8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

160

 M phng knh thng tin:

M hnh knh: m t s suy gim tn hiu pht tri qua trn ng truyn ti b thu. M hnh knh c xc nh t:
o c thc nghim L thuyt truyn sng trong mi trng vt l

Cc knh thng tin:

Hu tuyn V tuyn

Cc m hnh m phng:
M hnh hm truyn t cho knh bt bin theo thi gian M hnh ng tr r nhnh cho knh bin i theo thi gian
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 161

 Nhiu AWGN:
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise Nhiu Gauss trng cng. Trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin: nhiu c m t nh l AWGN
Tnh cng: knh cng thm nhiu vo tn hiu c pht i Trng: m t tng quan thi gian ca nhiu Gaussian: phn b xc sut l phn b chun hoc Gauss

Nhiu tng ng bng gc: c gi tr phc

Cc thnh phn nhiu ng pha NI(t) v vung pha NQ(t) c m phng mt cch c lp (nhiu i xng trn)

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

162

 Nhiu trng:
Thut ng trng m t c th rng:
Trung bnh ca nhiu bng 0 (zero) Hm t tng quan ca nhiu thi gian ca nhiu cc mu nhiu phn bit l c lp nhau Hm t tng quan cng ch ra rng cc mu nhiu c phng sai v hn
Nhiu cn c lc trc khi c ly mu

Mi thnh phn nhiu ng pha v vung pha c t tng quan Thut ng trng lin quan n tnh cht ph ca nhiu
PSD ca nhiu trng l khng i tt c cc thnh phn tn s

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

163

 To nhiu Gaussian:
m phng nhiu cng, cn to cc mu nhiu Gaussian Trong MATLAB c th s dng hm randn cho mc ch ny
To ra N mu nhiu Gaussian phc c lp nhau c phng sai l VarN Noise = sqrt(VarN/2) * (randn(1,N) + j * rand(1,N))
function yNoise = addnoise(yClean,VarN) % This function adds Gaussian noise into % the input signal. % yClean - the input signal % VarN - the variance of noise % yNoise - the noisy signal output if (isreal(yClean)) yNoise = yClean + sqrt(VarN)*randn(size(yClean)); else yNoise = yClean + sqrt(VarN/2) ... *(randn(size(yClean))+j*randn(size(yClean))); end

Phn thc v o, mi phn c phng sai VarN/2 Phng sai nhiu tng cng l VarN Phng sai nhiu c th c xc nh t cng sut tn hiu v t s SNR yu cu. C th dng cc hm sn c trong MATLAB: awgn, wgn

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

164

 To nhiu Gaussian:
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 0
1.5 1 0.5
Amplitude

0.1

0.2
Eye Diagram

0.3

0.4

0.5 Time (s)

2 1.5 1 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9 x 10

-4

Eye Diagram

0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -0.5

0 -0.5 -1 -1.5

% Vi du ve kenh AWGN d = randint(1,100); % Message data % NRZ coding [t,x] = nrzcode(d,1e6,2000,'pol'); Ts = t(2)-t(1); % sampling time % pulse shaping xp = raisedcosflt(x,1.5e6,Ts,0.5); % Transmit through AWGN channel SNRdB = 10; % dB SNR = 10^(SNRdB/10); varn = var(xp)/SNR; % computing variance of noise xnoise = addnoise(xp,varn); % Display plot(t,xp,'rx',t,xnoise);grid; xlabel('Time (s)'); ylabel('Amplitude'); eyediagram(xp,40); eyediagram(xnoise,40);

Amplitude

0 Time

0.5

Amplitude

-2 -0.5

0 Time

0.5

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

165

 M hnh knh hu tuyn:

Knh hu tuyn bao gm:
Cp xon i, cp ng trc Si quang ng dn sng

i vi cc knh hu tuyn: c m hnh ha l cc h thng tuyn tnh khng thay i theo thi gian v c c trng bi hm truyn t. Xc nh hm truyn t H(f) khi lp m hnh m phng

R( f ) S ( f ) H ( f ) N ( f )
Hm truyn t xc nh quan h vo/ra ca knh: l hm ca khong cch truyn dn v tn s iu ch.
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 166

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

Knh v tuyn: mt s yu t nh hng
Nhiu: tn hiu ngu nhin cng thm vo tn hiu thu c
Ch yu do nhiu nhit t cc thnh phn in t trong b thu Cng c th m hnh ha s giao thoa t cc ngun pht khc trong ln cn b thu M hnh thng k c s dng m t nhiu

Mo dng: qu trnh lc khng mong mun trong qu trnh truyn sng

Ch yu do truyn a ng (multipath) C hai m hnh xc nh v thng k u c th s dng ph thuc vo nh c thi gian quan tm Bn cht v tnh ng ca mo dng l s khc bit quan trng i vi h thng hu tuyn

Knh pha inh a ng (multipath fading):

Tn hiu t b pht truyn ti b thu trn nhiu ng, mi ng c suy hao v tr khc nhau Tn hiu thu l tng ca cc tn hiu ny Hiu ng: qu trnh lc tn hiu pht khng mong mun
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 167

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

Trong thng tin di ng, cc c tnh knh a ng bin i nhanh pha inh
Fading c bn v s thay i pha do thay i tr i vi cc ng truyn khc nhau Fading bng hp Fading bng rng

c tnh thng k ca knh v tuyn:

Dch ph Doppler (Doppler spectrum) Tri tr (delay spread) Thi gian kt hp (coherence time) Bng tn kt hp (coherence bandwidth)

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

168

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

Tn hao tuyn: Lp lin h gia cng sut thu Pr v cng sut pht Pt

Gt, Gr l li ca antenna

Truyn trong khng gian t do: Lp c xc nh bi cng thc Friis

Theo dB: V d: fc = 1 GHz, d = 1 km

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

169

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

Knh 2 tia:
Gm 2 tia truyn:
Tia truyn trc tip Tia phn x

Ph thuc khong cch d, cc tn hiu thu c trn 2 tuyn s giao thoa cng hng hoc trit tiu Tn hao tuyn:

i vi d >> hbhm gn ng

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

170

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

M hnh Okumura-Hata: m hnh tn hao tuyn thc nghim
M hnh khc nhau gia cc khu vc:
th Nng thn Cc khu vc rng ln Cc thnh ph ln, trung bnh v nh

M hnh khu vc th

Trong :

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

171

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

Cng sut tn hiu v nhiu:
Cng sut tn hiu thu c:

Trong LR l tn hao b sung ~ 2-3 dB

Cng sut nhiu:

Trong : - k hng s Boltzmann (1.38.10-23 Ws/K) - T0 nhit K (ti nhit phng T0 = 290 K) kT0 = 4.10-21 W/Hz = -174 dBm/Hz - Bw rng bng tn ca tn hiu - F hnh nh (h s) nhiu ca b thu (in hnh 5 dB)
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 172

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

T s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR:
T l gia cng sut tn hiu thu v cng sut nhiu:

T s Es/N0:
i vi hiu nng ca h thng vin thng c o qua tc li k hiu, t l nng lng tn hiu Es v mt ph cng sut nhiu N0 hay s dng hn. V Es = Pr.Ts v

Es/N0 c xc nh: Theo dB:

Ts, Rs l chu k v tc k hiu tng ng

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

173

 M hnh knh v tuyn:

-60

Path Loss (dB)

-80 -100 -120 1.05 10

3

10

Frequency (GHz)

0.95

10

Distance (m)

Tn hao ng truyn trn mt b mt phn x phng

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 174

 M hnh knh fading a ng:

Tn hiu pht truyn t b pht ti b thu trn nhiu ng khc nhau. Cc ng ny c c tnh khc nhau v:
Suy hao ng truyn ak tr ng k dch pha k Gc ti k

T cc tham s trn xc nh p ng xung ca knh (tng ng bng gc):

tr k cng ng gp vo dch pha k

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 175

 M hnh knh fading a ng:

Tn hiu thu c: tch chp gia tn hiu pht v p ng xung

Tn hiu thu bao gm nhiu bn sao ca tn hiu pht c:

nh c bi Tr bi k

p ng tn ca knh:
i vi mt tn s xc nh f, p ng tn l tng ca cc s phc Khi cc s hng ny cng trit tiu nhau, p ng tn l rt nh hoc thm ch bng 0 ti tn s Cc im null trong p ng tn ca knh l in hnh trong thng tin v tuyn v c xem nh l pha inh la chn tn s.
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 176

 M hnh knh fading a ng:

Thc hin trong MATLAB:
HH = PropData.Field.*exp(-j*2*pi*fc*tau) * exp(-j*2*pi*tau'*ff);

x 10

-5

Ch : tau*ff l php nhn ma trn v tch ca hai hm m exp cng l nhn ma trn to ra php tnh tng trong biu thc p ng tn.
-78 -80 -82
|Frequency Response| (dB)

Attenuation

3 2 1 0 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Delay (s) 1.6 1.8 2

-84 -86 -88 -90 -92 -94 -96 -98 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 Frequency (MHz) 2 3 4 5

Phase Shift/

2 0 -2 -4 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Delay (s) 1.6 1.8 2

p ng xung ca knh cho thy suy hao, tr v pha ca mi ng gia b thu v b pht
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

p ng tn ca mt knh a ng c c trng bi cc im notch.

177

 M hnh knh fading a ng:

Hiu ng a ng: c m phng bi b lc FIR (ng dy tr nhnh)
S lng nhnh ca b lc c xc nh bi tch tri tr v tc mu. Cc nhnh l ngu nhin theo mt phn b xc nh (Gaussian) ln trng s ca nhnh phn nh mt ct tr cng sut Cc nhnh bin i theo thi gian (dch Doppler)

8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn

178

 M hnh knh ri rc:

M phng trn c s tng symbol. M hnh knh ri rc: bao hm tt c cc phn t ca h thng truyn thng gia 2 im A v B
Information dk source Encoder A Tx B Channel Discrete Channel Model Rx Decoder dk

u vo ti A: vect cc k hiu ri rc X = [x1, x2, ...] u ra ti B: vect cc k hiu ri rc Y = [y1, y2, ...]

Cc m hnh knh ri rc m t c ch to li c th xy ra:

Knh ri rc khng nh: chuyn tip cc k hiu vo/ra khng tng quan v thi gian. Knh ri rc c nh: c tng quan v thi gian.
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 179

 M hnh knh ri rc:

M hnh knh ri rc c hiu qu tnh ton cao hn:
Tc mu thp hn: tc k hiu Mc tru tng ha (rt gn) cao hn c s dng cho thit k v phn tch cc b m ha sa li, interleavers,... v cho m phng mng.

M hnh knh ri rc khng nh:

Knh i xng nh phn (BSC) Knh bt i xng nh phn Knh nhiu u vo v u ra

M hnh Markov cho knh ri rc c nh: M hnh Markov n

M hnh Markov 2 trng thi (M hnh Gilbert) M hnh Markov N trng thi M hnh Markov bc 1.
8/10/2012 Nguyn c Nhn 180