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Ky Quang Vinh
S Khoa Hoc Cong Nghe va Moi Trng Can Th
1.1. V tr a l Lung Ngc Hong nm trong khong ta : 9O 38 n 9O 46 v Bc 105O 38 n 105O 48 kinh ng Lung c nhiu knh rch bao quanh nh hng bc c kinh Li Hiu, pha nam c Qun L Phng Hip, pha ng l kinh Xng B pha ty l rch Ch Ba ni vi rch Xo Xu.
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1.2. a hnh v th nhng Tng din tch ca vng Lung c khong 6.000ha. Lung l vng t hnh thnh t qu trnh bi t ph sa ca h thng sng Mekong trong vng BSCL, do b sng Bassac v b bin ng c nng cao dn nn Lung tr thnh vng trng Nam sng Hu, nc ngp cao nht l vo ma ma l. y l vng t ph sa chu tc ng ca cc qu tnh bin tin, bin li v qu trnh chuyn i dng chy ca sng Bassac nn t c nhiu tng nhim mn, tng phn tim tng xen vi t ngt ha c giu cht hu c rt phc tp. Trong thi gian gn y t Lung b o mt s kinh thot nc nh kinh Hu Giang 3 thng vi sng ci ln v ci Tu ra bin Ty; kinh Ch Ba, xo xu ra bin ng.
1.3. Kh hu v thy vn Cng nh c ng bng sng Cu Long, Lung nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma vi cc c trng kh tng sau: Trong nm Nhit bin ng t 19O cho n 38OC trung bnh khong 26OC. m t 77% n 95%, trung bnh khong 86%. Ma ma t thng 5 n thng 11 hng nm, vi lng ma bnh qun khong 2.000mm c nm ln n 2.400mm. T thng 8 n thng 10 ma tp trung vi lng nc ma hn 70% tng lng ma trong nm. Nm trong vng ng Bng sng Cu Long, Lung Ngc Hong chu nh hng ca thy triu bin ng, thy triu vnh Thi Lan v l t h thng sng Mekong. Nc 65
lun ngp su trn cc vng hoang ha v ng rung, trung bnh nc ngp 0,4m, ma l nc ngp 1,1m ma kh ngp 0,2m. Cht lng nc mt Lung c nhiu bin ng theo qu trnh khai thc t ai v khc nhiu so lc mi bt u qun l (c khi ngt, nhim mn, nhim phn). Hin nay cht lng nc c nhng c im sau: pH= 5,5-6; SS=50mg/l; Cl- <100mg/l; N-NH4<0,01mg/l; COD=5mg/l; P tng s<0,05mg/l; N tng <0,5mg/l. 1.4. Cc ti nguyn Lung Ngc Hong l vng t ngp nc vi sinh cnh t nhin l sinh cnh Lung bng c s an xen ca cc loi t ngt ha, nhim phn v nhim mn, mt sinh cnh c bit ca ng bng sng Cu Long. H sinh thi v th c tnh a dng sinh hc cao vi cc loi thc v ng vt c tnh thch nghi vi iu kin cht lng mi trng cao. Kt qu iu tra h thc vt thng 8 nm 2001 ca S NN v PTNT tnh Cn Th ghi nhn c 330 loi thc vt (gm 237 loi t nhin v 93 loi cy trng) thuc 92 h, 224 chi. Lung Ngc Hong c h thc vt c o che ph ch yu l cc loi cy thn tho cc loi n thc vt to phong cnh t nhin ca vng ng bng ngp nc. Qua thng k gn y, so snh vi cc khu vc bao tn t nhin trong vng BSCL cho thy s phong ph a dng ca h thc vt ca Lung: Bng 1: Thnh phn thc vt cc khu bo tn ca BSCL Khu vc Din tch S H S Chi S Loi T s Ngun ti liu (Ha) Loi/Ha 5 vng t ngp nc 64.536 95 225 363 0,0056 Trn Trit ca BSCL Lung Ngc Hong 2771 70 161 237 0,0855 V Vn Bin NN-H Tin-KG 14338 68 157 239 0,0168 Trn Trit VQG U Minh Thng 22.218 79 164 212 0,0095 Trn Trit VQG Trm Chim 7.740 48 92 122 0,0158 Phm Trng Thnh Xo Qut-ng Thp 43,2 58 120 157 3,634 Ths H Vn Phc
Ngun: D n u t xy dng khu bo tn thin nhin t ngp nc Lung Ngc Hong, 2001
S H, Chi ca h thc vt ti Lung Ngc Hong u nhiu hn cc khu sinh thi ngp nc khc ca BSCL. H ng vt thng k c 206 loi ng vt thuc cc lp ch nhi, b st, chim, th nh bng sau: Bng 2: S loi ng vt c ti Lung Ngc Hong phn loI S b S h Lp th 4 8 Lp chim 16 29 Lp b st 2 15 Lp lng c 1 5 Tng s 23 56 S ging 13 64 24 6 107 s loi 23 135 37 11 206
Ngun: D n u t xy dng khu bo tn thin nhin t ngp nc Lung Ngc Hong, 2001
Lp chim c nhiu nht 135 loi. Da theo Sch Vit Nam thng k c 9 loi chim qu him nh Bc m, G y ln, Giang sen, Qum trng, C rn...; 5loi th
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qu him nh Di ch, Chn mc, co mo...; c 10 loi b st qu him nh Tc k, k , trn mc, rn cp nong, ra np...
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B my t chc lm trng ch cn khong 60 ngi. Ngoi ra lm trng cn t chc t phng chng chy rng t nguyn n tn cc p trong dn vi tng s 288 t vin t chc thnh 13 t. Hnh S t chc b my ca lm trng Ban gim c (3ngi)
Tng s ngi lm lm nghip 1367 ngi, trong lao ng chuyn trch ca lm trng l 101ngi. Bnh qun 1 lao ng nhn khon chm sc rng l 5.000m2, thi gian giao khon l 8 nm. Ngoi ra ngi dn cn c khon s dng t nng nghip v nui thy sn tng thu nhp, ly ngn nui di n nh cuc sng.
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3.3. nh gi 3.3.1. Cc mt lm c - Tng bc ci thin v tng cng tnh a dng sinh hc cho Lung Ngc Hong v c h thc vt v h ng vt. - Bo v c cc loi th hoang, b st do ngn nga c nn chy rng v sn bt trm. 3.3.2. Cc hn ch - Vic thy li ha trong lm thay i su sc ch thy vn v cht lng nc ca Lung, mt tnh cht mi trng t nhin ca t ngp nc. Nc ngt quanh nm, tr u ma ma c pH xp x 5. Tr nc nhiu hn v thot nc nhanh hn. L v nhiu hn, nhanh hn v c nhiu ph sa hn. - Mt giai on kh hn v nhim mn i vi mt s din tch t ca Lung trong nm lm nh hng sinh thi cc b v ton b. H sinh thi dn dn chuyn thnh h sinh thi nc ngt, mt i tnh cht a dng ban u. - Vic trng, chm sc cy rng v cy nng nghip c s dng mt lng ha cht nng nghip v lu di s nh hng n h sinh thi ngp nc t nhin ca Lung m hin cha nh gi ht tc hi. 3.3.3. Kt lun - Qu trnh lch s qun l s dng t cho thy vic sn bt th hoang v sn xut nng nghip t pht trn vng Lung Ngc Hong khng c li v mt kinh t thm ch cn gy nh hng xu ch thy vn, suy kit a dng sinh hc ph hy sinh thi t ngp nc. - Qun l Lung Ngc Hong theo m hnh lm trng kt hp trng trt v chn nui thy sn t ra c tin b hn nhng vn tim tng nguy c kh lng trc v sinh thi mi trng. Trong tng lai bo v vng t ngp nc Lung Ngc Hong, vic nghin cu v xut D n Xy dng m hnh khu bo tn t nhin t ngp nc, hoc m hnh Du lch sinh thi cho Lung Ngc Hong l mt yu cu bc thit nhm chn ra phng cch qun l ph hp cho vic v duy tr tnh a dng sinh hc t ngp nc ca Lung v caBSCL.
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