12 Induction Motor - Direct Torque Control

Induction Motor Direct Torque Control
By
Dr. Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
College of Engineering
Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008 1 EEEB443 - Control & Drives
Outline
Introduction
Switching Control
Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Principles of Direct Torque Control (DTC)
Direct Torque Control (DTC) Rules
Direct Torque Control (DTC) Implementation
References
Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008 EEEB443 - Control & Drives 2
Introduction
High performance Induction Motor drives consists of:
Field Orientation Control (FOC)
Direct Torque Control (DTC)
Direct Torque Control is IM control achieved through
direct selection of consecutive inverter states
This requires understanding the concepts of:
Switching control (Bang-bang or Hysteresis control)
Space Vector PWM for Voltage Source Inverters
(VSI)

Switching Control
A subset of sliding mode control
Advantages:
Robust since knowledge of plant G(s) is not necessary
Very good transient performance (maximum actuation even
for small errors)
Disadvantage: Noisy, unless switching frequency is very
high
Feeding bang-bang (PWM) signal into a linear amplifier is
not advisable. But it is OK if the amplifier contains
switches (eg. inverters)
Switching Control
Amplifier
Plant
G(s)
Switching
Controller
Continuous Control
Amplifier
Plant
G(s)
PI
Continuous
Controller Limiter
Switching Control
PWM Voltage Source Inverter
single phase
Reference current compared with actual
current
Current error is fed to a PI controller
Output of PI controller (v
c
) compared with
triangular waveform (v
tri
) to determine
duty ratio of switches
v
tri

V
dc

q
v
c

Pulse width
modulator
PI
Controller
i
ref

Same concept is extended to three-phase VSI
v
a
*, v
b
* and v
c
* are the
outputs from closed-loop
current controllers
In each leg, only 1 switch is on
at a certain time
Leads to 3 switching variables
Pulse width
modulator
V
a
*
Pulse width
modulator
V
b
*
Pulse width
modulator
V
c
*
Sinusoidal PWM Voltage
Source Inverter
S
a

S
b

S
c

+ v
c
-
+ v
b
-
+ v
a
-
n
N
V
dc

a
b
c
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1, S2, .S6
v
a
*
v
b
*
v
c
*
Pulse Width
Modulation
Sinusoidal PWM Voltage Source
Inverter
Switching signals
for the
SPWM VSI
Sinusoidal PWM Voltage Source
Inverter
Three switching variables are S
a
, S
b
and S
c
(i.e. one per phase)
One switch is on in each inverter leg at a time
If both on at same time dc supply will be shorted
If both off at same time - voltage at output is undetermined
Each inverter leg can assume two states only, eg:
S
a
= 1 if S1 ON and S4 OFF
S
a
= 0 if S1 OFF and S4 ON
Total number of states = 8
An inverter state is denoted as [S
a
S
b
S
c
]
2
, eg:
If S
a
= 1, S
b
= 0 and S
c
= 1, inverter is in State 5 since [101]
2
= 5
Space Vector PWM
Space vector representation of a three-phase quantities
x
a
(t), x
b
(t) and x
c
(t) with space distribution of 120
o
apart
is given by:

where:
a = e
j2t/3
= cos(2t/3) + jsin(2t/3)
a
2
= e
j4t/3
= cos(4t/3) + jsin(4t/3)
x can be a voltage, current or flux and does not
necessarily has to be sinusoidal
( ) ) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
2
t x a t ax t x
c b a
+ + = x
(1)
Space Vector PWM
Space vector of the three-phase stator voltage is:

where v
a
, v
b
and v
c
are the phase voltages.
If v
a
, v
b
and v
c
are balanced 3-phase sinusoidal voltage with
frequency f, then the locus of v
s
:
circular with radius equal to the peak amplitude of the phase
voltage
rotates with a speed of 2tf

(2)
( ) ) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
2
t v a t av t v
c b a
+ + =
s
v
+ v
c
-
+ v
b
-
+ v
a
-
n
N
V
dc
a
b
c
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1, S2, .S6
v
a
*
v
b
*
v
c
*
We want v
a
, v
b
and
v
c
to follow v
a
*, v
b
*
and v
c
*
Space Vector PWM
These voltages
will be the voltages
applied to the
terminals of the
induction motor
Space Vector PWM
From the inverter circuit diagram:
v
an
= v
aN
+ v
Nn
v
bn
= v
bN
+ v
Nn
v
cn
= v
cN
+ v
Nn
v
aN
= V
dc
S
a
, v
bN
= V
dc
S
b
, v
cN
= V
dc
S
c

where S
a
, S
b
, S
c
= 1 or 0 and V
dc
= dc link voltage
Substituting (3) (6) into (2):

( ) ( )
c b a dc cn bn an
S a aS S V v a av v
2 2
3
2
3
2
+ + = + + =
s
v
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Space Vector PWM
Stator voltage space vector can also be expressed in
two-phase (d
s
q
s
frame).

Hence for each of the 8 inverter states, a space vector
relative to the d
s
axis is produced.

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008 EEEB443 - Control & Drives
( )
s
sq
s
sd c b a dc
v v S a aS S V j
3
2
2
+ = + + =
s
v
(8)
14
Space Vector PWM
Example: For State 6, i.e. [110]
2
(S
a
= 1, S
b
= 1 and S
c
= 0)

Dr. Ungku Anisa, July 2008 EEEB443 - Control & Drives
( )
( )
( )
s
sq
s
sd dc dc
dc
dc
c b a dc
v v V V
V
a a V
S a aS S V
j
3
1
j
3
1
sin j cos 1
3
2
0 1 1
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
+ = + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
t t
s
v
v
S

d
s
q
s
dc
V
3
1
dc
V
3
1
15
Therefore, the voltage vectors for all the 8 inverter states can be
obtained.
Note for states [000] and [111], voltage vector is equal to zero.

Space Vector PWM
[100] V1
[110] V2
[010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5
[101] V6
(2/3)V
dc

(1/\3)V
dc

[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
q
s
Voltage
Vector
Inverter state
[S
a
S
b
S
c
]
2

V0 State 0 = [000]
2

V1 State 4 = [100]
2

V2 State 6 = [110]
2

V3 State 2 = [010]
2

V4 State 3 = [011]
2

V5 State 1 = [001]
2

V6 State 5 = [101]
2

V7 State 7 = [111]
2

The d
s
q
s
plane can be divided into six 60-wide sectors, i.e. S1 to
S6 as shown below( 30 from each voltage vectors)
Space Vector PWM
[100] V1
[110] V2
[010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5 [101] V6
[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
q
s
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5 S6
Space Vector PWM
Definition of Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM):
modulation technique which exploits space vectors to
synthesize the command or reference voltage v
s
* within
a sampling period

Reference voltage v
s
* is synthesized by selecting 2
adjacent voltage vectors and zero voltage vectors
In general:
Within a sampling period T, to synthesize reference voltage v
s
*, it is
assembled from:
vector V
x
(to the right)
vector V
y
(to the left) and
a zero vector V
z
(either V0 or V7)
Since T is sampling
period of v
s
*:
V
x
is applied for time T
x

V
y
y
V
z
is applied for the rest
of the time, T
z

Space Vector PWM
[100] V1

[110] V2

[010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5
[101] V6
Note:
[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
q
s
v
s
*

u
= v
x
= v
y
T
T
V
x
x
T
T
V
y
y
In general:
Total sampling time:
If u close to 0 : T
x
> T
y
If u close to 60 : T
x
< T
y
If v
s
* is large: more time
spent at V
x
, V
y
compared
to V
z
i.e. T
x
+ T
y
> T
z
If v
s
* is small: more time
spent at V
z
compared
to V
x
, V
y
, i.e. . T
x
+ T
y
< T
z

Space Vector PWM
[100] V1

[110] V2

[010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5
[101] V6
Note:
[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
q
s
v
s
*

u
= v
x
= v
y
T= T
x
+ T
y
+ T
z
(9)
T
T
V
x
x
T
T
V
y
y
Space Vector PWM
In general, if u is the angle
between the reference
voltage v
s
* and V
x
(vector to
its right), then:

where

[100] V1
[110] V2 [010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5
[101] V6
Note:
[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
v
s
*

u
( ) u =

60 sin mT T
x
u sin mT T
y
=
(10)
q
s
(11)
T
z
= T T
x
T
y

(12)
Vector V
x
to the
right of v
s
*
( ) 3
*
dc
V
m
s
v
=
Space Vector PWM

[100] V1

[110] V2

[010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5
[101] V6
Note:
[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
q
s
Example:
v
s
* is in sector S1
V
x
= V1 is applied for time T
x

V
y
= V2 is applied for time T
y

V
z
is applied for rest
of the time, T
z
= v
x
= v
y
( )
T
T
V
x
1
( )
T
T
V
y
2
v
s
*

u
T T
V
ref
is sampled
V
ref
is sampled
V1
T
x

V2
T
y
T
z
/2
V0
T
z
/2
V7
v
a
v
b
v
c
Space Vector PWM
Example: v
s
* in sector S1
Reference voltage v
s
* is
sampled at regular
intervals T, i.e. T is
sampling period:
V1 [100]
2
is applied for T
x

V2 [110]
2
is applied for T
y
Zero voltage V0 [000]
2

and V7 [111]
2
is applied
for the rest of the time,
i.e. T
z
T= T
x
+ T
y
+ T
z

V7 V2 V1 V0
Space Vector PWM

[100] V1

[110] V2

[010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5
[101] V6
Note:
[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
q
s
Example:
A Space Vector PWM VSI, having a DC supply of 430 V and a switching
frequency of 2kHz, is required to synthesize voltage v
s
* = 240Z170 V.
Calculate the time T
x
, T
y
and T
z
required.

V
x
= ____ is applied for time T
x

V
y
= ___ is applied for time T
y

V
z
z
Since u = ______,
v
s
* is in sector _______
( ) u =

60 sin mT T
x
u sin mT T
y
=
T
z
= T T
x
T
y

S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Space Vector Equations of IM
The two-phase dynamic model of IM in the stationary
d
s
q
s
frame:
( )
s
sdq
s
sdq
s
sdq
i v
dt
d
R
s
+ =
( )
s
rdq
s
rdq
s
rdq
s
rdq
i v
r r
dt
d
R e j 0
'
+ = =
s
rdq
s
sdq
s
sdq
i i
m s
L L + =
s
rdq
s
sdq
s
rdq
i i
'
r m
L L + =
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
Basic Principles
1. Derivative of stator flux is equal to the stator EMF.
Therefore, stator flux magnitude strongly depends on stator
voltage.

If voltage drop across R
s
ignored, change in stator flux can be
obtained from stator voltage applied :

Stator voltage can be changed using
the space vectors of the
Voltage Source Inverter (VSI).
( )
s
sdq s
s
sdq
s
dq
s
sdq
R
dt
d
i v e = =
( ) t
s
sdq
s
sdq
A = A v
[100]V1
[110]V2 [010]V3
[011]V4
[101]V6 [001]V5
(17)
(18)
Basic Principles
2. Developed torque is proportional to the sine of angle
between stator and rotor flux vectors u
sr
.

Angle of+
s
is also dependant on stator voltage. Hence,
T
e
can also be controlled using the stator voltage
through u
sr
.
( )
sr r s
r s
m
e
r s
r s
m
e
L L
L P
T
L L
L P
T
u
o
o
sin
2 2
3
2 2
3
'
'

=
=
(19)
(20)
Basic Principles
3. Reactions of rotor flux to changes in stator voltage is
slower than that of stator flux.
Assume +
r
remains constant within short time At
that stator voltage is changed.

Summary DTC Basic Principles:
Magnitude of stator flux and torque directly controlled
by proper selection of stator voltage space vector (i.e.
through selection of consecutive VSI states)

Basic Principles (example)
Assuming at time t,
Initial stator and rotor flux are denoted as
+
s
(t)

and +
r

the VSI switches to state [100] stator
voltage vector V1 generated
After short time interval At,
New stator flux vector +
s
(t+ At) differs
from +
s
(t)

in terms of :
Magnitude (increased by A+
s
=V1(At))
Position (reduced by Au
sr
)
Assumption: Negligible change in rotor
flux vector +
r
within At
Stator flux and torque changed by voltage
[100]V1
[110]V2 [010]V3
[011]V4
[101]V6 [001]V5
A+
s
=V1(At)

+
s
(t)

+
s
(t+At)

+
r
d
s
q
s
u
sr
Rules for Flux Control
To increase flux magnitude:
select non-zero voltage vectors
with misalignment with +
s
(t)

not
exceeding 90
To decrease flux magnitude:
with misalignment with +
s
(t)

that
exceeds 90
V0 and V7 (zero states) do not
affect +
s
(t)

, i.e. stator flux stops
moving

[100]V1
[110]V2 [010]V3
[011]V4
[101]V6
[001]V5
+
s
(t)

+
r
d
s
q
s
u
sr
Rules for Torque Control
To increase torque:
which accelerates+
s
(t)
To decrease torque:
which decelerates+
s
(t)
To maintain torque:
select V0 or V7 (zero states) which
causes +
s
(t)

to stop moving
[100]V1
[110]V2 [010]V3
[011]V4
[101]V6
[001]V5
+
s
(t)

+
r
d
s
q
s
u
sr
Rules for Flux and Torque Control
The d
s
q
s
plane can be
divided into six 60-wide
sectors (S1 to S6)
If+
s
is in sector Sk
k+1 voltage vector
(Vk+1) increases +
s

k+2 voltage vector
(Vk+2) decreases +
s

Example: here+
s
is in
sector 2 (S2)
V3 increases +
s
V4 decreases +
s

[100] V1
[110] V2
[010] V3
[011] V4
[001] V5 [101] V6
Note:
[000] V0 = 0
[111] V7 = 0
d
s
q
s
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5 S6
+
s
(t)

Rules for Flux and Torque Control
Stator flux vector +
s
is associated with a voltage vector VK
when it passes through sector K (SK)
Impact of all individual voltage vectors on +
s
and T
e
is
summarized in table below:

Impact of VK and VK+3 on T
e
is ambiguous, it depends on
whether +
s
leading or lagging the voltage vector
Zero vector Vz (i.e. V0 or V7) doesnt affect +
s
but reduces T
e

VK VK+1 VK+2 VK+3 VK+4 VK+5 Vz (V0 or V7)
+
s
|| | + ++ + | -
T
e
? | | ? + + +
Implementation
1. DC voltage V
dc
and three phase stator currents i
abcs
are
measured
2. v
sdq
s
and current i
sdq
s
are determined in Voltage and Current
Vector Synthesizer by the following equations:

where S
a
, S
b
,S
c
= switching variables of VSI and

( )
s
sq
s
sd c b a dc
s
sdq
v v S a aS S V j
3
2
2
+ = + + = v
abcs
s
sdq
i T i
abc
=
(
=
3
1
3
1
0 0
0
1
abc
T
(21)
(22)
Implementation
3. Flux vector +
s
and torque T
e
are calculated in the Torque
and Flux Calculator using the following equations:

( )
}
= dt
s
sd s
s
sd
s
sd
R i v
( )
}
= dt
s
sq s
s
sq
s
sq
R i v
( )
s
sq
s
sd
s
sd
s
sq e
i i
P
T =
2 2
3
2 2
s
sq
s
sd s
+ =
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
Implementation
4. Magnitude of +
s
is compared with +
s
* in the flux control
loop.
5. T
e
is compared with T
e
* in the torque control loop.
6. The flux and torque errors, A+
s
and AT
e
are fed to
respective bang-bang controllers, with characteristics shown
below.

Note:
A
s
=A+
s

AT
m
= AT
e

b
= b
+
Implementation
7. Selection of voltage vector (i.e. inverter state) is based on:
values of b
+
and b
T
(i.e. output of the flux and torque bang-
bang controllers )
angle of flux vector u
s

direction of motor rotation (clockwise or counter clockwise)
Specifics of voltage vector selection are provided based on
Tables in Slide 37 (counterclockwise rotation) and Slide 38
(clockwise rotation) and applied in the State Selector block.
|
|
.
|
\
|
= Z =

s
sd
s
sq
s s
1
tan u (27)
Implementation
Selection of voltage vector in DTC scheme:
Counterclockwise Rotation

b
+
1 0
b
T
1 0 -1 1 0 -1
S1 V2 V7 V6 V3 V0 V5
S2 V3 V0 V1 V4 V7 V6
S3 V4 V7 V2 V5 V0 V1
S4 V5 V0 V3 V6 V7 V2
S5 V6 V7 V4 V1 V0 V3
S6 V1 V0 V5 V2 V7 V4
[100]V1
[110]V2 [010]V3
[011]V4
[101]V6 [001]V5
To minimize
number of
switching:
V0 always
follows V1, V3
and V5
V7 always
follows V2, V4
and V6
Implementation
Selection of voltage vector in DTC scheme:
Clockwise Rotation

b
+
1 0
b
T
1 0 -1 1 0 -1
S1 V6 V7 V2 V5 V0 V3
S2 V5 V0 V1 V4 V7 V2
S3 V4 V7 V6 V3 V0 V1
S4 V3 V0 V5 V2 V7 V6
S5 V2 V7 V4 Vv1 V0 V5
S6 V1 V0 V3 V6 V7 V4
[100]V1
[110]V2 [010]V3
[011]V4
[101]V6 [001]V5
To minimize
number of
switching:
V0 always
follows V1, V3
and V5
V7 always
follows V2, V4
and V6
b
+
1 0
b
T
1 0 -1 1 0 -1
S2 V3 V0 V1 V4 V7 V6
Implementation (Example)
+
s
is in sector S2 (assuming
counterclockwise rotation)
Both flux and torque to be
increased (b
+
= 1 and b
T
= 1)
apply V3 (State = [010])
Flux decreased and torque
increased (b
+
= 0 and b
T
= 1)
apply V4 (State = [011])

[100]V1
[110]V2 [010]V3
[011]V4
[101]V6
[001]V5
+
s
+
r
d
s
q
s
u
sr
Implementation
EEEB443 - Control & Drives 41
Flux
control
loop
Torque
control
loop
Eq. (21) &(22)
Eq. (23) , (24)
&(26)
Eq. (25)
Eq. (27)
Note:
s
=+
s

T
m
= T
e

b
= b
+
a = S
a
b = S
b
c = S
c

v
i
= V
dc
v
s
= v
sdq
s

i
is
= i
sdq
s

ds
=+
sd
s
qs
= +
sq
s

Based on
Table in
Slides 37 or 38
References
Trzynadlowski, A. M., Control of Induction Motors, Academic
Press, San Diego, 2001.
Asher, G.M, Vector Control of Induction Motor Course Notes,
University of Nottingham, UK, 2002.

12 Induction Motor - Direct Torque Control

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Available Formats

Induction Motor Direct Torque Control

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