
( ) : ( ) ( ) ( )
2
Ax By Cz D
S x a y b z c R

Goi d(I; ) la khoang cach t tam mat cau (S) en mat phang
y
x
O
R
; ; ( z y x
) S
I
(

Ta co :

1. ( ) cat mat cau (S) d(I; ) < R

2. ( ) tiep xuc mat cau (S) d(I; ) =R
3. ( ) khong cat mat cau (S) d(I; ) > R
134

Chu y :
Khi ct mt cu (S) th s ct theo mt ng trn (C). ng trn (C) ny c:

Phng trnh l:
( ) ( ) ( )
+ + + =
+ + =
0
2 2 2
2
Ax By Cz D
x a y b z c R

Tm l hnh chiu vung gc ca tm mt cu trn mt phng
=
2 2
( , ) r R d I Bn knh

I
H
R
M
H M
R
I
I
R
r
H
M
) (S
) (S
) (S
) (C

-----------------------------Het------------------------------
Chuyen e 16: BAI TAP HNH KHONG GIAN

Bai 1:
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABC la tam giac eu canh a va canh ben SA vuong goc vi mat
phang ay (ABC) . Tnh khoang cach t iem A ti mat phang (SBC) theo a, biet rang SA=
a 6
2

Bai 2:
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a , SA vuong goc vi mat phang
(ABCD) va SA=a . Goi E la trung iem cua canh CD . Tnh theo a khoang cach t iem S en
ng thang BE.
Bai 3:
Hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a , tam O , SA vuong goc vi mat phang
(ABCD) va SA = a . Goi I la trung iem cua SC va M la trung iem cua AB .
1. Chng minh ( ) IO ABCD
2. Tnh khoang cach t iem I en ng thang CM.
Bai 4:
T dien SABC co ABC la tam giac vuong can nh B va AC = 2a , canh SA vuong goc vi mat
phang (ABC) va SA = a.
1. Chng minh ( ) ( SAB SBC )
2. Tnh khoang t A en (SBC)
3. Goi O la trong iem cua AC . Tnh khoang cach t O en (SBC)
Bai 5:
T dien SABC co tam giac ABC vuong tai B , AB= 2a, BC=a 3 , , SA=2a. Goi M la
trung iem cua AB.
( SA ABC )
1. Tnh goc gia hai mat phang (SBC) va (ABC)
2. Tnh ng cao AK cua tam giac AMC
3. Tnh goc gia hai mat phang (SMC) va (ABC)
4. Tnh khoang cach t A en (SMC)
Bai 6:
Hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a , ( SA ABCD) va SA = a . Dng va tnh
o dai oan vuong goc chung cua cac cap ng thang :
a) SA va AD b) SC va BD c) SB va CD
Bai 7:
Hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a va SA=SB=SC=SD=a 2 . Goi Iva J lan
lt la trung iem cua AD va BC
1. Chng minh ( ) ( SIJ SBC )
2. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang AD va SB
Bai 8:
T dien ABCD co ABC la tam giac eu canh a , AD vuong goc vi BC , AD=a va khoang cach t
D en BC la a . Goi H la trung iem cua BC va I la trung iem cua AH .
1. Chng minh ( ) BC ADH va DH=a
2. Chng minh ( ) DI ABC
135
3. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang AD va BC
Bai 9:
Hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thoi tam O, canh a, goc A bang 60
0
va co ng cao
SO=a.
1. Tnh khoang cach t O en mat phang (SBC)
2. Tnh khoang cach gia hai ng thang AD va SB
Bai 10:
Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay ABC la tam giac vuong tai B, AB = a, BC = b, canh SA vuong goc
vi ay va SA = 2a. Goi M la trung iem cua SC. Chng minh rang tam giac AMB can tai M va
tnh dien tch tam giac AMB theo a.

Bai 11:
Cho lang tru ng ABC.A'B'C' co ay ABC la tam giac can vi AB=AC=a va goc
BAC = 120
0
, canh ben BB' = a. Goi I la trung iem CC'. Chng minh rang tam giac AB'I vuong
A. Tnh cosin cua goc gia hai mat phang (ABC) va (AB'I).
Bai 12:
Cho hnh chop tam giac eu S.ABC, ay ABC co canh bang a, mat ben tao vi ay mot goc bang
( )
D D
90 0 < < . Tnh the tch khoi chop S.ABC va khoang cach t nh A en mat phang
(SBC).
Bai 13:
Cho t dien ABCD vi AB = AC = a, BC = b. Hai mat phang (BCD) va (ABC) vuong goc vi
nhau va goc BDC = 90
0
. Xac nh tam va tnh ban knh mat cau ngoai tiep ABCD theo a va b.

Bai 14:
Cho t dien ABCD co AD vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC) va tam giac ABC vuong goc A,
AD =a, AC=b, AB=c. Tnh dien tch S cua tam giac BCD theo a, b, c va Chng minh rang
) c b a ( abc S 2 + +
Bai 15:
Cho t dien OABC co ba canh OA;OB;OC oi mot vuong goc . Goi lan lt la cac goc
gia mat phang (ABC) vi cac mat phang (OBC);(OCA) va (OAB).Chng minh rang :
; ;
cos cos cos 3 + +
Bai 16: Cho tam giac eu ABC canh a. Tren ng thang vuong goc vi mat phang tam giac tai tam
O lay iem D sao cho
3
6 a
OD = . Goi iem gia cua BD va DC lan lt la M, N.
1) Tnh goc gia cac ng thang AM va BC
2) Tnh ty so the tch giua cac phan cua khoi ABCD c phan chia bi thiet dien AMN
3) Tnh the tch khoi ABCMN
Bai 17: Cho t dien OABC co cac canh OA,OB,OC oi mot vuong goc vi nhau va OA=BC=a va goc
OCB= .
1) Chng minh rang t dien co cac canh oi vuong goc va hnh chieu cua O xuong mat phang
(ABC) la trc tam cua tam giac ABC
136
2) Tnh the tch V cua t dien OABC. Xac nh e the tch V =
24
3
3
a

3) Tm tam va ban knh R cua hnh cau ngoai tiep t dien OABC.
Bai 18: Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay la hnh vuong ABCD canh a. Canh SA=a va vuong goc vi
ay
1) Tnh the tch va dien tch toan phan cua t dien SBCD
2) Goi MNPQ la thiet dien cua hnh chop va mot mat phang song song vi mat ay. Trong
o M tren canh SA va AM=x. Tnh dien tch thiet dien MNPQ theo a va x
3) Tnh the tch khoi ABCDMNPQ theo a va x
Bai 19: Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh a va I la iem gia cua canh AB. Qua I dng ng vuong goc vi
mat phang hnh vuong va lay iem S sao cho 3 2 a IS = .
1) Chng minh rang SAD la tam giac vuong.
2) Tnh dien tch xung quanh hnh chop SABCD.
3) Tnh the tch hnh chop SACD, t o tnh khoang cach t C en mat phang SAD
Bai 20: ay cua hnh chop SABC la tam giac can ABC co AB=AC=a va B=C= .Cac canh ben cung
nghieng vi ay mot goc .
1) Tnh the tch hnh chop SABC
2) Tnh dien tch thiet dien tao bi hnh chop vi mat phang qua nh B va ng cao SO cua
hnh chop.
Bai 21: Cho tam giac can ABC (AB=AC=2b; BC=2a). Tren ng thang vuong goc vi mat
phang(ABC) tai A lay AS=a.
1) Tnh the tch hnh chop SABC
2) Tnh dien tch tam giac SBC va suy ra khoang cach t A en mat phang (SBC)
3) Tm tren AS iem M sao cho thiet dien MBC chia hnh chop thanh hai phan co the tch bang
nhau.

----------------------------Het------------------------------------

137
Chuyen e 17: S DUNG PHNG PHAP TOA O
GIAI TOAN HNH KHONG GIAN
PHNG PHAP:
Bc 1: Chon he truc toa o Oxyz thch hp (chu y en v tr cua goc O)
Bc 2: Xac nh toa o cac iem co lien quan
(co the xac nh toa o tat ca cac iem hoac mot so iem can thiet)
Khi xac nh toa o cac iem ta co the da vao :
Y ngha hnh hoc cua toa o iem (khi cac iem nam tren cac truc toa o, mat phang
toa o).
Da vao cac quan he hnh hoc nh bang nhau, vuong goc, song song ,cung phng ,
thang hang, iem chia oan thang e tm toa o
Xem iem can tm la giao iem cua ng thang, mat phang.
Da vao cac quan he ve goc cua ng thang, mat phang.
Bc 3: S dung cac kien thc ve toa o e giai quyet bai toan
Cac dang toan thng gap:
o dai oan thang
Khoang cach t iem en mat phang
Khoang cach t iem en ng thang
Khoang cach gia hai ng thang
Goc gia hai ng thang
Goc gia ng thang va mat phang
Goc gia hai mat phang
The tch khoi a dien
Dien tch thiet dien
Chng minh cac quan he song song , vuong goc
Bai toan cc tr, quy tch
Bo sung kien thc :
1) Neu mot tam giac co dien tch S th hnh chieu cua no co dien tch S
'
bang tch cua S vi cosin cua
goc gia mat phang cua tam giac va mat phang chieu
cos .
'
S S =
2) Cho khoi chop S.ABC. Tren ba ng thang SA, SB, SC lay ba iem A
'
, B
'
, C
'
khac vi S
Ta luon co:

SC
SC
SB
SB
SA
SA
V
V
ABC S
C B A S
' ' '
.
' ' '
.
. . =

MOT SO V DU MINH HOA
Bai 1: Cho hnh chop SABC co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a, SA= 3 a va vuong goc vi
ay
1) Tnh khoang cach t A en mat phang (SBC).
2) Tnh khoang cach t tam O hnh vuong ABCD en mat phang (SBC).
3) Tnh khoang cach t trong tam cua tam giac SAB en mat phang (SAC).
Bai 2: Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong tam O canh bang a, SO vuong goc vi
138
ay.Goi M,N theo th t la trung iem SA va BC. Biet rang goc gia MN va (ABCD) bang 60
0

1) Tnh MN va SO.
2) Tnh goc gia MN va mat phang (SBD) .
Bai 3: Cho hnh thoi ABCD tam O, canh bang a va AC=a, T trung iem H cua canh AB dng
SH (ABCD) vi SH=a
1) Tnh khoang cach t O en mat phang (SCD).
2) Tnh khoang cach t A en mat phang (SBC).
Bai 4: Cho goc tam dien Oxyz, tren Ox, Oy, Oz lay cac iem A,B,C
1) Hay tnh khoang cach t O en mat phang (ABC) theo OA=a, OB=b, OC=c
2) Gia s A co nh con B, C thay oi nhng luon thoa man OA=OB+OC . Hay xac nh v
tr cua B va C sao cho the tch t dien OABC la ln nhat.
Bai 5: Cho t dien OABC (vuong tai O), biet rang OA,OB,OC lan lt hp vi mat phang (ABC) cac
goc , , . Chng minh rang:
1) 2 cos cos cos
2 2 2
= + +
2)
2 2 2 2
ABC OCA OBC OAB
S S S S

= + +
Bai 6: Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh bang a, sa vuong goc vi ay. Goi
M,N la hai iem theo th t thuoc BC,DC sao cho
4
3
,
2
a
DN
a
BM = = . CMR hai mat phang
(SAM) va (SMN) vuong goc vi nhau.
Bai 7: Cho tam giac eu ABC canh a. Goi D la iem oi xng vi A qua BC. Tren ng thang vuong
goc vi mat phang (ABC) tai D lay iem S sao cho
2
6 a
SD = , CMR hai mat phang (SAB) va
(SAC) vuong goc vi nhau.
Bai 8: Trong khong gian cho cac iem A,B,C theo th t thuoc cac tia Ox, Oy, Oz vuong goc vi nhau
tng oi mot sao cho OA=a , OB= 2 a . OC=c (a,c>0). Goi D la iem oi dien vi O cua hnh
ch nhat AOBD va M la trung iem cua oan BC. (P) la mat phang qua A,M va cat mat phang
(OCD) theo mot ng thang vuong goc vi AM.
a) Goi E la giao iem cua (P) vi OC , tnh o dai oan OE.
b) Tnh t so the tch cua hai khoi a dien c tao thanh khi cat khoi chop C.AOBD bi
mat phang (P).
c) Tnh khoang cach t C en mat phang (P).
Bai 9: Cho t dien SABC co SC=CA=AB= 2 a , ) ( ABC SC , ABC vuong tai A, cac iem M
thuoc SA va N thuoc BC sao cho AM=CN=t (0<t<2a)
1) Tnh o dai oan MN. Tm gia tr cua t e MN ngan nhat.
2) Khi oan MN ngan nhat, chng minh MN la ng vuong goc chung cua BC va SA.
Bai 10: Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thoi co AC=4, BD=2 va tam O.SO=1 vuong goc
vi ay. Tm iem M thuoc oan SO cach eu hai mat phang (SAB) va (ABCD).
Bai 11: Cho hnh lap phng ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
canh bang a. Goi M,N theo th t la trung iem cua cac
canh AD,CD. Lay
'
BB P sao cho BP=3PB
'
. Tnh dien tch thiet dien do (MNP) cat hnh lap
phng .
Bai 12: Cho hnh hop ch nhat ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
co AB=a, AD=2a, AA
'
=a
1) Tnh theo a khoang cach gia AD
'
va B
'
C.
139
2) Goi M la iem chia oan AD theo ty so 3 =
MD
AM
. Hay tnh khoang cach t M en mat
phang (AB
'
C).
3) Tnh the tch t dien AB
'
D
'
C.
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
canh bang a..Goi M, N la trung iem cua BC va DD
'
1) CMR . ) (
' '
BD A AC
2) CMR . ) //(
'
BD A MN
3) Tnh khoang cach gia BD na MN theo a
Bai 14: Cho lang tru ABCD.A
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
co ay ABCD la hnh thoi tam O canh bang a, goc A=60
0
. B
'
O
vuong goc vi ay ABCD, cho BB
'
=a
1) Tnh goc gia canh ben va ay.
2) Tnh khoang cach t B, B
'
en mat phang (ACD
'
).
Bai 15: Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh bang a tam I . Tren hai tia Ax, By cung chieu va cung vuong
goc vi mat phang (ABCD) lan lt lay hai iem M,N . at AM=x, CN=y
1) Tnh the tch hnh chop ABCMN.
2) CMR ieu kien can va u e goc MIN=90
0
la 2xy=a
2
.
Bai 16: Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay la tam giac vuong can ABC vi canh huyen AB = 4 2
Canh ben va SC = 2 .Goi M la trung iem cua AC, N la trung iem AB SC (ABC)
1) Tnh goc cua hai ng thang SM va CN
2) Tnh o dai oan vuong goc chung cua SM va CN.
'
B
'
C
'
D
'
co canh bang 1
1) Goi M, N lan lt la trung iem cua AD, BB
'
.Chng minh rang .
'
AC MN
Tnh o dai oan MN
2) Goi P la tam cua mat CDD
'
C
'
. Tnh dien tch . MNP
Bai 18: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABC la tam giac eu canh a va canh ben SA vuong goc vi
mat phang ay (ABC) . Tnh khoang cach t iem A ti mat phang (SBC) theo a, biet rang
SA=
a 6
2
Bai 19: Cho t dien OABC co ba canh OA;OB;OC oi mot vuong goc . Goi lan lt la cac goc ; ;
gia mat phang (ABC) vi cac mat phang (OBC);(OCA) va (OAB).Chng minh rang :
cos cos cos 3 + +
Bai 20: Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a , SA vuong goc vi mat phang
(ABCD) va SA=a . Goi E la trung iem cua canh CD . Tnh theo a khoang cach t iem S en
ng thang BE.
Bai 21: Cho lang tru ng ABC.A'B'C' co ay ABC la tam giac can vi AB=AC=a va goc
BAC = 120
0
, canh ben BB' = a. Goi I la trung iem CC'. Chng minh rang tam giac AB'I
vuong
A. Tnh cosin cua goc gia hai mat phang (ABC) va (AB'I).

-------------Het----------
140
GIAI TCH TO HP Chuyen e 18:

I.KHAI NIEM VE GIAI THA:
1.nh ngha: Vi nNva n > 1

Tch cua n so t nhien lien tiep t 1 en n
c goi la n - giai tha. Ky hieu : n!

Ta co :
n! = 1.2...n

* Quy c : 0! = 1 va 1! = 1
2. Mot so cong thc:
* n! = (n - 1)!.n * = (k+1)(k+2)...n (n k) *
n!
k!
n!
(n k 1)(n k 2)...n
(n k)!
= + +
II. CAC QUY TAC C BAN VE PHEP EM:

1. QUY TAC CONG:
V du: Co 8 quyen sach khac nhau va 6 quyen v khac nhau. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon mot trong cac
quyen o.
Quy tac cong cho trng hp hai oi tng : (Ap dung khi ta phan chia trng hp e em)
Neu co m cach chon oi tng x
n cach chon oi tng y
va neu cach chon x khong trung vi bat ky cach chon y nao
th co (m+n) cach chon.
Tong quat:

Neu co m
1
cach chon oi tng x
1
m
2
cach chon oi tng x
2
.........................................
m
n
cach chon oi tng x
n
va neu cach chon oi tng x
i
khong trung vi cach chon oi tng x
j
nao (i j ; i,j=1,2,...,n)
th co (m
1
+m
2
+...m
n
) cach chon mot trong cac oi tng a cho.

2. QUY TAC NHAN: (Ap dung khi ta phan tch viec thc hien mot phep chon ra thanh nhieu bc lien
tiep )
V du: An muon ru Bnh en chi nha Cng. T nha An en nha Bnh co 3 con ng. T nha Bnh en
nha Cng co 4 con ng i. Hoi An co bao nhieu cach i en nha Cng

141
Quy tac nhan:

Neu mot phep chon c thc hien qua n bc lien tiep:
bc 1 co m
1
cach chon
bc 2 co m
2
cach chon
-----------------------------
bc n co m
n
cach chon
th co (m
1
.m
2
...m
n
) cach chon.

V du: Ngi ta co the ghi nhan cho nhng chiec ghe trong mot giang ng bang mot ch cai va mot so
nguyen dng khong vc qua 100. Bang cach nh vay, nhieu nhat co bao nhieu chiec ghe co the
c ghi nhan khac nhau.
III. HOAN V:
V du: T cac ch so 1;2;3 co the lap c bao nhieu so t nhien co 3 ch so khac nhau.
1.nh ngha :

Cho tap hp X gom n phan t (n >1).
Moi cach sap th t n phan t cua tap hp X
c goi la mot hoan v cua n phan t o

2.nh ly :
Ky hien so hoan v cua n phan t la P
n
, ta co cong thc:

n
P n! =

V du: Mot to co 10 hoc sinh. Hoi co bao nhieu cach to nay ng thanh mot hang doc
IV.CHNH HP:
V du: T cac ch so 1;2;3 co the lap c bao nhieu so t nhien co 2 ch so khac nhau.
1.nh ngha:

Cho tap hp X gom n phan t . Moi bo gom k (1 phan t sap th t cua tap hp X n k )
c goi la mot chnh hp chap k cua n phan t cua X.

Hoan v
Nhom co th t
u mat n phan t
cua X
n phan t

142
Chnh hp
Nhom co th t
Gom k phan t
c lay t n
phan t cua X
n phan t

2.nh ly:
Ky hieu so chnh hp chap k cua n phan t la , ta co cong thc:
k
n
A

k
n
n!
A
(n k)!
=

V du: Co bao nhieu so co 3 ch so gom toan cac ch so le khac nhau ?
V. TO HP:
V du: Cho tap hp X={ .Viet tat ca cac tap con cua X gom 2 phan t } 3 , 2 , 1
1.nh ngha:
143

Cho tap hp X gom n phan t .Moi tap con cua gom k phan t ( ) cua X 0 k n
c goi la mot to hp chap k cua n phan t a cho.

2. nh ly :
Ky hieu so to hp chap k cua n phan t la , ta co cong thc:
k
n
C

k
n
n!
C
k!(n k)!
=

V du 1: Mot lo hang gom 10 san pham. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon ra 3 san pham
To hp
Nhom khong co
th t
Gom k phan t
c lay t n
phan t cua X
n phan t
V du 2: Trong mat phang cho 7 iem, trong o khong co ba iem nao thang hang. Hoi co bao nhieu tam
giac c tao thanh .
3.Mot so cong thc ve to hp:
To hp co hai tnh chat quan trong sau ay:
a) vi moi k = 0,1,...,n
k n
n n
C C

=
k

1
1
+
b) vi moi k = 0,1,...,n-1
k k 1 k
n n n
C C C
+
+
+ =

VI. NH THC NIU TN:

n
n 0 n 0 1 n 1 2 n 2 2 n 0 n k n k k
n n n n n
k 0
(a b) C a b C a b C a b ... C a b C a b

=
+ = + + + + =

V du 1 : Khai trien
6
) 2 ( + x
V du 2 : Chng minh rang :

0 1 2 n
n n n n
C C C ... C 2 + + + + =
n
LU Y QUAN TRONG:
Cac bai toan ve giai tch to hp thng la nhng bai toan ve nhng hanh ong nh :
lap cac so t cac so a cho ,sap xep mot so ngi hay o vat vao nhng v tr nhat nh ,
lap cac nhom ngi hay o vat thoa man mot so ieu kien a cho v.v...
1. Neu nhng hanh ong nay gom nhieu giai oan th can tm so cach chon cho moi
giai oan roi ap dung quy tac nhan.
2. Nhng bai toan ma ket qua thay oi neu ta thay oi v tr cua cac phan t ,
th ay la nhng bai toan lien quan en hoan v va chnh hp.
3. oi vi nhng bai toan ma ket qua c gi nguyen khi ta thay oi v tr cua cac phan t
th ay la nhng bai toan ve to hp.
Luyen tap
Bai 1: T cac ch so 1,2,3,4,5,6 co the lap c bao nhieu so co bon ch so
a) Cac ch so khong can khac nhau
b) Cac ch so khac nhau
c) So au va so cuoi trung nhau, khac vi 3 so gia.
Bai 2: T cac ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5 co the lap c bao nhieu
a) So co 3 ch so
b) So co 3 ch so khac nhau
c) So chan co 3 ch so khac nhau
d) So nho hn 2005, khac 0
Bai 3: Co bao nhieu cach xep 7 ngi ngoi vao mot day ban co co bay cho ngoi
Bai 4: Mot lp hoc co 20 nam, 10 n. Co bao nhieu cach chon 3 ngi trc lp
a) Mot cach tuy y.
b) Co ung mot n
c) Co t nhat mot n
d) Co nhieu nhat hai n
Bai 5: Mot lp hoc co 20 nam, 10 n. Co bao nhieu cach chon mot ban can s gom 1 lp trng, 1 lp pho
hoc tap, 1 lp pho phong trao
a) Mot cach tuy y
b) Lp trng la n
c) Co ung mot n
d) Co t nhat mot n
Bai 6: Cho n iem A
1
,A
2
,...,A
n
thuoc ng thang a va mot iem B khong thuoc ng thang a. Noi B vi
A
1
,A
2
,...,A
n
. Hoi co bao nhieu tam giac c tao thanh?
Bai 7: Tren ng tron cho n iem A
1
,A
2
,...,A
n
.Hoi neu lay cac iem nay lam nh th:
144
a) Xac nh c bao nhieu tam giac
b) Xac nh c bao nhieu t giac loi
BAI TAP REN LUYEN
I. CAC BAI TOAN VE PHEP EM:
Bai 1:T 7 ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the thanh lap c bao nhieu so chan , moi so gom 5
ch so khac nhau tng oi. KQ: 1260
Bai 2: Mot to gom 8 nam va 6 n . Can lay mot nhom 5 ngi trong o co 2 n . Hoi co bao
nhieu cach chon. KQ: 840
Bai 3: Cho hai ng thang song song (d
1
) , (d
2
) . Tren (d
1
) lay 17 iem phan biet , tren (d
2
)
lay 20 iem phan biet . Tnh so tam giac co cac nh la 3 iem trong so 37 iem a
chon tren (d
1
) va (d
2
) . KQ:5950
Bai 4: T mot tap the gom 12 hoc sinh u tu , ngi ta can c mot oan i d trai he quoc te
trong o co mot trng oan , 1 pho oan va 3 oan vien . Hoi co bao nhieu cach c ?
KQ: 15840
Bai 5: Xet day gom 7 ch so , moi ch so c chon t cac so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 thoa man
cac ieu kien sau :
- Ch so v tr so 3 la so chan
- Ch so cuoi cung khong chia het cho 5
- Cac ch so v tr 4,5,6 oi mot khac nhau
Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon . KQ:2.880.000
Bai 6: Ngi ta viet cac so co 6 ch so bang cac ch so 1,2,3,4,5 nh sau: Trong moi so c
viet co mot ch so xuat hien hai lan con cac ch so con lai xuat hien mot lan . Hoi co
bao nhieu so nh vay. KQ:1800
Bai 7: Cho tap hp { } A 1,2,3, 4,5,6, 7,8 =
a) Co bao nhieu tap hp con X cua tap A thoa ieu kien cha mot va khong cha 2 ?
b) Co bao nhieu so t nhien chan gom 5 ch so oi mot khac nhau lay t tap A va
khong bat au bi 123? KQ: a) 64 b) 3348
Bai 8: Vi 6 ch so phan biet 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 co the lap c bao nhieu so co cac ch so phan
biet trong o moi so ieu phai co mat so 6. KQ: 1630
Bai 9: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so khac nhau tng oi sao cho tat ca cac ch so
eu khac khong va co mat ong thi cac ch so 2, 4, 5. KQ: 1800
Bai 10: Cho cac ch so 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 10 ch so c
chon t 8 ch so tren , trong o ch so 6 co mat ung 3 lan , cac ch so khac co mat
ung 1 lan . KQ: 544.320
Bai 11: Co 9 vien bi xanh , 5 vien bi o , 5 vien bi vang co kch thc oi mot khac nhau .
1) Co bao nhieu cach chon ra 6 vien bi trong o co ung 2 vien bi o ? KQ:10.010
2) Co bao nhieu cach chon ra 6 vien bi trong o so bi xanh bang so bi o? KQ:4.665
Bai 12: Mot hop ng 4 vien bi o , 5 vien bi trang va 6 vien bi vang . Ngi ta chon ra 4 vien bi t hop o .
Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon e trong so bi lay ra khong u ca 3 mau. KQ:645
Bai 13: Cho 8 ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 .T 8 ch so so tren co the lap c bao nhieu so , moi so
gom 4 ch so oi mot khac nhau va moi so eu khong chia het cho 10. KQ: 1260
Bai 14:Hoi t 10 ch so 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 co the lap c bao nhieu so gom 6 ch so khac
nhau sao cho trong cac ch so o co mat so 0 va so 1. KQ:42000
Bai 15: Co bao nhieu so chan gom 6 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot trong o co ch so au tien la so le?
145
KQ: 42000
Bai 16: Co bao nhieu so gom 6 ch so khac nhau tng oi mot trong o co ung 3 ch so le va 3 ch so chan
( ch so au tien phai khac khong ). KQ:64800
Bai 17: Trong mat phang cho a giac eu H co 20 canh . Xet cac tam giac co ung 3 nh c lay t cac nh
cua H .
1) Co bao nhieu tam giac nh vay? Co bao nhieu tam giac ma co ung hai canh la hai
canh cua H . KQ:20
2) Co bao nhieu tam giac co ung mot canh la canh cua H? KQ:320
Co bao nhieu tam giac khong co canh nao la canh cua H? KQ:800
Bai 18: Mot lp hoc co 20 hoc sinh , trong o co hai can bo lp . Hoi co bao nhieu cach c 3
ngi i d Hoi ngh sinh vien cua trng sao cho trong 3 ngi o co t nhat mot can
bo lp . KQ:324
Bai 19: Co 5 nha toan hoc nam , 3 nha toan hoc n va 4 nha vat ly nam . Lap mot oan cong tac 3 ngi can
co ca nam va n , can co ca nha toan hoc va nha vat ly . Hoi co bao nhieu cach.
KQ:90
Bai 20: Cho a giac eu
n
A A A
2 2 1
... (n , n nguyen) noi tiep trong (O). Biet rang so tam giac co nh la 3 2
trong 2n iem
n
A A A
2 2 1
,..., , nhieu gap 20 lan so hnh ch nhat co cac nh la 4 trong 2n iem

n
A A A
2 2 1
,..., , . Tm n.
Bai 21: Cho tap hp . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau { 9 ; 8 ; 7 ; 6 ; 5 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 = A }
sao cho cac so nay chia het cho 5 va co ung 3 ch so le?
Bai 22: Cho tap hp . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau { 9 ; 8 ; 7 ; 6 ; 5 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 ; 0 = A }
sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 0 va 3?
Bai 23: Cho tap hp . T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau { 9 ; 8 ; 7 ; 6 ; 5 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 = A }
sao cho ch so th ba chia het cho 3 va ch so cuoi chan?
{ 9 ; 8 ; 7 ; 6 ; 5 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 = A }. T tap A co the lap c bao nhieu so co sau ch so khac nhau Bai 24: Cho tap hp
sao cho cac so nay chia het cho 2 va co ung 3 ch so le?
{ 7 ; 6 ; 5 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 ; 0 = A } Bai 25: Cho tap hp . T A co the lap c bao nhieu so :
a) Co nam ch so khac nhau va ch so 7 luon co mat mot lan
b) Co sau ch so sao cho cac so nay luon le; ch so ng v tr th ba luon chia het cho 6?
{ 9 ; 8 ; ; 7 ; 6 ; 5 ; 4 ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 ; 0 = A } Bai 26: Cho tap hp . T A co the lap c bao nhieu so :
a) Co sau ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 0 va 3
b) Co bay ch so khac nhau sao cho luon co mat hai ch so 2 va 5
Bai 27: Mot trng trung hoc co 8 thay day toan, 5 thay day vat ly, va ba thay day hoa hoc. Chon t o ra
mot oi co 4 thay d ai hoi. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon e co u ba bo mon?
Bai 28: Cho tap hp A gom n phan t . Biet rang, so tap con gom 4 phan t cua A bang 20 lan so tap ) 4 ( n
con gom 2 phan t cua A. Tm { } n k ,.., 2 , 1 sao cho so tap con gom k phan t cua A la ln nhat
Bai 29: oi thanh nhien xung kch cua mot trng pho thong co 12 hoc sinh, gom 5 hoc sinh lp A, 4 hoc sinh
lp B, va 3 hoc sinh lp C. Can chon 4 hoc sinh i lam nhiem vu, sao cho 4 hoc sinh nay thuoc khong
qua 2 trong 3 lp tren. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon nh vay?
Bai 30: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom hai ch so khac nhau ? Tnh tong cua tat ca cac so o.
Bai 31: Co bao nhieu so t nhien gom 5 ch so, ch so 0 co mat ung 2 lan, ch so 1 co mat ung mot lan,
hai ch so con lai phan biet
II. CAC BAI TOAN GIAI PT,BPT,HPT:
146
Bai 1: Giai phng trnh : ) 2 ( 6 72
2 2
x x x x
P A A P + = +
Bai 2: Giai phng trnh: x x C C C
x x x
14 9 6 6
2 3 2 1
= + +
Bai 3:Giai phng trnh:
4
1
3
1
2
4
4
1
2

=
x
x x
x
x
xC C A C x
0
4
5
2
2
3
1
4
1

x x x
A C C Bai 4: Giai bat phng trnh:
= +
= +
80 2 5
90 5 2
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
C A
C A
Bai 5: Giai he phng trnh:
) (
5 3
1
1 1
1
1
1
y x
C C
C C
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
=
=
+ +
+
+
+
b)
=
=
+
24
1
:
3
1
:
2
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
A C
C C
Bai 6: Giai he phng trnh: a)
Bai 7: Tm cac so nguyen dng m, n thoa man: 3 : 5 : 5 : :
1
1 1
1
1
=
+ +
+
+
m
n
m
n
m
n
C C C
III. CAC BAI TOAN VE NH THC NIU-TN:
Bai 1: Tm he so cua so hang cha x
43
trong khai trien
21
3 2
5
1
+
x
x
Bai 2: Biet tong he so cua ba so hang au tien trong khai trien
n
x
x x
+
15 28
3
1
bang 79. Tm so hang
khong cha x
Bai 3: Cho khai trien
n
x
x
+
3 2
3
3
. Biet tong he so cua ba so hang au tien trong khai trien tren
bang 631. Tm he so cua so hang co cha x
5
.
147
Bai 4: Tm gia tr cua x sao cho trong khai trien cua ( n la so nguyen dng ) co so hang
n
x
x 1
1
2
2

+
th 3 va th 5 co tong bang 135, con cac he so cua ba so hang cuoi cua khai trien o co tong bang
22
Bai 5: Tm so hang khong cha x trong khai trien :
9
2
1
2 1 ) (

+ =
x
x x P
Bai 6: Chng minh rang: vi
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
C C C C C
3
3 2 1
3 3
+

= + + + n k 3
Bai 7: Chng minh rang :
2
) 1 (
. ... . ... . 3 . 2
1 1 2
3
1
2
1
+
= + + + + + +

n n
C
C
n
C
C
k
C
C
C
C
C
n
n
n
n
k
n
k
n
n
n
n
n
n

n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
C C C C 9 7 ... . 7 . 2 . 7 . 2 2
2 2 2 1 1 1 0
= + + + +

1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 0 1
5 . 3 ... . 3 . 2 ) 2 ( . 3 . 2 ) 1 ( 2

= + + + +
n n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n C C n C n C n
Bai 10: Chng minh rang:
1
1 3
1
2
...
3
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
3
1
2
0
+
=
+
+ + + +
+ +
n
C
n
C C C
n
n
n
n
n n n

Bai 11: Tnh tong :
2005
2005
2
2005
1
2005
0
2005
... 3 2 C C C C S + + + + =
Bai 12: Tm he so cua so hang cha x
26
trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua
n
x
x

+
7
4
1
, biet rang
1 2 ...
20
1 2
2
1 2
1
1 2
= + + +
+ + +
n
n n n
C C C
Bai 13: Tnh tong
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
0
). 1 (
...
. 3 . 2 . 1
+
+
+ + + + =
n
n
n n n n
A
C n
A
C
A
C
A
C
S , biet rang 211
2 1 0
= + +
n n n
C C C
Bai 14: Khai trien bieu thc ta c a thc co dang . Tm he so cua x
n
x) 2 1 (
n
n
x a x a x a a + + + + ...
2
2 1 0
5
,
biet 71
2 1 0
= + + a a a
Bai 15: Tm he so cua trong khai trien cua
8 29
y x ( )
15
3
xy x
Bai 16: Tm n sao cho : N 256 ...
2
2 4
2
2 4
1
2 4
0
2 4
= + + + +
+ + + +
n
n n n n
C C C C
Bai 17: Tm so t nhien n sao cho :
n n n
C C C
6 5 4
1 1 1
=
Bai 18: Chng minh rang
n
n n n
n
n
n n
n
n
n
C C C C C C ... ) 1 ( ... 3 3
1 0 1 1 3
+ + = + +

Bai 19: Cho
10 3 20
2
)
1
( )
1
(
x
x
x
x A + = . Sau khi khai trien va rut gon th bieu thc A se gom bao nhieu so
hang?
Bai 20: Tm so t nhien n thoa man ang thc sau:

) 1 2 ( 2 3 3 ... 3 ... 3
16 15 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
0
2
+ = + + + + + +
n n
n
n n
n
k k
n n n
C C C C C
-----------------Het-------------------

148
NG DUNG TNH N IEU CUA HAM SO E
CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC
GIAI PHNG TRNH - BAT PHNG TRNH - HE BAT PHNG TRNH
********
C s e giai quyet van e nay la dung ao ham e xet tnh n ieu cua ham so va da vao
chieu bien thien cua ham so e ket luan ve nghiem cua phng trnh , bat phng trnh, he phng trnh .
CAC KIEN THC C BAN
----------
I. nh ngha : Cho ham so y = f(x) xac nh trong khoang (a,b).
a) f tang ( hay ong bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x
1
, x
2
(a,b) : x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) < f(x
2
)
b) f giam ( hay nghch bien ) tren khoang (a,b) x
1
, x
2
(a,b) : x
1
< x
2
f(x
1
) > f(x
2
)
II. Cac tnh chat :
1) Tnh chat 1: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang (hoac giam) tren khoang (a,b) ta co :

f(u) = f(v) u = v (vi u, v (a,b) )
149

2) Tnh chat 2: Gia s ham so y = f(x) tang tren khoang (a,b) ta co :

f(u) < f(v) u < v (vi u, v (a,b) )

3) Tnh chat 3: Gia s ham so y = f(x) giam tren khoang (a,b) ta co :

f(u) < f(v) u > v (vi u, v (a,b) )

4) Tnh chat 4:

Neu y = f(x) tang tren (a,b) va y = g(x) la ham hang hoac la mot ham so giam
tren (a,b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem thuoc khoang (a,b)

*Da vao tnh chat tren ta suy ra :

Neu co x
0
(a,b) sao cho f(x
0
) = g(x
0
) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nghiem duy nhat tren (a,b)

BAI TAP AP DUNG

Bai 1 : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) 1 1 x 4 1 x 4
2
= +
2)
x x x
2 ) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 ( = + +
3) x log ) x 1 ( log
7
3
2
= +
Bai 2 : Giai cac phng trnh sau:
1)
2 x x 1 x
) 1 x ( 2 2
2
=

3) 2 x 3 x )
5 x 4 x 2
3 x x
( log
2
2
2
3
+ + =
+ +
+ +

Bai 3 : Giai cac he :
1) vi x, y
= +
=
2 y 8 x 5
y x gy cot gx cot
(0, )
2)
= +
+ =
2 y x
) 2 xy ).( x y ( 2 2
2 2
y x
Bai 4: Giai cac bat phng trnh sau.
1) 5
x
+ 12
x
> 13
x
2) x (x
8
+ x
2
+16 ) > 6 ( 4 - x
2
)

Bai 5 : Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau :
1) e
x
> 1+x vi x > 0
2) ln (1 + x ) < x vi x > 0
3) sinx < x vi x > 0
4) 1 -
2
1
x
2
< cosx vi x 0

------Het-------

150
1
SO PHC
A. KIEN THC CAN NH.
1/ Tap hp so phc: C
2/ So phc (dang ai so) : z = a + bi (a, b R e , i la n v ao, i
2
= -1); a la phan thc, b la phan ao cuaz
- z la so thc phan ao cua z bang 0 (b = 0)
- z la phan ao phan thc cua z bang 0 (a = 0)
3/ Hai so phc bang nhau:
a + bi = a + bi ) ' , ' , , (
'
'
R b a b a
b b
a a
e
=
=

4/ Bieu dien hnh hoc : So phc z = a + bi (a, b ) R e c bieu dien bi iem M(a ; b) hay bi
) ; ( b a u =
trong mp(Oxy) (mp phc) y

M(a+bi)

0 x
5/ Cong va tr so phc :
. (a + bi) + (a+ bi) = (a + a) + (b + b)i
. (a + bi) (a + bi) = (a a) + (b b)i (a, b, a, b ) R e
- So oi cua z = a + bi la z = -a bi (a, b ) R e
- z bieu dien
u , z bieu dien
' u th z + z bieu dien bi

+ ' u u va z z bieu dien bi

' u u
6/ Nhan hai so phc : (a + bi)(a + bi) = (aa-bb) + (ab + ba)i (a, a, b, b ) R e .
7/ So phc lien hp cua so phc z = a + bi la bi a z =

a) ' . ' . ; ' ' ; z z z z z z z z z z = + = + =
b) z la so thc z z = ; z la so ao z z =
8/ Moun cua so phc : z = a + bi
a) OM z z b a z = = + =
2 2

b) 0 0 , 0 = = e > z z C z z
c) C z z z z z z z z z z e + s + = ' , ' ' , ' ' .
9/ Chia hai so phc :
a) So phc nghch ao cua z (z ) 0 = : z
z
z
2
1
1
=

b) Thng cua z chia cho z (z ) 0 :
z z
z z
z
z z
z z
z
z ' '
'
'
2
1
= = =

c) Vi z . '
'
, 0 wz z w
z
z
= = = ,
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
'
'
,
' '
= =
|
.
|
\
|

2
10/ Can bac hai cua so phc :
z la can bac hai cua so phc e e =
2
z
z = x + yi la can bac hai cua so phc w = a + bi
=
+ +
=
=
=
x
b
y
b a a
x
b xy
a y x
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
(a, b, x,
y ) R e
a) w = 0 co ung 1 can bac hai la z = 0
b) w 0 = co ung hai can bac hai oi nhau
* Hai can bac hai cua a > 0 la a
* Hai can bac hai cua a < 0 la i a.
11/ Phng trnh bac hai Az
2
+ Bz + C = 0 (A, B, C la so phc cho trc, A 0 = ).
AC B 4
2
= A
a) 0 = A : Phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet
A
B
2
o
, (o la 1 can bac hai cua ) A
b) 0 = A : Phng trnh co 1 nghiem kep la
A
B
2

12/ Dang lng giac cua so phc :
* z = ) sin (cos i r + (r > 0) la dang lng giac cua z = a + bi (a, b ) 0 , = e z R
=
=
+ =
r
b
r
a
b a r
sin
cos
2 2

+ la mot acgumen cua z.
+ ) , ( OM Ox =
13/ Nhan chia so phc di dang lng giac.
Neu z = r(cos ) ' sin ' (cos ' ' , ) sin i r z i + = + th :
a) ) ' sin( ) ' [cos( ' . ' . + + + = i r r z z ]
b) )] ' sin( ) ' [cos(
' '
+ = i
r
r
z
z

14/ Cong thc Moa-vr :
*
N n e th ) sin (cos )] sin (cos [ n i n r i r
n n
+ = +
15/ Can bac hai cua so phc di dang lng giac :
Can bac hai cua so phc z = r(cos ) sin i + (r > 0) la : (cos sin )
2 2
r i

+ va
(cos sin ) [cos( ) sin( )]
2 2 2 2
r i r i

t t + = + + +

3

B. BAI TAP
Bai 1: Tm phan thc va phan ao cua cac so phc sau :
a) (4 i) + (2 + 3i) (5 + i) S : 1 va 1
b) (1 + i)
2
(1 i)
2
S: 0 va 4
c) (2 + i)
3
(3 i)
3
S: -16 va 37
d)
i
i
i
i
+
2
1
3
S :
2
3 3
va
2
3 1 2 2

Bai 2: Cho so phc z = x + yi. Tm phan thc va phan ao cua cac so phc :
a) z
2
2z + 4i S: x
2
y
2
2x va 2(xy y + 2)
b)
1
+
iz
i z
S:
2 2
) 1 (
2
+ +
y x
xy
va
2 2
1 2 2
) 1 ( + +

y x
x y

Bai 3: Giai cac phng trnh sau (an z):
a)
i
i
z
i
i
+
+
=
+
2
3 1
1
2
S: i
25
4
25
22
+
b) 0 )
2
1
]( 3 ) 2 [( = + + +
i
iz i z i S: -1 + i ; 1/2
c) i z z 4 2 2 = + S: 2/3 + 4i
d) 0
2
= z z S: 0, -1, i i
2
3
2
1
,
2
3
2
1
+
e) 0
2
= + z z S: 0, i, -i
f) 0
2
2
= + z z S: bi (b ) R e
Bai 4: Xac nh tap hp cac iem trong mat phang phc bieu dien cac so z thoa man moi ieu kien sau:
a) 4 3 = + + z z S: x = 1/2 va x = -7/2
b) i z z + 1 = 2 S: y =
2
3 1

c) 2|z i| = i z z 2 + S: y =
4
2
x

Bai 5: Tm so phc z thoa man : 1
4
= |
.
|
\
|
+
i z
i z
S: 0, 1 , -1
Bai 6: Phan tch ra tha so :
a) a
2
+ 1 S: (a i)(a + i) b) 2a
2
+ 3 S: ) 3 2 )( 3 2 ( i a i a +
c) 4a
4
+ 9b
2
S: (2a 3bi)(2a + 3bi) d) 3a
2
+ 5b
2
S: ) 3 3 )( 5 3 ( ib a ib a +
Bai 7: Thc hien phep tnh :
a)
i 2 1
3
+
S: i
5
6
5
3
b)
i
i
+
1
1
S: i
c)
m i
m
S: -i m d)
a i a
a i a
+
S: i
a
a
a
a
1
2
1
1
+
+
+

e)
) 1 )( 2 1 (
3
i i
i
+
+
S: i
5
3
5
4
+ f)
2 2
2 2
) 2 ( ) 2 3 (
) 1 ( ) 2 1 (
i i
i i
+ +
+
S: i
17
9
34
21
+
4
g)
a i
b i a +
S: a i
a
b
h) (2 i)
6
S: -117 44i
Bai 8: Tm can bac hai cua moi so phc sau :
a) -1 + 4 i . 3 S: ) . 2 3 ( i + b) 4 + 6 i . 5 S: ) . 5 3 ( i +
c) -1 - 2 i . 6 S: ) . 3 2 ( i d) -5 + 12.i S: (2 + 3i)
Bai 9: Giai cac phng trnh sau trong C.
a) 0 1 . 3
2
= + x x S: i
2
1
2
3

b) 0 2 . 3 2 . 2 3
2
= + x x S: ) 1 (
6
6
i
c) x
2
(3 i)x + 4 3i = 0 S: 2 + i ; 1 2i
d)
2
3 2 0 x x + = S:
1 23
6
i

e)
2
3 2 2 3 2 0 x x + = S:
6 6
6 6
i
f) 3i.x
2
2x 4 + i = 0 S:
3
1 2 10 2
. 2 10 2
3
1 +
+ i ;
3
1 2 10 2
. 2 10 2
3
1 + +
i
Bai 10: Giai cac he phng trnh :
a)
= +
+ = +
i z z
i z z
2 5
4
2
2
2
1
2 1
S:(3 i; 1 + 2.i) va (1 + 2.i; 3 i)
b)
+ = +
=
i z z
i z z
. 2 5
. 5 5 .
2
2
2
1
2 1
S: (2 i; -1 3.i), (-1 3i; 2 i), (-2 + i; 1 + 3i), (1 + 3i; -2 + i)
Bai 11: Tm mot acgumen cua moi so phc sau:
a) i . 3 2 2 + S:
3
2t
b) 4 4i S:
4
3t

c) 1 - i . 3 S:
3
t
d)
4
sin .
4
cos
t t
i S:
4
t

e)
8
cos .
8
sin
t t
i S:
8
5t
f) ) 1 )( 3 . 1 ( i i + S:
12
t

Bai 12: Thc hien phep tnh :
a) 3(cos20
o
+ isin20
o
)(cos25
o
+ isin25
o
) S:
2
2 3
.
2
2 3
i +
b) 5 )
4
sin .
4
(cos 3 ).
6
sin .
6
(cos
t t t t
i i + + S: 15(cos )
12
5
sin .
12
5 t t
i +
c)
) 15 sin . 15 (cos 3
) 45 sin . 45 (cos 2
0 0
0 0
i
i
+
+
S:
6
6
.
2
2
i +
d)
)
2
sin .
2
(cos 2
)
3
2
sin .
3
2
(cos 2
t t
t t
i
i
+
+
S:
4
2
.
4
6
i +

Bai 13: Viet di dang lng giac cac so phc sau:
5
a) 3 1 i S:
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
3
sin .
3
[cos 2
t t
i ]
b) 1 + i S: |
.
|
\
|
+
4
sin .
4
cos . 2
t t
i
c) ) 1 )( 3 1 ( i i + S: )]
12
sin( . )
12
[cos( 2 2
t t
+ i
d)
i
i
+
1
3 1
S: )]
12
7
sin( . )
12
7
[cos( 2
t t
+ i
e) ) 3 .( . 2 i i S: )
3
sin .
3
(cos 4
t t
i +
f)
i 2 2
1
+
S: )]
4
sin( )
4
[cos(
4
2 t t
+ i
g) z = cos . sin i + S:
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

t
t
2
sin
2
cos i
Bai 14: Tnh :
a) (cos12
o
+ isin12
o
)
5
S:
2
3
2
1
i +
b) [
0 0
30 sin 30 (cos 2 i + )]
7
S: 2 4 . 6 4 i
c)
6
) 3 ( i S: -2
6

d) (1 + i)
16
S: 2
8

e)
12
2
3
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ i S: 1
f)
2008
1
|
.
|
\
| +
i
i
S:
1004
2
1

g)
21
3 2 1
3 3 5
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
i
i
S: 2
21

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20 chuyên đề LTĐH

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Chuyen e 1: PHNG TRNH AI SO

& BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO

) Pt (1) co hai nghiem am phan biet

) Pt (1) co hai nghiem trai dau P < 0

co nghiem duy nhat

IV. Cac he phng trnh khac:

b. S dung phep cong va phep the:

2. Tnh chat 2: a b a c b c > + > +

He qua 3: a b a b > <

= + co phai la nghiem cua (1) khong?

biet.... ac goc co giac tam la

biet.... ac goc co giac tam la

Bc 3: Giai he (1) tm k. Thay k tm c vao (*) ta se c pttt can tm.

[ ] b) (a; tren (giam) bien nghch

Minh hoa nh ly:

f so ham cua TIEU CC iem la

( Cong thc NewTon - Leiptnitz)

Cong thc oi bien so dang 1: [ ]

c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo

c bieu dien mot cach duy nhat theo

(Cong thc tnh o dai vec t )

la VTCP cua ng thang ( )

la VTPT cua ng thang ( )

3. Cac dang khac cua phng trnh ng thang :

Hai iem M , N nam cung pha oi vi ( ) khi va ch khi

Xac nh cac gia tr cua a e he phng trnh co 2 nghiem phan biet

Suy ra: M(x,y,z)

) ' ; ' ; ' (

BAI TAP REN LUYEN

la iem oi xng vi iem A qua mat phang (P)

co A trung vi goc toa o,

(0;0;b) (a>0,b>0) . Goi M la trung iem cua canh CC

BD) va (MBD) vuong goc vi nhau.

1. ( ) cat mat cau (S) d(I; ) < R

II. CAC QUY TAC C BAN VE PHEP EM:

trong mp(Oxy) (mp phc) y

' u th z + z bieu dien bi

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