Bai Giang TT Di Dong

THNG TIN DI NG
TS. Trn Cnh Dng

Mobile: 0903220098
Email: Duongtc@vms.com.vn

H Ni thng 8 nm 2012
Ti liu tham kho
Gio trnh chnh:
1. Gio trnh thng tin di ng, Phm Cng Hng,
Nguyn Hong Hi, T V Hng, V Th Minh T,
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, 2007.
Sch tham kho:
2. L thuyt vin thng, NXB TN, 1995
3. Tnh ton, nh c mng thng tin di ng nng
cao, Trng i hc Cng ngh, i hc Quc gia H
Ni, Phan Hu Tr, 2010 (Lun n Thc s do TS. Trn
Cnh Dng hng dn).
4. V tuyn chuyn tip, Tng cc Bu in, NXB
KHKT, 2000.
Ti liu tham kho (tip)
5. Vi ba s, tp 2, Tng cc Bu in, NXB KHKT,
2000.
6. Thng tin v tinh, Tng cc Bu in, NXB KHKT,
1997.
7. Thng tin di ng t ong, Nguyn Phm Anh Dng,
1993.

Chng 1: LCH S PHT TRIN CA H
THNG TRUYN THNG DI NG
1.1 S pht trin ca truyn thng di
ng
S pht trin ca truyn thng di ng
1G(Analog)
NMT
AMPS
TACS
IMT-2000
2G(Digital)
GSM
900/1800/1900
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
Cc th h thng tin di ng
1G
H thng ny da trn nn tng cng ngh tng
t (Analog).
Nm 1980 mng c chuyn thnh loi hnh dch
v v c thit k cho thu bao di ng chuyn
ti ting ni.
nh hng cho cc th h sau.
H thng di ng th h th nht
1. H thng in thoi di ng vng Bc u (Nordic
Mobile Telephony System NMTS)
2. Dch v in thoi di ng tin tin (Advance
Mobile Phone System - AMPS)
Pht trin D-AMPS (Digital AMPS)
3.H thng truyn thng truy nhp ton b (Total
Access Communications System - TACS).
TACS da trn tiu chun AMPS
E-TACS Enhanced TACS
J-TACS Japanese TACS

H thng t bo 1G
Cc tiu chun:
AMPS (M)
NMT (Bc u)
TACS (Chu u)
NTT (Nht)
Nhiu ni khc...
Ph
Trong khong 800 and 900 MHz
Bell System AMPS
H thng t bo th h th nht
My in thoi
Trm gc
Trung tm chuyn mch
Mt s vn ca th h th nht
Dung lng ph ht
Hn ch do rng buc gia nhiu vi ti s
dng tn s
Khng c kh nng chuyn vng (Roaming)
D liu Data/FAX t loi, khng tin cy, tc
thp (2400 bps).
S lng knh trong AMPS
rng bng cho tng ngi dng tng ng mi
kt ni (hng ln v hng xung) l 30 KHz.

S lng knh ngi dng
= Tng rng bng/ rng bng ngi dng
= 25 MHz / 30 kHz
= 833

Mc tiu chnh ca GSM
H thng phi l tiu chun chung chu u.
Cht lng thoi tt.
S dng hiu qu tn s v tuyn.

H thng c dung lng ln.
Mc tiu chnh ca GSM (tip)
H thng phi tng thch vi ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network).
H thng phi ph hp vi h thng truyn
thng d liu khc.
H thng phi an ton c thu bao cng nh
thng tin c pht.
Thun li ca GSM
S dng hiu qu tn s v tuyn
Cht lng thoi tt hn so vi h thng tng t H
tr truyn dn D liu/FAX
M ha ting ni v an ton d liu thu bao cao
Nhiu dch v mi xut hin do tng thch vi ISDN
H tr chuyn vng quc t (International roaming).
2G
Cng ngh k thut s (Digital)
To kh nng my in thoi di ng vt qua
khi bin gii mt quc gia
Cc dch v mi vi tc truyn d liu thp
tr nn phong ph v a dng: mobifax (chuyn
fax di ng), gi th ting ni, dch v gi tin
nhanh (short message service)


2G (tip)
- Khng nhng l mng di ng m cn nhng gii
php cung cp cho v tuyn in (cordless), radio
di ng, v tinh, mng v tuyn cc b (W-LAN)
Nhng h thng ca th h 2G ng ngha vi s
ton cu ha cc h thng di ng do vy cn phi
tiu chun ha (Tiu chun vin thng chu u-
EITS).
V d: GSM
Bng tn
935-960, 890-915 MHz
Hai bng tn 25 MHz (ging nh AMPS)
AMPS c 833 knh ngi dng
Nh th no i vi GSM?
S lng knh trong GSM
Tn s sng mang: 200 kHz
TDMA: 8 khe thi gian trn mi tn s sng
mang.
S sng mang = 25 MHz / 200 kHz
= 125
S knh ngi dng= 125 x 8
= 1000
So snh dung lng
H s dng li
7 i vi AMPS
3 i vi GSM (ti sao h s s dng nh hn?)

Dung lng ca GSM lin quan nh th no vi
AMPS?

A. Mt na ca AMPS B. Nh nhau
C. Ln gp 3 ln D. Ln gp 10 ln

Tr li
AMPS
H s dng li = 7
S lng ngi dng/ cell = 833 / 7 = 119
GSM
H s dng li = 3
S lng ngi dng = 1000 / 3 = 333
Gn nh ln gp 3 ln so vi AMPS!
H thng t bo 2G
Bn tiu chun chnh:
GSM (Chu u)
IS-54 (sau thnh IS-136, US)
JDC (T bo s ca Nht)
IS-95 (CDMA, M)
Air Interface
Radio Transmission Techniques
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
Channels
Physical channels
Logical channels
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Channel
TDMA
Time
Frequency
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Channel
Time Slot
CDMA
Frequency
Time
Code
Code 1
Code 2
Code 3
Channels
Physical Channels
Associated with frequency bands, time slots, codes
Physical channels transfer bits from one network element
to another
Logical Channels
Distinguished by the nature of carried information and the
way to assemble bits into data units
Three types
one-to-one: traffic channels between a BTS and a MS
one-to-many: synchronization signals from BTS to MSs in a cell
many-to-one: from MSs to the same BTS
Air Interface Layers
Radio
Transmission
Logical
Channels
Messages
Radio
Transmission
Logical
Channels
Messages
Terminal
Base
Station
Layer 1
Bits
Layer 2
Packets
Layer 3
Messages
Giao din v tuyn
* ITU phn chia:
Bng tn 890 915 MHz: ng ln
935 960 MHz: ng xung.
Phng php iu ch trong GSM: Kha m dch thiu
lc bi Gaussian (GMSK) vi mt gi tr BT (3 dB
bng thng chu k bit) l 0,3 ti tc d liu tng l
270 kb/s.
Phng php a truy nhp ca GSM:
TDMA/FDMA, kt hp vi bc nhy tn chm.

Giao din v tuyn
Bc nhy tn chm nhm gim m a lung v
xuyn nhiu ng knh.
Mi bng tn: 124 tn s sng mang, s dng FDMA
v phn tch bi 200 kHz.
Mi tn s sng mang c chia theo thi gian s
dng phng thc TDMA thnh 8 khe thi gian (ton
tc) hoc 16 khe (bn tc).

Giao din v tuyn
GSM h tr knh TCH trn tc (TCH/F), tc
d liu 22,8 kb/s v cho php d liu c truyn i
vi tc 12,6 hoc 3 kb/s.
Knh bn tc (TCH/H), l knh chim mt na khe
TDMA, h tr ton b tc d liu l 11,4 kb/s. D
liu c truyn i vi tc 6 hay 3,6 kb/s.

Giao din v tuyn (tip)
- Hai trng 57 bit c phn nh truyn thng tin
trong mi khe thi gian ca GSM.
- Ngoi ni dung thng tin, mi khe thi gian cn c 3
bit ui (mc logic 0) t ti im u v im cui
ca mi khe thi gian. Cc bit ny dng to phn
t m gia cc khe thi gian.
- Hai bit iu khin k tip tng 57 bit trong thng tin
ngi dng phn bit gia truyn thoi v truyn
s liu.

Giao din v tuyn (tip)

Mt chui sp hng 26 bit t ti chnh gia
khe nhm xc thc v cn i knh.
Mt khong thi gian chn 30,5 s, tng
ng 8,25 bit c b sung vo khe thi gian
trc khi truyn.
Mi khe thi gian chim 0,577 ms v 156,25
bit c truyn i, tc 270,833 kb/s.

Khung TDMA
Mt tp hp 8 khe thi gian c gi l mt
khung TDMA (4,615 ms).
Mi khe thi gian c dng giao tip vi
mt my di ng.
Mi khung c th h tr 8 ngi dng ng
thi.
Cc khung TDMA c tp hp thnh mt
nhm gi l nhm a khung (26 hoc 51
khung TDMA).

Khung TDMA (tip)
Dng 26 khung TDMA c 24 khung c
phn cho cc knh TCH (TCH/F).
Mi knh TCH chim mt trong tm khe thi
gian trn mi khung.
Khung 12 cha thm tm knh iu khin kt
hp chm (SACCH).
Khung cui cng (khung 25) d phng nu
nh khng c c ch bn tc s dng.
Khung TDMA (tip)
Knh SACCH c dng iu khin v
kim sot cc tn hiu i km vi mt knh
TCH.
Mt knh iu khin kt hp nhanh (FACCH)
chim cc khe t mt knh TCH truyn bn
tin iu khin cng sut v bo hiu chuyn
vng.
GSM dng mt s knh iu khin logic
qun l mng.
Cu trc khung GSM
3 57
26
57
8.25
1
1 3
0
7
...
... Superframe
6.12 sec
120 msec
4.615 msec
0.57692 msec
156.25 bits
51 Multiframe
26 Frames
8 Multiframe
Coded data Midamble
Tail bit Stealing Flag Guard period
B m ha m thoi ton tc
B m ha m thoi ton tc ca GSM c tc u
ra 13 kb/s.
m thoi c gi trong cc khi c khong thi
gian 20 ms do u ra ca b m ha m thoi c
cc cui 260 bit. Khi ny ph thuc vic sa li.
Cc bit m thoi c chia thnh 2 lp:
- Lp 1: c cc bit nh hng ln n cht lng tn
hiu nhn c v l thuc vo vic sa li.
- Lp 2: b qua vic sa li.

B m ha ton tc
Trong tng s 260 bit trong mt khung 20 ms, c 182
bit lp 1. Cc bit lp 1 c 50 bit lp 1a, l nhng bit
nhy cm vi li nht v cc bit lp 1b (132 bit).
Ba bit m d quay vng c b sung vo lp 1a.
Thm 4 bit ui vo cc bit lp 1b. Nh vy lp 1 c
189 bit. M ha chp tc s to ra 378 bit c ti
u ra b m ha.
Sau thm vo 78 bit lp 2 khng c bo h, to
ra tng 456 bit trong khung 20 ms tng ng tc
m ha 22,8 kb/s.
B m m thoi ton tc ca GSM
a
M ha
thoi
13kb/s
khung 20
ms
182 bit
3 bit kim tra
li d quay vng
Lp 2
L
p

1

b
50 bit
78 bit
132 bit
4 bit ui
B m ha
chp bn
tc
B ghp
knh khi
220ms
378 bit
456 bit
22,8 kbit/s
189 bit
B m m thoi ton tc ca GSM (tip)
- u ra ca khi sa li c a vo b m knh
- B m knh thc hin chn gi cc bit.
- Chn gi v b chn gi kt hp ti thit b thu
gii tn hiu ng li bursty xy ra do mi trng
truyn dn di ng.
- B m chim hai khung thi gian 20 ms, tng
ng 912 bit, sp thnh 8 khi 114 bit.
- Mi khi 114 bit c t vo mt khe thi gian
truyn.

H thng thng tin di ng
th 2 (2G) tin tin
D liu chuyn mch knh tc cao (HSCSD)
Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS)
Tc d liu nng cao cho pht trin mng GSM
(EDGE)
1.2.1 D liu chuyn mch knh
tc cao (HSCSD)
- GSM 9,6 kb/s khng th truyn file c vi Megabyte.
- To kh nng c sn 8 knh TCH trn tc ca
GSM cho mt ngi s dng, HSCSD c th t tc
ti thiu 76,8 kb/s.
- Nu s dng k thut gim mt s th tc th c th
t tc d liu cao hn mc 115 kb/s.
- HSCSD tn dng cu trc mng GSM v khng cn
iu chnh c cu h tng vt l ca mng.
- HSCSD cn cp nht phn mm.
1.2.2 Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS)

GPRS l h thng chuyn mch gi
Cung cp cc dch v kiu mng internet cho ngi
s dng dch v di ng
Hi t gia IP v tnh di ng
GPRS l bc thang tin trin quan trng gia GSM v
UMTS.
GPRS c tnh hiu qu ph cao. Ngi s dng lin
tip c kt ni nhng c th ch phi tr cc ph
cho d liu truyn qua mng.
Ngun ti nguyn knh truyn dnh ti a cho ngi
s dng mng. Hiu qu kinh t cao.

Tc d liu nng cao cho pht trin mng
GSM (EDGE)
EDGE c dung lng mng v tc truyn d liu cao hn
so vi mng chuyn mch knh (HSCSD) v chuyn mch gi
(GPRS).
Thit lp giao din sng v tuyn mi lin kt vi kha m
dch pha bt phn (8-PSK), tn ti ng thi vi k thut iu
ch GSM (GMSK).
C th tng tc ca HSCSD v GPRS ln 3 ln cho tng
knh.
S dng t khe thi gian hn v tng hiu qu s dng mng.
Khng cn s iu ch thm no i vi mng GSM.
EDGE (tip)
Chun EDGE pha 1 quan tm c hai dch v:
- HSCSD nng cao (ECSD), tc d liu 38,4 kb/s
cho mi khe thi gian
- GPRS nng cao (EGPRS), tc d liu 60kb/s cho
mi khe thi gian.
- t tc d liu cao hn bng cch kt hp cc
knh TCH. V d c dch v 64 kb/s ta cn 2 knh
ECSD.
Mc ch ca 3G

Tc truyn cao
Dch v phong ph
Cht lng ting ni tt
Dung lng ln
Chi ph thp
Bo mt tt
Hiu qu tn s cao
Tc cc i 2Mb/s
D chuyn i t 2G
S ra i ca IMT2000
1985, FPLMTS ra i
FPLMTS: Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System
1996 c t li tn IMT-2000
IMT2000: International Mobile Telecommunication 2000
ngha ca 2000:
Ph tn s khong 2000MHz
a vo kinh doanh nm 2002
Tc d liu 2000kbps
Phm vi tn s
1992:
1885-2025MHz(uplink), 2110-2200MHz(downlink)
Thng 5 nm 2000, phm vi tn s:
806-960MHz,1710-1885MHz & 2500-2690MHz
Cu trc ca h thng thng tin
di ng 3G

Cc th h thng tin di ng (tip)

3G
Tc d liu cao hn cho ng dng a phng
tin.
Nhu cu truy nhp vo cc ng dng v dch v
bng rng tng nhanh.
S hi t ca nhng cng ngh da trn cc giao
thc Internet v di ng l ng lc chnh cho s
pht trin ca cc h thng thuc 3G.


3G (tip)
C kh nng cung cp cc dch v vi tc d
liu t v vt 2Mb/s
Tiu chun ha cc h thng 3G do Lin on
Vin thng Quc t thc hin. Trn phng din
ton cu, l Vin thng di ng Quc t 2000
(IMT-2000). chu u, h thng 3G c coi l
H thng Vin thng Di ng Ton cu (UMTS).

Hnh nh minh ha gi in video trong mng 3G

Kin trc mng c s W-CDMA ca 3GPP R99
Kin trc mng W-CDMA pht hnh 4
Kin trc mng a phng tin IP ca GPP
M hnh ng nht mng 2G v 3G
Lch trnh nghin cu pht trin trong 3GPP

L trnh tng tc truyn s liu trong cc
pht hnh ca 3GPP

Qu trnh pht trin ca mng thng tin di
ng
Th h 3,5G
3,5G l nhng ng dng c nng cp da trn cng
ngh hin c ca 3G.
Cng ngh ca 3,5G chnh l HSDPA (High Speed
Downlink Package Access).
y l gii php mang tnh t ph v mt cng ngh,
c pht trin trn c s ca 3G.

4G
Tc d liu di ng trn 2Mb/s.
Trong mt s mi trng tc d liu c th ln
ti 155Mb/s.
Tip tc m rng cc dch v v ng dng.
S ci thin v cht lng dch v (QoS), hiu
dng bng thng, mi trng hng gi tin v da
hon ton vo giao thc internet (IP)
4G (tip)
* 4G c k vng vi c im ni bt nht l cung
cp kh nng kt ni ABC (Always Best Connected -
lun c kt ni tt nht):
rng khp, mi lc, mi ni, mi nh cung cp, mi
thit b di ng ca ngi dng.
* Tc ca Internet khng dy s tng ng vi
bng thng rng DSL v modem cp, tc l nhanh hn
4 ln so vi cc mng khng dy hin nay.

L trnh pht trin cc cng ngh thng tin di
ng ln 4G

Mt s t vit tt
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System
TACS: Total Access Communication System
GSM: Global System for Mobile Telecommucations
WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
EVDO: Evolution Data Only
IMT: International Mobile Telecommnications
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electtronics Engineers
WiFi: Wireless Fidelitity
WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
LTE: Long Term Evolution
UMB: Untra Mobile Broadband

in thoi khng dy
Mng n gin nht c th dng trong nh, gm BTS
v kt cui khng dy cng sut thp.
BTS to kt ni ti mng c nh ni ht.
BTS thc hin chuyn i giao thc theo yu cu
gia mng c nh vi mng truy nhp bng v tuyn.
Nhng vn c bn:
H thng t bo:
Cu trc t bo
S dng li tn s
Cc phng php a truy nhp:
FDMA, TDMA v CDMA

1.2 H THNG T BO
Mng t bo hot ng trn nguyn tc phn chia
vng ph sng dch v thnh cc phn vng hoc
t bo, c ring mt tp hp ti nguyn hoc
knh ngi s dng mng truy nhp.
Cc vng ph sng t bo thng c xy dng
theo cu trc t bo lc gic. Trn thc t, hnh
dng cc t bo cn ty thuc a hnh.
Hnh dng v ranh gii ca mt t bo do trm thu
pht gc (BTS) xc nh.

H thng t bo (tip)
S dng cc knh tn hiu thc hin chc nng
qun l v kim sot.
S dng knh lu lng TCH mang ni dung
thng tin ca cuc gi.

Tng dung lng mng
S dng s lng ln cc knh c sn trn mng.
S dng cc k thut iu ch hu ch bng quang
ph v a truy nhp c trong mng.
S dng lp li cc knh ging nhau, tch ring mt
c ly ln m bo kh nng trnh giao thoa
ng knh.
H thng t bo
Dng (i,j) biu th
mt cell c bit.

V d:
Cell A c biu din
bi (2,1).
A
R
D
Cng thc khong cch
R N
R j ij i D
3
) ( 3
2 2
=
+ + =
2 2
j ij i N + + =
Ch : i v j l s nguyn
y:
H s ti s dng (c cm)
Trong mi trng tn x di ng mt t, cng
cng sut my thu c ti mt khong R t thit b
pht c xc nh:

= R C
Trong l hng s lin quan mi trng mt t,
thng chn bng 4.
i vi mt cu hnh 7 t bo s dng lp tn, t s
sng mang giao thoa xy ra do mt my di ng trong
vng 6 t bo nm trong khong cch D so vi my di
ng s dng lp tn ti thiu, tc l bn ngoi vnh ai
th nht ca mu cm t bo s dng lp tn c biu
din nh sau:
6 6
q
R
D
R
D
I
C
= = =

Trong q l tham s suy gim giao thoa ng knh,
q=D/R.
Gi thit cng sut pht ca cc t bo nh nhau v loi
b giao thoa ng knh tn hiu t cc t bo cng tn
s ti vnh ai th hai ca cm t bo.
Vi = 4, mt cm 7 t bo c th t C/I = 18 dB.
gim giao thoa ng knh, m bo cht lng dch v
ta cn iu khin cng sut my u cui v trm gc.
V d
Gi s cn SNR >18 dB.
S dng li ti thiu bao nhiu?
(gi s o = 4)

Trc khi tr li cu hi ny chng ta cn mt
vi kt qu lin quan hnh hc
Gii
5 . 6
4 . 4 3
4 . 4
63 10 dB 18
6
1
8 . 1
>
>
>
~ = >
|
.
|
\
|
N
N
R D
R
D
o
Chn i = 2, j = 1 or i = 1, j = 2.
R N D 3 =
Tr li: N = 7
Song cng phn chia theo tn s
(Frequency Division Duplex-FDD)
Forward Link-down link-ng xung
Reverse Link-up link-ng ln
S dng hai bng tn ring bit cho ng
ln v ng xung.
Mt cch c trng, 25 MHz trong mi
hng.
AMPS: 824-849 MHz (ng xung)
869-894 MHz (ng ln)
mobile
base
station
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
(Frequency Division Multiple Access -FDMA)
Ph ca mi ng (ln hoc xung) c phn
chia thnh cc bng tn.
Mi trm c gn mt bng tn c nh.
C
c

b
n
g

t
n

Ri
Ri
Ri
Khong cch ti s dng
Khong cch bao nhiu hai thu bao s
dng cng knh?
N ty vo cht lng tn hiu c chp nhn hay
khng.
Khong cch gia hai ngi dng cng xa th cht
lng tn hiu cng tt.

Lm th no o c cht lng tn hiu?
rng bng Nyquist
i vi tn hiu nh phn (hai mc in p)
C = 2B
Vi tn hiu nhiu mc:
C = 2B log
2
M
M = s tn hiu ring bit hoc cc mc in p
Signal Quality
Cht lng tn hiu ph thuc vo t l gia cng
sut tn hiu v cng sut nhiu (tp m).

T s ny c gi l t l tn hiu trn tp m
(nhiu) hay SNR hoc SIR.
=
i
i
I
S
I
S
Interference from the i-th
interfering BS.
T l tn hiu trn tp m
T l gia cng sut tn hiu v cng sut tp m l
mt biu th c bit trong truyn dn.
c o ti my thu
T l tn hiu trn tp m (SNR hoc S/N)

Gi tr SNR cao c ngha tn hiu c cht lng cao.
SNR thit lp bin trn i vi tc d liu c th
t c.
m sut tap cng
hiu sut tn cng
log 10 ) (
10 dB
= SNR
Cng thc dung lng Shannon
Phng trnh:

Biu din cc i v mt l thuyt c th t c.
Trong thc t ch t c cc t l thp hn.
Cng thc tha nhn tp m trng (tp m nhit)
Khng tnh n tp m xung
Khng tnh n mo do suy hao hoc mo do tr.
( ) SNR 1 log
2
+ = B C
V d ca cng thc Nyquist v Shannon
Ph ca mt knh gia 3 MHz v 4 MHz ;
SNR
dB
= 24 dB

S dng cng thc Shannon

( )
251 SNR
SNR log 10 dB 24 SNR
MHz 1 MHz 3 MHz 4
10 dB
=
= =
= = B
( ) Mbps 8 8 10 251 1 log 10
6
2
6
= ~ + = C
V d ca cng thc Nyquist v Shannon (tip)
Yu cu bao nhiu mc tn hiu?
( )
16
log 4
log 10 2 10 8
log 2
2
2
6 6
2
=
=
=
=
M
M
M
M B C
Phn loi mi trng truyn dn
Mi trng truyn dn
- ng vt l gia my pht v my thu
Phng tin hng dn sng
- Sng c truyn dc theo phng tin rn
- V d cp i xng, cp ng trc, cp quang v.v
Phng tin khng hng dn sng
- C kh nng truyn dn nhng khng hng dn tn hiu
in t.
- Thng s dng truyn dn khng dy
- V d kh quyn, khng gian v tr
M hnh truyn sng
Cng sut tn hiu thu ph thuc khong cch gia
b pht v b thu..

P
0
l cng sut thu ti khong cch d
0
.

o c gi l s m tn hao ng (path loss
exponent).
Mt cch c trng, 3 o 5.
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
0
d
d
P P
r
Phn tch trng hp xu nht
Gi s:
Ngi dng ti gc
mt (cell).
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
0
d
R
P S
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
i
i
i
i
D
R
d
D
P
d
R
P
I
S
o
o
o
o
0
0
0
0
D
i
l khang cch gia
trung tm ca cell tham
kho v cell nh hng
th i.
T l tn hiu trn tp m (SNR)
Ch quan tm mt cell nh hng
o
|
.
|
\
|
=
R
D
I
S
6
1
R
D
Chng 2. H thng GSM
2.1 Tng quan v h thng GSM
Mng li GSM
My di ng
Giao din
v tuyn
Trm thu
pht gc
Giao din
A-bis
Giao din A
Trung tm chuyn mch di ng
B iu khin
trm gc
B ng k nh v
thng tr
Chuyn mch cng
B ng
k nh
v tm
tr
Qun l
mng
Phn H thng
trm gc
Phn h chuyn mch
Trung tm dch
v nhn tin
My di ng
My di ng l g?
L mt thit b c th truy nhp dch v trong
mng GSM qua giao din v tuyn.
+
=
Thit b di ng
Khi nhn dng
thu bao
My di ng
Mng GSM
Giao din
v tuyn
Thit b di ng
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identification) Nhn dng thit b di ng quc
t.
Cu trc h thng GSM
PSTN
Data Terminal
HLR/
VLR
MSC BSC
OMC
(Operation & Maintenance
Center)
Operation
Terminal
BTS
Handset
A
X.25
A-bis SS7
Phn h mng PSTN
Phn h
v tuyn
My di ng
UM
SIM
card
Cc phn t mng GSM
My di ng
BTS: Base Transceiver Station
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
BSC: Base Station Controller
HLR/VLR: Home Location Register/Visiting
Location Register
SIM Card: Subscriber Identity Module Card
Service Centers: USSD, SMS, ...

My di ng
Thu bao s dng truy nhp mng GSM
qua giao din v tuyn
Bao gm phn cng v phn mm i vi giao
din v tuyn
Cn mt SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) n
cha d liu c trng ca thu bao truy
nhp mng GSM, tr cuc gi cu h khn
cp.
Trm thu pht gc
(Base Transceiver Station - BTS)

Truyn thng i v n my di ng
My di ng s dng mt knh v tuyn n BTS
truyn thng vi h thng di ng
BTS bao gm truyn dn v tuyn v thit b thu
Gm c anten v x l bo hiu i vi mng v tuyn
BTS phn bit tc v bo hiu iu khin tng
ng vi my di ng v gi chng n BSC trn
cc knh phn bit.
BTS (tip)
Khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU
(Transcoder/Rate Adaptation Unit) BSC l quan
trng nht ca BTS. TRAU m ha v gii m thoi
rt c th cho thng tin di ng s.
Mi BTS lm vic tp hp cc knh v tuyn khc
vi knh v tuyn ln cn chng nhiu giao
thoa ng knh.
Cc chc nng tim nng chung ca BTS
Qung b thng tin ca h thng
- BSC xc nh cc thng bo thng tin lu tr v nh
k qung b ti h thng con thu pht TRX knh
iu khin qung b BCCH.
- Tm gi: Cc nhn dng trm di ng c xc nh
t BSC c gi i knh BCCH.
- Yu cu knh t MS: TRX pht hin cc yu cu t
cc MS v bo cho BSC. BSC n nh mt knh
DCCH cho bo hiu gia MSC v MS. mDCCH
sau MS c n nh mt TCH cho thoi v s
liu.
Cc chc nng tim nng ring ca BTS
a knh vo hot ng: BSC lnh cho TRX thc
hin. Khi mt knh c n nh BSC thng bo cho
TRX cc thng s nh kiu knh, m knh v.v
Hy hot ng knh: TRX hy hot ng knh
Khi u mt m: TRX thc hin trn c s kha mt
m
Pht hin chuyn giao: khi mt knh c thit lp
cho chuyn giao, TRX nhn bit knh thm nhp
ngu nhin.
Cc chc nng knh mt t ca BTS
Thc hin, chuyn i v thch ng s liu
- Chuyn i m ting: thc hin gia 64kb/s v
13kb/s. Chc nng ny c t xa (trong TRAU
BSC)
- iu khin trong bng ca TRAU xa: thng tin iu
khin c b sung n s liu v thoi dn n tc
knh l 16kb/s.
Bn knh thng tin c ghp chung vo mt knh
16kb/s gia BSC v TRS.
M ha v ghp knh BTS
L chc nng lp khun dng thng tin cc knh vt l, bao
gm:
- Ghp knh ng v tuyn: cc knh logic c ghp chung
cc cc knh vt l.
- M ha v ghp xen knh: lung bit c lp khun dng cho
tng khe thi gian trn knh vt l.
- Mt m/gii mt m: ting ni c mt m v gii mt m
bng kha mt m.
Mt m v gii mt m c thc hin cac bit mang thng tin
quan trng. Trung tm nhn thc AUC to kha mt m v np
vo TRX. S ngu nhin RAND (Random number) c gi n
MS.

iu khin h thng con v tuyn BTS
o cht lng:
- Cc php o cht lng v cng tn hiu c
thc hin tt c cc knh ring trn ng ln (MS
n BTS). Thc hin cc php o trong thi gian hot
ng ca knh.
- Kt qu o t MS v cht lng ng xung (BTS
n MS), cng tn hiu v cc mc tn hiu ca
BTS xung quanh c gi i v x l BTS.
iu khin h thng con v tuyn BTS (tip)
ng b thi gian
- Tn hiu c pht t TRX n MS nh trc thi
gian truyn dn n TRX nhm b tr thi gian tr gy
ra do truyn sng.
- TRX lin tc gim st v cp nht ng b thi gian.
- S liu o cho ng ln v ng b thi gian hin
thi c thng bo cho BSC.
* iu khin cng sut ca TRX v MS: c BSC iu
khin nhm gim ti thiu mc cng sut pht (gim
nhiu ng knh)

iu khin h thng con v tuyn BTS (tip)
Pht tn hiu v tuyn: bao gm nhy tn (chuyn mch bng
tn c s vi cc my pht khc nhau cho tng tn s).
Thu tn hiu v tuyn: bao gm cn bng v phn tp
Li ng truyn v tuyn: c pht hin v bo cho BSC.
iu khin TRX BTS
LAPD (Link Acccess Procedres on D chanel): kt ni
ng bo hiu gia BSC v TRX.
Khi c s c ca LAPD, BSC s thng bo li.
TRX pht hin li ng truyn v tuyn.
Khi con ng b TRX:
- Chun tn s: thng tin nh thi c ly ng
PCM t BSC.
- S khung: c th t v c s khung t b m s
khung.
Khi ng h thng v np phn mm BTS
Khi ng h thng: khi u trm hay mt phn
trm bao gm np phn mm cho cc b x l
c khi ng.
Khi ng li
Thit lp cu hnh BTS
Thit lp cc thng s v cc t hp knh TRX cho lu lng:
Pht v tuyn: thit lp tn s v cng sut ra cho cc my
pht.
Thu v tuyn: Thit lp tn s cho cc my thu (k c my thu
nhy tn v my thu khng nhy tn).
iu khin v tuyn: nh ngha vic sp xp thng tin h
thng cc khe thi gian.
Kt hp knh logic: sp xp cc knh logic cc knh vt l.
n nh nhn dng
Bo dng ti BTS
Khng cn ni vi BSC.
S dng my tnh ni vo BTS kim tra cnh bo
v trng thi BTS hoc thay i mt s tham s.
B iu khin trm gc
(Base Station Controller-BSC)
Kim tra v iu khin mt s trm gc
Qun l tn s, iu khin ca BTS, chc nng
trao i
Qun l giao din v tuyn
Phn b v gii phng knh, qun l chuyn giao
(handover)
BSC l giao din gia MSC v BTS
Mt pha ca BSC c ni n mt s BTS, mt
pha ni vi MSC.
B iu khin trm gc (tip)

BSC l mt tng i nh c kh nng tnh ton nht
nh.
Giao din Abis c quy nh gia BSC v BTS
Nhim v quan trng nht ca BSC l m bo kh
nng s dng ti u ti nguyn v tuyn.
BSC iu khin kt ni cho my di ng.
BSC chuyn i m v thch ng tc .
BSC qun l truyn dn n BTS.
Trung tm chuyn mch di ng - MSC
(Mobile services SwitchingCenter )
m nhn ton b chc nng chuyn mch
lin quan n x l cuc gi
Thit lp cc cuc gi i v n t ngi dng
GSM
MSC l giao din gia mng GSM v PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network)
B ng k nh v thng tr
(Home Location Register-HLR)
Mt c s d liu qun l cc thu bao di ng
Cha ng thng tin cc thu bao
Thng tin v cc dch v, hn ch dch v v cc
dch v b sung
Lu tr mi thng tin lin quan vic cung cp cc
dch v vin thng, k c v tr hin thi ca my
di ng.
B ng k nh v tm tr
(Visitor Location Register -VLR)
Cha ng d liu lin quan cc my di ng hin
thi trong vng phc v MSC
D liu thng trc tng t nh d liu trong
HLR
D liu tm thi gm:
Nhn dng thu bao tm thi (Temporary Subscriber
Identity -TMSI)
Nhn dng vng phc v (Location Area Identity -
LAI) ca my di ng
VLR ch nh s chuyn vng thu bao di ng
(MSRNs) thit lp cuc gi n.
Tng i GMSC
Tng i GMSC l mt MSC cng (Gate MSC)
Mt thu bao c nh PSTN mun gi mt thu bao
GSM. Tng i PSTN s ni cuc gi ny n mt
MSC c chc nng cng (c gi l tng i cng
GMSC). GMSC s tm v tr thu bao di ng bng
cch hi HLR ni thu bao ng k. HLR tr li vng
MSC hin thi. MSC nh tuyn li cuc gi n
MSC cn thit v VLR s bit c th v tr my di
ng.
Cc cuc gi kt ni di ng u nh tuyn n
GMSC. GMSC c chc nng hi nh tuyn cuc gi.
Trung tm nhn thc AUC
m bo an ton v cht lng, ngn ng, d liu
v bo hiu c m ha v c nhp di dng k
t u vo, cha kha b mt c ct gi trong AUC
v c s dng trong MS.
Chc nng AUC cung cp cho HLR cc thng s
nhn thc v kha mt m dng cho bo mt.
B ghi nhn thc thit b EIR
Cc thit b di ng c EIR kim tra
ngn chn s nh cp v nhng dng khng
c ph chun m MS s dng, EIR c ni n
MSC qua mt ng bo hiu, n cho php MSC
kim tra tnh hp l ca thit b.

Mng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCS7)
Nh khai thc GSM c th c CCS7 chung hay ring
ph thuc quy nh tng nc
Nu c CCS7 ring th cc im chuyn bo hiu
SPT (Signalling Transfer Point) c th l mt b phn
ca NNS.
Nh khai thc GSM c th dng mng ring nh
tuyn cc cuc gi ra n im gn nht.
Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM)
Subscriber Identity Module
Contains
phone number (MSISDN)
international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
status of SIM
service code
authentication key
PIN (personal identification code)
PUK (personal unlock code)

SIM Cards
SIM cards are embedded with a
microprocessor
Stores customer identity information and is
made to fit inside the cellular phone
Memory capacity
1K, 3K, 8K, 16K
With/Without OTAC (Over The Air
Customization)
Two types of SIM card form factors
ID-1 SIM
Plug-In SIM
Application Service Centers
Responsible for GSM network add-on services
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
Monitoring and control the network
Usually connect with MSC, BSC, HLR, and other service
centers
Short Message Service Center (SMSC)
provide short message services
usually connect to MSC
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data Center
(USSDC)
provide USSD service in the form of *ID*ID*info#
usually connect to HLR
Cu trc a l mng GSM
Mc ch: nh tuyn cc cuc gi vo n tng i cn thit
v cui cng n thu bao b gi.
Cc vng
(Cell)
Vng nh v (Location Area - LA)
Vng phc v MSC/VLR (MSC/VLR Service Area)
Vng mng di ng mt t cng cng (PLMN -Public
Land Mobile Network Service Area)
Vng phc v GSM (GSM Service Area): tt c cc nc
thnh vin.
Th bc ca cc vng phc v
trong h thng GSM
Vng
trong
thu bao
c th
truy nhp
mng.
cell
Vng nh v
MSC/VLR
Vng mng di ng mt t
cng cng (PLMN Service Area)
Vng phc v GSM
Truyn sng trong h thng GSM
2.2.1 Sng in t
GSM s dng k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
S dng cng ngh iu bin kha dch ti thiu Gause
(GMSK): 217kb/s, di thng 500KHz-600kHz.
B m ha ting lai ghp thc hin gim tc bit cho tng
knh xung 13Kb/s. gii thng ch khong 200KHz.
890MHz-915MHz: ng ln
935MHz-960MHz: ng xung
Di thng ca mt knh vt l: 200KHz
GSM900 c 124 knh vt l
Tnh ton tn s sng mang
E-GSM: ng ln 880MHz-915MHz
ng xung 925MHz-960MHz
DCS1800 ng ln 1710MHz-1785MHz
ng xung 1805MHz-1880MHz
K hiu: F1 l tn s ng ln (di tn thp)
F2 l tn s ng xung (di tn cao)
N l s th t tn s sng mang

Tnh ton tn s sng mang (tip)
Nguyn tc truyn sng
Sng v tuyn dng cho thng tin di ng l VHF v
UHF c tn s >30MHz, bc sng rt ngn nn b
hp th rt nhanh.
Sng tri c xu hng that vo khng gian bi cc
c tnh khc nhau ca tng in ly.
Bc x gc thp hn l sng khng gian, l
phng thc truyn sng ch yu (truyn sng trong
tm nhn thng).
Nguyn tc truyn sng (tip)
Mt s tnh trng xy ra khi
truyn sng mt tia
Phn x: xy ra khi sng gp mt mt phng nhn,
cng phn x ph thuc dn sut ca vt phn x.
Tn x: xy ra khi sng phn x trn mt phng g
gh. Tia ti s b phn tn thnh nhiu tia c cng
khc nhau v theo cc hng khc nhau.
Khc x: xy ra khi sng gp phi mp ca vt th,
n s i hng theo mt gc nht nh ph thuc
vo tn s. Tn s cng cao, gc khc x cng ln.
Suy gim: gy ra do vt cn trn ng i ca sng.
Tn s cng cao, suy gim cng cao
Truyn sng nhiu tia
Truyn sng nhiu tia
2) Fading chm (fading chun loga)
Xy ra do hiu ng che khut bi cc vt che chn.
Gim kh nng ph sng ca my pht.
Gii php chng fading: d tr fading
Nu kh nng suy hao 10% th d tr fading 35dB
Mng di ng cn c chun cho tn hiu nh nht c
th ti bin gii .
nhy yu cu ng vo my thu
104 dBm cho BTS
104 dBm cho MS trn t
102 dBm cho MS cm tay
D tr fading cho chun loga: 35dBm
Cn cng thm d tr nhiu v nhy my thu ch
c tnh cho cht lng nh nht khi khng c
nhiu.
Truyn sng nhiu tia (tip)
3) Fading Rician
Xy ra fading nhanh khi tn hiu trc tip mnh hn
v tn hiu khng trc tip yu hn ng thi ti my
thu.
Xy ra phn ln nng thn, microcellular,
picrocellular.

Phn tn thi gian v nhiu giao thoa k t
Sng ti c nhiu tia v thi gian lan truyn khc
nhau dn n pha khc nhau, nh hng ti di thng
ca tn hiu s.
Dch chuyn min thi gian ln nhau (k hiu ln cn
s giao thoa).
Gii php: - b cn bng (Equalization) cho php
phn x tr trong khong 4 bit (14,9s), tng ng
4,5 km.
- Nu tr ln hn 15s, cn dng thut ton viterbi.
- GSM yu cu t s C/I ti thiu 9dBm.
Phn tn thi gian v giao thoa k t (tip)
M hnh truyn sng
Mt s m hnh truyn sng thc nghim
Hata
SOST231
SAKAGAMIKUBOL
S dng tn s trong h thng GSM
Mc tiu thit k:
dung lng cao vi cng cp phc v GOS (Grade
of Service)
Cht lng thoi chp nhn c

Cc thng s nh gi
Cc thng s nh gi (tip)
C/A thp gy ra BER cao
Khuyn ngh ca GSM: gi tr C/A nh nht nn ln
hn -9dBm.
C/I v C/A c th tng bng cch quy hoch tn s.
2.3.1.3 Phn tn thi gian
T s nh gi: C/R
Gii php: dng Equalization

Cc thng s nh gi (tip)
2.3.2 Ti s dng tn s
Nguyn l c bn khi thit k h thng t ong l cc
mu s dng li tn s.
Cc vng phi cch xa mt c li ln nhiu giao
thoa ng knh c th chp nhn c
T s sng mang trn nhiu C/I ph thuc v tr tc
thi ca thu bao di ng.
Phn b C/I xc nh s nhm tn s
Ton b s knh N, chia thnh F nhm, mi nhm c
N/F knh.

Ti s dng tn s
f
f
C th s dng cng tn s cho cc
cell khc nhau nhng phi cch xa
nhau.
Vng ph sng v
tuyn c gi l
mt cell
Cu trc t
bo
MS Mobile Station (My di ng)
BSC Base Station Controller (B iu khin trm gc)
MSC Mobile Switching Center (Trung tm chuyn
mch di ng)
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network (Mng in
thoi chuyn mch cng cng)
MSC
PSTN
BSC
Phn chia mt
vng thnh
cc
MS
Biu din hnh hc
(Cell) c biu din bng cc hnh lc gic
Ti sao l hnh lc gic?
S nh th no nu l hnh trn?
Hnh vung hoc tam gic th s ra sao?

Quy hoch
Dng li cc tn s
trong cc vng a l:
Mu lp li 7 l c
trng, ngoi ra cn ph
bin cc mu khc.
A3
A1
A2
G3
G1
G2
C3
C1
C2
B3
B1
B2
F3
F1
F2
D3
D1
D2
E3
E1
E2
G3
G1
G2
F3
F1
F2
C3
C1
C2
A3
A1
A2
B3
B1
B2
E3
E1
E2
D3
D1
D2
Mu lp li 7
Dng li tn s
Cc mu
1
3
2
3
2
7
1
6
4
5
K=3
K=7
S dng li tn s lin quan c cm N
Tn s khng th lp li trong cng mu
N ln
C nhiu knh hn trong mt mu
S thu bao nhiu hn
Kh nng dng li tn s km hn
N nh
S knh t hn trong mu, xuyn knh cao hn
S thu bao t hn
Kh nng dng li tn s tt hn
Ti s dng tn s
Tng s knh c chia thnh N cm
N c gi l h s ti s dng hoc gi l c
cm (cluster size). Cm c s dng xc
nh s cuc gi c th trong mt t bo.
Khng c hai t bo ln cn no dng chung
mt tn s.
Mi c gn mt knh cho tng cm.
Cng cm c th lp li knh cho hai khc
nhau nhng phi xa.
Ti s dng tn s
(tip)
Gim s lng t bo trong mt cm, dung
lng ca h thng c th tng ln do tng
thm nhiu knh trong mi t bo.
Khi gim kch thc cm s gim khong s
dng lp tn dn n kh nng giao thoa ng
knh tng ln.
V d:
N = 7
H thng t bo
Dng (i,j) biu th
mt cell c bit.

V d:
Cell A c biu din
bi (2,1).
A
R
D
Cng thc khong cch
R N
R j ij i D
3
) ( 3
2 2
=
+ + =
2 2
j ij i N + + =
Ch : i v j l s nguyn
y:
H s ti s dng (c cm)
Tnh C/I
B
D
Khong cch ti s dng
B
P
(D-R)
Tnh C/I ca my di ng ti v tr P
Mu 3/9
Mu tn s chia thnh 9 nhm tn s n nh trong 3
v tr trm gc.
Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh D=5,2R
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40
Mu 3/9
Mu 3/9
T s C/A m bo khng c cc cell ging nhau,
gn nhau c cc sng mang lin nhau.
Tuy nhin, h thng 3/9 c cc cell gn nhau v mt
a l (A1 v C3) li dng cc sng mang lin nhau.
T s C/A ca cc my di ng bin gii gia A1
v C3 l 0 dB (chun l -9 dB), v tr ny c mc
nhiu cao. Cn nhy tn, iu khin cng sut, truyn
dn gin on gim hiu ng ny.
Cc mu s dng tn s
Mu 3/9, Mu 4/12, Mu 7/21
Khi s nhm tn s (N/21, N/12, N/21) tng, c ngha
s tn s c th dng cho mt trm tng th khong
cch gia cc trm ng knh gim (7,9R, 6R, 5,2R),
c ngha nhiu trong h thng tng.
Vi s nhm tn s tng, s thu bao c phc v
tng (248, 664, 833)
La chn mu s dng li tn s cn c c im a
l, mt thu bao vng ph sng v tng s knh N
ca mng.

Cc mu s dng tn s
Mu 3/9: s knh trong mt cell ln, kh nng nhiu
cao. p dng ni c mt my di ng cao.
Mu 4/12: Dng ni c mt lu lng trung bnh.
Mu 7/21: s dng ni c mt lu lng thp.
Dung lng v C/I
Ti nguyn h thng: M knh
S knh trong mt nhm knh hay mt cell: M/N
T y tnh dung lng tng ng cp phc v
GoS qua bng Erlang.
S nhm cng nh th s lng knh trn mi nhm
cng ln v s thu bao c th c phc v cng cao
(hiu qu trung k tt hn).
N nh, dn n C/I nh, nhiu ng knh tng.
Cho trc N th dung lng trn mt cell l c nh.
Dung lng v C/I
Khu vc cell t l thun vi bnh phng bn knh
cell.
Mt dung lng trong mt n v din tch t l
nghch vi khu vc cell.
Nu chia cell c bn knh bng na so vi cell c th
vi N cho trc, dung lng tng 4 ln.
Tuy nhin khng th lun dng mt nhm tn s cho
cc cell nh trnh nhiu ng knh.
Sector ha v phn chia
Cell c kch thc cng nh th dung lng mng
cng tng nhng cn nhiu trm hn, chi ph tng.
Khi h thng mi s dng, s thu bao thp, kch
thc cell phi ln.
Khi dung lng tng th phi gim kch thc cell.
Cn m bo cht lng h thng khi s thu bao
tng ng thi chi ph phi thp nht.
Cc giai on chia
Giai on 0: ban u lu lng thp, dng omi cell.
Giai on 1: Mng m rng, dung lng tng, s
dng li tn s thng xuyn hn.
BTS c anten v hng, nay thay thnh 3 cell mi, c
anten nh hng.
Giai on 2:
Mt cell tch thnh 4
c tnh ca (Cell)
Thnh phn c bn trong h thng:
l vng c mt trm gc ph sng v tuyn.
a ch c xc nh bi nhn dng ton cu (Cell
Global Identity-CGI)
Mt c vi tn s ty theo ti lu lng.
Quan h dung lng vi kch thc cell
Tnh ton dung lng trong h thng GSM
Khi nim lu lng:
- Knh v tuyn trung k c chia cho nhiu ngi
dng v c hiu qu v ph tn.
- Lu lng l t l ca tng thi gian chim knh ca
tt c cc cuc gi v tng thi gian o.
A = C.t/T
Trong : A l lu lng (Erlang), C l s cuc gi
t l thi gian trung bnh chim knh mi cuc gi
T l tng thi gian o.
Nu knh b chim ton b thi gian s c lu lng ln
nht l 1 Erlang.
Tnh ton dung lng trong h thng GSM
Lu lng yu cu = Lu lng thng + Lu lng nghn
K hoch ha dung lng phi cn c vo nhu cu lu lng
trong gi cao im.
Cp dch v (GoS Grade of Service) tt phn nh kh
nng nghn thp.
Mng c thit k vi mt mc nghn no c th chp
nhn c. Khi nim GoS xc nh phn trm s cuc gi
khng thnh cng do thiu ti nguyn trn tng s cuc gi
ang cn u ni ng thi.
Cc mng GSM ni chung c G l 2% (2% lu lng b
nghn, 98% lu lng thng).
Tnh ton lu lng
Tnh ton lu lng (tip)
Tnh ton lu lng (tip)
Cp pht SDCCH c th theo cc cu hnh sau:
SDCCH/4 ng mt mnh
SDCCH/8 ng mt mnh
SDCCH/4 + SDCCH/8
SDCCH/8 + SDCCH/8
SDCCH/4 + SDCCH/8 + SDCCH/8
Nu s dng qung b cell (cell Broadcast) th dch
v ny chim mt SDCCH. Nu dng cu hnh
SDCCH/8 v s dng cell Brocast th s knh
SDCCH ch cn 7 SDCCH.
V d tnh ton lu lng
V d tnh ton lu lng (tip)
V d tnh ton lu lng (tip)
Numbering & Routing
Numbering
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
Mapping to Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) by HLR
International Mobile Subscriber Identify (IMSI)
Stored in SIM/HLR
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Assigned by VLR, Stored in VLR
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
Unique ID to handset, used by air interface
ID-Numbers
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
MSISDN: Mobile Station ISDN Number
CC Country Code
NDC National Destination Code
SN Subscriber Number
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
MCC Mobile Country Code
MNC Mobile Network Code
MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number
ID-Numbers (cont.)
IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + spare
IMEI Internal Mobile Equipment Identity
TAC Type Approval Code, determined by a central
GSM/PCS body
FAC Final Assembly Code, identifies the
manufacturer
SNR Serial Number, uniquely identifies all
equipment within each TAC and FAC
IMEISV = TAC + FAC + SNR + SVN
IMEISV International Mobile Equipment Identity and
Software Version Number
SVN Software Version Number
ID-Numbers (cont.)
MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number
CC Country Code
SN Subscriber Number. In this case, the address to
the serving MSC
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC Mobile Country Code
MNC Mobile Network Code
LAC Location Area Code
ID-Numbers (cont.)
CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
CGI Cell Global Identity
CI Cell Identity
BSIC = NCC + BCC
BSIC Base Station Identity Code
NCC Network Color Code (3bits)
BCC Base Station Color Code (3bits)
LN = CC + NCD + LSP
LN Location Number
CC Country Code
NCD National Destination Code
LSP Locally Significant Part
ID -Numbers (cont.)
LN = CC + NCD + LSP
LN Location Number
CC Country Code
NCD National Destination Code
LSP Locally Significant Part
RSZI = CC + NDC + ZC
RSZI Regional Subscription Zone Identity
CC Country Code
ZC length of the Zone code (2 octets)
Routing
Information resident in MS & SIM
IMSI, TMSI, IMEI, and misc. information
Routing Information used by Network
MSISDN, MSRN
Location Registry
Location Registry
Registration Message Flow
Inter-LA movement
In the same MSC
Inter-MSC movement
In the same GSM Operator
Inter-VLR movement
-- Inter-LA Movement
1
2
3
4
HLR
MSC2
LA2 LA1
MSC1
VLR2 VLR1
-- Inter-MSC Movement
1
2
3
4
5
6
LA2
MSC2
HLR
LA1
MSC1
VLR1 VLR2
HLR
VLR1
VLR2
LA1 LA2
-- Inter-VLR Movement
1
6
7
8
3
2
4
5
MSC2 MSC1
Prior
MSC
Prior
VLR HLR
Serving
VLR
Serving
MSC
Serving
Base
Registration info
Store info
REGISTRATION NOTIFICATION INVOKE
Store info
Store info
Change info
remove info
REGISTRATION NOTIFICATION RESULT
REGISTRATION CANCELLATION INVOKE
remove info
REGISTRATION CANCELLATION RESULT
QUALIFICATION REQUEST INVOKE
QUALIFICATION REQUEST RESULT
PROFILE REQUEST INVOKE
PROFILE REQUEST RESULT
Message sequence and system operations for registration
of a terminal in a visited service area
Call Setup
MS BSS MSC/VLR HLR PSTN
Channel REQuest
IMMediate ASSign
Complete layer 3 Info,
AUThentication REQuest
TMSI REALlocation CoMmanD
SETUP
Mobile-originated call, mobile to land call flow (part 1 of 2)
AUThentication RESponse
Cipher Mode Complete
Cipher Mode CMD
Cipher Mode CMD
Cipher Mode Complete
TMSI REALlocation COMplete
CALL PROCeeding
Mobile-originated call, mobile to land call flow (part 2 of 2)
Assignment Request
ASSignment CoMmanD
Assignment Complete
Assignment Complete
Initial Address Message (IAM)
Address Complete message (ACM)
Alerting
Answer Signal/answer Message(ANM)
connect
Connect Acknowledge
Prior
MSC
Prior
VLR
HLR
Serving
VLR
Serving
MSC
Serving
Base
Call setup to a roaming subscriber
Receive call
setup request
LOCATION REQUEST INVOKE
ROUTE REQUEST INVOKE
ROUTE REQUEST INVOKE
ROUTE REQUEST RESULT
ROUTE REQUEST RESULT
LOCATION REQUEST RESULT
Call setup request
(temporary phone number)
Page command
PAGE
Delete MIN
conversation
VMPS call setup
GMSC
MSC/VLR
BSC
HLR
BTS BTS BTS
MSISDN
MSISDN
MSRN
IMSI
MSISDN-->IMSI-->
MSC/VLR Service Area
IMSI<-->MSRN
6.
1.
3.
5.
4.
7.
8.
8.
9.
2.
PSTN
5.
Call Delivery
Mobile-terminated call, land to mobile call flow (part 1 of 2)
Send routing info.
Provide roaming number
Roaming number
Routing information
Initial address message
Paging command
Paging request
Channel request
Immediate assign
Complete layer 3 info.
Authentication request
Authentication response
Cipher mode cmd
Cipher mode cmd
Cipher mode cmd
Cipher mode complete
Mobile-terminated call, mobile to land call flow (part 2 of 2)
TMSI reallocation command
TMSI reallocation complete
SETUP
Call confirmed
Assignment request
Assignment command
Assignment complete
Assignment complete
alerting
connect
Connect acknowledge
Address complete message
Answer signal /answer message
Example of call management scenarios
Fig. 4.5
Busy
indication
to caller
Action by
serving
MSC
Announcement
to caller
HLR sends call forwarding
number to home MSC
Terminal
idle and
subscriber
responds
Terminal
busy
No answer
or no page
response
Unconditional
call forwarding
Call request at
home MSC
Call
waiting
Call
forwarding
Handover
MS BSS MSC VLR HLR VLR
Location Update in new MSC
Authenticate
Authentication Resp,
Start ciphering
Forward new TMSI
Loc.n area up. acc
Send para
(authentication)
Authentication Prar.
Update location
Insert subscriber data
Subs. Data Ins. Acc.
Loc.n update acc
Cancel location
Loc.n cancellation acc.
Location update call flow
Inter-MSC handover
BSS1 MSC-A MSC-B BSS2 VLR-B
Handover request
MS
Perform handover
Allocate handover number
Handover request
Send handover report
Handover request ack
Radio channel ack
Initial address message
Address complete message
Handover command
Handover command
Handover access
Handover detect physical information
Handover complete
Handover complete
Answer signal
Send end signal
Clear command
Clear complete
End signal
Remove handover report
HLR
VLR
GMSC
MSC
MSISDN
MSISDN
MSRN
MSRN
IMSI
IMSI
MSRN
MSRN
1
2
3
4
5
6
The Use of MSRN
PSTN
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi
gian (TDMA)
Ngi dng di ng truy nhp knh theo kiu quay
vng.
Mi ngi c mt khe trong mi vng.
Khe 2, 5 v 6 ang ri
FDMA/TDMA, v d GSM
1 2 3 7 8
f
t
124
1
124
1
20 MHz
200 kHz
890.2 MHz
935.2 MHz
915 MHz
960 MHz
Mi tn s sng mang c chia thnh 8 khe thi gian.
Subscriber Identification Module
IMSI
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
ICCID
International Compact Card Identification
Unique SIM manufacturing number
Location Update
The transaction between a mobile station and
network enabling it to keep track of a
subscriber.
Who are you?
I am Jose.
Knock, knock, Hello?
OK Jose, come in.
Location Update Procedure
MS BSS MSC VLR HLR
LOCATION UPDATE REQUEST
REQUEST SUBS ID
SEND SUBS ID
REQUEST SUBS INFO
SEND SUBS INFO
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
HLR UPDATE
Call Set-Up
Mobile Subscriber International ISDN Number

MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN

CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number
Call Establishment (PSTNO-MT)
PSTN
BTS
1
BSC1
MSC 1
VLR1
MSC 2
VLR2
HLR
HLR
Enquiry

HLR DB
MSISDN IMSI VLR Address Sub. Data
63+918+9499247 310+02+1234567890 vlr2 services

VLR DB
IMSI MSRN LAI
DATA
310+02+1234567890 1
services
LAI 1
MSRN
POOL
MS
B
IMSI
A
B
MSISDN
MSISDN (B)
CC+ NDC + SN
63 918
9499247
IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN
MSRN = CC+NDC+SN
MSISDN
Call Establishment (MO-PSTNT)
PSTN
BTS
1
BSC
1
MSC
VLR1
MSC
VLR2
LAI 1
MS
A
B
MSISDN
MSISDN (A)
CC+ NDC + SN
63 2 5113580
HLR
Call Establishment (MO-MT)
VLR DB
IMSI MSRN LAI
Services
2
Speech
BTS
1
BTS
2
BSC
2
BSC
1
MSC
VLR1
MSC
VLR2
HLR
HLR Enquiry
LAI 1
LAI2
MSRN
MS
MS
B
IMSI
B
C
MSISDN
MSISDN (C)
CC+ NDC + SN
63 918
9499247
IMSI = MCC+MNC+MSIN
MSRN = CC+NDC+SN
MSISDN
HLR DB
MSISDN IMSI VLR Address Sub.
Data
63+918+9499247 310+02+1234567890 vlr1
services
BTS1
Inter Cell Intra BSC Handover
BSC1
A
B
Measurement
Report
BTS2
MSC/
VLR 1
MSC/
VLR 2
BSC2
BSC3
HLR
BTS3 BTS4
PSTN
BTS1
BSC1
BTS2
MSC/
VLR 1
MSC/
VLR 2
BSC2
BSC3
HLR
BTS3 BTS4
PSTN
Inter Cell Intra BSC Handover
A
B
Im OK
Inter Cell Inter BSC Handover
A
B
BTS1
BSC1
BTS2
MSC/
VLR 1
MSC/
VLR 2
BSC2
BSC3
HLR
BTS3 BTS4
PSTN
Measurement
Report
Inter Cell Inter BSC Handover
A
B
BTS1
BSC1
BTS2
MSC/
VLR 1
MSC/
VLR 2
BSC2
BSC3
HLR
BTS3 BTS4
PSTN
Im OK
Inter MSC Handover
A
B
BTS1
BSC1
BTS2
MSC/
VLR 1
MSC/
VLR 2
BSC2
BSC3
HLR
BTS3 BTS4
PSTN
Measurement
Report
Inter MSC Handover
A
B
BTS1
BSC1
BTS2
MSC/
VLR 1
MSC/
VLR 2
BSC2
BSC3
HLR
BTS3 BTS4
PSTN
Im OK
Knh iu khin logic
C 3 loi:
1) Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH)
Knh sa li tn s (FCCH) lin kt ng xung:
Cho php my in thoi di ng ng b tn s ban u vi
trm thu pht (BTS).
Knh ng b (SCH):
Cho php my in thoi di ng ng b thi gian ban u vi
trm thu pht (BTS).
Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH) ch cho lin kt ng
xung.
Cung cp thng tin cho my di ng nh xc minh BTS, phn
cp tn s v hng nhy tn.

Knh iu khin logic (tip)
2) Knh iu khin chuyn bit (DCCH)
Knh iu khin kt hp chm (SACCH): iu khin
v kim sot cc tn hiu kt hp vi TCH.
Knh iu khin kt hp nhanh (FACCH):
Nhn dng cc khe thi gian t phn cp lu thng
s dng cho iu khin (chng hn chuyn vng v
iu khin cng sut).
Knh iu khin chuyn bit c lp (SDCCH):
S dng ng k, cp nht nh v, chng thc v thit
lp cuc gi

Knh iu khin logic (tip)
3) Knh iu khin chung (CCCH)
Knh paging (PCH) ch cho lin kt ng xung:
Cnh bo v nhu cu mng cn c bo hiu.
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin (RCH) ch lin kt
ng ln:
Knh ny my di ng yu cu truy nhp mng.
Knh cho truy nhp (AGCH) ch lin kt ng
xung:
S dng cp pht mt knh DCCH c lp vi my
di ng bo hiu sau mt yu cu v knh RACCH.
Siu khung
Cc khun dng 51 trong 26 khung v 26 trong
51 khung c kt hp vi nhau to nn mt
siu khung GSM.
Cu trc phn tng TDMA c hon thnh
khi 2048 siu khung c kt hp vi nhau
hnh thnh nn mt hp chng khung.
There are two types of multiframe
26 TDMA-frame multiframe is used to carry
TCH, SACCH and FACCH
BCCH, CCH, SDCCH and SACCH

Frame Types
Burst and Frames
The information contained in one time
slot on the TDMA frame is call a burst.
Five types of burst
Normal Burst (NB)
Frequency Correction Burst (FB)
Synchronization Burst (SB)
Access Burst (AB)
Dummy Burst

Traffic
channels
(TCH)
Signaling
channel
TCH/F: Full-rate Traffic Channel
TCH/H: Half-rate Traffic Channel
FCCH: Frequency correction
SCH: Synchronization
BCCH: Broadcast control
PCH: Paging
AGCH: Access grant
RACH: Random access
SDCCH: Stand-alone dedicated control
SACCH: Slow associated control
FACCH: Fast associated control
Two-way
Base-to-
mobile
Two-way
Logical Channel List
BCH
CCCH
DCCH
Logical Channels
Control Channels
Broadcast Channels (BCH)
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
Traffic Channels (TCH)
Full Rate (TCH/F)
Half Rate (TCH/H)
Control Channels
Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Common Control Channels (CCCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)
Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
Message name Transmitted by
AUTHENTICATION REQUEST
AUTHENTICATION REJECT
IDENTITY REQUEST
IDENTITY RESPONSE
TSMI REALLOCATION COMMAND
LOCATION UPDATING REQUET
LOCATION UPDATING ACCEPT
LOCATION UPDATING REJECT
IMSI DETACH REQUEST
CM SERVICE REQUEST
CM RE-ESTABLISHMENT REQUEST
MM-STATUS
Base
Mobile
Base
Base
Mobile
Base
Mobile
Base
Base
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile
Mobile/Base
Mobility Management Messages
Message name
Starting a call
Transmitted by
SETUP
EMERGENCY SETUP
CALL PROCEEDING
PROGRESS
CALL CONFIRMED
ALERTING
CONNECT
Mobile/base
mobile
base
base
mobile
mobile/base
mobile/base
During a call
START DTMF
STOP DTMF
MODIFY
USER INFORMATION
Mobile
mobile
mobile/base
mobile/base
Ending a call
DISCONNECT
RELEASE
RELEASE COMPLET
Mobile/base
mobile/base
mobile/base
Abnormal conditions
STATUS
STATUS ENQUIRY
CONGESTION CONROL
Mobile/base
mobile/base
mobile/base
Call management messages
Message name Logical channel Transmitted by
SYNC CHANNEL INFORMATION
SYSTEM INFORMATION (TYPE 1,2,3,4,5)
SYSTEM INFORMATION (TYPE 6)
CHANNEL REQUEST
PAGING REQUEST (TYPE 1,2.3)
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT EXTENDED
IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT REJECT
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENT
PAGING RESPONSE
MERSUREMENT REPORT
HANDOVER COMMAND
HANDOVER ACCESS
PHYSICAL INFORMATION
HANDOVER COMPLETE
CIPHERING MODE
CHANNEL RELEASE
PARTIAL RELEASE
FREQUENCY REDEFINITION
CLASSMARK CHANGE
CHANNEL MODE MODIFY
RR STATUS
SCH
BCCH
SACCH
RACH
PCH
AGCH
AGCH
AGCH
FACCH
FACCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
SACCH
FACCH
SACCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
SACCH
Base
Base
Base
Mobile
Base
Base
Base
Base
Base
Base
Mobile
Mobile
Base
Mobile
Base
Mobile
Base
Base
Base
Base
Mobile
Base
Mobile/base
Radio Resources Management Messages
Prior
MSC
Prior
VLR HLR
Serving
VLR
Serving
MSC
Serving
Base
Registration info
Store info
Store info
Store info
Change info
remove info
remove info
QUALIFICATION REQUEST INVOKE
QUALIFICATION REQUEST RESULT
PROFILE REQUEST INVOKE
PROFILE REQUEST RESULT
Message sequence and system operations for registration
of a terminal in a visited service area
Mobile
station
Base
station
Category
Logical
Channel
Carrier sine wave
SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE3
CHANNEL REQUEST
LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST
CIPHERING MODE COMMAND
CIPHERING MODE ACK
TMSI ALLOCATION COMPLETE
CHANNEL RELEASE
RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
RRM
RRM
RRM
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
Location-Updating Procedure
Mobile
station
Base
station
Category
Logical
Channel

RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
MM
MM
RRM
RRM
CMCM
CM
CM
RRM
RRM
CM

CM
CM
CM
RRM
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
FACCH
TCH
TCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
Carrier sine wave
SYSTEM INFORMATION
PAGING REQUEST
CHANNEL REQUEST
PAGING RESPONSE
CIPHERING MODE
CIPHERING MODE ACK
SETUP
CALL CONFIRMED
ALERTING
CONNECT
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
ASSIGNMENT ACK
CONNECT ACK
conversation
conversation
conversation
DISCONNECT
RELEASE
RELEASE COMPLETE
CHANNEL RELEASE
Call Deliver to MH
Mobile-Assisted Handover
Mobile
station
Base
station
Logical
Channel
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
FACCH
new TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH

FACCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
HANDOVER COMMAND
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER COMPLETE
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
To help the MH (Mobile Handset) measures
to turn to a BTS
to listen for the cell information
to start roaming, waiting for calls to arrive, making calls
Because BTSs are not synchronized with each
other, every time a MH decides to camp to another
cell, its FCCH, SCH, and BCCH must be read.
Frequency Correction
Channel (FCCH)
Provide MH with the frequency
reference of the system
To enable the Mobile Handset (MH) to
synchronize with the frequency
Transmission properties
Transmit on the down-link
Point to multi-point.
Synchronization Channel
(SCH)
MH synchronize with the structure within the
locative cell
MH can receive information from the proper time slots on the TDMA
structure
To ensure a GSM BTS is chose
The Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) can only be decoded by a
GSM BTS
Transmit on down-link
Point to multi-point.
Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH)
BTS broadcast cell information to MH
LAI ( Location Area Identity), to start
roaming, waiting for calls to arrive, making
calls
maximum output power allowed in the cell
information about BCCH carriers for the
neighboring cells
MH will perform measurement to BTS
Point to multi-point
Common Control Channels
(CCCH)
CCCH support the establishment of a
dedicated communication path (dedicated
channel) between the MH and the BTS
Three types of CCCH
Used by BTS to page particular MH in the
cell
MH actively listen to PCH to check contact
info within certain time
Contact could be incoming call or short
message
Contact info on PCH include
IMSI (MHs identity number), or
TMSI (temporary number)
point to point
Random Access Channel
(RACH)
Used by MH to request a dedicated
channel for call setup
Shared by any MH attempts to access the
network
Channel request message contains the
reason for the access attempt
Transmit on up-link
Point to pint.
The network assigns a signaling
channel via AGCH
A Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel
(SDCCH) is assigned
Point to point
Dedicated Control Channels
(DCCH)
DCCH are used for transferring nonuser
information between the network and the MH
Messages on DCCH Including
channel maintenance
mobility management
radio resource management
Four kinds of DCCH
Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
Stand alone Dedicated
Control Channel (SDCCH)
Transfer signaling information between
the BTS and the MH
Typically used for location updating prior
to use of a traffic channel
Bidirectional channel, transmit on both up
and down-link
Point to point.
Cell Broadcast Channel
(CBCH)
To carry Short Message Service Cell
Broadcast (SMSCB)
Use the same physical channel as
SDCCH
Point to multi-point
Slow Associated Control
Channel (SACCH)
Carries control and measurement parameters
along with routine data necessary to maintain
a radio link between the MH and the BTS
On the uplink, MS sends averaged measurements (signal strength
and quality) of current and neighboring BCCH
On downlink, MS receives information about transmitting power to
use and an instruction with time advance/retard
Bidirection channel, transmit on both up and down link
Point to point
Fast Associated Control
Channel (FACCH)
An FACCH is used over a TCH where it
steals time slots from a TCH
a 20 ms segment of speech is stolen to
carry handover signaling information
Appears on demand
Traffic Channels (TCH)
TCH transport user information
(speech/data)
TCH are bidirectional dedicated channels
between the network and the MH
Mobile
station
Base
station
Category
Logical
Channel
Carrier sine wave
SYSTEM INFORMATION TYPE3
CHANNEL REQUEST
LOCATION UPDATING REQUEST
CIPHERING MODE COMMAND
CIPHERING MODE ACK
TMSI ALLOCATION COMPLETE
CHANNEL RELEASE
RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
MM
MM
MM
MM
MM
RRM
RRM
RRM
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
Location-Updating Procedure
Mobile
station
Base
station
Category
Logical
Channel

RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
RRM
MM
MM
RRM
RRM
CMCM
CM
CM
RRM
RRM
CM

CM
CM
CM
RRM
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
FACCH
TCH
TCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
FACCH
Carrier sine wave
SYSTEM INFORMATION
PAGING REQUEST
CHANNEL REQUEST
PAGING RESPONSE
CIPHERING MODE
CIPHERING MODE ACK
SETUP
CALL CONFIRMED
ALERTING
CONNECT
ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
ASSIGNMENT ACK
CONNECT ACK
conversation
conversation
conversation
DISCONNECT
RELEASE
RELEASE COMPLETE
CHANNEL RELEASE
Call Deliver to MH
Mobile-Assisted Handover
Mobile
station
Base
station
Logical
Channel
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
FACCH
new TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH

FACCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
HANDOVER COMMAND
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER ACCESS
HANDOVER COMPLETE
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
conversation
conversation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
conversation
Burst
The information contained in one time slot is a
burst
Five types of burst
Normal Burst (NB)
To carry information on traffic and control channels
Frequency Correction Burst (FB)
To synchronize the frequency of the mobile
Synchronization Burst (SB)
To synchronize the frames of the mobile
Access Burst (AB)
For random and handover access
Dummy Burst
For padding the frame
Bursts and Frames
There are two types of multiframe
TCH, SACCH and FACCH
BCCH, CCH, SDCCH and SACCH
Bursts and Frames
...
2047 2046 2045 2044 2043 1 0 2 3 4 5
...
0 1 2 3 50 49 48 47
0 1 25 24 ...
0 1 25 24 ... 0 1 50 49 ...
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 hyperframe = 2048 superframes = 2,715,648 TDMA frames (3 hours 28 minutes 53 seconds 760 microseconds)
1 superframe = 1326 TDMA frames (6.12 seconds)
= 51 (26-frame) multiframes or 26 (51-frame) multiframes
1TDMA frame = 8 timeslots
(120/26 =~ 4.615 ms)
1 (26-frame) multiframe
= 26 TDMA frames (120 ms)
1 (51-frame) multiframe
= 51 TDMA frames (120 ms)
Bursts and Frames
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GP
8.25
TB
3
Encrypted bits 57
flag
1
Training sequence 26
flag
1
Encrypted bits 57
TB
3
TB
3
Fixed bits 142
GP
8.25
TB
3
GP
8.25
TB
3
TB
3
Encrypted bits 39
Synchronization sequence 64
Encrypted bits 39
TB
3
Synchronization sequence
41
Encrypted bits 36
TB
3
GP 68.25
GP
8.25
TB
3
TB
3
Mixed bits 58 Training sequence 26 Mixed bits 58
Normal Burst (NB)
Frequency correction
burst (FB)
Synchronization
burst (SB)
Access burst (AB)
Dummy burst (DB)
TB: Tail bits
GP: Guard period
1 TDMA frame = 8 timeslots
1 timeslot = 156.25 bit durations (15/26 =~ 0.577 ms)
(1 bit duration 48/13 =~ 3.69 micro sec)
Normal Burst
T3
Coded Data
57
Training
Sequence 26
Coded
Data 57
GP
8.25
S1
S1 T3
148 bits = 0.54612 msec
This burst is used to carry information on TCH and on the control channels
BCCH, PCH, AGCH, SDCCH, ASCCH and FACCH.

Note: GP (Guard Period)
Random Access Burst
T8
Synchronization
sequence 41
Coded Data
36
Guard Period
68.25
T3
88 bits = 0.32472 msec
68.25 bits = 0.252 msec which is equivalent to 75.5 km
propagation delay.
That is, the max. allowed distance between mobile station
and BTS is 37.75 km. Based on other system parameters,
the max cell size is 35 km in GSM.
Logical Channels
Characteristics
Logical
Channel
Uplink-
only
Downlink-
only
Both uplink
& downlink
Point-
to-pint
Broadcast Dedicated shared
BCCH
FCCH
SCH
RACH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH

1.2 H thng thng tin di ng th 2 (2G)
tin tin
Tc d liu nng cao cho pht trin mng GSM
(EDGE)
1.2.1 D liu chuyn mch knh tc cao
(HSCSD)
- GSM 9,6 kb/s khng th truyn file c vi Megabyte.
- To kh nng c sn 8 knh TCH trn tc ca
GSM cho mt ngi s dng, HSCSD c th t tc
ti thiu 76,8 kb/s.
- Nu s dng k thut gim mt s th tc th c th
t tc d liu cao hn mc 115 kb/s.
- HSCSD tn dng cu trc mng GSM v khng cn
iu chnh c cu h tng vt l ca mng.
- HSCSD cn cp nht phn mm.
1.2.2 Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS)

GPRS l h thng chuyn mch gi
Cung cp cc dch v kiu mng internet cho ngi
s dng dch v di ng
Hi t gia IP v tnh di ng
GPRS l bc thang tin trin quan trng gia GSM v
UMTS.
GPRS c tnh hiu qu ph cao. Ngi s dng lin
tip c kt ni nhng c th ch phi tr cc ph
cho d liu truyn qua mng.
Ngun ti nguyn knh truyn dnh ti a cho ngi
s dng mng. Hiu qu kinh t cao.


Cc kiu hot ng ca MS trong GPRS:
Lp A: Cc dng gi ng thi vi chuyn mch
knh
Lp B: T ng chn dng chuyn mch knh hay
chuyn mch gi
Lp C: Ch chuyn mch gi.
Mt MS ca GPRS bao gm kt cui di ng (MT) , l
thit b thu v pht tn hiu d liu v thit b kt cui
(TE), l thit b ging mt my tnh c nhn c th chy
c cc ng dng.

GPRS c cc dch v phi thi gian thc vi tc d
liu t 9 ln n 171 kb/s
Tc bit c sn ph thuc s lng ngi s dng
GPRS c 4 loi m: CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, CS-4
GPRS c th tng tc vi cc dch v truyn pht
TCP/IP v X.25
Thit lp cuc gi nhanh hn so vi GSM
Cung cp dch v im ti im, im ti a im

GPRS tn dng giao din sng v tuyn ca GSM.
t tc d liu bin thin, mt MS c th cp
pht 1 n 8 khe thi gian trong mt khung TDMA.
Vic cp pht khe thi gian c th khc nhau trn cc
hng i v v do MS c th truyn v nhn d
liu vi cc tc khc nhau. Nh vy GPRS c th
cung cp hiu qu cc dch v kiu Internet.
Cc knh c phn cp ng ti cc MS.
Cc gi tin c truyn i trn cc knh TCH d liu
gi (PDTCH) v hng, l knh tng ng knh
TCH trn tc s dng bi GSM cho thoi.
Cc knh trong GPRS
Knh PDTCH c cp tm thi cho mt MS c th khi
truyn d liu.
Cc knh TCH c truyn qua knh vt l gm 52 a khung
(to t 2 knh 26 a khung ca GSM).
Knh 52 a khung c 12 khi gm 4 khung TDMA, 2 khung
cho knh iu khin qung b ng gi (PBCCH) v 2 knh
d tr. Knh 52 a khung chim 240 ms.
Mt knh 51 a khung dng cho vic truyn dnh ring knh
iu khn ng gi (PDCCH) v cc knh PBCCH.
GPRS cung cp mt s knh logic iu khin v bo hiu
c gpthnh knh PBCCCH, knh iu khin dnh ring
ng gi (PDCCH) v knh PCCCH.
Cc knh iu khin logic ca GPRS
1) Nhm PDCCH
Knh iu khin kt hp gi (PACCH):
Cung cp thng tin tn hiu lin quan mt MS c th.
C th dng paging i vi cc dch v chuyn mch
knh khi MS ang ch chuyn mch gi.
Knh iu khin tng thi gian ca gi hng ln
(PTCCH?U):
MS dng n truyn cc burst truy nhp ngu nhin,
t BTS tnh khong tng thi gian.

Cc knh iu khin logic ca GPRS (tip)
* Knh iu khin tng thi gian ca gi hng xung
(PTCCH/D):
BTS s dng truyn thng tin tng ti MS.
2) Nhm PBCCH
* Knh iu khin qung b gi (PBCCH) ch lin kt
theo hng xung:
BTS s dng cung cp cho MS v thng tin h thng
c bit lin quan n d liu gi.

Cc knh iu khin logic ca GPRS (tip)
3) Nhm PCCCH
Knh thng bo gi (PPCH):
c dng gi mt thng tin a lung pht t im n a
im ti mt nhm gm cc MS.
Knh paging gi (PPCH) ch theo hng xung:
Cnh bo cho my di ng bit v gi tin trc khi truyn gi.
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin gi (PRACH) ch theo hng ln:
MS s dng bt u truyn d liu hoc bo hiu.
Knh trao quyn truy nhp gi (PAGCH) ch theo ng
xung:
Cp ngun ti nguyn ti MS trc khi truyn gi.
What Is GPRS? (Cont.)
Packet data network connectivity for GSM
networks
Allows completely transparent IP support
Billing according to actual bandwidth
consumed!
As opposed to billing by calls, or billing by
bandwidth provisioned
User can stay connected (on-line) for long
periods of time without sending any data and
without paying
Dynamically variable data rates: from 9 to 150
GPRS Architecture
GPRS Architecture (Cont.)
GPRS
Backbone
SS7
PSTN
Data
Network
Internet
Mobile
PC
E
t
h
e
r
n
e
t
BSS
BTS
EIR
MSC
SGSN
BSC
VLR
GGSN
Workstation
FW
Router
Border GW
Inter PLMN
Network
X.25
Network
Corporate
Network
Transmission Plane Protocol Stack

Relay
Network
Service

GTP
Application
IP / X.25

SNDCP
LLC

RLC

MAC
GSM RF

SNDCP
LLC

BSSGP
L1bis

RLC

MAC
GSM RF

BSSGP
L1bis
Relay
L2
L1
IP
L2
L1
IP

GTP
IP / X.25
Um Gb Gn Gi
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
Network
Service
UDP /
TCP
UDP /
TCP

Transmission Plane Protocol
Stack(Cont.)
GTP GPRS tunnelling protocol.
SNDCP maps network-level
characteristics onto the characteristics of
the underlying network.
BSSGP conveys routing and QoS
information between the BSS and SGSN.

Transmission Plane Protocol
Stack(Cont.)
NS performs the transport of BSSGP
PDUs between the BSS and SGSN.
LLC defines the logical link control layer
protocol to be used for packet data transfer
between the MS and the SGSN.
Relay relays LLC or PDP PDUs between
different interfaces(Um/Gb or Gb/Gn).
RLC/MAC provides radio link control
function.
Signalling Plane
Consists of protocols for control and
support of the transmission plane functions:
Controlling the GPRS network access
connections
Controlling the attributes of an established
network access connection
Controlling the routing path of an established
network connection
Controlling the assignment of network
resources
Providing supplementary services
Signalling Plane MS-SGSN
BSSGP
Relay
GMM/SM
LLC
RLC
MAC
GSM RF
GMM/SM
LLC
BSSGP
L1bis
Um Gb
MS BSS SGSN
Network
Service
RLC
MAC
GSM RF L1bis
Network
Service
GMM/SM:
GPRS Attach/Detach
Security, routing area, location update
PDP context activation/modification/deactivation

Signalling Plane SGSN-HLR
MAP - with additional functionalities to
handle GPRS subscribers information,
among other functions
TCAP, SCCP, MTP3 and MTP2 SS7
protocols
SCCP
MTP2
MTP3
MTP2
MTP3
SCCP
Gr
SGSN HLR
TCAP
MAP
TCAP
MAP
L1 L1
Signalling Plane GSN-GSN
GTP GPRS Tunnelling protocol.
This protocol tunnels user and signalling data between GPRS
support nodes(GSNs) in the GPRS backbone.
Create/update/delete PDP context request/response.
UDP
L2
L1
IP
L2
L1
IP
UDP
Gn
GSN GSN
GTP GTP

Signalling Plane-Interfaces
MS - SGSN : Um and Gb interfaces
GSN - GSN : Gn interface
SGSN - HLR : Gr interface
Other signalling planes:
SGSN - MSC/VLR : Gs interface
SGSN - EIR : Gf interface
SGSN - SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC : Gd
interface
GGSN - HLR : Gc interface
GPRS Protocols - Interfaces
Protocol Interface
GTP Gn
SNDCP Gb
LLC Gb
NS Gb
GMM Gb
BSSGP Gb
BSSAP+ Gs
MAP Gr, Gf, Gd and Gc

MS Identities
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber
Identity.
A unique identity allocated to each mobile
subscriber in GSM/GPRS.
P-TMSI Packet Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity.
TLLI Temporary Logical Link Identity.
Is derived from a P-TMSI and provides user
identity confidentiality.
PDP Address Packet Data Protocol Address
A GPRS Subscriber(identified by IMSI) shall have
MM Functionality
Mobility management(MM) states
Three different MM states :
IDLE
STANDBY
READY
Each state describes a level of functionality
and information
The information sets held at MS and SGSN are
denoted MM context

MM Functionality(Cont.)
IDLE
READY
STANDBY
GPRS Detach
PDU transmission
GPRS Attach
READY timer expiry
or Force to STANDBY
STANDBY timer
expiry
State model of MS - Transitions and
Functions

MM Functionality(Cont.)
State model of SGSN - Transitions and
Functions

IDLE
READY
STANDBY
GPRS Detach
or
Cancel Location
PDU reception
GPRS Attach
READY timer expiry
or Force to STANDBY
or Abnormal RLC condition
STANDBY timer
Expiry or Cancel
Location
GPRS Attach Procedure

MS Network
ATTACH REQUEST
Start T3310
ATTACH ACCEPT
ATTACH REJECT
Stop T3310
Stop T3310
or
ATTACH COMPLETE
Stop T3350
ATTACH REQUEST
Start T3310
If P-TMSI
and/or
TMSI allocated
Start T3350
If P-TMSI
and/or
TMSI allocated
H THNG CDMA
3.1 c im CDMA
H thng IS-95A c xy dng trn l thuyt tri
ph
Hiu sut s dng rng bng tn cao v kh nng
truy nhp nn CDMA l cng ngh hng u gim
nghn do s bng n cc mng in thoi di ng.
u im: dung lng ln, tnh nng ci thin cht
lng thoi, d dng pht trin mng, kh nng
truyn d liu tc cao, p ng c cc dch v
tin tin s dng bng thng rng.
CDMA 2000 (G3 chun CDMA) c ti a 2,4Mbps.
Qu trnh pht trin ca mng thng tin di
ng
L trnh tin ti 3G
Xu th: p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao v dung
lng, tnh tin li, gi c, tnh a dng dch v.
Chu u: GSMGPRS EDGE W-CDMA
Bc M, Hn Quc, Trung Quc:
IS-95A IS-95B CDMA 2000
* Nht Bn pht trin mng PDC theo hai hng W-
CDMA v CDMA 2000.
u im ca h thng CDMA
Dung lng gp 810 ln so vi h thng AMPS v
45 ln so vi GSM.
Cht lng cuc gi c nng cao
Thit k h thng n gin ha do dng chung di tn
s mi .
Nng cao bo mt thng tin.
c tnh ph sng c ci thin, nng cao phm vi
ph sng.
Tng thi gian m thoi cho my u cui.Dait
thng c cung cp theo yu cu s dng.
Nng cp mng d dng.
Tng dung lng h thng
Vi di tn 10 MHz
W-CDMA ch c 2 sng mang/sector (mi sng mang 5 MHz)
CDMA 2000 c 7 sng mang (mi sng mang dng 1,25
MHz).
Vi 62 knh lu lng TCH/sng mang th W-CDMA c ti
a 124 TCH/sector, CDMA 2000 1x c 266 TCH/sector.
So snh dung lng thoi
gia cc cng ngh
TDMA GSM GSM WCDMA CDMA-2000 1x

Dung lng (Erl) 37 2135 2947 111176 230,9328,7
Ngi dng/sector 48 2944 3858 124190 245343
Ti s dng 7/21 4/12 3/9 1/1 1/1
So snh tc d liu
gia cc cng ngh
GPRS EDGE WCDMA CDMA
2000 1x
CDMA
2000 1xEV-
DO
Lu lng
trung bnh
(Kbps)
256 768 1800 2450 11060
Mu ti s
dng tn s
3/9 3/9 1/1 1/1 1/1
3.2 Tri ph
3.2.1 Tri ph trc tip (Direct Squence Spread
Spectrum-DSSS).
Cc tn hiu mng thng tin c iu ch trc tip
bi m tn hiu tc chip cao.
Tn hiu d liu c th l tn hiu tng t hoc s
B qua iu ch d liu tn hiu s v tn hiu c
nhn trc tip nh tn hiu m v to ra tn hiu iu
ch sng mang bng rng.

3.2 Tri ph (tip)
3.2.2 Tri ph nhy tn s (Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum- FH-SS).
mt tn s sng mang, cc tn hiu mang thng tin
c lp li ty theo tn hiu m.
Trong mt khong thi gian, tn s ny gi nguyn.
Sau mt khong thi gian, sng mang li nhy ti
mt tn s khc.
3.2 Tri ph (tip)
3.2.3 Tri ph nhy thi gian (Time Hopping Spread Spectrum-
TH-SS)
Cc tn hiu c truyn khng lin tc
Cc tn hiu xut hin t ngt nhng thi gian quyt nh
bi tn hiu m gn cho ngi s dng.
Trc thi gian c chia thnh khung, mi khung c M khe
thi gian (time slot).
Trong mi khung, ngi dng gi d liu trn mt trong M
khe thi gian.
S dng khe thi gian no ty vo m gn cho thu bao.
TH-SS dng ton b ph bng rng cho cc khong thi gian
ngn thay v ch dng cc phn ca phtrong sut thi gian
nh tri ph nhy tn s.
3.2 Tri ph (tip)
3.2.4 iu ch lai ghp (Hybrid modulation)
Kt hp hai hay nhiu cng ngh iu ch trn.
Kt hp CDMA vi cc phng thc a truy nhp
khc, chng hn TDMA.
3.3 Cc khi nim ca h thng tri ph

Cng thc dung lng Shannon
Cng thc:

Vi C l dung lng knh truyn [b/Hz]
B l rng bng tn [Hz]
N l cng sut nhiu
Biu din cc i v mt l thuyt c th t c.
Trong thc t ch t c cc t l thp hn.
Cng thc tha nhn tp m trng (tp m nhit)
Khng tnh n tp m xung
Khng tnh n mo do suy hao hoc mo do tr.
( ) S/N 1 log
2
+ = B C
Cng thc dung lng Shannon (tip)
Cng thc dung lng Shannon (tip)
3.3.1 H s x l ca h thng
3.3.1 H s x l ca h thng (tip)
V d tnh h s x l h thng ca h
thng DSSS
- Tc chip ca ng h m ha l 10 Mcps
- Tc thng tin l 4,8 Kbps
Tnh h s x l h thng ca h thng DSSS.
Tnh h s x l h thng khi tc m ha tng ln
50 Mcps.
H thng c u im g khi tng tc m ha ln 50
Mcps vi tc thng tin l 4,8 Kbps?
V d tnh h s x l h thng ca h thng
DSSS (tip)
3.3.2 Hot ng ca h thng DSSS
Tn hiu tri ph c bng thng rng hn rt nhiu so
vi bng thng ca thng tin cn truyn (bng tn c
s).
Vic tri ph d liu bng tn hiu tri ph (tn hiu
m ha). Tn hiu m ha c lp vi d liu v c
tc cao hn nhiu.
Ti my thu, vic nn ph bng b tng quan cho
ca tn hiu tri ph ti u thu v tn hiu tri ph
ban u nn ph ti u thu phi ng b, ging
tn hiu tri ph dng tri ph d liu.

Kha dch pha nh phn lin kt
Kha dch pha nh phn lin kt (tip)
Kha dch pha nh phn lin kt (tip)
Kha dch pha cu phng (QPSK)
Kha dch pha cu phng (QPSK)
H thng DSSS vi my pht QPSK
Cng
mdun 2
Tc
thng tin
R
i
=1/T
Bng tn
c s d
i
(t)
Lc di
tn c s

Tc chip R
c
=1/T
c

Dy PN, c
c
(t)
Dy PN, c
s
(t)
Dch pha 90
0

B khuch
i cng
sut
X
i
(t)
H thng DSSS vi my pht QPSK (tip)
3.3.3 Bit gi ngu nhin
Hot ng ca my pht v my thu:
D liu bt k s
i
(t) ly t ngun s.
Dy m bt k c
i
(t) ly t my pht ph trc tip.
Hai dy s
i
(t) v c
i
(t) c cng vi nhau v truyn
n my thu vi gi thit khng c tr ng truyn.
M c
i
(t) dng my pht cng c th s dng my
thu.
Dy d liu ban u c khi phc bng cch cng
mdun 2 chui nhn c vi m c
i
(t) ti bn thu.
3.3.3 Bit gi ngu nhin
S
i
(t) S
i
(t)c
i
(t)
c
i
(t)
My pht di ng

My
pht
1 S
i
(t) 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
2 C
i
(t) 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
3 S
i
(t).c
i
(t) 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

My
thu
4 S
i
(t).c
i
(t) 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
5 C
i
(t) 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
6 S
i
(t).c
i
(t). C
i
(t)= S
i
(t) 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
Cc bc cng mdun 2:
3.3.3 Bit gi ngu nhin (tip)
dy d liu s
i
(t) thay 1 v -1 tng ng cho 0 v 1.
Cng mdun hai ca cc s 1 v 0 tng ng vi
nhn mdun 2 ca 1 v -1.

S
i
(t)c
i
(t) S
i
(t)c
i
(t)c
i
(t) = S
i
(t)
c
i
(t)
My thu di ng
3.3.3 Bit gi ngu nhin (tip)
Php cng m dun hay dng v cng NOR r hn
nhiu so vi b nhn.
c
i
(t).c
i
(t) = 1.
Cc bc nhn mdun 2:

Ta gi thit khng c tr ng truyn (ng b),
thc t khng ng b do bn thu sai v cn ng
chnh (ng b ha).

My
pht
1 S
i
(t) -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 C
i
(t) -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1
3 S
i
(t).c
i
(t) 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1

My
thu
4 S
i
(t).c
i
(t) 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1
5 C
i
(t) -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1
6 S
i
(t).c
i
(t). C
i
(t)= S
i
(t) -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1

3.3.4 Hot ng ca h thng CDMA
H thng FDMA, TDMA c gii hn v dung lng.
Trong CDMA, h thng tri ph c th hot ng tt
khi dng thm sng v tuyn. Tuy nhin tng mc
nhiu chung vi ton b my thu cc cell.
Nhiu ph thuc mc nng lng thu c, mc
ng b v thi gian v s tng quan cho gia cc
tn hiu.
Dung lng ph thuc nhiu v thit k h thng.
K thut m ha sa li trc ci thin kh nng
chng nhiu v tng dung lng h thng.
Page316
Phn tch ph ca tri ph v gii tri ph
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
3.3.4 Hot ng ca h thng CDMA (tip)
3.3.5 Dy gi tp m
(PN-Pseudorandom Noise Sequences)
Tri ph bng tn tn hiu iu ch thnh bng tn ln hn
truyn.
Phn bit cc thu bao cho quy trnh a truy nhp
Cc dy PN khng phi ngu nhin m c tnh chu k v xc
nh.
Cc tnh cht:
- Tn sut ca 0 v 1 l 1,2
- Khi ton s 0 hoc 1, di l 1 vi xc sut l 1/2; di l 2
vi xc sut l 1/4; di l 3 vi xc sut l 1/8
- Khi dy PN c dch, chui kt qu cng phi c tng cc A
v D ging vi chui gc.
3.3.5 Dy gi tp m (tip)

X
1

X
2
X
3
X
4

B cng
mdun 2
Xung ng h
B 4 thanh ghi c hi tip tuyn tnh
u ra
Khi c xung ng h trng thi thanh ghi dch trc
dch sang thanh ghi bn phi ngay trc n.
Trng thi ca cc thanh ghi dch lp li sau (2
4
-1=)
15 nhp.
Dy c di ln nht l dy c th to bi thanh ghi
dch c di nht nh. b pht dy nh phn, dy
di nht l 2
n
-1 chip vi n l s tng.

Tnh cht ca dy gi ngu nhin c di ln nht
B n tng ghi dch (n thanh) to ra dy c di ln
nht c cc tnh cht:
- S 0 v 1 ch c khc nhau mt chip
- S cc nh phn 1: 2
n-1
, S cc nh phn 0: 2
n-1
-1
- Chui m di 2
n
-1 chip.
- Mt dy chy l dy ton s 0/1.
- Khi c ch s thay i c ngha bt u dy chy
mi.
- di dy chy l tng cc s trong dy .



X
n-1
X
n-2

X
1
X
0

h
1
h
2

h
n-1

h
n-2

B thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh n tng
H
1
=1: mch kn,
h
1
=0: mach h


di dy chy Cc s 1 Cc s 0 S chip
1 2 2
2 1 1
3 0 1
4 1 0
Tng s chip 15
Phn b cho cc dy chy cho dy 2
4
-1 chip
(b 4 thanh ghi c hi tip tuyn tnh)
ngha ca tng quan
Tng quan th hin iu g?
N xc nh s tng t ca mt chui so vi mt chui
khc.
N c xc nh trong phm vi gia 1 v 1.

Gi tr Th hin
1 Hai chui ph hp vi nhau hon ton.
0 Khng c s lin quan gia hai chui
1 Hai chui ging nhau nhng ngc li nh mt hnh
nh phn chiu qua tm gng (The two sequences
are mirror images of each other).
Cc gi tr khc biu th tng mc tng quan
T tng quan
T tng quan
Tng quan cho
V d tnh hm t tng quan
Cho b pht m 3 tng to m tuyn tnh c di ti a 6
chip vi dy chun l 1110010. Tnh hm t tng quan nu
tc chip l 10 Mcps.
Bng 3.8 Cc s A (Agreement) v D (Disagreement) vi dy chun.

lch
Dy S ch s
ging
nhau
S ch s
khng ging
nhau
A-D
1 0111001 3 4 -1
2 1011100 3 4 -1
3 0101110 3 4 -1
4 0010111 3 4 -1
5 1001011 3 4 -1
6 1100101 3 4 -1
0 1110010 7 0 7
V d tnh hm t tng quan (tip)
V d tnh hm t tng quan (tip)
th ca hm t tng quan ca b gm 3 tng v
cc ng hi tip tuyn tnh:

t
-1/7
1
0
3.3.6 Hm trc giao
S dng hm trc giao tng hiu sut bng thng
ca mt h thng tri ph.
Mi thu bao dng mt hm trc giao truyn cc
k hiu.
Hai m l trc giao khi tng quan ca chng bng
khng (Khng c nhiu gia hai ngi dng).
* C nhiu dy to cc b ca cc hm trc giao.
Dy Walsh v dy Hadamard to c cc b c hiu
qu trong h thng CDMA.
B cc hm trc giao c th dng lm m tri ph
hoc ng dng, iu ch k t, cc k t ny trc
giao vi nhau.
Hm trc giao (tip)
Hm trc giao (tip)
Hm trc giao (tip)
Hm trc giao (tip)
Hm trc giao (tip)
Hm trc giao (tip)
Thng qua v d cho thy H thng trc giao c:
u im: Hiu sut bng thng tng 33,1%.
Nhc im: Thit k bn thu phc tp
V d trn cn 16 b tng quan bn thu cho tng
knh thu bao (h thng khc ch dng mt b).
Hm trc giao (tip)
H thng CDMA chun IS-95 dng cc hm trc
giao:
- m tri ph knh truyn thun (ng ln)
- iu ch . nghch
Mt b c 6 k hiu lm m th c 64 k hiu iu ch
v truyn i 1 trong 64 k hiu .
K hiu iu ch truyn i l hm trc giao trong 64
hm trc giao nhau.
Hm trc giao (tip)
M Walsh
M trc giao ph bin nht c s dng trong h
thng CDMA.
Cc hm Walsh sinh ra t cc m ca ma trn
hadmard. Mt hng ton s 0, cc hng khc c 1 v
0 nh nhau.
Mt b m Walsh c di n is c nh ngha cc
hng ca ma trn Hadamard n n.
Ma trn Hadamard c th c xy dng bng
phng php tng tc.
Cc hm Walsh c th to khi di N = 2
j
, j l s
nguyn.
Hm trc giao (tip)
Hm trc giao (tip)
V d:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =

1 1
1 1
2 1
0
n n
n n
n
H H
H H
H H
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0

1 0
0 0
4 2
H H
Hm trc giao (tip)
Chu k truyn mt k hiu iu ch c gi l
khong thi gian ca k hiu (1s/4800 =208,33 s).
Kt hp vi 1/64 k hiu iu ch gi l mt chip
Walsh (1s/307200=3,255 s).
Trong mt k hiu Walsh cc chip truyn theo th t
0, 1, 2, 63.
Vi knh thun (ng ln) Hm Walsh dng kh
nhiu do cc thu bao cng cell.
Vi ng xung cng mt cell, tt c cc hm
Walsh u c ng b v tng quan ln nhau
bng khng.

Hm trc giao (tip)
D liu thu bao ti u vo (tn hiu s) nhn vi
hm trc giao Walsh (theo chun TIA IS-95 dng 64
hm Walsh u tin).
Sau d liu c tri ph bi m PN bo hiu cho
BS v truyn trn mt sng mang.
Ti my thu sau khi loi b sng mang, my thu em
nhn tn hiu vi m ng b PN.
loi b nhiu do BS th i truyn ti cc thu bao
ta nhn hm Walsh c ng b vi tn hiu ca
thu bao th i.
Cc hm Walsh to dng sng ch nht vi hai bin
+1 v -1.
Hm trc giao (tip)
Walsh 1
Walsh N
M PN cho BS
M PN cho BS
Thu bao 1
Thu bao N
ng dng ca hm Walsh v m b trm gc
Sng mang lin kt
Mu t=T
ng dng ca hm Walsh v m b my di ng
3.4 Cc th tc chuyn giao
Trng thi tch cc: softer/soft, softer/soft o.
Trng thi ch: gia cc PCF
Gia cc h thng CDMA 2000 1x v EV-DO: trng
thi tch cc, ch, chuyn giao i vi Simle
IP/Mobile IP.
3.4 Cc th tc chuyn giao
Chuyn giao trng thi tch cc (softer/soft):
Chuyn giao AT (Access Terminal) n sector hay
BTS khc m khng ngt kt ni ca AT vi BTS
ang phc v.
Nng cao cht lng so vi h thng chuyn giao
cng (ngt kt ni vi BTS ang phc v). Tuy nhin
chim 35% ti nguyn mng.
Ch trong cng bng tn, tn s, offset khung.
Cung cp s phn cc trn cc knh lu lng
(ng ln hay ng xung) vng bin gia cc
BTS

3.4 Cc th tc chuyn giao (tip)
Chuyn giao trng thi tch cc (tip):
Cung cp s phn cc trn cc knh lu lng
(ng ln hay ng xung) vng bin gia cc
BTS.
Chuyn giao softer/soft 1xEV-DO ch cho ng ln
Chuyn giao softer/soft o 1xEV-DO ch cho ng
xung.
Nhiu BTS/sector cng nhn tn hiu AT.

Cc th tc chuyn giao (tip)
Chuyn giao softer/soft o
AT o cng tn hiu ca tt c Pilot trong Active
Set.
AT chn sector c Pilot mnh nht v yu cu phc
v (nhn bo hiu v d liu).
Qu trnh AT chn mt knh lin kt ng ln khc
trong Active Set chnh l Chuyn giao softer/soft o
BTS quyt nh tr ti thiu thay i DRC.
Chuyn giao trng thi ch:
Nhm duy tr phin ca AT khi trng thi ch.
Tit kim ti nguyn h thng.
Qu trnh thit lp phin lng ph do cn nhiu ti
nguyn xc nh cc tham s/giao thc. Mi khi thit
lp xong, kt ni c gii phng ri thit lp li. Knh
lu lng khng dng truyn d liu.
Gim tr cho ngi dng.
Cho php ngi dng 1xEV-DO lun trng thi
online.
Chuyn giao gia cc h thng 1x v EV-DO:
Khng gin on dng dch v d liu ca thu bao.
Theo hai chiu.
Phin IP c duy tr nu EV-DO v 1x s dng
cng mt PDSN hay dng c ch Mobile IP.
Chuyn giao gia cc h thng 1x v EV-DO (tip)

u cui Hybrid:
H tr thoi/d liu 1x v d liu 1xEV-DO.
Gim st c knh tm gi ca 1x v knh iu khin ca EV-
DO khi trng thi ch.
u tin dng 1xEV-DO truyn d liu khi n nm trong
vng ph sng ca c 1x v EV-DO.
Khi truyn d liu bng 1xEV-DO, n vn gim st h thng
1x theo chu k nhn bit cuc gi n. Nu c cuc gi
n, ngi dng nhc my, phin d liu EV-DO s c
chuyn giao sang 1x.
Khi truyn d liu bng 1xEV-DO, n kim tra cng tn
hiu 1x. Nu cn chuyn giao n s chuyn sang ch 1x.
Cc trng hp chuyn giao
1) AT ang c phin d liu vi mng truy cp v tuyn
1x EV-DO RAN. Khi trng thi ch, nu c s thay
i RAN, n chuyn giao trng thi ch sang RAN mi.
2) AT ang truyn d liu vi 1xEV-DO th c cuc gi
ti h thng 1x. Do AT gim st knh chung ng
xung 1x nh k nn n nhn c bn tin tm gi.
- Tip tc cuc gi d liu trn h thng 1x.
- Gii phng d liu 1xEV-DO bng cch chuyn giao
sang 1x v tip tc ch vi cuc gi thoi.
Cc trng hp chuyn giao (tip)
3) AT c th nhn SMS khi ang truyn d liu trn h thng 1x
EV-DO. SMS c nhn trong sut khe thi gian c n nh
cho AT hay khe thi gian qung b.
4) Khi ang truyn d liu trn 1x EV-DO, n thc hin cuc gi
thoi trn 1x.
- Tip tc cuc gi d liu trn h thng 1x.
- Gii phng dch v d liu 1x EV-DO bng cch chuyn giao
sang h thng 1x v tip tc ch vi cuc gi thoi.
- 5) AT di chuyn ra khi vng ph sng ca h thng 1x EV-
DO v vo vng ph sng ca 1x. AT s thay i AN t h
thng 1x EV-DO sang h thng 1x.
Gii thiu gii php ca ZTE
Tch hp 1xEV-DO v 3G1x ln chung mt nn tng
(Platform) iu khin v tuyn.
BSC thc hin chc nng iu khin v tuyn.
Ti BTS card CHM1 cung cp knh cho 1xEV-DO
(tn hiu c m ha, iu ch v pht trn cng
anten vi 1x).
Lu lng 1xEV-DO v 1x theo giao din c
truyn n PCF ti BSC.
PCF thc hin chc nng iu khin gi v chuyn
ton b lu lng qua giao din A10/A11 ti PDSN.
Lu lng EV-DO v 1x n BSC, PDSN cng mt ng
Gii thiu gii php ca ZTE (tip)
Thit b truy nhp: AT (MS).
Mng truy nhp AN (BTS, BSC, AN AA).
PCF, PDSN, my ch AAA.
H thng 1xEV-DO s dng kin trc mng trn nn
IP.
Giao din gm: v tuyn, A8/A9, A10/A11 cng tnh
nng nh CDMA 2000 1x.
Gii thiu gii php ca ZTE (tip)
Gii php CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO ca ZTE gm:
H thng chuyn mch di ng ZXC10-MSS
H thng chuyn mch d liu gi ZXPDSS
H thng trm gc ZXC10-BSCB
H thng trm thu pht gc ZXC10-BTS
H thng cung cp cc dch v gia tng (ZXSC100,
VMS)
MSM
SNM
OMM
Kin trc phn cng ca MSC/VLR
H thng chuyn mch di ng ZXC10-MSS bao
gm: ZXC10-MSC/VLR v ZXC10HLR/AUC.
MSC/VLR bao gm cc modul:
- Chuyn mch bn tin MSM
- X l MSC/VLR MPM
- Mng chuyn mch SNM
- Bo dng v vn hnh h thng OMM
- Cc t MPM kt ni nhau qua giao din quang v kt
ni vi OMM qua mng LAN.
H thng chuyn mch di ng ZXC10-MSS (tip)
MPM l modul c lp c bn, c cc chc nng:
Kt ni knh thoi
X l bo hiu gia cc thu bao cng modul
Kt ni cc bn tin bo hiu, knh thoi gia cc thu bao ca
modul chuyn mch v cc thu bao ca cc modul x l MSC
khc.
Thc hin cc chc nng khc: VLR, GMSC (Gateway MSC),
SSP
Modul MPM dng cc card chuyn mch DDSN
(active/standby)
ni vi BSC, MSC khc v PSTN, MSC dng card CDTI,
mi card c 4 cng E
1.

H thng chuyn mch di ng ZXC10-MSS (tip)
Modul MSM: chuyn mch bn tin gia cc modul.
MSM ni vi SNM bng cp quang.
Modul chuyn mch trung tm SNM l modul li thc hin
chc nng chuyn mch.
- Chuyn mch knh thoi gia cc modul ca h thng
-Truyn cc khe thi gian t cc modul MPM n MSC
thng qua kt ni bn c nh.
SNM dng n v chuyn mch nh nht l cc modul
chuyn mch TDM loi T dung lng 32K/64K.
Modul vn hnh bo dng OMM: qun l cc thc th
chuyn mch nh bo mt, thng k hiu nng, gim st dch
v, gim st bo hiu, qun l tnh cc, cu hnh d liu,
ng h nhp, pht hin li, iu khin cnh bo
H thng ZXC 10-BSS
B iu khin trm gc BSC:
Thc hin chc nng iu khin BTS
BSC bao gm: - Modul x l cuc gi
- Modul trung k s
- Modul phn b v la chn
- Modul nh thi
- Modul vn hnh v bo dng
BSC c tch hp chc nng iu khin gi PCF
cho c 1x v EV-DO.
H thng ZXC 10-BSS (tip)
Trm thu pht gc BTS
Thc hin lin kt u cui truy cp AT qua giao din
v tuyn vi mng truy nhp AN.
Bao gm:
- H thng con s bng gc BDS
- H thng con tn s v tuyn
BTS c BSC iu khin.
BTS thc hin truyn dn v tuyn v cc chc nng
iu khin khc.
AN-AAA:
AN-AA l Secver thc hin chc nng nhn thc, trao quyn
v thanh ton cho cc thu bao EV-DO.
H thng iu khin trm gc ZXC10-BSC
H tr cc giao din
Cho php BSC kt ni vi cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp
khc.
Tch chc nng iu khin gi PCF cho c 1x v EV-DO kt
ni n PDSN qua giao din A10/A11.
Tch hp chc nng IWF cung cp dch v d liu knh
(circuit data), chng hn dch v fax.
S dng b m ha 8k EVRC.
H thng trm thu pht gc ZXC10-BTS
C th cung cp c hai dch v 3G 1x v EV-DO cng mt
rack v cng mt anten.
Dng card CHM1 cung cp knh cho 1x EV-DO.
Card CHM1 c dung lng ti a:
- 96 knh cho ng ln
- 192 knh cho ng xung
Dng card CHM0 cung cp knh cho 1x.
Card CHM0 c dung lng 256 knh cho ng ln v 512 knh
cho ng xung.
Cung cp cc gi tr dch v gia tng.
3.6 Gii php 3G ca Lucent
Gii php mng CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO ca Lucent
tch bit phn d liu 1xEV-DO vi phn d liu
3G1x v c iu khin bi Nt iu khin mng v
tuyn RNC.
Gii php: - Mng 1xEV-DO c lp
- Mng kt hp 1x v EV-DO
Lu lng d liu ca ngi dng s khng chy
chung ng vi lu lng 1x t BTS n PCF m s
c router tp trung lu lng 1xEV-DO t cc BTS
ri a v b DO-RNC (chy trn Flexent Mobility
Server).
3.6 Gii php 3G ca Lucent (tip)
Flexent Mobility Secver thc hin chc nng iu
khin gi PCF cho 1xEV-DO.
Lu lng 1xEV-DO c dn ti mt router khc
ri a ti PDSN thng qua giao din m R-P
(A10/A11) cung cp cc dch v nhn thc, thanh
ton, iu khin.
Lu lng 1x vn theo ng truyn thng, chy
cng thoi t BTS v PCF ri ti PDSN qua giao
din A10/A11.
D liu qua PDSN ti b nh tuyn/tng la ra
mng ca nh cung cp dch v hoc trc tip n
Internet.
3.7 Thit k mng CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO
Thit k mng CDMA 2000 1xEV-DO (tip)
Tnh ton cho ng truyn v tuyn:
Cn c tnh ton, thit k ng truyn (link Budget)
theo m hnh truyn sng:
Tham s thit k gi thit
D liu thng k
Kho st thc t.
D tr fading c xc nh thit k ph sng 95%
vng dch v v 90% bin ca cc cell vng dch v.
Bn knh cell c xc nh theo cc cng thc trong
m hnh Okumara-Hata vi gi thit chiu cao anten
trm gc 30 m v chiu cao anten thu bao l 1,5 m.

Chng 4. MNG CC B KHNG DY
WLAN -WiFi - WiMAX
4.1 KHI NIM
4.11. Mng khng dy
- Mng khng dy (Wireless Network) v mng cc
b khng dy WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
c kh nng giao tip thng qua sng v tuyn.
- Kh nng x l v trao i thng tin linh hot v t
do hn.
- Ngi dng c th truy nhp vo mng Intranet
hoc Internet.

Khi nim (tip)
4.1.2 WiFi v cc chun IEEE 802.11
FiFi (Wireless Fidelity):
tp hp cc chun tng thch vi mng khng dy
ni b da trn c t .IEEE 802.11.
Cho php my tnh hoc thit b c nhn truy cp vo
mng Internet.
Tc kt ni:
802.11: 1-2 Mbps 802.11a: 54 Mbps
802.11b: 11 Mbps 802.11g: 54 Mbps
Khi nim (tip)
4.1.3 WiMAX
WiMAX l cng ngh kt ni khng dy bng rng
(c t IEEE 802.16).
Phm vi ph sng rng hn (50 km) so vi WiFi.
Kt ni cc im truy cp khng dy hotspot theo
chun IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) ti mng Internet.
Tc ln ti 72 Mbps.

ng dng v li ch ca mng khng dy
i tng ng dng:
H thng thng tin doanh nghip
Du lch
Gio dc
Y t
Li ch ca mng khng dy
Truyn thng tin v d liu gia cc thit b u cui
m khng quan tm v tr trong vng ph sng.
Khng cn h thng dy kt ni.
Thun li khi thit lp m rng mng.
So vi mng LAN hu tuyn, mng khng dy c
hiu sut cao hn, tin li hn, chi ph xy dng t
hn.
Cho php ngi dng truy cp thng tin theo thi
gian thc.
Li ch ca mng khng dy (tip)
Tng ng mi im truy nhp AP (Access Point) c mt
vng ph sng.
My tnh di chuyn s c t ng chuyn vng.
Khng yu cu lp t cp tn kinh ph v thi gian.
Ci t cu hnh linh hot, c bit ci t thit b truy nhp
AP thng qua trnh duyt Web.
Kh nng m rng:
- c nhiu m hnh
- V tr xa, ngoi vng ph ca AP th c th dng trm lp
(repeater).
- Kh nng phn ti v thay i tc truyn dn.
Tc truyn dn ca AP: 1; 2; 5,5; 11; 54 Mbps (c th thay
i ty theo iu kin c th ca WLAN).
Cc cu hnh mng LAN
C 2 cu hnh (nh ngha theo phng thc cc my
trm lin kt v trao i thng tin)
Cu hnh mng ph thuc (infrastructure mode)
Cu hnh ty bin (ad-hoc mode)
Cc cu hnh mng WLAN
Cu hnh mng WLAN ph thuc
S dng m hnh my trm/my phc v
(client/server).
My trm l thit b cui c gn card mng khng dy
nh PC, laptop, PDA, in thoi IP v tuyn
My phc v l im truy nhp AP.
V mt vt l trm theo chun 802.3 v 802.11 u
lin kt theo nguyn tc cu trc bus v k thut a
truy nhp cm nhn sng mang CSMA (Carier Sense
Multiple Access).

Cc cu hnh mng WLAN (tip)
Thay phng thc a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang
pht hin xung t (CSMA/CD) trong 802.3 bng
phng thc a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang trnh
xung t CSMA/CA trong 802.11.
Xung t xy ra khi: - hai trm cng nhn ng
truyn ri
- Cng pht khung d liu ti mt thi im.
- Khi xung t d liu s b tn tht v khung s c
yu cu truyn li.
- Cc im truy nhp AP thc hin chc nng cng
chuyn tip (gateway) cho cc my trm ca mng
WLAN.
Cu hnh mng WLAN ph thuc (tip)

Mng WLAN gm nhiu cell (mi cell c mt tp
dch v c bn - Basic Service Set).
Cc cell c phn bit bi s nhn dng SSID
(Service Set Identity).
Trong mng WLAN cc cell c th c m rng
hoc lin kt to nn tp dch v m rng ESS
(Extended Service Set).

Cu hnh mng WLAN c lp
Cu hnh theo ch c lp hay ty bin thc hin
kt ni mng theo quan h hng ngang im ti im
(peer-to-peer).
Kt ni mng khng qua thit b qun l v h tr
trung gian.
Khng cn im truy nhp AP thc hin qun l, iu
khin v chuyn tip thng tin.
Hnh thnh mt mng lin kt nhau qua sng v
tuyn.
Tuy thit lp ty bin t trm bt k n trm bt k,
chng vn chia s mt tp tham s chung nh knh
tn s, thit lp nhn dng v phng thc mt m
ha.
4.4 Nguyn tc hot ng ca WLAN
B chuyn i (im truy cp) c kt ni n mng
c dy t mt im c nh thng qua cp Ethernet.
im tuy cp nhn, lu tr tm (buffer) v truyn d
liu gia cc thnh phn vi mng c dy.
Cc thit b Access Point Aironet ng vai tr thit b
mng LAN s dng v tuyn.
Cho php my tnh, Notebook (c card mng) truy
nhp vo mng LAN.
Cho php cc my tnh va di chuyn va kt ni
mng.
4.4 Nguyn tc hot ng ca WLAN (tip)
Trc khi pht cc khung, mt trm cn quyn truy
nhp phng tin tng ng knh v tuyn.
Chun 802.11 nh ngha hai hnh thc truy nhp
phng tin tng ng hai ch :
- Ch chc nng iu phi phn b
(DistributedCoordination Function)
- Ch chc nng iu phi im PCF (Point
Coordination Function).
Ch DCF c thit lp mc nh v da trn giao
thc CSMA/CA (Carier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Avoidance).
Trong ch DCF cc trm 802.11 truy nhp cnh
tranh v gi khung khi cc trm khc khng truyn
d liu.
Khi mt trm ang gi khung th cc trm khc phi
i.
c php truy nhp knh, lp MAC kim tra gi
tr ca vect cp pht mng NAV (Network
Allocation Vector), tng ng b m c thit lp
trong trm 802.11 (cho thy thi gian cn hon
thnh vic truyn khung.
Gi tr NAV phi bng khng trc khi trm truyn
khung.
Trc khi pht mt khung, trm cn tnh thi gian
cn gi khung (cn c di khung v tc
truyn dn).
Trm thit lp thi gian gi khung cho trng thi
on truyn - Duration trong phn tiu ca
khung.
Khi nhn c khung, cc trm kim tra trng gi
tr thi on truyn v thit lp NAV tng ng
nhm dnh knh truyn cho trm ang gi.
Ch DCF c b nh thi quay lui backoff) m
trm dng pht hin trng thi bn ca knh truyn
v tuyn sau mt khong thi gian ngu nhin.
Nu knh v tuyn bn, trm phi i mt chu k ti
gian ngu nhin.
Khong thi gian tr ngu nhin dn n cc trm
phi i vi chu k thi gian khc nhau trnh cc
trm cng kim tra trng thi knh ng thi, tm
knh ri, pht d liu v xy xung t.
B nh thi quay lui lm gim s ln xung t.
Trm pht khng bit xung t khi ang truyn d
liu do khng thu pht ng thi.
Trm thu gi bn tin phn hi ACK
(acknowledgement) nu nhn c khung khng li.
Sau khong thi gian nht nh, nu khng nhn c
bn tin ACK, khung va gi xem nh b xung t v
trm pht s gi li khung .
h tr phn phi cc khung d liu b gii hn
thi gian truyn ti cc dch v thi gian thc, tiu
chun 802.22 nh ngha ch ty chn PCF.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca WLAN (tip)
Bt u
NAV=0?
Kim tra
ng truyn
ng
truyn ri

N

Y

Y
N

Y N

Truyn khung
Quay lui
Ngu nhin
Xung
t?
Truyn
thnh cng
Ch PCF, im truy nhp AP cho php tng trm truy
nhp knh truyn thng qua phng thc hi vng (polling)
ln lt cc trm trong chu k khng cnh tanh.
My trm ch c php truyn khung sau khi AP hi n.
Chu k thi gian cho lu lng d liu PCF xy ra lun phin
gia cc chu k cnh tranh ca ch DCF.
AP hi vng cc trm theo danh sch hi vng, sau chuyn
sang mt chu k cnh tranh khi cc trm dng ch DCF.
Tin trnh ny cho php h tr c ch vn hnh ng b v
khng ng b.
Ch PCF h tr cht lng dch v QoS.
4.5 Cc tiu chun IEEE cho mng WLAN
Chun Bng tn Phng thc iu ch Tc
ti a
Tc h tr
khc
802.11 2,4 GHz, IR FHSS v DSSS 2 Mbps
802.11b 2,4 GHz DSSS 11 Mbps 5,5; 2,1
802.11a 5 GHz OFDM 54 Mbps 48, 36, 24, 18, 12,
9, 6
802.11g OFDM OFDM 54 Mbps 48, 36, 24, 18, 12,
9, 6
Nguyn tc hot ng ca WLAN (tip)

PHY
Lp ng dng
Lp trnh din
Lp phin
Lp truyn ti
Lp mng
Lp lin kt d liu
Lp vt l
802.11
iu khin truy nhp
MAC CSMA/CA
802.11b
FHSS
DSSS
IR
802.11a, g

OFDM
4.5 Cc tiu chun IEEE cho mng WLAN (tip)
Quy nh 802.11 l tiu chun cho WLAN khng
dy.
Tiu chun 802.11 tp trung vo 2 lp di cng ca
m hnh OSI (lp vt l v lp lin kt).
Cc ng dng LAN v giao thc lp trn (bao gm
TCP/IP) hot ng trong mng WLAN u tng
thch vi 802.11 nh trong Ethernet.
Cc tiu chun IEEE cho mng WLAN (tip)
8.5.1 Chun 802.11
C hai phng thc iu ch:
- Tri ph dy trc tip (DSSS-Direct Sequency
Spectrum Spread)
- Tri ph nhy tn FHSS (Frequency Hoping
Spectrum Spread).
Hot ng trn bng tn 2,4 GHz v IR (Ifrared-hng
ngoi).
Vi FHSS, tn hiu bng hp c tri rng do nhy
tn trong bng 2,4 GHz.

Mt AP hot ng 1 trong 15 mu nhy tn, nh vy
c ti a 15 AP hot ng ng thi trong mt vng
ph sng.
Chun 802.11 theo FHSS ch h tr ti a 2 Mbps v
khng tng thch cc chun 802.11 khc (ch thch
hp cho mi trng ngoi tri do kh nng chng
nhiu v tuyn c bit l fading chn lc tn s.
802.11 theo DSSS cng h tr ti a 2 Mbps nhng
c kh nng tng thch vi chun 802.11 nn c th
lin lc trong vng ph sng ca AP theo chun
801.11b.
4.5.2 Chun 802.11a
Hot ng ti bng tn 5 GHz.
Dng ghp knh tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing).
H tr ti a 54 Mbps.
Phm vi ph sng ti a khong 30 m ty theo tc
truyn dn.
u im l h tr dung lng ln nht trong cc
chun thuc h 802.11 do c th cp n 12 knh.
u im khc: hot ng bng tn 5 GHz t c thit
b v tuyn khc.
Hn ch: phm vi ph sng km hn so vi
802.11b/g do hot ng bng tn cao hn. Nh vy
cn nhiu AP hn so vi 802.11b/g.
Ti cng khong cch, tc 802.11a ln hn
802.11b nhng s dng 802.11b vn duy tr kt ni
khi ra khi tm ph sng ca 802.11a, tc gim
xung cn 1 hoc 2 Mbps.
Chun 802.11a v 802.11 b khng tng thch nn
my trm v AP ca hai chun khng lin kt nhau.
B iu ch 802.11 thc hin iu ch s liu nh
phn theo nhiu phng thc ty tc .
Chun 802.11 (tip):
Tc 6 Mbps dng phng thc iu ch pha
BPSK.
Tc 54 Mbps dng phng thc iu ch pha kt
hp bin QAM.
Chun 802.11b
Hot ng ti bng tn 2.4 GHz, h tr tc ti a
ln n 11 Mbps.
Hu ht cc mng WLAN u tng thch chun ny
thng qua AP v card mng khng dy
Chun 802.11b (tip)
u im: phm vi ph sng rng (100 m)
Nhc im: nhiu t cc thit b v tuyn khc trong
cng bng tn 2,4 GHz.
Dng phng thc tri ph trc tip DSSS tri ph
tn hiu vi rng knh v tuyn 22 MHz trong
bng tn 2,4 GHz.
Chun 802.11d
Chun ha mt s vn lin quan lp vt l nh quy
nh phn knh, mu nhy tn (m rng 802.11).
Chun 802.11e
Theo c ch DCF v PCF
Tng cng kh nng lp MAC 802.11 m rng
h tr cc ng dng yu cu QoS, ci thin bo mt,
tng hiu qu ca giao thc.
Chun 802.11f
p dng cho mng LAN khng dy di ng ln.
Giao thc lin kt cc im truy nhp IAPP (Inter-
Access Point Protocol) nhm lin kt v tuyn gia
cc AP ca nhiu nh sn xut thng qua h thng
phn phi.
Chun 802.11f (tip)
Cc kha m ca phin trao i thng tin gia cc AP
c n nh bi my ch nhn thc ngi dng truy
nhp dch v t xa RADIUS Server (Remote
Authentication Dial In User Sercice).
My ch RADIUS thc hin nh x gia a ch
MAC ca cc AP v IP.
Chun 802.11i
Tng cng tnh bo mt v nhn thc.
Da trn giao thc tch hp kha tm thi TKPI
Chun 802.11g
Tng thch vi 802.11b
H tr tc ti 54 Mbps.
Bng tn 2,4 GHz.
Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM.
Nhc im: - Nhiu v tuyn ti bng tn 2,4 GHz.
-Hn ch bi s lng 3 knh v tuyn
khng b chng ln.
- Hn ch dung lng so vi 802.11a

4.6 c im v cu hnh mng truy nhp khng
dy bng rng (WiMAX)
4.6.1 c im:
WiMax (Wordwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access) truyn ti d liu tc cao khng dy vi
phm vi ph sng rng theo chun IEEE 802.16.
WiMAX l cng ngh v tuyn bng rng trn nn
IP.
WiMAX c kh nng tch hp vi nhiu cng ngh
mng v tuyn in v hu tuyn in.
Kt ni Internet vi mt nhm my tnh trong phm
vi ln n 50 km.

4.6 c im v cu hnh mng WiMAX (tip)
WiMAX s dng c bng tn c php v bng tn
khng yu cu cp php (WiFi ch dng bng tn
khng cp php ISM).
WiMAX cho php tng tc gia nhiu cng ngh v
thit b:
- Chun ha theo IEEE 802.16a/REVd cho thit b c
nh.
- Chun ha theo IEEE 802.16e h tr u cui di ng.

c im ca h thng WiMAX
theo b chun IEEE 802.16
Khong cch trm thu pht c th ti 50 km.
Tc truyn c th thay i, ti a 70 Mbps.
Hot ng c ng truyn tm nhn thng v ng
truyn che khut.
Di tn: 2-11GHz v 10-66 GHz
ng ln c tn s thp hn ng xung.
OFDM dng 2048 sng mang, trong 1536 dnh
cho thng tin (32 knh con, mi knh con c 48 sng
mang).
theo b chun IEEE 802.16 (tip)
iu ch nhiu mc thch ng t BPSK, QPSK n
256 QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li d liu:
- Ngu nhin ha
- M ha sa li Rees Solomon
- M xon t l m t 1/2 n 7/8.
WiMAX h tr s dng a truy nhp phn chia theo
tn s trc giao OFDMA (OFDM Access). rng
t 5 MHz n 20 MHz c chia thnh nhiu bng
con 1,75 MHz. Mi bng con c chia nh nh
cng ngh OFDM.
theo b chun IEEE 802.16 (tip)
H tr c cng ngh TDD (Time Division Duplexing)
v FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing).
WiMAX c chia thnh 4 lp:
- Lp con tip ng (Convergence): giao din gia lp a
truy nhp v cc lp trn.
- Lp a truy nhp (MAC layer).
- Lp truyn dn (Transmision).
Lp vt l (Physical).
u im ca cng ngh WiMAX
Thng lng: t 75 Mbps
Kh nng m rng: h tr kh nng cp pht nhiu
rng knh truyn v tuyn khc nhau.
Cht lng dch v (QoS): m bo dch v thi gian
thc nh VoIP, IPTV
Bo mt: - tin cy v an ton.
- IEEE 802.16 nh ngha ring mt phn
lp SS thc hin tnh nng bo mt thuc lp MAC.
4.6.2 Cu hnh mng WiMAX:
Trm gc BS (Base Station):
BS c chc nng tng t BTS trong mng thng tin
di ng.
Trm thu bao SS (Subscriber Station):
Kt ni n BS bi:
- Anten
- Card mng ri
- Mainboard trong cc my tnh
4.6.2 Cu hnh mng WiMAX (tip):
Trm lp RS (Repeater Station):
Chuyn tip tn hiu nhm kt ni BS n SS.
BS c kt ni n mng Internet bng:
- ng truyn tc cao dnh ring
- Kt ni ti BS khc nh mt trm trung chuyn
bng ng truyn thng nn c th ph sng xa.

Cc anten thu/pht c th trao i thng tin qua:
- ng tn hiu trc tip:
+ Anten t cao, c nh
+ Tc truyn c th t ti a.
+ Dng bng tn cao 66 GHz v bng tn ny tn hiu
t b nhiu v bng thng ln.
- ng tn hiu phn x.
+ S dng bng tn thp hn tng t WiFi (2-11
GHz).
+Tn hiu vt qua cc vt cn, phn x, nhiu x, un
cong, vng qua cc vt chn n im thu.

4.7 Cu trc giao thc WiMAX 802.16

Phn lp hi t ph thuc dch v CS
(Service-Specific Convergence SubLayer)
M hinh cu trc giao thc ca IEEE 802.16:

Phn lp phn chung MCPS
(MAC Common Part Sublayer)

Phn lp bo mt SS
(Security Sublayer)

Lp vt l
(PHY)
Lp MAC
Lp PHY
CS-SAP CS-SAP
MAC SAP
PHY SAP
4.7 Cu trc giao thc WiMAX 802.16 (tip)
4.7.1 Lp iu khin truy nhp phng tin MAC
* Phn lp hi t CS (Convergence Sublayer):
Chuyn i hay nh x t cc chun ca mng khc
nh ATM hoc IP thng qua im truy nhp dch v
SAP (Service Access Point).
Chuyn i cc gi tin t cc nh dng ca cc mng
khc thnh gi tin ph hp vi nh dng IEEE
802.16.
Phn lp CS thc hin: nhn cc PDU (Packet Data
Unit) t lp cao hn, phn lp dch v cc PDU, phn
phi cc PDU xung phn lp MCPS thng qua im
SAP thch hp.
* Phn lp MCPS (MAC Common Part Sublayer)
Cung cp chc nng chnh ca lp MAC:
-Truy nhp
- Phn b bng thng
- Thit lp v qun l kt ni
Lp ny nhn d liu t phn lp hi t CS.
Cht lng dch v cn m bo trong qu trnh
truyn v sp xp d liu.
* Trao i thng tin gia trm gc BS v trm thu bao
SS theo kin trc:
- im ti im P2P (Point-to-point)
- im ti a im PMP (Point-to-Multipoint)
- Kt hp (Mesh).
Kin trc PMP c quan tm nht. Ti ng
xung, d liu c pht qung b ti cc SS.
Trm SS phn tch v thu d liu thng qua kim tra
ng nhn dng knh CID ((channel Identity) trong
MAC PDU.

PMP: d liu c truyn gia BS v SS, hiu sut
cao hn so vi P2P nhng phm vi ph sng hp hn.
Mesh: d liu c th c truyn gia cc SS.
* Phn lp bo mt SS (Security Sublayer):
Cung cp c ch chng thc, trao i kha v m
kha.
802.16 thit k ring mt phn lp bo mt SS.
Lp SS cung cp cc c ch iu khin truy nhp tin
cy, m bo an ton cho d liu.
802.16 ngn nga truy cp tri php bng m ha cc
lung dch v.

Phn lp SS c cc giao thc qun l kha mt m ti
BS chng thc v cp pht cc kha ti trm thu
bao SS.
Nu mt SS khng cp cc c ch bo mt IEEE
802.16 th cc bc chng thc v cp pht kha s
b b qua. Nu BS chp nhn th SS vn c truyn
d liu.

4.7.2 Lp vt l PHY
Lp vt l trong h chun IEEE 802.16 h tr:
c tnh SC (Single Carier): dng mt sng mang.
c tnh Sca: dng mt sng mang nhng c ci tin.
c tnh OFDM: truyn thng tin trn nhiu tn s
ph trc giao nhau.
c tnh OFDMA: da trn nn cng ngh OFDM c
h tr a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao.
4.8 Mt s cu hnh ng dng ca WiMAX
4.8.1 Cc loi hnh dch v c WiMAX h tr:
1) Dch v UGS (Unsolited Grant Service):
c thit k cho cc lung d liu thi gian thc c
chiu di c nh nh cc lung T1/E1 hoc VoIP.
Cc gi tin c pht u theo chu k.
D liu c tc cao, n nh v loi b mt s tiu
khng cn thit.
Do kch thc gi tin c nh do khng cn dng
c ch cp pht bng thng.
4.8 Mt s cu hnh ng dng ca WiMAX (tip)
2) Dch v RtPS (Real-time Polling Service):
- c thit k cho cc lung d liu thi gian thc
nhng cc gi tin c chiu di thay i.
- D liu c tc ln, n nh v tnh u tin cao.
- Cn dng c ch cp pht bng thng do kch thc
gi tin c th thay i.

3) Dch v NrPS (Non real-time Polling Service):
c thit k cho cc lung d liu c chiu di thay
i.
C kh nng p ng c cho d liu c tr ln,
tc nh.
c bit ph hp dch v d liu c bn nh FTP,
email.
Dch v yu cu c ch cp pht bng thng.
4) Dch v BE (Best Effort): d liu c truyn vi
kh nng tt nht ca h thng.
4.9.2 Cc cu hnh ng dng ca WiMAX
WiMAX cung cp dch v bng thng rng trn nn IP
1) ng dng cho mng truy nhp
Cung cp cc dch v c bng thng ln, khong cch
xa, cht lng tt.
Kh nng cung cp dch v trong nhiu iu kin a
l khc nhau.
Bng kt ni im - a im, trm gc BS c th thay
th cc dch v bng thng rng truyn thng nh
ng dy thu bao s DSL
2) ng dng cho mng ng trc
Xy dng mng ng trc v tuyn vi bng thng
ln n 72 Mbps.
3) ng dng WiMAX kt hp WiFi
To vng truy nhp khng dy rng ln.
- Khch hng truy nhp dch v thng qua cc im
truy nhp hostpots theo chun 802.11.
- Cc im truy nhp AP c kt ni vi trm gc
BS theo chun 802.16 cung cp kt ni n Internet.
S dng cho nhiu phm vi nh nh ga, khch sn
Cc phng php truy nhp
Ba dng chnh:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency hopping (FH-CDMA)
Direct sequence (DS-CDMA)
Mt phng Tn s-Thi gian
Thi gian
Tn s
Phn chia tn hiu thnh
cc khe thi gian v cc
bng tn.
FDMA
Thi gian
Tn s
Nhiu ngi dng pht
ng thi cng mt bng
tn
TDMA
Thi gian
Tn s
Nhiu ngi dng pht
t cc khe thi gian
khc nhau.
Mi ngi dng chim
ph tn ring.
CDMA nhy tn
Tn s
Thi gian
Sp xp tng khe thi
gian v bng tn.
Mi ngi dng mt m
v m iu khin vic
nhy tn.
ng b
Mi tn hiu ng b vi cc tn hiu khc.
Qu trnh nhy tn c th xung t, nhng n
khng xut hin thng xuyn.
Xung t xut hin nh th no ty thuc vo cc
m.
a truy nhp phn chia theo m chui trc tip
(Direct Sequence CDMA)
Thi
gian
Tn s
Ton b ngi dng chim tt
c rng bng vi ton b
thi gian.
Tn hiu ca cc ngi dng
chng ln ln nhau.
iu ny c thc hin nh
th no?
M ho CDMA
Mi ngi dng c gn mt dy k hiu
(hoc m), biu th bng (c
1
,c
2
,,c
M
). Thnh
phn ca n c gi l mt chip.

Mi bit, d
i
, c m ha bng cch nhn bit
vi chui k hiu:
Z
i,m
= d
i
c
m

V d m ha
Bit d liu
d
1
= 1
Chui k hiu
(c
1
,c
2
,,c
8
) = (+1,+1,+1,1,+1,1,1,1)
u ra ca b m ha
(Z
1,1
,Z
1,2
,,Z
1,8
) = (1,1,1,+1,1,+1,+1,+1)
rng bng
Ch rng tc chip ln hn rt nhiu so vi
tc d liu.
Gi s tn hiu d liu ban u chim rng bng
tn W.
rng bng ca tn hiu m ha nh th no?
What is the bandwidth of the encoded signal?
K thut tri ph trc tip
Thi gian
Tn s
Thi gian
Tn s
M ha
rng bng c m rng bi h s tri ph M.
Gii m CDMA
Khi khng c ngi dng gy nhiu, b thu s
thu cc bt m ha, Z
i,m
v phc hi bit d
liu ban u, d
i
bng cch tnh:
=
=
M
m
m m i i
c Z
M
d
1
,
1
V d gii m CDMA
(c
1
,c
2
,,c
8
) = (+1,+1,+1,1,+1,1,1,1)
(Z
1,1
,Z
1,2
,,Z
1,8
) = (1,1,1,+1,1,+1,+1,+1)

(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)

d
i
= 1
nhn
Cng v chia
cho M
Trng hp nhiu ngi dng
Nu c N ngi dng th tn hiu ti b thu:

B thu CDMA phc hi bt d liu ban u
ca ngi dng nh th no?
How can a CDMA receiver recover a users
original data bit?
Multiplied by the signature
sequence of user 1
2-user
example
Chui k hiu
b thu c th nhn c tn hiu ngi gi
c trng, m CDMA phi c tng quan thp
(low correlation).
Tng quan ca hai m, (c
j,1
,, c
j,M
) v (c
k,1
,,
c
k,M
) , c nh ngha theo biu thc:

=
M
m
m k m j
c c
M
1
, ,
1
Cch to ra chui k hiu
Cch to ra chui k hiu ca tng quan thp
nh th no?
C hai loi chui k hiu c s dng rng
ri trong h thng CDMA.
M trc giao (Orthogonal Codes)
Chui tp m gi (Pseudo Noise Sequences - PN
Sequences)

M trc giao
Hai m l trc giao khi tng quan ca chng
bng khng.
Khng c nhiu gia hai ngi dng.
Trong v d hai ngi dng trc, cc m l
trc giao.
Lm th no to ra c m trc giao?
How to generate orthogonal codes?
Chui k hiu
Chui k hiu c th c tm bi:
Ly ra cc hng
Thay th 0 bng 1
Chng trc giao cha?
ng xung (Forward Link IS-95)
M Walsh c di 64 c dng tri
ph cho ng xung (base-to-mobile) ca
IS-95.

N KHNG ph hp vi ng ln
(reverse link/ (mobile-to-base). Ti sao?
S dng chui PN thay th.

Chui PN
Tp m gi (Pseudo-Noise Sequences) l g?
Chng c nh trc.
Nhng chng ging tp m ngu nhin
To chui PN nh th no?
Mt phng php chung l dng B ng
k dch chuyn hi tip tuyn tnh (linear
feedback shift register).

B ng k dch chuyn:
V d
x
1
x
2
x
3

x
1
x
2
x
3
Output
1 0 0 ---
0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
Trng thi ban u: 1 0 0
Output: 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
(Periodic with period 7)

The output sequence must be
periodic (why?)
The period cannot be greater than
7. (why?)
1.4 CC H THNG TH H TH 3 (3G)

Mc ch ca 3G

Tc truyn cao
Dch v phong ph
Cht lng ting ni tt
Dung lng ln
Chi ph thp
Bo mt tt
Hiu qu tn s cao
Tc cc i 2Mb/s
D chuyn i t 2G
Cu trc ca mt h thng thng tin di ng
3G

Ch song cng

Downlink
Uplink
5 MHz channel
FDD mode
Fq. 1
Fq. 2
Uplink and Downlink
5 MHz channel
.
.
.
.
.
.
TDD mode
FDMA

Multiplex Access TechnologyTruyn nhiu tn hiu thoi ng
thi trn mt i cp m khng c nhiu.
Mi tn s sng mang tng ng mt knh lu lng
Thoi c pht lin tc trong min thi gian
U
S
E
R
1

U
S
E
R
2

U
S
E
R
3

Thi gian
Tn s
FDMA
TDMA
USER1
USER2
USER3
Tn s
Time
Tng hiu qu ph tn s
Thoi c pht khng lin tc trong min thi
gian
ng b h thng rt quan trng
CDMA

Dung lng ln
Cht lng thoi cao
Chuyn giao mm
nhy thp i vi fading v tuyn
USER2
USER3
USER1
CDMA
Tn s
Thi gian
M
Th tc truyn d liu

D liu UE
M ha &
Chn
Tri ph
Pht RF
Thu RF Gii iu bin Gii tri ph
Gii m & Gii chn
D liu UE
iu bin
iu bin
bng gc
iu bin bng gc
Page468
Quy trnh x l ca h thng WCDMA
Source
Coding
Channel
Coding
Spreading Modulation
Source
Decoding
Channel
Decoding
Despreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chip
modulated
signal
bit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
M ha knh

Mc ch:
Chn thng tin tha vo lung d liu nhm pht hin v sa li
truyn dn nu c
Khng dng
c
Non-coding BER<10
-1
~

10
-2
M xon BER<10
-3

Dch v thoi
M Turbo BER<10
-6

Dch v d
liu
Nguyn tc m ha knh

Chn thng tin tha vo d liu ban u sa
li.
M xon v m Turbo (1/2,1/3).
Tng ti khng hiu qu v thi gian truyn.
Sa li khng lin tc.
W C D M A
T U R B O
S P E A K
W W C C D D M M A A
T T U U R R B B O O
S S P P E E A A K K
W C C D D M M A A
T T U R R B B O O
S S P P E E A K K
Chn
Mc ch:
Thay i hng d liu ban u v sp xp li ty theo nguyn tc
mi gim nh hng ca fading thi hn ngn.
C th pht li lin tc thnh li ngu nhin.
Bt li:
Thm thi gian truyn b sung.
x1 x6 x11 x16 x21
x2 x7 x22
x3 x8 x23
x4 x9 x24
x5 x10 x25
D liu vo
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)
D liu ra
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)
V d
M ha v chn

W C D M A
T U R B O
S P E A K
W W C C D D M M A A
T T U U R R B B O O
S S P P E E A A K K
W T S W T S
C U P C U P
D R E D R E
M B A M B A
A O K A O K
W ? ? C D D M M A A
T ? ? U R R B B O O
S ? ? P E E A A K K
M ha
Chn
W T S ? ? ?
? ? ? C U P
D R E D R E
M B A M B A
A O K A O K
Gii chn
Gii m
Nguyn l tri ph
Cng thc SHANON
C = Blog
2
(1+S/N)

C l dung lng ca knh (b/s)
B l rng bng tn hiu (Hz)
S l cng sut trung bnh ca tn hiu (W)
N l cng sut trung bnh ca tp m (W)

y l nguyn l c bn i vi truyn thng tri ph.
M rng bng

Knh v tuyn
B thu B pht
Tri ph
Gii tri ph
Tp m

Bit thng tin ngi dng c tri trn bng rng
bng cch nhn vi m tri ph tc cao (chip).
rng bng tn tn hiu tri ph rng hn rng
tn hiu ban u. W=3.84Mchip/s
Rthoi=12kbit/s
M ha knh

M OVSF
nh ngha: C ch,SF,k, m t m knh, SF:tri ph k: s m r, 0
< k<SF-1

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1,-1)

C
ch,4,0
=(1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1, - 1, - 1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1, - 1,1, - 1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1, - 1, - 1,1)

M trc giao

Trc giao
Ly tng kt qu ca php l 0
M 1 +1-1+1+1-1+1-1-1
M 2 -1+1+1-1-1+1+1-1
Nhn -1-1+1-1+1+1-1+1
Tng 0
Trc giao
M 1 +1-1+1-1-1+1-1-1
M 2 +1+1-1+1-1-1+1-1
Nhn +1-1-1-1+1-1-1+1
Tng -2
Khng trc giao
Tri ph v gii tri ph

K hiu
Tri ph
Gii tri ph
1
-1

1
-1

1
-1

1
-1

1
-1
D liu =
010010
M tri ph
Tn hiu tri ph
=D liu m
M tri ph=
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )
D liu =
Tn hiu tri ph

M tri ph
Chip
K thut tri ph trc tip

S1xC1
S2XC2
W
S1
S2
Tri ph
Gii tri
ph
(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)
Giao din khng
gianAir-IF
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1
=S1
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2
=S2
N
S
C1xC2=0,
C1,C2,trc giao
V d

-1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1
Khng
tri ph
-1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1
-4 4
0 0
iu
chnh
-1 1
1 -1 1 -1
-1 1 Tri
ph
S nguyn
1 1 1 1
-1 -1 -1
-1
Qu trnh tri ph ca WCDMA

DATA
H s tri ph bin trc
giao (OVSF)
---M knh
M trn
Tc k hiu
Tc chip
3.84Mcps
Tc chip
3.84Mcps
Sp xp ngun m

M knh:
M knh da trn cng ngh tri ph bin trc giao OVSF (orthogonal
variable spreading factor ). Truyn t mt ngun n c phn bit bng
m knh.
M trn:
S dng m trn sau khi tri ph, n khng thay i rng bng tn hiu.
Chng ch c s dng phn bit cc UE hoc Node Bs.
TrongWCDMA, ngun m ch yu phn thnh m knh
(channelization codes) v m trn (scrambling codes).
Ngun m
c tnh ca m knh

SF=8
SF=32
SF=16
S xp m:
ensure not occupied for the code in the root direction and downwards
subtree
Kt qu sp xp:
block all low rate SC in subtree and high rate in upwards root direction

V d

SF=64
SF=32
SF=16
SF= 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
` ` ` `
` ` 0 1 2 3
` 0 1
0
SF=64
SF=32
SF=16
SF= 8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
` ` ` `
` ` 0 1 2 3
`
0 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
` ` ` `
` ` 0 1 2 3
` 0 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
` ` ` `
` ` 0 1 2 3
` 0 1
0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
`
Idle
Allocated
Blocked
iu bin WCDMA
Nguyn l ca WCDMA
Nguyn l ca WCDMA
Tt c ngi dng pht ng thi cng bng tn
Mi ngi dng gy nhiu cho ngi khc
Cc cell ln cn s dng cng tn s
Cell, ngi dng v knh vt l c phn bit bng m.
M
M knh phn bit cc knh vt l trong ng ln v phn bit ngi
dng trong ng xung.
M trn dng phn bit ngi dng trong ng ln v cell trong
ng xung.
Page487
M ngun WCDMA
AMR (Tng thch a tc ) Thoi
Tch hp m ha thoi vi 8 tc thoi
Tc bit AMR c th iu khin bi RAN
ph thuc vo ti h thng v cht lng ca
vic kt ni thoi

Dch v thoi video:
H.324 c s dng cho dch v thoi
Videois trong vng chuyn mch knh.
Bao gm: m ha video, m ha thoi, cc
giao thc d liu, trn knh ...
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
AMR_10.20 10.2
AMR_7.95 7.95
AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90 5.9
AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
Page488
M knh WCDMA
Tc dng
Nng cao tng quan gia cc k hiu lm tng kh nng khi phc tn
hiu khi hin tng xuyn m xy ra.
Cung cp kh nng sa li tt hn pha thu, nhng lm tng tr
Cc dng
Khng m ha
M xon (1/2, 1/3)
M dng ng (1/3)
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
1/2 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding
Uncoded N bits
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coded 3N+24 bits
Coded 3N+12 bits
Page489
Xen knh WCDMA
Tc dng
Xen knh nhm gim kh nng xy ra cc bit li lin tip nhau
Khong xen knh di hn s bo m d liu tt hn vi tr cao hn
1 1 1 0
1 ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
1 ... ... ...
... ... ... ...
... 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Inter-column
permutation
Output bits
Input bits
Interleaving periods:
10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
Page490
M phn knh WCDMA
M OVSP (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code
SF = 8 SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
C
ch,1,0
= (1)
C
ch,2,0
= (1,1)
C
ch,2,1
= (1, -1)
C
ch,4,0
= (1,1,1,1)
C
ch,4,1
= (1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,4,2
= (1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,4,3
= (1,-1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,0
= (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
C
ch,8,1
= (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
C
ch,8,2
= (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
C
ch,8,3
= (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
C
ch,8,4
= (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
C
ch,8,5
= (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,6
= (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
C
ch,8,7
= (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)

Page491
li x l
li x l

li x l khc nhau i vi tng dch v
Nu tc bt ca dch v cao hn th li x l nh
hn, UE s cn cng sut cao hn cho dch v ny, v
vy vng ph ca dch v s nh hn.
)
rate bit
rate
log( 10 Gain Pr
chip
ocess =
Page492
Mc ch ca m ha phn knh
i vi ng ln, m phn knh c dng phn loi cc knh vt l khc nhau ca
mt kt ni.
i vi ng xung, m phn knh c dng phn loi cc kt ni khc nhau trong
mt cell
Radio bearer** SF Radio bearer** SF
Speech 4.75 UL 128 Speech 4.75 DL 256
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps UL 16 Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps DL 32
** With 3.4 kbps Signaling
Page493
Tng quan
S tng quan tnh ton tng t gia hai tn hiu ngu nhin..
Cc tn hiu ging nhau v tn hiu trc giao:
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1

-1 1 -1 1

1 1 1 1
+1

-1
+1

-1
+1

-1
+1

-1
Correlation = 1
Identical signals
-1 1 -1 1

1 1 1 1

-1 1 -1 1
C
1
C
2
+1
+1
C
1
C
2
Symbol
Spreading
Despreading
1
-1

1
-1

1
-1

1
-1

1
-1
Data =
010010
Spreading code
Spread signal
= Data code
Spreading code =
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
( SF = 8 )
Data =
Spread signal

Spread code
Chip
Spreading and Despreading
Page495
Phn tch ph ca tri ph v gii tri ph
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
Page496
Mc ch ca m ha ngu nhin
M ha ngu nhin dng nhn bit cc ngun pht khc nhau
i vi ng xung, m ha ngu nhin c dng phn bit cc
cell khc nhau
i vi ng ln, m ha ngu nhin c dng phn bit cc UE
khc nhau.

Page497
M ngu nhin
M ha ngu nhin: GOLD chui.
C 2
24
m ngu nhin cho ng ln di c dng cho m ha ng
ln DPCCH/DPDCH. M ha ng ln c ch nh bi cc lp pha
trn.
i vi cc knh vt l ng xung, c 8192 m ngu nhin c s
dng.
Page498
Trn m
ng truyn xung mc cell
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
NodeB
Page499
Trn m
Truyn dn ng ln mc cell
NodeB
Scrambling code 3
User 3 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Call Admission Control & traffic control
Intelligent Antenna and MUD
Agenda
Why Power Control?
All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at
the same time! Frequency and time are not used
as discriminators.
CDMA operates by using CODES to
discriminate between users.
CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby
users
Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd --
but with a uniquely recoverable code.
Transmit power on all users must be tightly controlled so their signals
reach the base station at the same signal level and at the absolute
minimum power level necessary to ensure acceptable service quality.
Overpowered by strong signals
Block the whole cell
Power
f
Near-Far Effect
Power control
Power
f
Power
f
Nearby terminals have
higher probability of success
Power control tech reduce the
interference among each UEs
and increase system capacity
Power Control
Overcome Near-Far effect and fading compensation
Reducing multi-address interference, ensuing network capacity
Prolonging the working time of cell
DL power control
Cell transmitting power
Transmitting power control bit
UE signal
Power control order
UL power control
Three methods of power control
Open loop:
measure received signal level and adjust transmitting power
Inner-loop (closed loop):
Frequency:1500HZ
Measured SIR> Target SIR, lower transmitting power
Measured SIR< Target SIR, increase transmitting power
Outer-loop (closed loop):
Measure BLER, adjust target SIR
Power control
UE
RNC
Node B
Open loop power controlno feedback
Closed loop power controlfeedback
UE
Node B
RNC
Outer-loop
Inner-loop
Open loop power control
If received signal is stronger,then
UE can speak softer
Node
B
Node
B
1
2
1
2
problem
Unbalanced for UL/DL signal, not accurate, only used in initial stage
Open loop

If received signal is weaker,then UE
can speak louder
Closed loop power control
Inner-loop power control is fast
Inner-loop according to SIR estimation,Node-B control UE transmission
power.conducted every 0.66ms (1500Hz )

Outer-loop according to BLER measurement estimation RNC control
and adjust SIR target
Node B
...
Power up
Power down
Power down
Power ...
SIR estimation
SIR estimation RNC
SIR target
Power up
TPC:1500Hz BER tar SIR tar
Closed loop power control
Inner Loop Power control UL/DL (fast)
For a fixed SIR target per service (RAB), UE or Node-B will use:
Signaling channel, TCP,
Continuously @ rate 1500 times/s,
To relatively changes (up or down) the power to reach the SIR target.
Outer loop Power control (Slow)
If the BLER measured (DL@UE, UL@RNC) is below/above the target,
UE/RNC increase/reduce SIR target.
Use the new target for the Inner loop PC.
The Effect of Power Control
The purpose of DL power control:
Saving power resource of base station, reducing interference to
other station.
The purpose of UL power control:
Overcoming Near-Far effect, received signal level from all UEs is
the same.
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Capacity of WCDMA system
Agenda
Handover
Handover refers to the process in which when a UE
moves from one Node B to another during calling.
Purpose:
Keep service continuity.
In the WCDMA system, handover is divided into
soft handover and hard handover.
Type of handover
Intra-Node B (Softer handover)
Intra-RNC, inter-Node B
Inter-RNC
Soft handover
Same Node B, Inter- sector
Softer handover
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-system (3G&2G)
Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)
Hard handover
WCDMA system support
multi handover technology
Hand-over

Hard Handover
Soft Handover
Soft/Softer Hand-over
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
Soft/Softer Handover
The soft/softer handover allows to swap from one cell to another without call
interruption or without deleting all old radio links (by opposition to hard HO).
It also allows the UE to be connected to more than one cell simultaneously and
take benefit from macro-diversity.
Soft Handover Softer Handover
CN CN
Iur
The two Node Bs
may belong to the
same RNC
The two Node Bs may
belong to the Same RNC
SRNC
DRNC
CN
Node B
SRNC
CN
Node B
CN
Hard Handover
The hard handover procedure is used in case of
service quality degradation or for traffic distribution
management.
During the hard handover procedure, all the old
radio links with the UE are abandoned before new ones
are established.
Hard handover may occur in the following
main cases :
When the UE is handed over another UTRAN
carrier, or another technology mode.
When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M
constraint)
Hard Handover
Node B
SRNC
RNC or
BSC
CN
Node B or
BTS
Basic concepts
Active Set:
The set of cells connected with UE;
User information is transmitted from these cells.
Monitor Set:
The set of cells not within the active set but being monitored by a
UE according to the adjacent node list allocated by UTRAN.
Detect Set:
The set of cells in neither the active set nor the monitor set.
Soft handover process
Measurement
The RNC sends a measurement control message to UE.
UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement result.
Generally, the measured quantity is the common pilots Ec/No.
Decision
The RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement results.
The RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision method.
e.g.
When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an active set update
command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set.
Execution
The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts handover.
Example of soft handover
AS_Th AS_Th_Hyst
As_Rep_Hyst
As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
Cell 1 Connected
Event 1A
Add Cell 2
Event 1C
Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3
Event 1B
Remove Cell 3
CPICH 1
CPICH 2
CPICH 3
Time
Measurement
Quantity
T T T
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Agenda
RAKE Receiving
d
1

d
2

t t t
d
3

transmitting Receiving
Rake
combination
noise
RAKE Receiving
RAKE overcome multi-finger interferenceimprove receive capability
receiver
Single
receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving
searcher calculate
combining
t
t
s(t) s(t)
signal
Multi-finger receiver
Maximal ratio combining(MRC)
at each time delay phase shifting by adding
Finger 1

Finger 2

Finger 3
Multi-finger receiver
receiver transmitter
coding decoding
Direct signal
Reflect signal
Dispersive time < 1 chip length
Multi-finger receiver cant supply multi-finger diversity
decoding
Direct signal
Reflect signal
transmitter receiver
Dispersive time > 1 chip length
Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity,improve signal gain
coding
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Agenda
Call Admission Control
When user initiates a call, RRM decides weather
access or deny this call according to the resource
situation.

When accessing, network allocate resource (such as
OVSF, Scramble code)
Traffic control
When traffic surpass system
threshold, traffic control
begin.

To accept as many as possible
services while keep the
stability of the system.
Breath effect
Breath effect of cell

Coverage and capacity
are relative
Power Control
Handover
Rake receiver
Agenda
Intelligent Antenna
Wave bind of dynamic adjusting antenna matrix follow high data rate user
user
Interface
Omni-cell
cell with Three sector
Cell with smart attenna
Intelligent Antenna
Intelligent Antenna
Single User Detection Principle
Multi-user Detection Principle
Channels Structure and Function

Course Objectives
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels

Structure and Function of channels
Agenda
Channel Type
Physical channel
Transport channel
Logical channel
Node B
RNC
Physical channel
Transport channel
Logical channel
UE
Concept of channel
PHY layer
MAC layer
RLC layer
Transport channel
Physical channel
Logical channel
L1
L2
Channel Type
Logical channels:
Describe what is transported (i.e., the types of
information to be transmitted)
Transport channels:
Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted
Physical channels:
Represent the transmission media providing the
platform through which the information is actually
transferred
Protocol stack of the Uu interface
L3
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
Logical
Channels
Transport
Channels
C-plane signalling
U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DC
Nt
GC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
BMC
L2/BMC
control
PDCP
PDCP L2/PDCP
DC
Nt
GC
Radio
Bearers
RRC
Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Transport Channel
Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Common Transport Channels
Dedicated Transport Channels
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Physical Channel
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Uplink Physical Channels
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Downlink Physical Channels
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Logic
Channel
Transport
Channel
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
RACH CPCH DCH
Uplink Downlink
PCCH BCCH
DCCH
DTCH
CCCH CTCH
PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Mapping relationship
Mapping relationship
Transport Channels
DCH
RACH
CPCH
BCH
FACH
PCH
DSCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Function of channels
Agenda
WCDMA frame structure
Physical Channels(1)
The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:
Superframe
One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames.
radio frame
One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15 timeslots with
the same length. Corresponding to 38400 chips, it is a basic unit of the
physical layer.
Timeslot
A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding to 2560
chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot depends on the
specific type of the physical channel.
Physical Channels(2)
The frame structure of the physical channels is
shown:
Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I
Tslot #15
Tslot= 2560 chip
Frame #0 Frame #I
Frame #71
Tf=10 ms
Tsuper=720 ms
Frame #1
Physical Channel
Synchronization Channel (1)
The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for cell search.
The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary SCH.
The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are divided into 15
slots, each of length 2560 chips.

Structure of synchronization channel
Synchronization Channel (2)
P-SCH
The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256 chips
The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once every slot
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
S-SCH
The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a length 15
sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips.
the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in parallel with
the Primary SCH.
Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256.
This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the code groups
the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.
CPICH
Uncoded channel with spreading factor 256 which is scrambles with the cell-
specific primary scrambling code.
Provides a known reference signal to aid channel estimation. (Amplitude and
phase information for the Rake receiver and SIR estimator)
There are two kinds of pilot signals
Primary: Cell/sector specific primary scrambling code to be used for the
whole cell/sector
Secondary: A secondary scrambling code with or without a channelization
code of length 256 to be used in a narrow beam (Adaptive antennas/Beam
steering) e.g. hot spot areas.
Primary CPICH channel power defines the handover regions .I.e. cell
boundaries .By adjusting the CPICH channel powers of two neighbouring base
stations, the traffic load can be balanced between them.
PRACH
Pilot
N
pilot
bits
Data
N
data
bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10*2
k
bits (k=0..3)
Message part radio frame T
RACH
= 10 ms
Data
Control
TFCI
N
TFCI
bits
Tasks of Uplink receiver
DPCCH is received and dispreaded decoded in a slot by slot manner
while the DPDCH is first buffered and then decoded together with other
frames that were jointly coded with it (interleaved)
For every slot
A channel estimate (amplitude and phase) and SIR estimate are made
based on the received pilot bits.
Based on SIR determine downlink power control command and send
it
Decode the TPC bit and adjust downlink transmission power
accordingly
For every second or fourth slot
Decode FBI bits over two or four slots and adjust antenna phase
and/or amplitude accordingly depending on tranmission diversity
mode
Tasks of Uplink receiver
For every 10 ms frame
Decode TFCI and obtain the bit rate and channel decoding parameters for
DPDCH
For Transmission Time Interval (TTI), i.e. how often data must be delivered to
higher layer protocol (10-80 ms), decode DPDCH
Tasks of Downlink receiver
The same as in uplink except
In downlink, the dedicated channel bit rate is constant (except the
bit rate of Downlink Shared Channel DSCH which can vary)
FBI bits are not used
There is a Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) available which can
be used to increase the accuracy of channel and SIR estimates
If transmission diversity option is used receiver must estimate the
channel state for the two different pilot patterns provided by the
antennas
Cell search procedure (1)
The cell search is typically carried out in three steps:
Step1:Slotsynchronization
During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE uses the SCH's
primary synchronization code to acquire slot synchronization to a cell.
This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar device)
matched to the primary synchronization code which is common to all cells.
The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched
filter output.
Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification
During the second step of the cell search procedure, the UE uses the SCH's
secondary synchronization code to find frame synchronization and identify the
code group of the cell found in the first step.
This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary
synchronization code sequences, and identifying the maximum correlation
value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as
well as the frame synchronization is determined.
Step3: Scrambling-code identification
During the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the UE
determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the found cell.
The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-
by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the code
group identified in the second step.
After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the Primary
CCPCH can be detected and the system- and cell specific BCH
information can be read.

Cell procedure
Summary of the process
Channel
Synchronization
acquired
Note
Primary SCH Chip, Slot, Symbol
Synchronization
Synchronization 256 chips
The same in all cells
Secondary
SCH
Frame Synchronization,
Code Group
(one of 64)
15-code sequence of secondary synchronization
codes. There are 16 secondary synchronization
codes. There are 64 S-SCH sequences
corresponding to the 64 scrambling code groups 256
chips, different for different cells and slot intervals
Common
Pilot CH
Scrambling code (one of
8)
To find the primary scrambling code from common
pilot CH
PCCPCH Synchronization,
BCCH info
Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256
RACH procedure
UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and their
scrambling codes and signatures
It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures
The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is set with
a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy
UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature
Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication
Channel (AICH)
UE decodes AICH message to see whether the NodeB has detected the
preamble
If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher transmit
power
If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted with
the same power as the last preamble
RACH procedure
Paging
Paging
Gii thiu HSDPA
Page575
Ni dung
1. Khi nim v HSDPA
2. Cng ngh HSDPA
Page576
WCDMA Evolution
Page577
Phin bn 99 D liu gi
D liu gi c x l th no trong phin bn 99 (FDD)
DCH ( Knh ring )
M tri ph c gn cho mi ngi dng
Vng iu khin cng sut kn
Chuyn giao mm
FACH ( Knh chung )
M tri ph chung
Khng c vng iu khin cng sut kn
Khng c chuyn giao mm
Page578
Release 99 Downlink Limitation
Cc tnh nng ca knh ring (DCH)
Tc ti xung ti a 384kbps
Gii hn ca m OVSF i vi ngi dng tc cao
Tc chuyn mch ph thuc vo thng lng burst chm
Vng iu khin cng sut phn ng chm vi knh
Cc tnh nng knh chung ( FACH )
T cho cc ng dng d liu burst
Ch h tr d liu tc thp
Cng sut pht khng thay i.
Page579
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
S khch nhau gia HSDPA v R99
Tp hp cc knh d liu tc cao
Cc knh c chia s bi nhiu ngi dng
Mi ngi dng c gn tt c hay mt phn ti nguyn sau mi 2ms
Node B
HS-PDSCH
Page580
HSDPA s ch ra cc gii hn ca R99 th no:
M ha v iu ch ph hp
Nhanh chng nhn bit iu kin ca knh
iu ch QPSK & QAM
Tc m ha t 1/3 n 1
Vn hnh a m
Nhiu m c dng cho mi ngi dng
H s tri ph c nh
NodeB nhanh chng c lp
Lp vt l HARQ ( Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest )
Page581
Tng hp
Page582
Ni dung
1. Khi nim v HSDPA
2. Cng ngh HSDPA
Page583
Cng ngh HSDPA
AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding)
Data rate adapted to radio condition on 2ms
Fast Scheduling based on
CQI and fairness
Scheduling of user on 2ms
HARQHybrid automatic repeat
request with Soft combing
Reduce round trip time
16QAM
16QAM in complement to QPSK
for higher peak bit rates
SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM
Dynamic shared in Time and code domain
3 New Physical Channels
Block 1 Block 2 Block 1
Block 1?
Block 1 Block 1?
+
Page584
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
( AMC )
AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) da trn CQI ( Ch s cht lng
knh - Channel Quality Indicator )
iu chnh tc d liu b cho iu kin ca knh truyn
iu kin knh tt: Tc cao hn
iu kin knh xu: tc thp hn
iu chnh tc m ha knh b cho iu kin ca knh truyn
iu kin knh tt: Tc m ha cao hn, v d 3/4
iu kin knh xu: tc thp hn v d 1/3
iu chnh mu iu ch b cho iu kin ca knh truyn
iu kin knh tt: p dng mu iu ch Tc cao. VD: 16QAM
iu kin knh xu: p dng mu iu ch Tc thp. VD: QPSK
iu bin thch nghi v m ha (AMC)

AMC ( Adaptive Modulation and Coding ) da trn CQI ( Channel Quality
Indicator )
CQI ( Ch s cht lng knh )
UE o cht lng knh v bo co v NodeB sau mi 2ms
NodeB chn mu iu ch, kch c khi d liu da trn CQI
iu kin knh xu
tng cng sut
Node B Node B
iu khin cng sut iu khin tc
iu kin knh xu
iu kin knh xu
iu kin knh tt
mc thp
tc d liu thp
mc cao
Page586
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
( HARQ ) - Yu cu lp t ng li
ARQ thng thng
Trong mu ARQ thng thng, cc khi d liu nhn c m khng th
gii m ng s b loi b v c gi li ring m ha
ARQ lai
Trong trng hp HARD vi kt hp mm, cc d liu nhn c m
khng th gii m ng s khng b loi b. Thay vo , cc d liu tng
ng nhn c s c lu vo b m v kt hp mm vi cc d liu
c truyn li sau . Vic m ha s c thc hin vi tn hiu kt hp
Page587
V d v HARQ

So vi ARQ thng thng, vic dng HARQ vi kt hp mm tng hiu qu
ca Eb/Ip cho mi ln truyn li v tng xc sut sa li m ha.
Yu cu lp t ng lai ( HARQ )
Page588
C nhiu mu khc nhau cho HARQ vi kt hp mm
Cc mu khc nhau trong cu trc vic truyn li v trong cc kt hp mm
c thc hin ti pha thu
Trong trng hp kt hp kiu Chase (CC), mi ln truyn l u sao
chp li thng tin truyn ban u
Trong trng hp tng d phng (Incremental Redundancy - IR )
mi ln truyn s thm 1 ln d phng.
Page589
V d v Chase Combining (CC) Scheme
Page590
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ( HARQ )
V d v Incremental Redundancy ( IR ) Scheme

Page591
Fast Scheduling
Fast scheduling l ni v vic quyt nh u cui no chia s trn knh
truyn s c kt ni trc tip ti thi im c gn
Page592
TTI Ngn (2ms)
TTI ngn hn ( Transmission Time Interval ) gim RTT RTT ( round
trip time )
TTI ngn hn l cn thit em li hiu qua cho cc chc nng nh AMC,
kt hoch thut gii v HARQ

Page593
Trong HSDPA, mt knh truyn ng xung c bit n nh 1 cuc
gi HS-DSCH. y, ch 1 phn trong tng s ti nguyn m l c
chia s ng gia cc ngi dng HSDPA.

Chia s knh truyn
Page594
Cc m c gn cho ngi dng HSDPA ch khi h thc s c dng
trn knh truyn, iu ny dn n hiu qu s dng m v cng sut

All
channelization
codes available
for HSDPA
Time
Channelization
code
UE1 data UE2 data
UE3 data
Chia s knh truyn
Page595
Higher-Order Modulation
Page596
HSDPA New Physical Channels

Page597
HSDPA Physical Layer Channels
Cc knh HSDPA mi
Knh chia s ng xung tc cao -High Speed Downlink shared
Channel ( HS-DSCH )
Knh truyn ng xung
Knh iu khin chia s tc cao - High Speed Shared Control Channel
( HS-SCCH )
Knh iu khin ng xung
Knh c chia s ng xung vt l tc cao- High Speed Physical
Downlink Shared Channel ( HS-PDSCH )
Knh vt l ng xung
Knh iu khin vt l ring tc cao - High Speed Dedicated Physical
Control Channel ( HS-DPCCH )
Knh iu khin ng ln

Page598
Tc ti a ca HSDPA
V l thuyt, tc ti a HSDPA hin nay l 14.4 Mbps
Lm sao t c tc 14.4 Mbps
Truyn a m
NodeB phi c tt c 15 m OVSF (SF=16) cho 1 UE
Gn lin tip s dng qu trnh a HARD
NodeB phi dnh tt cc cc khe thi gian cho 1UE
UE phi gii m knh truyn chnh xc ngay trong ln u.
Tng ch knh m ha thp
Tc m ha hiu qu =1
Yu cu iu kin knh tht tt gii m
16QAM
Yu cu iu kin knh truyn rt tt.
Page599
Implementation of MAC-hs
HS-DPCCH
demodulation and
decode
SRNC(MAC-d)
power monitor
CQI adjustment
Scheduler
Queues/flow
control
HARQ
TFRC
Power
management
Coding
and
modulation
OM
parameters
Power limitation
Power for HSDPA
CQI Value
Stat. Of ACK/NACK
ACK/NACK
Waiting time
Queue filling info
Queue priority
CQI Value
Code
allocation
Code available
Data flow
Control signal
Aa aa

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