"Don't study, don't know - Studying you will know!

" NGUYEN TRUNG HOA

Phn 1. khI nim v nh my In

Chng 1. M U 1.1 Cc ngun nng lng c th sn xut In nng S pht trin nng lng mi quc gia ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin t nhin, vo tim lc khoa hc k thut, tim nng kinh t v mc pht trin cc ngnh ca nn kinh t. Cc nh my c nhim v bin i nng lng thin nhin thnh in nng c gi l nh my in. Nng lng thin nhin d tr di nhiu dng khc nhau v c th bin i thnh in nng. T cc dng nng lng d tr ny c th cho php ta xy dng cc loi nh my in khc nhau: T nng lng ca nhin liu hu c c th xy dng nh my nhit in; T nng lng ca dng nc c th xy dng nh my thy in; T nng lng gi c th xy dng nh my in sc gi; T nng lng sng bin c th xy dng nh my in thy triu; T nng lng mt tri c th xy dng nh my in mt tri; T ngun nng trong lng t c th xy dng nh my in a nhit; T nng lng ht nhn c th xy dng nh my in ht nhn. Trong gio trnh ny, chng ta ch tp trung nghin cu nh my nhit in. Nh my nhit in thc hin vic bin i nhit nng ca nhin liu thnh c nng ri in nng, qu trnh bin i c thc hin nh tin hnh mt s qu trnh lin tc (mt chu trnh) trong mt s thit b ca nh my. Nh my nhit in hot ng da trn hai nguyn tc: c th theo chu trnh thit b ng lc hi nc hoc c th l chu trnh hn hp tuc bin kh-hi. 1.2. nguyn l hot ng ca nh my nhit in 1.2.1. Nh my in p dng chu trnh tuc bin hi nc Hin nay, trn th gii ngi ta xy dng c tt c cc loi nh my in bin i cc dng nng lng thin nhin thnh in nng. Tuy nhin s hon thin, mc hin i v gi thnh in nng ca cc loi nh my in rt khc nhau, ty thuc vo thi gian c nghin cu pht trin loi hnh nh my in . i vi nhng nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, do nn cng nghip cn chm pht trin, tim nng v kinh t cn yu do xy dng ch yu nh my nhit in dng Tuc bin hi hoc dng chu trnh hn hp, trong bin i nng lng ca nhin liu thnh in nng. 1.2.1.1. Chu trnh Carno hi nc phn nhit ng ta bit chu trnh Carno thun chiu l chu trnh c hiu sut nhit cao nht khi c cng nhit ngun nng v ngun lnh. Chu trnh Carno l tng gm 2 qu trnh on nhit v 2 qu trnh ng nhit. V mt k thut, dng 3

kh thc trong phm vi bo ha c th thc hin c chu trnh Carno v vn t c hiu sut nhit ln nht khi cng phm vi nhit . Chu trnh Carno p dng cho kh thc trong vng hi bo ha c biu din trn hnh 1.1. Tuy nhin, i vi kh thc v hi nc th vic thc hin chu trnh Carno rt kh khn, v nhng l do sau y: - Qu trnh hi nh nhit ng p, ngng t thnh nc (qu trnh 2-3) l qu trnh ngng t thc hin khng hon ton, hi trang thi 3 vn l hi bo ha, c th tch ring rt ln, do thc hin qu trnh nn on nhit hi m theo qa trnh 3-4, cn phi c my nn kch thc rt ln v tiu hao cng rt ln. - Nhit ti hn ca nc thp (374,15 0C) nn chnh nhit gia ngun nng v ngun lnh ca chu trnh khng ln lm, do cng ca chu trnh nh. - m ca hi trong tuc bin cao, cc git m c kch thc ln s va p vo cnh tuc bin gy tn tht nng lng v n mn nhanh cnh Tuc bin. Hnh 1.1 chu trnh Carno hi nc 1.2.1.2. S thit b v th chu trnh nh my in Nh chng ta bit, tuy c hiu sut nhit cao nhng chu trnh Carno c mt s nhc im nh nu trn khi p dng cho kh thc, nn trong thc t ngi ta khng p dng chu trnh Carno m p dng mt chu trnh ci tin gn vi chu trnh ny gi l chu trnh Renkin. Chu trnh Renkin l chu trnh thun chiu, bin nhit thnh cng. Chu trnh Renkin l chu trnh nhit c p dng trong tt c cc lai nh my nhit in, mi cht lm vic trong chu trnh l nc v hi nc. Tt c cc thit b ca cc nh my nhit in u ging nhau tr thit b sinh hi I. Trong thit b sinh hi, nc nhn nhit bin thnh hi i vi nh my nhit in, thit b sinh hi l l hi, trong nc nhn nhit t qu trnh t chy nhin liu. i vi nh my in mt tri hoc a nhit, nc nhn nhit t nng lng mt tri hoc t nhit nng trong lng t. i vi nh my in nguyn t, thit b sinh hi l thit b trao i nhit, trong nc nhn nhit t cht ti nhit trong l phn ng ht nhn ra. S thit b ca chu trnh nh my nhit in c trnh by trn hnh 1.2, gm hai thit b chnh bin i nng lng l l hi v tuc bin cng mt s thit b ph khc. th T-s ca chu trnh c biu din trn hnh 1.2. Nc ngng trong bnh ngng IV ( trng thi 2 trn th) c thng s p2, t2,, i2, c bm V bm vo thit b sinh hi I, p sut tng t p2 n p sut p1 (qu trnh 2-3). Trong thit b sinh hi, nc trong cc ng sinh hi nhn nhit ta ra t qu trnh chy, nhit tng ln n si (qu trnh 3-4), ho hi (qu trnh 4-5) v thnh hi qu nhit trong b qu nhit II (qu trnh 5-1). Qu trnh 3-4-5-1 l qu trnh ha hi ng p p sut p1 = const. Hi ra khi b qu nhit II ( trng thi 1) c thng s p1, t1 i vo tuc bin III, y hi dn n on nhit n trng thi 2, bin nhit 4

nng thnh c nng (qu trnh 1-2) v sinh cng trong tuc bin. Hi ra khi tuc bin c thng s p2, t2, i vo bnh ngng IV, ngng t thnh nc (qu trnh 2-2), ri li c bm V bm tr v l. Qu trnh nn on nhit trong bm c th xem l qu trnh nn ng tch v nc khng chu nn (th tch t thay i).

4 3
2 0

P1 P2

s Hnh 1.3. th T-s ca chu trnh NMN

Hnh 1.2. S thit b nh my in

1.2.1.3. Hiu sut nhit l tng ca chu trnh Renkin Nhit lng mi cht nhn c trong qu trnh ng p 3-1 l hi l: q1 = i1 i 3 Nhit lng mi cht nh ra cho nc lm mt trong qu trnh ng p 2-2 bnh ngng l: q 2 = i 2 i 2 Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh t c tnh theo cng thc: q1 q 2 l (1-1) ct = = q1 q1 Thng thng, p sut khng cao lm, cng tiu tn cho bm nc cp rt b so vi cng Tuc bin sinh ra nn ta c th b qua cng bm, ngha l coi i2 i3. Khi cng ca chu trnh s bng: (1-2) l = q 1 q 2 = i 1 i 3 i 2 + i 2 i 1 i 2 Hiu sut nhit chu trnh s bng: l i1 i 2 (1-3) ct = = q 1 i1 i 3 1.2.2. Nh my in dng chu trnh hn hp Tuc bin kh - hi

Chu trnh hn hp l mt chu trnh ghp, gm chu trnh Renkin hi nc v chu trnh Tuc bin kh. S thit b v th T-s ca chu trnh c th hin trn hnh 1.4. H thng thit b bao gm: thit b sinh hi 1 (bung t); tuc bin hi nc 2; bnh ngng hi 3; bm nc cp 4; b hm nc 5; tuc bin kh 6; my nn khng kh 7.
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Nguyn l lm vic ca chu trnh thit b nh sau: Khng kh c nn on nhit trong my nn 7 n p sut v nhit cao, c a vo bung t 1 cng vi nhin liu v chy trong bung t di p sut cao, khng i. Sau khi nh mt phn nhit cho nc trong dn ng ca bung t 1, sn phm chy i vo tuc bin kh 6, dn n sinh cng. Ra khi tuc bin kh, sn phm chy c nhit cn cao, tip tc i qua b hm nc 5, gia nhit cho nc ri thi ra ngoi. Nc c bm 4 bm qua b hm nc 5, vo dn ng ca bung t 1. y nc nhn nhit v bin thnh hi qu nhit. Hi qu nhit i vo tuc bin hi 2, dn n on nhit v sinh cng. Ra khi tuc bin, hi i vo bnh ngng 3 nh nhit ng p, ngng t thnh nc ri c bm 4 bm tr v l, lp li chu trnh c.

Hnh 1.3. S thit b v th T-s ca chu trnh hn hp

th T-s ca chu trnh nhit c biu din trn hnh 1.4. Nhit lng do nhin liu chy ta ra trong qu trnh be chia thnh hai phn: mt phn dng sn xut hi nc trong thit b sinh hi 1, mt phn cp cho tuc bin kh 6. - a-b: qu trnh nn on nhit khng kh trong my nn kh 7; - b-c: qu trnh cp nhit (chy) ng p trong bung t 1; - c-d: qu trnh dn n on nhit sinh cng trong tuc bin kh 6; - d-a: qu trnh nh nhit ng p trong b hm nc 5; - 3-4-5-1: qu trnh nc nhn nhit ng p trong b hm 5 v bung t 1; - 1-2; 2-2; 2-3 l cc qu trnh dn n on nhit trong tuc bin, ngng ng p trong bnh ngng, nn on nhit trong bm nh chu trnh Renkin. Hiu sut chu trnh l: l ct = (1-4) q1 Trong : l: Cng ca tuc bin hi v tuc bin kh, l = lh + lk q1: nhit lng nhin liu ta ra khi chy trong bung t 1.
1.3 cc loi ph ti nhit v in

Hin nay, cc nh my in c th c xy dng m bo yu cu ca cc h dng in hoc va m bo nhu cu in va m bo nhu cu v nhit ca cc

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h tiu th nh cc khu dn c thuc cc nc x lnh hoc cc khu cng nghip ln nh khu cng nghip giy Bi Bng; khu cng nghip Vit Tr; cc nh my ng; cc khu ch xut . . v.v.
1.3.1. Ph ti in

Ph ti in ca nh my hay ca h thng in bao gm: - Ph ti cng nghip: in cung cp cho cc nh my, cc khu cng nghip; - Ph ti nng nghip: in cung cp cho cc h thng trm bm; - Ph ti Giao thng: in cung cp cho cc thit b giao thng vn ti nh tu in; t in; tu in ngm; tu ha. . . - Ph ti sinh hot: in cung cp trc tip cho nhu cu sinh hot hng ngy ca con ngi nh thp sng, un nu, vui chi gii tr.
1.3.2. Ph ti nhit

Trong cc khu cng nghip v cc thnh ph ln, nhu cu nhit cho cc qu trnh cng ngh nh un si, chng ct, sy, ca cc nh my (nh ha cht; ch bin thc phm; thuc l; ru; bia . . .v. v) hoc si m cc nc x lnh l rt ln. Cung cp nng lng nhit cho cc h tiu th ny hp l nht l s dng phn nng lng nhit cn li trong qu trnh sn xut in nng. Nh my in va cung cp nhit, va cung cp in cho cc h tiu th gi l trung tm nhit in. Nhit lng cung cp t trung tm nhit in c th l hi hoc nc nng. Theo yu cu ca cc h dng nhit, c th phn thnh cc loi h dng nhit nh sau: Ph ti cng nghip: Nhit nng cung cp cho cc qu trnh cng ngh trong cc nh my, thng l hi c p sut t 3,5at n 16 at (0,35 n 1,6 Mpa) vi qu nhit t 25 n 50 0C nhm m bo cho hi cha b ngng t thnh nc trc khi n h tiu th . Ph ti sinh hot: Nhit nng cung cp cho cc qu trnh sy si trong khu dn c, thng l nc nng c nhit t 55 n 150 0C hoc hi c p sut t 1,5at n 3 at (0,15 n 0,3 Mpa). Ph ti in v ph ti nhit thay i theo gi trong ngy, theo thng v theo ma ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca cc nh my v sinh hot cc khu dn c. S ph thuc ca ph ti vo thi gian c biu th trn th gi l th ph ti. Trn th ph ti, phn pha di gi l ph ti gc, c gi tr n nh, cn phn nh gi l ph ti ngn, c gi tr thay i lin tc. Cc nh my in ln, hin i, c hiu sut cao c gi l nh my in chnh, thng mang ph ti gc, chy thng xuyn, s gi s dng thit b hng nm cao. Cc nh my in nh, c, c hiu sut thp hoc l nh my in tuc bin kh, nh my thy in trong thi k cn nc c gi l nh my in cao im, thng mang ph ti ngn (ph ti thay i thng xuyn).

PHN 2. L HI
Chng 2 NGUYN L LM VIC CA L HI 2.1. Vai tr ca l hi trong cng nghip v sn xut in L hi l thit b trong xy ra qu trnh t chy nhin liu, nhit lng ta ra s bin nc thnh hi, bin nng lng ca nhin liu thnh nhit nng ca dng hi. L hi l thit b c mt gn nh trong tt c cc x nghip, nh my, sn xut hi nc phc v cho qu trnh sn xut in nng trong nh my in; phc v cho cc qu trnh un nu, chng ct cc dung dch, sy sn phm trong cc qu trnh cng ngh cc nh my ha cht, ng, ru, bia, nc gii kht, thuc l, dt, ch bin nng sn v thc phm . . . . Ty thuc vo nhim v ca l hi trong sn xut, ta c th phn thnh hai loi sau: Trong cc nh my cng nghip nh nh my ha cht, ng, ru, bia, nc gii kht, thuc l, dt, ch bin thc phm . . . , hi nc phc v cho cc qu trnh cng ngh nh un nu, chng ct cc dung dch, c c v sy sn phm . . . thng l hi bo ha. p sut hi tng ng vi nhit bo ha cn thit cho qu trnh cng ngh, nhit thng t 110 n 180 0C. Loi l hi ny c gi l l hi cng nghip, c p sut hi thp, sn lng nh. Trong nh my in, l hi sn xut ra hi lm quay tuc bin, phc v cho vic sn xut in nng, i hi phi c cng sut ln, hi l hi qu nhit c p sut v nhit cao. Loi ny c gi l l hi nh my in. Nhin liu t trong l hi c th l nhin liu rn nh than, ci, b ma, c th l nhin liu lng nh du nng (FO), du diezen (DO) hoc nhin liu kh. 2.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca l hi trong nh my in Trong cc l hi nh my in, hi c sn xut ra l hi qu nhit. Hi qu nhit nhn c nh cc qu trnh: un nng nc n si, si bin nc thnh hi bo ha v qu nhit hi bin hi bo ha thnh hi qu nhit c nhit cao trong cc b phn ca l. Cng sut ca l hi ph thuc vo lu lng, nhit v p sut hi. Cc gi tr ny cng cao th cng sut l hi cng ln. Hiu qu ca qu trnh trao i nhit gia ngn la v khi vi mi cht trong l hi ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l ca mi trng (sn phm chy) v ca mi cht tham gia qa trnh (nc hoc hi) v ph thuc vo hnh dng, cu to, c tnh ca cc phn t l hi. Trn hnh 2.1 trnh by nguyn l cu to ca l hi tun hon t nhin hin i trong nh my in. Nhin liu v khng kh c phun qua vi phun s 1 vo bung la s 2, to thnh hn hp chy v c t chy trong bung la, nhit ngn la c th t ti 1.900 0C. Nhit lng ta ra khi nhin liu chy truyn cho nc trong dn ng
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sinh hi 3, nc tng dn nhit n si, bin thnh hi bo ha. Hi bo ha theo ng sinh hi 3 i ln, tp trung vo bao hi s 5. Trong bao hi s 5, hi c phn li ra khi nc, nc tip tc i xung theo ng xung 4 t ngoi tng l ri li sang ng sinh hi s 3 tip tc nhn nhit. Hi bo ha t bao hi s 5 s i qua ng gp hi s 6 vo cc ng xon ca b qu nhit s 7. b qu nhit s 7, hi bo ha chuyn ng trong cc ng xon s nhn nhit t khi nng chuyn ng pha ngoi ng bin thnh hi qu nhit c nhit cao hn v i vo ng gp sang tua bin hi v bin i nhit nng thnh c nng lm quay tua bin.

Hnh 2.1. Nguyn l cu to ca l hi 1.Vi phun nhin liu + khng kh; 2. Bung t; 3. phu tro lnh; 4. y thi x; 5. Dn ng sinh hi; 6. B qu nhit bc x; 7. B qu nhit na bc x; 8. ng hi ln. 9. B qu nhit i lu; 10. B hm nc; 11.B sy khng kh; 12. B kh bi; 13. Qut khi; 14. Qut gi; 15. Bao hi; 16. ng nc xung; 17. ng gp nc; y, ng sinh hi s 3 t pha trong tng l nn mi cht trong ng nhn nhit v sinh hi lin tc do trong ng ng sinh hi 3 l hn hp hi v nc, cn ng xung 4 t ngoi tng l nn mi cht trong ng 4 khng nhn nhit do trong ng 4 l nc. Khi lng ring ca hn hp hi v nc trong ng 3 nh hn
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khi lng ring ca nc trong ng xung 4 nn hn hp trong ng 3 i ln, cn nc trong ng 4 i xung lin tc to nn qu trnh tun hon t nhin, bi vy l hi loi ny c gi l l hi tun hon t nhin. Bung la trnh by trn hnh 2.1 l bung la phun, nhin liu c phun vo v chy l lng trong bung la. Qu trnh chy nhin liu xy ra trong bung la v t n nhit rt cao, t 1300 0C n 1900 0C, chnh v vy hiu qu trao i nhit bc x gia ngn la v dn ng sinh hi rt cao v lng nhit dn ng sinh hi thu c t ngn la ch yu l do trao i nhit bc x. hp thu c hiu qu nhit lng bc x ca ngn la ng thi bo v tng l khi tc dng ca nhit cao v nhng nh hng xu ca tro nng chy, ngi ta b tr cc dn ng sinh hi 3 xung quanh tng bung la. Khi ra khi bung la, trc khi vo b qu nhit c lm ngui mt phn cm phecston, y khi chuyn ng ngoi ng truyn nhit cho hn hp hi nc chuyn ng trong ng. Khi ra khi b qu nhit c nhit cn cao, tn dng phn nhit tha ca khi khi ra khi b qu nhit, phn ui l ngi ta t thm b hm nc v b sy khng kh. B hm nc c nhim v gia nhit cho nc nng nhit ca nc t nhit ra khi bnh gia nhit ln n nhit si v cp vo bao hi 5. y l giai on u tin ca qu trnh cp nhit cho nc thc hin qu trnh ha hi ng p nc trong l. S c mt ca b hm nc s lm gim tng din tch b mt t ca l hi v s dng trit hn nhit lng ta ra khi chy nhin liu, lm cho nhit khi thot khi l gim xung, lm tng hiu sut ca l. Khng kh lnh t ngoi tri c qut gi 14 ht vo v thi qua b sy khng kh 11. b sy, khng kh nhn nhit ca khi, nhit c nng t nhit mi trng n nhit yu cu v c a vo vi phun s 1 cung cp cho qu trnh t chy nhin liu. Nh vy b hm nc v b sy khng kh hon tr li bung la mt phn nhit ng l b thi ra ngoi. Chnh v vy ngi ta cn gi b hm nc v b sy khng kh l b tit kim nhit. Nh vy, t khi vo b hm nc n khi ra khi b qu nhit ca l hi, mi cht (nc v hi) tri qua cc giai on hp th nhit trong cc b phn sau: Nhn nhit trong b hm nc n si, si trong dn ng sinh hi, qu nhit trong b qu nhit. Nhit lng mi cht hp thu c biu din bng phng trnh: Qmc = [i''hn - i'hn ]+ [is - i''hn + rx] + [r(1-x) + (i''qn - i'qn)] (2-1) Qmc = i''qn - i'qn + is + r - i'hn (2-1a) Trong : Qmc l nhit lng mi cht nhn c trong l hi. i'hn, i''hn : Entanpi ca nc vo v ra khi b hm nc. r : Nhit n ha hi ca nc. x : kh ca hi ra khi bao hi. i'qn, i''qn : Entanpi hi vo v ra khi b qu nhit. 2.3. Cc c tnh k thut ca L hi c tnh k thut chnh ca l l cc i lng th hin s lng v cht lng
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hi c sn xut ra. S lng hi sn xut ra c xc nh bng sn lng hi cn cht lng hi c xc nh bng thng s hi. 1- Thng s hi ca l: i vi l hi ca nh my in, hi sn xut ra l qu nhit nn thng hi ca l c biu th bng p sut v nhit hi qu nhit: Pqn (Mpa), tqn (0C). 2- Sn lng hi ca l: Sn lng hi ca l l lng hi m l sn xut ra c trong mt n v thi gian (Kg/h hoc Tn/h). Thng dng 3 khi nim sn lng. - Sn lng hi nh mc (Dm): l sn lng hi ln nht l c th t c, m bo vn hnh trong thi gian lu di, n nh vi cc thng s hi cho m khng ph hy hoc gy nh hng xu n ch lm vic ca l. - Sn lng hi cc i (Dmax): l sn lng hi ln nht m l c th t c, nhng ch trong mt thi gian ngn, ngha l l khng th lm vic lu di vi sn lng hi cc i c. Sn lng hi cc i bng: Dmax = (1,1 - 1,2) Dm (2-2) - Sn lng hi kinh t l sn lng hi m l lm vic vi hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Sn lng hi kinh t bng: Dkt = (0,8 - 0,9) Dm (2-3) 3- Hiu sut ca l: Hiu sut ca l l t s gia lng nhit m mi cht hp th c (hay cn gi l lng nhit c ch) vi lng nhit cung cp vo cho l. Hiu sut ca l k hiu bng D(i qn i 'hn ) (2-4) = BQ lv t Trong : D l sn lng hi, (kg/h) iqn l entanpi ca hi qu nhit, (Kj/kg) ihn l entanpi ca nc i vo b hm nc, (Kj/kg) B l lng nhin liu tiu hao trong mt gi, (kg/h) Qtlv: Nhit tr thp lm vic ca nhin liu, (Kj/kg). 4- Nhit th th tch ca bung la: Nhit th th tch ca bung la l lng nhit sinh ra trong mt n v thi gian trn mt n v th tch ca bung la.

qv =

BQ lv t Vbl

, (W/m3)

(2-5)

Trong : Vbl: Th tch bung la, (m3), B (kg/s) i vi cc l hi nh, ngi ta cn ch n cc c tnh sau y 5- Nhit th din tch trn ghi: Nhit th din tch trn ghi l nhit lng sinh ra trong mt n v thi gian trn mt n v din tch b mt ca ghi:
BQ lv t , (W/m2) qr = R

(2-6)
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R: din tch mt ghi, (m2). 6- Nng sut bc hi ca b mt sinh hi: Nng sut bc hi ca b mt sinh hi l kh nng bc hi ca mt n v din tch b mt t (b mt sinh hi) trong mt n v thi gian, k hiu l S, D (2-7) S = , (kg/m2h) H D: Sn lng hi ca l, (kg/h) H: din tch b mt sinh hi (b mt t), (m2)

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Chng 3. NHIN LIU V hiu qu s dng nhin liu

3.1. KHI NIM V NHIN LIU 3.1.1. Nhin liu v phn loi nhin liu Nhin liu l nhng vt cht khi chy pht ra nh sng v nhit nng. Trong cng nghip th nhin liu phi t cc yu cu sau: - C nhiu trong t nhin, tr lng ln, d khai thc, gi thnh r. - Khi chy khng sinh ra cc cht gy nguy him. Nhin liu c th phn thnh hai loi chnh: nhin liu v c v nhin liu hu c. 3.1.1.1. Nhin liu hu c: Nhin liu hu c l nhin liu c sn trong thin nhin do qu trnh phn hy hu c to thnh. Nhin liu hu c dng trong ngnh nng lng c 3 loi: + Kh thin nhin. + Nhin liu lng: du Diezen, du nng (FO). + Nhin liu rn: theo tui hnh thnh nhin liu ta c g, than bn, than nu, than , than cm. 3.1.1.2. Nhin liu v c: Nhin liu v c l nhin liu c to ra do phn ng phn hy ht nhn Uraium. 3.1.2. Thnh phn v c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu 3.1.2.1. Thnh phn ca nhin liu Nhin liu bao gm nhng cht c kh nng b oxy ha gi l cht chy v nhng cht khng th b oxy ha gi l cht tr. * Nhin liu rn v lng Trong nhin liu rn hoc lng c cc nguyn t: Cacbon(C), Hyro (H), xi (O), Nit (N), Lu hunh (S), tro (A) v m (W). Cc nguyn t ha hc trong nhin liu u dng lin kt cc phn t hu c rt phc tp nn kh chy v khng th th hin y cc tnh cht ca nhin liu. Trong thc t, ngi ta thng phn tch nhin liu theo thnh phn khi lng cc dng mu khc nhau nh: mu lm vic, mu kh, mu chy, da vo c th nh gi nh hng ca cc qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn v bo qun n thnh phn nhin liu. i vi mu lm vic, thnh phn nhin liu c xc nh theo phn trm khi lng trng thi thc t, y c mt tt c cc thnh phn ca nhin liu: Clv + Hlv + Sclv + Nlv + Olv + Alv + Wlv = 100% (3-1) Sy mu lm vic nhit 105 0C, thnh phn m s tch khi nhin liu (W= 0), khi ta c mu nhin liu kh: Ck + Hk + Sck + Nk + Ok + Ak = 100% (3-2)
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i vi mu chy, thnh phn nhin liu c xc nh theo phn trm khi lng cc cht chy c: Cch + Hch + Sc + Nch + Och = 100% (3-3) Cacbon: Cc bon l thnh phn chy ch yu trong nhin liu, c th chim ti 95% khi lng nhin liu. Khi chy, 1kg cc bon ta ra mt nhit lng kh ln, khong 34150 KJ/Kg, gi l nhit tr ca cc bon, do vy nhin liu cng nhiu cc bon th nhit tr cng cao. Tui hnh thnh than cng cao th lng cc bon cha than cng nhiu ngha l nhit tr cng cao. Hyro: Hyro l thnh phn chy quan trng ca nhin liu. Tuy lng hyro trong nhin liu rt it, ti a ch n 10% khi lng nhin liu, nhng nhit tr ca Hyr rt ln. Khi chy, 1kg Hyro ta ra mt nhit lng khong 144.500 KJ/Kg . Lu hunh: Tuy l mt thnh phn chy, nhng lu hunh l mt cht c hi trong nhin liu v khi chy to thnh SO2 thi ra mi trng rt c v SO3 gy n mn kim loi rt mnh, c bit SO2 tc dng vi nc to thnh axt H2SO4. Lu hunh tn ti di 3 dng: lin kt hu c Shc, khong cht Sk v lin kt Sunfat SSP. S = Shc + Sk + Ssp (3-4) Lu hunh hu c v khong cht c th tham gia qu trnh chy gi l lu hunh chy, cn lu hunh Sunfat thng nm di dng CaSO4, MgSO4...khng tham gia qu trnh chy m to thnh tro ca nhin liu. xi v Nit: xi v Nit l nhng thnh phn v ch trong nhin liu v s c mt ca n trong nhin liu s lm gim cc thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu, do lm gim nhit tr chung ca nhin liu. Nhin liu cng non th lng oxy cng nhiu. * Nhin liu kh: Nhin liu kh c c trng bng hm lng cc cht Cacbuahyr nh: CH4, CH4 , CH4, H2, . . . , tnh theo phn trm th tch . 3.1.2.2. c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu Vic la chn phng php t v s dng nhit lng gii phng t qu trnh chy nhin liu ph thuc nhiu vo cc c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu. Trong cng nghip, ngi ta coi cc c tnh sau y l c tnh cng ngh ca nhin liu: m, cht bc, cc, tro v nhit tr. * m: m k hiu l W, l lng nc cha trong nhin liu, lng nc ny nn nhit tr ca nhin liu gim xung. Mt khc khi nhin liu chy cn cung cp mt nhit lng bc m thnh hi nc. m ca nhin liu c chia ra 2 loi: m trong v m ngoi. m trong c sn trong qu trnh hnh thnh nhin liu, thng dng tinh th ngm nc v ch tch ra khi nhin liu khi nung nhin liu nhit khong 8000C m ngoi xut hin trong qu trnh khai thc, vn chuyn v bo qun nhin liu. m ngoi tch ra khi nhin liu khi sy nhit khong 1050C.

14

* Cht bc v cc: Cht bc k hiu l V, Khi t nng nhin liu trong iu kin khng c xi nhit 800-8500C th c cht kh thot ra gi l cht bc, l kt qu ca s phn hy nhit cc lin kt hu c ca nhin liu. N l thnh phn chy th kh gm: hyr, cacbuahyr, cacbon, oxitcacbon, cacbonic, oxi v nit . . . Nhin liu cng gi th lng cht bc cng t, nhng nhit tr ca cht bc cng cao, lng cht bc ca nhin liu thay i trong phm vi: than Anfratxit 2-8%, than 10-45%, than bn 70%, g 80%. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc cng d chy. Sau khi cht bc bc ra, phn rn cn li ca nhin liu c th tham gia qu trnh chy gi l cc. Nhin liu cng nhiu cht bc th cc cng xp, nhin liu cng c kh nng phn ng cao. Khi t nhin liu t cht bc nh than antraxit, cn thit phi duy tr nhit vng bc chy cao, ng thi phi tng chiu di bung la m bo cho cc chy ht trc khi ra khi bung la. * tro: tro k hiu l A, tro ca nhin liu l phn rn dng cht khong cn li sau khi nhin liu chy. Thnh phn ca n gm mt s hn hp khong nh t st, ct, pyrit st, oxit st, . . . S c mt ca n lm gim thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu, do gim nhit tr ca nhin liu. Trong qa trnh chy, di tc dng ca nhit cao mt phn b bin i cu trc, mt phn b phn hy nhit, b oxy ha nhng ch yu bin thnh tro. tro ca mt s loi nhin liu trong khong: Than 15-30%, g 0,5 n 1,0%, mazut 0,2 n 0,3%, kh 0%, c xc nh bng cch t nhin liu nhit 8500C vi nhin liu rn, n 5000C vi nhin liu lng cho n khi khi lng cn li hon ton khng thay i. Tc hi ca tro: s c mt ca tro trong nhin liu lm gim nhit tr ca nhin liu, cn tr qu trnh chy. Khi bay theo khi tro s mi mn cc b mt t ca l hi. Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng ca tro nh hng n iu kin lm vic ca l l nhit nng chy ca tro. Nhit nng chy ca tro trong khong t 12000C n 14250C. Tro c nhit chy thp th c nhiu kh nng to x bm ln cc b mt ng, ngn cn s trao i nhit gia khi vi mi cht trong ng v lm tng nhit vch ng gy nguy him cho ng. * Nhit tr ca nhin liu: Nhit tr ca nhin liu l lng nhit sinh ra khi chy hon ton 1kg nhin liu rn hoc lng hay 1m3 tiu chun nhin liu kh (Kj/kg, Kj/m3tc). Nhit tr lm vic ca nhin liu gm nhit tr cao v nhit tr thp, k hiu l Qclv v Qtlv. Trong nhin liu c hi nc, nu hi nc ngng t thnh nc s ta ra mt lng nhit na. Nhit tr cao l nhit tr c k n c lng nhit khi ngng t hi nc trong sn phm chy na. Nhit tr thp l nhit tr khng k n lng nhit ngng t hi nc trong sn phm chy. Nhit tr ca nhin liu khi chy trong thit b thc t l nhit tr thp v nhit ca khi ra khi l cao hn nhit ngng t hi nc, cn nhit tr cao c dng khi tnh ton trong iu kin phng th nghim. Khi so snh cc loi nhin liu vi nhau, ngi ta thng dng khi nim nhin liu tiu chun, c nhit tr Qt=7000 Kcal/kg (29330 Kj/kg).

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3.2. QU TRNH CHY CA NHIN LIU 3.2.1. Khi nim Qu trnh chy nhin liu l qu trnh phn ng ha hc gia cc nguyn t ha hc ca nhin liu vi oxi v sinh ra nhit, qu trnh chy cn l qu trnh oxi ha. Cht oxi ha chnh l oxi ca khng kh cp vo cho qu trnh chy, cht b oxy ha l cc nguyn t chy c ca nhin liu. Sn phm to thnh sau qu trnh chy gi l sn phm chy (khi). Qu trnh chy c th xy ra hon ton hoc khng hon ton. - Qu trnh chy hon ton l qu trnh chy trong cc thnh phn chy c ca nhin liu u c oxi ha hon ton v sn phm chy ca n gm cc kh CO2, SO2, H2O, N2, v O2. - Qu trnh chy khng hon ton l qu trnh chy trong cn nhng cht c th chy c cha c xi ha hon ton. Khi chy khng hon ton, ngoi nhng sn phm ca qu trnh chy hon ton trong khi cn c nhng sn phm khc: CO, CH4... Nguyn nhn ca qu trnh chy khng hon ton c th l do thiu khng kh cho qu trnh oxi ha hoc c khng kh nhng khng kh v nhin liu pha trn khng u to ra ch tha, ch thiu khng kh. Qu trnh chy nhin liu l mt qu trnh rt phc tp bao gm nhiu giai on: sy nng, bc hi, sinh cht bc, bt la, chy cht bc v cc, to x. Giai on sy nng v sinh cht bc l giai on chun b cho nhin liu bc chy, cn thit phi c khng kh nng c nhit khong t 150 n 4000C sy nng, bc m v bc cht bc khi nhin liu. Giai on bt la bt u nhit cao hn, khi nhin liu tip xc vi khng kh nng. Giai on chy cht bc v cc km theo qu trnh ta nhit, nhit lng ny c tc dng lm tng nhit hn hp phn ng oxy ha cc xy ra nhanh hn, y l giai on oxi ha mnh lit nht. Giai on kt thc qu trnh chy l giai on to thnh tro v x. 3.2.2. Cc phng trnh phn ng chy 3.2.2.1. Chy nhin liu rn + Phn ng ca qu trnh chy hon ton: - Chy cacbon: C + O2 = CO2 12kgC + 32kgO2 = 44kgCO2 1kgC + 2,67 O2 = 3,67kgCO2. Khi thay khi lng ring ca Oxi o2 = 1,428kg/ m3tc v cacbonnic CO2 = 1,964kg/ m3tc vo (3-5b), ta c:
16

(3-5a) (3-5b)

1KgC + 1,866 m3tc O2 = 1,866 m3tc CO2. (3-5c) Tng t, ta c th tnh lng khng kh cn thit t chy cc thnh phn khc. Chy lu hunh: S + O2 = SO2 1kgS + 0,7 m3tc O2 = 0,7m3tc SO2 - Chy hyro: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O 1kgH2 + 5,6 m3tc O2 = 11,2 m3tc H2O + Phn ng chy khng hon ton: 2C + O2 = 2CO 24kgC + 32kg O2 = 56kg CO 1kgC + 0,933 m3tc O2 = 1,866 m3tc CO 3.2.2.2. Chy nhin liu kh: Nhin liu kh bao gm cc thnh phn H2, S, CH4, CmHn, CO, H2S. Phng trnh cc phn ng chy nhin liu kh cng c vit tng t nh i vi nhin liu rn hoc lng. T cc phng trnh phn ng chy ta c th tnh c lng oxi l thuyt cn thit cung cp cho qu trnh chy, m bo cho nhin liu chy hon ton (chy kit). T tnh c lng khng kh cn cung cp cho l hi. ng thi t cc phng trnh phn ng chy cng c th tnh c lng khi thi ra khi l. 3.2.3. Xc nh th tch khng kh cp cho qu trnh chy * Th tch khng kh l thuyt: Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy l lng khng kh tng ng vi lng O2 cn thit cho qu trnh chy hon ton 1kg nhin liu rn hoc lng hay 1 m3tc tiu chun nhin liu kh. Trong nhin liu rn, cc thnh phn C, H, S c th chy c v sinh nhit. Lng oxi cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu bng tng lng oxi cn thit t chy hon ton lng C, H, S c trong 1kg nhin liu. Vy c th tnh lng oxi cn thit t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu theo cc phng trnh phn ng (3-5), (3-6), (3-7). C lv S lv H lv O lv 0 VO 2 = 1,866 + 0,7 + 5,6 (3-9) 100 100 100 1,428.100 (3-6a) (3-6b) (3-7a) (3-7b) (3-8) (3-8b)

Oxi cp cho qu trnh chy trong l hi ly t khng kh, m trong khng kh oxi chim 21%, do c th tnh c lng khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy hon ton 1kg nhin liu: 0 VO 2 C lv S lv H lv O lv 1 0 1,866 (3-10) Vkk = = + 0,7 + 5,6 0,21 0,21 100 100 100 1,428.100
Lng khng kh l thuyt t chy 1kg nhin liu rn, lng l: 0 Vkk = 0,0889(C lv + 0,375S lv ) + 0,265H lv 0,0333O lv , ( m 3 / kg ) tc (3-11)
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* Th tch khng kh thc t: Th tch khng kh l thuyt cn thit cho qu trnh chy c xc nh theo cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc nu trn. Ngha l c tnh ton vi iu kin l tng, trong tng phn t cc cht oxi ha v b oxi ha tip xc v phn ng vi nhau. Trong thc t khng kh v nhin liu khng th tip xc l tng vi nhau c nh vy. Do vy qa trnh chy c th xy ra hon ton (ngha l gn vi iu kin l tng) th lng khng kh thc t cn phi cung cp vo nhiu hn lng khng kh tnh ton c theo l thuyt. T s gia lng khng kh thc t cp vo vi lng khng kh l thuyt tnh ton c gi l h s khng kh tha, k hiu l : V (3-12) = kk > 1 0 Vkk
Trong : Vkk: Th tch khng kh thc t, (m3tc/ kg) V0kk: Th tch khng kh l thuyt, (m3tc/ kg). Gi tr tiu chun ca h s khng kh tha i vi tng loi l hi nh sau: + t nhin liu trong bung la ghi : = 1,3 n 1,5 + t nhin liu trong bung la phun: L hi t bt than (phun) : = 1,13 n 1,25 L hi t du: = 1,03 n 1,15 L hi t kh: = 1,02 n 1,05 L hi khng th kn tuyt i c v c cc ch ghp ni tng l, trn tng l phi c ca v sinh, ca quan st. Khi l lm vic, p sut ng khi lun thp hn p sut kh quyn, do khng kh lnh t ngoi s lt vo ng khi lm tng h s khng kh tha trong ng khi. p sut khi gim dn theo chiu khi i, do lng khng kh lnh lt vo ng khi tng dn, ngha l ( tng dn theo chiu i ca khi. Khi ( tng th nhit ca khi gim xung tc l qu trnh truyn nhit gim xung, nhit tha ca khi tng ln tc l lng nhit do khi mang ra ngoi tri (q2) tng ln, hiu sut l gim xung. V vy, khi vn hnh cn phi phn u gi cho gi tr ti thiu.

3.2.4. Th tch sn phm chy sinh ra khi chy nhin liu

Sn phm chy (gi l khi thc) gm c khi kh v hi nc. Ty thuc vo iu kin chy hon ton hay khng hon ton cc nguyn t chy ca nhin liu m t l cc thnh phn cc cht sinh ra trong sn phm chy khc nhau. trng thi l thuyt, khi chy hon ton (vi = 1) s to thnh trong khi cc cht: CO2, SO2, N2 v H2O.

cc l hi t du s dng vi phun hi th cn thit phi c mt lng hi phun du vo l di dng sng m nn lng khi thc t bao gi cng ln hn lng khi l thuyt. Trong qu trnh vn hnh l hi, thng phi kim tra cc mu khi nh k pht hin trong khi c thnh phn CO khng. Nu c CO chng t qu trnh chy xy ra khng hon ton, nhin liu cha b oxi ha hon ton, cn thit phi tm
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nguyn nhn khc phc v iu chnh qu trnh chy. ng thi vic phn tch khi cn cho php xc nh h s khng kh tha xem c ng tiu chun khng. Nu nh hn tiu chun th qu trnh chy s thiu O2 chy khng ht nhin liu. Nu ln th tn tht nhit q2 tng, hiu sut ca l gim xung. Khi phn tch khi thng xc nh chung gi tr th tch ca kh 3 nguyn t c trong khi CO2 v SO2 , k hiu l RO2 VRO 2 = VCO 2 + VSO 2 (3-13)

3.3. CN BNG NHIT V TNH HIU SUT CA L 3.3.1. Phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut ca l
Nhit lng sinh ra khi t chy nhin liu trong l hi chnh l nng lng do nhin liu v khng kh mang vo: (3-14) Qv = Qnl + Qkk Nhit lng ny mt phn c s dng hu ch sinh hi, cn mt phn nh hn b mt mt i gi l tn tht nhit. (3-15) Qv = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 Trong : Q1 l nhit lng s dng hu ch sinh hi, (Kj/kg) Q2 l lng tn tht nhit do khi thi mang ra ngoi l hi, (Kj/kg) Q3 l lng tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt ha hc, (Kj/kg) Q4 l lng tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc, (Kj/kg) Q5 l lng tn tht nhit do ta nhit t mt ngoi tng l ra khng kh xung quanh, (Kj/kg) Q6 l lng tn tht nhit do x nng mang ra ngoi, (Kj/kg). Nhit lng sinh ra do t chy nhin liu trong l hi chnh bng nhit lng c s dng hu ch sinh hi v phn nhit b tn tht trong qu trnh lm vic. Phng trnh biu din s cn bng ny gi l phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut ca l. (3-16) Qv = Qnl + Qkk = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6

3.3.2. Xc nh hiu sut ca l hi Hiu sut ca l hi l t s gia lng nhit s dng hu ch v lng nhit cung cp vo l hi. Q (3-17) = 1 100, (%) Q dv
Hiu sut ca l hi c th xc nh bng 2 phng php: phng php cn bng thun v phng php cn bng nghch.

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3.3.2.1. Phng php cn bng thun:

Phng php xc nh hiu sut nhit theo phng trnh (3-17) gi l phng php cn bng thun. tnh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng thun cn tnh lng nhit s dng hu ch Q1 v lng nhit cung cp vo l hi Qv. + Nhit s dng hu ch hi nhn c: (3-18) Q1 + D(iqn - i'nc) D l sn lng hi ca l hi, (kg/h) iqn l entanpi hi qu nhit, (Kj/kg) inc l entanpi nc u vo b hm nc, (Kj/kg) + Lng nhit do nhin liu sinh ra khi chy (nu b qua nhit lng do khng kh mang vo): (3-19) Qdv = BQtlv B l lng nhin liu l hi tiu th trong 1h (kg/h). Thay vo (3-17) ta c: D(i qn i' qn ) = 100, (%). (3-20) BQ lv t Nh vy mun xc nh hiu sut ca l theo phng php thun cn xc nh chnh xc lng tiu hao nhin liu tng ng vi lng hi sn xut ra. y l mt iu kh khn i vi cc l hi ln v lng tiu hao nhin liu rt ln nn rt kh xc nh chnh xc lng tiu hao nhin liu ca l. V vy phng php ny ch dng xc nh hiu sut cho cc l hi nh, c lng tiu hao nhin liu t c th xc nh c chnh xc, cn sn lng hi cc xc nh bng cch o lng nc cp vo l. i vi cc l ln th hiu sut c xc nh theo phng php cn bng nghch.

3.3.2.2. Phng php cn bng nghch:

T phng trnh cn bng nhit tng qut ca l (3-16) ta c: Q1 = Qv - Q2 - Q3 - Q4 - Q5 - Q6 Chia c hai v cho Qv ta c: Q Q Q Q Q1 Q Q = dv - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv Q dv hay:

(3-21) (3-22)

= q 1 = 1 - q2 - q 3 - q 4 - q 5 - q 6 = q1 = 100 trong : q1=

(3-23)

q
i=2

(%)

Q Q1 Q (%); q2= 2 (%), q3= 3 (%). . . . Q dv Q dv Q dv

Phng php xc nh hiu sut nhit theo phng trnh (3-23) gi l phng php cn bng nghch. tnh hiu sut ca l theo phng php cn bng nghch cn tnh cc tn tht nhit q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 , q5 , q6.
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3.4. Tn tht nhit TRONG L HI 3.4.1. Tn tht nhit do khi thi mang ra ngoi l hi q2 (%)
Khi c to thnh trong qu trnh chy tc l t khng kh v nhin liu. Khng kh vo l c nhit khong 20-350C, trong khi nhit khi thi ra khi l thng ln hn 1100C, c bit i vi cc l nh khng c b mt t phn ui th nhit khi thot c th ti 4000C. Nh vy phi mt mt lng nhit t nng khng kh v nhin liu t nhit mi trng n nhit khi thi. Tn tht ny gi l tn tht nhit do khi thi, k hiu l q2 (%) H s khng kh tha ra khi l hi v nhit khi thi l 2 yu t nh hng rt ln n q2. Nhit khi thi cng cao th tn tht q2 cng ln. Tuy nhin khi nhit khi thi thp hn nhit ng sng s gy ngng ng sng hi nc trong khi. Nc ngng ng s d ha tan SO2 to thnh H2SO4 gy hin tng n mn kim loi. V vy chng ta phi tm nhng bin php gim nhit khi thi n mc hp l nht. Khi h s khng kh tha cng ln th nhit chy l thuyt ca qu trnh gim, lm gim lng nhit hp thu bng bc x ca bung la, dn n nhit khi sau bung la tng ln tc l nhit khi thot tng. Mt khc h s khng kh tha cng ln th th tch khi thi cng ln v nh vy th q2 cng cng ln. V vy cn khng ch ( mc nh nht, ng thi hn ch khng kh lnh lt vo l hi. Tn tht nhit q2 thng trong khong t 4-7%

3.4.2. Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ha hc q3 (%)

Khi nhin liu chy khng hon ton th trong khi cn c cc cht kh chy khng hon ton nh CO, H2, CH4 . Nhng kh ny cn c th chy v sinh nhit c nhng cha chy b thi ra ngoi, gy nn tn tht nhit gi l tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v ha hc, k hiu l q3 (%). Nguyn nhn ca tn tht ny l c th do thiu khng kh hoc khng kh pha trn khng u vi nhin liu. Cc yu t nh hng n q3 bao gm: Nhit bung la, h s khng kh tha v phng thc xo trn gia khng kh vi nhin liu trong bung la. H s khng kh tha ln th q3 cng nh nhng q2 li tng (Tuy nhin h s khng kh tha qu ln lm cho nhit bung l qu thp th q3 li tng). S pha trng gia nhin liu v khng kh cng tt th q3 cng nh. V vy phi tnh chn sao cho tng tn tht nhit q2 + q3 l nh nht. Khi t nhin liu rn: i vi bung la ghi tn tht q3 c th t n 0,51%, bung t phun q3 c th t n 0,5% v vi bung la th cng q3 c th t n 2% hoc cao hn. Khi t mazut th q3 cao hn v khi chy mazut cacbuahyro d b phn hy to thnh nhng lin kt kh phn ng, thng q3 = 3%.

3.4.3. Tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc q4 (%)

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Nhin liu a vo l c mt phn cha kp chy b thi ra ngoi theo cc ng: bay theo khi, lt qua ghi l hoc ri xung y bung la cng vi x gy nn tn tht nhit gi l tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc. Yu t nh hng n tn tht nhit do chy khng hon ton v mt c hc l kch c ht, tnh kt dnh ca tro, tc v cch t chc cp gi. l ghi, khe h ca ghi cng ln th tn tht q4 cng ln. Nu vic phn phi gi cp I v II khng tt, s thi bay cc ht nhin liu cha chy ht ra khi bung la. Kch thc ht cng khng u th q4 cng ln. Bung la phun c q4 b nht, c bit l bung la thi x lng c th coi q4 = 0. i vi bung t kiu phun: q4 c th t n 4%; i vi bung t ghi t 2-14%.

3.4.4. Tn tht nhit do ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh q5 (%)

B mt tng xung quanh ca l lun c nhit cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh, do lun c s ta nhit t mt ngoi tng l n mi trng gy nn tn tht, gi l tn tht do ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh, k hiu l q5 (%). Tn tht nhit q5 ph thuc vo nhit , din tch b mt xung quanh ca tng l, cht lng lp cch nhit tng l. Tn tht q5 t l thun vi din tch xung quanh, vi nhit b mt ngoi ca tng l. Tuy nhin, cng sut l cng ln th din tch b mt cng tng nhng tng din tch b mt xung quanh nh hn tng sn lng l, do tr s q5 ng vi 1kg nhin liu s gim xung. i vi l hi ln q5 khong 0,5%. Mun gim q5 phi thit k tng l sao cho hp l.

3.4.5. Tn tht nhit do x mang ra ngoi l hi q6 (%) X sinh ra t nhin liu trong qu trnh chy, c thi ra khi l nhit cao. i vi l hi thi x kh nhit x ra khi l khong 600 - 8000C, i vi l hi thi x lng nhit x khong 1300 - 14000C, trong khi nhin liu vo l c nhit khong 20-350C. Nh vy l hi mt i mt lng nhit nng nhit x t nhit bng nhit mi trng lc vo n nhit x lc ra khi l, gi l tn tht nhit do x mang ra ngoi q6 (%). Tn tht q6 ph thuc vo tro ca nhin liu, vo phng php thi x ra khi bung la. i vi nhin liu cng nhiu tro th q6 cng ln. Cc l thi x kh c q6 nh hn khi thi x lng. Tn tht q6 c th t n 5%

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Chng 4. CC PHN T CA L HI
4.1. KHUNG L V TNG L 4.1.1. Khung l Khung l l mt kt cu kim loi dng treo hoc tt c cc phn t ca l. Khung l gm c cc ct chnh, ph t trn h thng mng v c ni vi nhau bng cc dm. Ngoi ra cn cc h thng treo dn ng qu nhit, b hm nc, b sy khng kh, ton b sn thao tc phc v cho cng nhn lm vic v tr cao v cc ch cn kim tra, theo di, quan st tro bi. Khung l thng lm bng cc thanh thp ch I, V, U n hoc cc thanh ny ghp li vi nhau. Cc kt cu treo v phi m bo sao cho cc phn t ca l c th dch chuyn c khi b dn n nhit. Kt cu khung l c ch trn hnh 4.1. 4.1.2. Tng l Tng l c nhim v ngn cch cc phn t c t nng ca l vi mi trng xung quanh nhm gim bt tn tht nhit do ta ra mi trng xung quanh, ng thi hn ch vic t nng qu mc khng kh chung quanh nhm m bo iu kin lm vic cho cng nhn vn hnh, mt khc n cn c nhim v ngn cn Hnh. 4.1. Kt cu khung l vic lt gi lnh ngoi vo trong bung la v ng khi. Theo tiu chun vn hnh, m bo an ton cho cng nhn vn hnh, nhit khng kh khu lm vic phi nh hn 500C. V vy tng l phi cch nhit tt m bo iu kin nhit mt ngoi ca tng l khng c vt qu 500C. Thng thng, tng l tip xc trc tip vi ngn la v dng khi, chu tc dng ph hy do mi mn ca tro bay, n mn ca x nn tng l c cu trc gm 3 lp c biu din trn hnh 4.2. Lp trong cng l vt liu chu la, xy bng gch chu la, chu c tc dng ca nhit cao, n mn v mi mn ca x. Lp th hai l vt liu cch nhit, c tc dng cch nhit v ngoi cng l lp tn mng va c tc dng
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bo v lp cch nhit va c tc dng trang tr. Hnh 4.2 tng l 1. l lp gch chu la. 2. l lp vt liu cch nhit. 3. l lp kim loi bo v 4. ng sinh hi + Vt liu chu la: l hi thng dng cc loi vt liu chu la nh: Samot, Cromit. Yu cu i vi vt liu chu la l chu la, bn nhit, chu x cao. - chu la: l kh nng chu c nhit cao (trn 15000C), tc l vn gi c cc tnh cht c hc v vt l nhit cao. - bn nhit: l kh nng chu c s thay i nhit nhiu ln m khng b thay i v cu to v tnh cht. - chu x: l kh nng chu c s mi mn v n mn ha hc ca x. Samt l loi vt liu c s dng nhiu v c sn trong t nhin, r tin, c th chu c nhit n 17300C, thng c sn xut ra di dng bt hoc gch c kch thc tiu chun. Cromit c th chu nhit n 20000C, t tin, thng dng trong l hi dng bt lm va trt ln mt phn dn ng ca bung la (ngang vi phun) to thnh ai chy ca l. nhng vng c nhit cao hn (trn 20000C) cn phi dng zirconi, loi ny c chu la cao nhng t tin. + Vt liu cch nhit: Yu cu i vi vt liu cch nhit l c h s dn nhit thp v h s ny gi khng i trong qu trnh lm vic, ngoi ra cn i hi v bn v c, bn nhit v xp. Thng vt liu cch nhit c h s dn nhit bng khong 0,03 n 0,25W/m0C. H s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit ph thuc vo bn cht, cu trc ca chng v c th thay i theo nhit . Khi b m, h s dn nhit ca vt liu cch nhit tng ln, ngha l tc dng cch nhit gim xung. Cc loi vt liu cch nhit hin nay thng dng l: Aming, iatonit, Bng thy tinh. + Aming: l vt liu c cu to dng si vi, ba, dy, bt, thng c dng nhng ni c nhit t 100 n 5000C. H s dn nhit ca Aming trong khong t 0,12 n 0,14 W/m0C. + Bng thy tinh (bng khong): gm nhng si thy tinh do nu chy khong, x hay thy tinh, c th s dng nhng vng c nhit n 6000C. H s dn nhit ca bng thy tinh ph thuc vo b dy ca si, nn ca si, dao ng trong khong t 0,0490 n 0,0672 W/m0C. + iatonit: l loi vt liu cch nhit c th chu c nhit n 10000C, tuy nhin nhit cao th h s dn nhit b gim nhiu, do thng dng nhit thp hn di dng gch hoc bt nh samt.
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4.2. DN NG BUNG LA V CM PHESTON 4.2.1. Dn ng bung la Dn ng bung la gm cc ng ln v ng xung. Cc ng ln l nhng ng thp chi nhit c ng knh t 40 n 63 mm c t pha trong tng bung la. Mi cht trong ng s nhn nhit trc tip t ngn la, bin thnh hi chuyn ng ln pha trn (cn c gi l dn ng sinh hi). Khong cch gia cc ng (gi l bc ng s) v khong cch t ng n tng (c gi l t ng) c nh hng n kh nng bo v tng bung la khi b bc x trc tip ca ngn la v khi b ng x cng nh kh nng hp thu nhit ca dn ng. Nu b tr st nhau qu th tng c bo v tt hn, nhng chiu sng ca ngn la n dn ng gim i, do kh nng hp th nhit ca mt n v din tch b mt chi nhit (din tch b mt xung quanh ng) cng gim i. Nu t dy qu th ng gp ca dn ng phi khoan nhiu l, khong cch gia cc l gim xung lm cho bn ca ng gp gim i. i vi cc l hi ln, bc tng i s/d = 1,2 - 1,4 (d l ng knh ngoi ca ng). Cc ng nc xung c bc cch nhit v t pha ngoi tng bung la (c gi l ng xung) c ng knh ln hn, thng khong t 125 n 175mm. 4.2.2. Cm pheston Cm pheston chnh l cc ng ca dn ng sinh hi tng sau ni vi bao hi to thnh cm ng tha hn cho khi i qua ra khi bung la. Do nhit ca khi phn b khng u theo chiu rng bung la, do thnh phn v kch thc nhin liu khng ng nht nn c mt s ht nhin liu kch thc nh ang b nng chy b thi bay ra khi bung la c th bm vo cc b mt ng ca b qu nhit gy hin tng n x. Nh cm pheston nhn bt nhit, nhit dng khi c th gim bt 500C, m bo cho nhng ht tro nng ngui i v rn li, hn ch hin tng ng x b qu nhit. cm pheston cc ng c b tr tha hn nn khng c hin tng ng x . 4.2.3. Bao hi Dn ng bung la, cm pheston ca l hi tun hon c ni trc tip vi bao hi t nm ngang trn nh l hoc ni qua cc ng gp trung gian. Nc cp t b hm nc c a vo bao hi, t bao hi nc c i xung theo cc ng nc xung, qua cc ng gp di i vo ton b dn ng bung la, ti y nc nhn nhit bin thnh hi. Dng hn hp hi v nc sinh ra trong cc ng sinh hi s i vo bao hi v hi c phn ly ra khi nc ri sang b qu nhit ng knh bao hi thng khong 1,4 n 1,6 m 4.3. B QU NHIT 4.3.1. Vai tr ca b qu nhit
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B qu nhit l b phn sy kh hi, bin hi bo ha thnh hi qu nhit. Hi qu nhit c nhit cao hn, do nhit lng tch ly trong mt n v khi lng hi qu nhit cao hn nhiu so vi hi bo ha cng p sut. Bi vy khi cng sut my ging nhau nu dng hi qu nhit th kch thc my s nh hn rt nhiu so vi my dng hi bo ha. 4.3.2. Cu to b qu nhit B qu nhit thng c ch to gm nhng ng xon ni vo cc ng gp. ng xon b qu nhit l nhng ng thp un gp khc c ng knh t 32-45 mm, c biu din trn hnh 4.4. Hnh 4.4. Cc dng ng xon ca BQN a.ng n; b.ng kp i; c-ng kp ba; d. ng kp bn

Hnh 4.5. Cu to b qu nhit 1-Bao hi; 2-ng xung; 3-B qu nhit bc x; 4-B qu nhit na bc x; 5-B qu nhit i lu; 6-B hm nc
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 nhn c hi qu nhit c nhit cao (c th n 5600C), cn phi t b qu nhit vng khi c nhit cao (trn 7000C). Khi nhit hi trong ng v nhit khi ngoi ng ca b qu nhit u cao, yu cu cc ng thp ca b qu nhit phi c lm bng thp hp kim. Kch thc b qu nhit ph thuc vo nhit hi qu nhit. V cu to, c th chia thnh 3 loi: + B qu nhit i lu: B qu nhit i lu nhn nhit ch yu bng i lu ca dng khi, t trn on ng khi nm ngang pha sau cm pheston. B qu nhit i lu dng cho cc l hi c nhit hi qu nhit khng vt qu 5100C. Cu to ca b qu nhit i lu c biu din trn hnh 4.5. + B qu nhit na bc x: B qu nhit na bc x nhn nhit c bc x t ngn la ln i lu t khi, c t ca ra bung la, pha trc cm pheston v thng c dng nhng l c nhit hi qu nhit khong 530-5600C. + B qu nhit bc x: B qu nhit bc x nhn nhit ch yu bng bc x trc tip ca ngn la, c t ngay trong bung la xen k vi dn ng sinh hi ca hai tng bn. i vi nhng l c thng s siu cao, nhit hi trn 5600C th t l nhit lng dng qu nhit hi rt ln, nht l l c qu nhit trung gian hi, khin cho kch thc b qu nhit rt ln. V vy phi t mt phn b qu nhit vo trong bung la hp thu nhit bc x nhm gim bt kch thc b qu nhit. 4.3.3. Cch b tr b qu nhit Khi b tr b qu nhit, vic b tr hi v khi chuyn ng thun chiu hay ngc chiu l ty thuc vo thng s ca hi ra khi b qu nhit (hnh 4.6)

Hnh 4.6. Chuyn ng ca hi trong b qu nhit; a- kiu thun chiu; b-kiu ngc chiu; c-Kiu hn hp 4.3.3.1. B tr theo kiu thun chiu: Nu b tr cho hi qu nhit i thun chiu vi dng khi (biu din trn hnh
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4.6a) th hiu s nhit trung bnh gia khi v hi s thp hn so vi b tr ngc chiu, do din tch b mt trao i nhit ca b qu nhit s tng ln. Bi vy trong thc t khng b tr theo kiu thun chiu. 4.3.3.2. B tr theo kiu ngc chiu: Nu b tr cho hi qu nhit i ngc chiu vi dng khi (biu din trn hnh 4.6b v c) th hiu s nhit trung bnh gia khi v hi s cao hn so vi b tr thun chiu, do din tch b mt trao i nhit ca b qu nhit s gim xung. Nhng khi pha hi ra va c nhit hi cao va c nhit khi cao, kim loi s lm vic trong iu kin rt nng n, i hi kim loi ch to phi rt t tin. V vy trong thc t kiu b tr ngc chiu ch dng cho cc l c nhit hi qu nhit khng vt qu 4500C. 4.3.3.3. B tr theo kiu hn hp: Khi nhit hi qu nhit cao hn 4500C th b qu nhit c b tr kiu hn hp, c mt phn hi v khi i thun chiu, mt phn i ngc chiu. Theo kiu b tr ny, pha hi ra c nhit hi cao nhng nhit khi khng cao, kim loi s khng b t nng qu mc. Hnh 4.6d biu din s b qu nhit b tr kiu hn hp. Do trng nhit v tc khi khng ng u theo chiu rng ca l, bm bn trn cc ng v tr lc ca cc ng xon khng ng u lm cho kh nng hp thu nhit ca cc ng s khc nhau dn n c s chnh lch nhit gia cc ng xon ca b qu nhit. khc phc hin tng ny, khi b tr b qu nhit ngi ta p dng mt s bin php nhm lm gim n mc ti thiu chnh lch nhit gia cc ng xon ca b qu nhit nh sau:

Hnh 4.7 b tr dng hi i cho 1-ng gp hi ca BQN; 2-ng hi i cho

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- Chia b qu nhit ra hai hoc ba phn gim bt chnh lch tr lc thy lc gia cc ng do cc ng qu di (hnh 4.7) - T chc cho cc dng hi i cho t phn ny sang phn kia (hnh 4.7) 4.3.4. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit 4.3.4.1. Tm quan trng ca vic bo m n nh nhit hi qu nhit Nhit hi qu nhit l nhit ca hi ra khi ng gp hi ca b qu nhit trc khi sang tuc bin. Nhit hi qu nhit thay i s dn n mt lot thay i khc gy nh hng xu n ch lm vic ca l. - Nu nhit hi qu nhit gim xung s lm gim nhit dng dng hi do lm gim cng sut tuc bin, mt khc khi m ca hi cc tng cui tuc bin tng ln lm gim hiu sut tuc bin ng thi lm tng tc n mn cnh tuc bin. - Nu nhit hi qu nhit tng ln qu tr s qui nh, khi cc chi tit ca b qu nhit cng nh tuc bin phi lm vic trong iu kin nng n hn, lm cho bn ca kim loi gim xung, c th gy n cc ng ca b qu nhit hoc lm cong vnh cc cnh ca tuc bin gy nn c xt gia phn ng yn v phn quay ca tuc bin. - Khi nhit hi thay i s lm thay i cng sut tuc bin do lm thay i tc quay ca t tuc bin-my pht, dn n lm gim cht lng dng in (thay i in p v tn s dng in). 4.3.4.2. Cc nguyn nhn lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit Trong qu trnh vn hnh, nhit hi qu nhit c th thay i do cc nguyn nhn sau: Do thay i ph ti ca l, khi ph ti tng ln th nhit hi qu nhit gim xung, khi ph ti gim th nhit hi qu nhit tng, Do dao ng p sut trong ng hi chung, Do thay i nhit ca nc cp: khi nhit nc cp tng ln th nhit hi qu nhit cng tng theo v ngc li, Do thay i h s khng kh tha: khi h s khng kh tha tng th nhit hi qu nhit tng, Do thay i cht lng nhin liu: khi cht lng nhin liu tng th nhit hi qu nhit tng, Do ng x dn bc x, cm Pheston hoc bm bn cc ng ca b qu nhit. Do c hin tng chy li trong b qu nhit , Do thay i v tr trung tm ngn la hoc do my cp than bt lm vic khng u, cp than vo vi phun khng u, 4.3.4.3. Cc phng php iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit
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C hai phng php iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit: iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha hi v iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi. * iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha hi. Ngi ta t vo ng gp hi ca b qu nhit mt thit b gi l b gim n. Cho nc i qua b gim n, v nc c nhit thp hn hi nn s nhn nhit ca hi lm cho nhit hi qu nhit gim xung. Khi thay i lu lng nc qua b gim n th s lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit. Hin nay thng dng 2 loi b gim n: B gim n kiu b mt v b gim n kiu hn hp. + B gim n kiu b mt: B gim n kiu b mt c biu din trn hnh 4.8 b gim n kiu b mt, nc gim n khng pha trn vi hi nn yu cu cht lng nc gim n khng cn cao lm, c th dng nc t bao hi. Nc i vo b gim n s nhn nhit ca hi qua b mt cc ng ng lm cho qu nhit ca hi gim xung. + B gim n kiu hn hp: Nguyn l cu to b gim n kiu hn hp c biu din trn hnh 4.9. Nc i vo b gim n s pha trn vi hi qu nhit v ly nhit ca hi bc hi do lm cho nhit ca hi qu nhit gim xung. Hnh 4.8. Cu to gim n kiu b mt. 1. V, 2- ng ng ch U, 3-nc l vo v ra, 4,5-ng ni, 9,6-Nc vo v ra, 7,8- van iu chnh

Hnh 4.9. Cu to gim n hn hp 1-ng gp; 2-ng khuych tn; 3-mi phun
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 b gim n kiu hn hp, nc gim n pha trn vi hi qu nhit nn yu cu cht lng nc gim n rt cao, thng dng nc ngng ca hi bo ha nh hnh 4.10a hoc nc cp nh hnh 4.10b.

Hnh 4.10.Ni b gim n vi ng nc l hoc nc cp. a- Dng nc l; b- Dng nc cp. 1-bao hi; 2-B gim n; 3BQN; 4-Hiti tuc bin; 5-Nc cp; 6-ly xung lng iu khin nhit hi

Hnh 4.11. Cch b tr b gim n.

Cch b tr b gim n: Cch b tr gim n c trnh by trn hnh 4-11. - Nu b tr u vo (ng gp th nht nh hnh 4-11a). th s iu chnh c nhit hi trong ton b b qu nhit, nhng c nhc im l qun tnh nhit ln, tc ng chm do b qu nhit v tuc bin s b t nng qu mc trong khong thi gian cha kp tc ng. - Nu b tr u ra b qu nhit (ng gp th ba nh hnh 4-11c.) th qun tnh iu chnh nhit b, do tuc bin c bo m an ton tuyt i, nhng c nhc im l b qu nhit khng c bo v, do b qu nhit s b t nng qu mc, tui th b qu nhit s gim xung v c th lm n ng. khc phc nhc im trn thng ngi ta b tr b gim n nm gia 2 cp ca b qu nhit (ng gp gia nh hnh 4-11b.). * iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit v pha khi: C th iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch thay i nhit , lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit hoc thay i ng thi c nhit v lu lng khi. + iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit: iu chnh lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit l lm gim hay tng lng khi i qua b qu nhit bng cch cho mt phn khi i tt qua ng khi khng t b qu nhit nhm gim lng nhit m b qu nhit nhn c, do lm gim nhit hi qu nhit. S ng khi i tt c biu din trn hnh 4.12. + iu chnh nhit khi: iu chnh nhit khi i qua b qu nhit bng cch thay i gc quay ca
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vi phun, cho vi phun hng ln trn hoc xung di s lm thay i v tr trung tm ca ngn la (hnh 4.13), do lm thay i nhit khi ra khi bung la tc l thay i nhit khi i qua b qu nhit, lm thay i nhit hi qu nhit.

Hnh 4.12. Cc dng ng khi i tt qua b qu nhit + Kt hp va iu chnh nhit khi va iu chnh lu lng khi: iu chnh ng thi nhit khi v lu lng khi bng cch trch mt phn khi pha sau b hm nc a vo bung la (cn gi l ti tun hon khi, hnh 4.14). Khi trch mt phn khi pha sau b hm nc a vo bung la, nhit trung bnh trong bung la s gim xung lm cho nhit lng hp thu bng bc x ca dn ng sinh hi gim xung, ngha l nhit khi ra khi bung la tng ln, trong khi lu lng khi i qua b qu nhit tng ln lm cho lng nhit hp thu ca b qu nhit tng ln, dn n nhit hi qu nhit cng tng ln.

Hnh 4.13. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch thay i v tr trung tm ngn la nh quay vi phun

Hnh 4.14. iu chnh nhit hi qu nhit bng cch ti tun hon khi. 1-Vi phun; 2-B qu nhit; 3-B hm nc; 4-b SKK; 5-Qut gi ti tun hon; 6-dng khi

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4.4. B HM NC tn dng nhit tha ca khi sau b qu nhit nhm nng cao hiu sut ca l hi, ngi ta b tr thm cc b mt nhn nhit nh b hm nc, b sy khng kh, chng cn c gi l b tit kim nhit. 4.4.1. Cng dng v phn loi b hm nc Nhim v ca b hm nc l gia nhit cho nc cp n nhit si hoc gn si trc khi nc vo bao hi. Theo nhim v c th phn thnh hai kiu b hm: B hm nc kiu si v kiu cha si. - b hm nc kiu si, nc ra khi b hm t n trng thi si, si c th t ti 30%. B hm nc kiu si c th c ch to bng ng thp trn hoc ng thp c cnh. - b hm nc kiu cha si, nc ra khi b hm nc cha t n nhit si. B hm nc kiu cha si c th c ch to bng thp hay bng gang ty theo thnh phn lu hunh trong nhin liu Khi tng p sut hi th phn nhit lng un nc n si tng ln, do phn nhit lng hp thu trong b hm nc phi tng ln. Khi phi ch to b hm nc kiu si (i vi cc l trung p, phn nhit lng sinh hi chim khong 60% ton b nhit lng cp cho l). 4.4.2. B hm nc ng thp trn: B hm nc ng thp trn c cu to gn nh b qu nhit, c biu din trn hnh 4.15. gm cc ng thp c ng knh t 28 n 38mm c un gp nhiu ln v hai u c ni vo hai ng gp ca b hm nc. B hm nc c ch to thnh tng cm c chiu cao khong 1m v cc cm c t cch nhau 0,6m nhm to khong trng cho vic lm v sinh c d dng. Thng thng cc ng xon ca b hm nc c b tr sole, to tc dng khi ln v xoy nhiu nhm tng cng truyn nhit. 4.4.3. B hm nc ng thp c cnh:

Hnh 4.15. ng xon ca b hm nc 1-Van; 2-,4 ng gp;3-ng xon

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V cu to, b hm nc bng ng thp c cnh ging b hm nc ng thp trn, ch khc l ngoi ng ngi ta lm thm cc cnh lm tng din tch b mt trao i nhit nhm tng cng truyn nhit. B hm nc kiu c cnh c nhc im: Kh nng bm bi rt ln, kh lm v sinh do t c dng. 4.4.4. B hm nc bng gang: Gang c u im l chu c s n mn ca cc axt v mi mn ca tro, do vy nhng l hi t nhit liu c nhiu lu hunh ngi ta dng b hm nc bng gang. Tt nhin gang li c nhc im l chu lc va p km, do trnh hin tng thy kch gy lc va p trong cc ng ca b hm, nc trong b hm phi khng c si, ngha l b hm nc bng gang ch c trang b cho nhng l cn b hm nc kiu cha si. Gang c h s dn nhit nh hn thp, do pha ngoi ng c c thm cc cnh tng cng kh nng trao i nhit. B hm nc bng gang c biu din trn hnh 4.16, gm nhng ng gang c c ng knh trong t 76-120 mm, di t 1,5-3m, c ni vi nhau bng cc ct ni c mt bch v bu lng nn lp t rt d dng. B hm nc bng gang c nhc im l kch thc ln, nng n. B ng bng gang thng c dng cho nhng l cng sut nh hoc trung bnh. Thng thng cc l loi ny cha c h thng x l nc hoc c nhng cha hon thin nn trong nc cn nhiu cht c kh nng gy ra n mn, m gang chu n mn v mi mn tt nn tui th s cao hn so vi b hm nc bng thp. 4.4.5. Cch ni b hm nc Hnh 4.16. B hm nc bng gang 1-Cnh tn nhit; 2-Bch ni; 3-Van; 4-ct ni; 5- ng gang

Nc i t cc bnh gia nhit vo b hm nc v ra khi b hm nc i vo bao hi. Vic ni b hm nc vi bao hi thc hin bng 2 cch: ngt c ra khi l hoc khng ngt c ra khi l.
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Kiu ngt c ra khi l c dng cho loi b hm nc bng gang, c biu din trn hnh 4.17a. Vic t b hm nc kiu ngt c ra khi l ch yu l bo v nc khng si trong b hm khi khi ng l hoc lc lm vic vi ph ti thp. Khi cho khi i ng tt, khi khng i qua b hm nc hoc cho nc t b hm ti tun hon v b cha nc cp. Mun ni kiu ngt c th cn phi c ng khi tt lm cho phc tp thm l. Kiu khng ngt c ra khi l c dng cho loi b hm nc bng thp, c biu din trn hnh 4.17b.

Hnh 4.17. S ni b hm nc vi bao hi a) s ngt c; b) s khng ngt c. 1, 3, 5-van kha; 2-van mt chiu; 4-van an ton;

4.5. B SY KHNG KH. 4.5.1. Cng dng v phn loi tng cng hiu qu qu trnh chy, m bo qu trnh bc chy nhanh vchy n nh, khng kh cp vo l cn c sy nng n mt nhit nht nh. Nhit khng kh nng yu cu ty thuc vo loai nhin liu t. Nhin liu lng c sy nng bng hi n khong 1000C v l loi nhin liu d bc chy, do khng kh nng khng cn phi c nhit cao lm, thng khong 1500C. i vi cc l hi t than, khng kh nng cn c nhim v bc m trong than v sy than do yu cu nhit kh cao, khong t 250 n 4000C L t than trn ghi, do ghi l tip xc trc tip vi cc ht than ang chy c nhit cao, do khng kh i qua ghi ngoi nhim v cung cp oxy cho qu trnh chy cn c nhim v lm mt ghi l. Thng thng nhit khng kh nng qua ghi khong 1500C. Theo nguyn l truyn nhit, c th phn thnh hai loi b sy khng kh: B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit v b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit. 4.5.2. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit Hin nay b sy khng kh thu nhit thng c ch to kiu ng, c th l
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ng thp hoc ng gang. S cu to b sy khng kh kiu thu nhit ng bng thp c biu din trn hnh 4.18. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit bng ng thp gm cc ng thp c ng knh 25 - 51mm. Cc ng ca b sy khng chu p lc nn c chiu dy nh, thng t 1,5 - 2 mm v c lin kt vi nhau bi mt sng c chiu dy 15-25mm. y khi i trong ng cn khng kh s i ct ngang pha ngoi ng. Hnh 4.18. B sy khng kh kiu thu nhit 1-Mt sng; 2-ng thp; 3- Vch ngn; 4- Hp khi; 5- Hp khng kh

B sy khng kh thng c ch to thnh nhiu cm (khi) vn chuyn v lp rp c d dng, ng thi khi lp thnh b sy th cc mt sng s to thnh tng lung khng kh i ngang qua ng. S ln ct nhau ca khng kh v khi ph thuc vo lu lng khng kh cn thit v kt cu phn ui l. + u im ca b sy khng kh kiu ng: - n gin khi ch to, lp rp. - Khi chuyn ng dc ng do tro t bm trong ng, nu bm cng d lm sch. - t b lt khng kh vo trong ng khi. - Lng tiu hao kim loi t. + Nhc im: - V l ng thp nn chu c nhit khng cao lm. - Kh nng chu n mn v mi mn km. khc phc 2 nhc im ny, ngi ta ch to b sy khng kh kiu ng bng gang, nhng b sy khng kh bng gang c nhc im l nng n, tn kim loi v ng gang phi c dy hn, gang c dn nhit km nn phi lm cnh pha ngoi tng cng truyn nhit. B sy khng kh bng gang thng c dng lm phn u vo ca khng kh (phn c nhit thp ca b sy cp mt) cc l t nhin liu nhiu lu hunh, hoc lm phn u ra (phn c nhit cao ca b sy cp hai) cc l t nhin liu c m ln, kh chy, cn khng kh nng c nhit cao. 4.5.3. B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: B phn chnh ca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit l mt rotor quay quanh 1 trc thng ng vi tc khong 2-5 vng/pht. Trn roto gn cc cnh bng kim loi nhn nhit. Khi Rotor quay, cc cnh kim loi ln lt khi th tip xc vi
36

khi, khi th tip xc vi khng kh lnh. ng khi v ng khng kh c b tr v hai pha c nh ca b sy v c ngn cch bi vch ngn. Khi cc cnh ca rotor tip xc vi khi s b khi t nng ln v lc quay sang phn khng kh lnh s nh nhit lm cho khng kh nng ln. + u imca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: - Khng b n mn bi nhit thp do nhit thp n tip xc vi khng kh khng phi l mi trng n mn. Hnh 4.19. B sy khng kh kiu hi nhit. 6-ng c in; 7-Cnh nhn nhit; 8-Chn v; 9-Hp khng kh, khi vo v ra; 10- trc; 11-Trc; 12- v hnh tr; 13-Tang trng

+ Nhc im ca b sy khng kh kiu hi nhit: - Nhit khng kh s khng cao lm. - Do c cu quay nn tui th khng cao. - C s lt khi qua ng khng kh tng i ln. Do nhit khng kh nng khng cao lm nn loi ny thng dng cho l hi t du. 4.5.4. B tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh Cu to v chc nng ca b hm nc v b sy khng kh khc hn nhau, nhng chng c lin quan mt thit vi nhau khi b tr chng trong ng khi. B hm nc v b sy khng kh c b tr trn on ng khi sau b qu nhit, c th b tr mt cp hoc hai cp t xen k. Vic chn cch b tr mt hay hai cp hon ton ty thuc vo nhit khng kh nng yu cu. i vi cc l ghi xch, qu trnh chy nhin liu xy ra trn ghi, khng kh thi t di ln qua ghi. phi bo v ghi khi b qu nng, nhit khng kh nng thng khng qu 1500C. Khi ch cn b tr b sy khng kh mt cp v do b hm nc cng mt cp. i vi l t than phun, yu cu khng kh nng c
37

th ti 4000C. thu c khng kh nng c nhit cao nh vy, cn phi t mt phn u ra ca b sy khng kh trong vng khi c nhit cao, ngha l phn b sy khng kh thnh hai cp. Khi b hm nc cng c phn thnh hai cp v t xen k nhau. S b tr v bin thin nhit ca mi cht khi i qua b hm nc v b sy khng kh c biu din trn hnh 4.20.

Hnh 4.20. B tr b hm nc v b sy khng kh 4.6. TRANG B PH 4.6.1. Cc loi van Van l mt thit b dng ng v ct mt thit b khi s lin thng vi thit b khc hoc vi h thng. Van phi m bo c tr lc nh khi m cho dng mi cht i qua v kn hon ton khi ng. Phn loi: Theo nguyn tc lm vic, ngi ta phn thnh van kha, van iu chnh, van bo v. Cc loi van kha, van iu chnh c th thao tc bng tay hoc truyn ng bng kh nn, thy lc hoc bng in. Cc loi van bo v (van 1 chiu, van an ton) ng m hon ton t ng theo tc ng ca mi cht i qua n. Trong thc t ch c van van kha v van bo v l yu cu c kn cao, cn van iu chnh th khng cn thit phi kn tuyt i. 4.6.1.1. Van kha Nhim v ca van kha l ng hoc ct dng mi cht khng cho dng chy qua. Cc loi van kha c biu din trn hnh 4.21, gm van a, van ca, van vi nc.
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Hnh 4.21. cc loi van kha a-van a; b-van ca; c-van vi nc 4.6.1.2. Van iu chnh Van iu chnh dng iu chnh lu lng, p sut ca dong mi cht. Nguyn tc lm vic ca van iu chnh l thay i m ca van iu chnh lu lng mi cht qua nn iu chnh c p sut, lu lng ca mi cht. Trn hnh 4.22 biu din van iu chnh bng tay, hnh 4.23 biu din van iu chnh bng ng c in. 4.6.1.3 Van bo v Van bo v gm hai loi: van mt chiu v van an ton. Cc loi van bo Hnh 4.22. Van iu chnh bng tay v t ng tc ng nn khng c tay quay. Van mt chiu: Van mt chiu l van ch cho mi cht chuyn ng theo mt chiu nht nh, van s t ng ng li khi dng mi cht chuyn ng ngc li. Van mt chiu gm van l xo; van t trng, c biu din trn hnh 4.24. Van mt chiu thng c lp trn ng nc cp vo l, pha u y ca bm, trc van chn nhm bo v bm khi b dng hi nng ph hoi khi ng, ct bm, hoc trn ng ni lin thng cc l tch bit cc l hi khi cn thit (hnh 4.25. Van an ton: Van an ton c tc dng khng ch p sut lm vic ca mi cht khng vt qu tr s cho php, nhm bo v cho thit b lm vic an ton v lu di. Tt c nhng thit b c p sut ln hn 0,7 kG/cm2 u bt buc phi lp t van an ton.
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Van an ton c 3 loi, van an ton kiu l xo, kiu n by (qu t) v kiu xung lng. Cc loi van an ton c biu din trn hnh 4.26; 4.27 v 4.28. loi van an ton kiu l xo v kiu n by, p sut tc ng ca van s c iu chnh cn bng vi lc nn ca l xo hoc sc ca h thng n by. Do p sut gii hn cho php ca l khng ln hn p sut lm vic nh mc ca l nhiu nn lc ca l xo ln a van tng i b, do van kh kn. Ngoi ra do tit din l thot hi b nn kh nng thot mi cht chm, p sut ca l gim tng i chm. Chnh v vy chng ch c s dng cc l hi c p sut va v nh (di 4Mpa).

Hnh 4.23. Van iu chnh bng ng c in

Hnh 4.24. van mt chiu a-van l xo; b-van t trng

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Hnh 4.25. Cch ni van mt chiu vi van cp nc

Van an ton kiu n by c u im l lm vic n nh, iu chnh van n gin, nhng cng knh, c dng ch yu cc l hi p sut trung bnh (di 4Mpa).

Hinh 4.26. van an ton kiu l xo

Hinh 4.27.van an ton kiu xung lng

Loi van l xo c cu to n gin, gn nh, nhng kh iu chnh, c dng ch yu cc l hi p sut thp (di 2Mpa), sn lng nh. Van xung lng: i vi nhng l c p sut t 4Mpa tr ln thng s dng van an ton kiu xung lng. Van an ton kiu xung lng c biu din trn hnh 4.27. Van xung lng l mt t hp hai van, van chnh v van xung lng tn hiu. Nguyn l lm vic nh sau: Bnh thng a van c y bng p lc hi pha trc van chnh ln hn lc nn ca l xo nhiu nn rt kn, khi p sut hi vt qu tr s
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cho php th van xung lng tn hiu s m ra a mt phn hi ti pha sau van chnh cn bng vi p lc y pha trc van chnh, do p lc trc v sau van chnh cn bng nhau, khi a van chu tc dng ca lc y l xo nn s m ra cho hi thot ra ngoi. V van c tit din l thot hi ln nn hi thot ra rt nhanh.

Hnh 4.28.Van an ton kiu n by V tr t van an ton: Trong l hi, van an ton c t v tr cao nht khoang hi ca bao hi, cc ng gp ca b qu nhit, ca b hm nc, ng gp hi chung. Trong cc thit b khc, van an ton c t v tr cao nht ca thit b. Trong b hm nc bng gang, ngi ta t van an ton ng gp trc (pha vo ca nc). S lng v kch thc van an ton: Mi l hi phi t t nht l hai van an ton khoang hi, tr mt s l hi nh c th lp mt van. nhng l hi t 2 van an ton th trong c mt van lm vic cn mt van kim tra, 2 van ny s c iu chnh t m cc p sut khc nhau. p sut tc ng ca cc van an ton c iu chnh bng lc p ca l xo hoc sc ca n by theo bng sau: Bng 4.1. Cc gi tr p sut ti cc van an ton bt u m. p sut lm vic p, MN/m2 bao hi, khi p < 1,28 1,28 < p < 3,93 p > 1,93 b qu nhit, khi p < 1,28 p > 1,28 ng gp vo ca b hm nc ng gp ra ca b hm nc p sut m van an ton Van kim tra Van lm vic p + 0,02 p + 0,03 1,03.p 1,05. p 1,05. p 1,08. p p + 0,02 p + 0,02 1,02. p 1,02. p 1,25. p 1,25. p 1,10. p 1,10. p

C th xc nh kch thc ca van an ton t cng thc sau y:

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n.d.h =

D p

(4-1)

n: s lng van an ton. d: ng knh trong ca l van (cm), ng knh ny khng c nh hn 25mm v khng ln hn 125mm. d d h: chiu cao nng ln ca van, c 2 loi: h = v h = 20 4 d d h= i vi loi van khng nng ln hon ton, h = i vi loi van 20 4 nng ln hon ton. A: h s ty thuc vo van nng ln hon ton hay khng hon ton. vi van nng ln khng hon ton: A=0,0075, vi van nng ln hon ton A=0,0150 D: Sn lng hi ca l (kg/h). p: p sut tuyt i ca hi (N/m2). ng knh d ca van c th l 25, 32, 40, 50, 60mm 4.6.2. p k p k l thit b o p sut ca hi v nc trong l hi. p k c t v tr cao nht ca thit b. Trn ng ni t bao hi ra p k phi t van 3 ng c ng xi phng. Trong ng xi phng c cha nc hoc khng kh bo v ng h khi b mi cht ph hng. ng th ba ca van s ni ng h mu kim tra chnh xc ca ng h ang dng, kim tra xem ng h c lm vic khng. Trn mt p k c thang chia , thang chia ca ng h c chn theo p sut lm vic ca l. Thng thng chn gi tr ln nht ca thang chia bng 1,5 ln p sut lm vic ca l. Vi cc thit b p lc, ng knh mt ng h nh nht l 110mm. Lp t ng h: Nu p k ngang tm mt th c t thng ng. Nu p k trn tm mt, xa khong 2m th phi t nghing khong 300. 4.6.3. ng thy 4.6.3.1. Nhim v ng thy ng thy l mt thit b rt quan trng ca l hi, dng theo di mc nc trong l hi. ng thy c ni vi l hi theo nguyn tc bnh thng nhau, mt u ca ng thy c ni vi khoang hi, mt u c ni vi khoang nc. Vi l hi ng la ng, qui nh mc nc trong qu trnh l lm vic lun ngp 2/3-3/4 ng la. Vi l hi ng la nm ngang, qui nh mc nc trong l cao hn ng la trn cng l 10cm. ng thy lun c ni mc nc ca l nm gia ng thy.
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4.6.3.2. Cc loi ng thy Thng c hai loi ng thy: ng thy sng v ng thy ti. ng thy sng cho php nhn thy mc nc qua ng thy tinh nu l ng thy trn, hoc qua tm thy tinh nu l ng thy dt. y ng hoc tm thy tinh u l thy tinh chu nhit. ng thy tinh ca ng thy trn chu lc km d b v, do thng c dng cho cc l hi c p sut thp, nhit nc nh hn 2500C. cc l p sut cao, ngi ta thng dng ng thy dt. Cu to cc loi ng thy c biu din trn hnh 4.29 v 4.30.

Hnh 4.29. ng thy dt. 1-tm thy tinh; 2-hp kim loi;

Hnh 4.30. ng thy trn. 1. ng thy tinh; 5-hp kim loi; 2, 3, 4 van ni ng thy vi l;

Theo qui phm an ton l hi th mi l hi phi c t nht l 2 ng thy t c lp vi nhau. i vi nhng l hi nh, din tch b mt t nh hn 100m2, c th cho php thay th mt ng thy sng bng mt ng thy ti. ng thy ti thng gm 3 van c ni mc nc cao nht, trung bnh v thp nht ca l. c th t phng iu khin trung tm theo di c mc nc bao hi trn cao, ngi ta dng ng thy di (ng thy ko di). Hnh 4.30 v ng thy ko di ca l hi
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4.6.4. Bm nc cp- qut gi- qut khi 4.6.4.1. Bm nc cp * Nhim v ca bm nc cp: bm nc cp c nhim v cp nc cho l trong qu trnh l lm vic. Mi l hi thng yu cu phi c 2 bm nc cp. Ring i vi nhng l cng sut nh hn 500kg/h c th cho php dng 1 bm. * Cu to bm cp: c 2 loi bm cp, bm piston v bm ly tm . + Bm pit tng: Bm piston thng c p sut cao nhng sn lng khng ln nn thng dng cho cc l hi nh. Trong cc x nghip cng nghip, cc l hi nh thng dng bm pit tng chy bng hi lm bm gi tr phng khi mt in. + Bm ly tm: Cc l hi ca nh my in thng lm vic p sut cao nn phi dng bm ly tm nhiu cp (nhiu lt), mi mt cp gm mt dy cnh ng v mt dy cnh tnh, s lng cp ty thuc vo p sut ca l. Khi chn bm phi lu , p sut bm phi ln hn p sut mi cht trong bao hi mc c th khc phc c tr lc ng ng dn t bm n bao hi. Cu to ca bm ly tm c biu din trn hnh 4.31. Hnh 4.31. Bm ly tm. a) bm mt cp; 1-c vo, 2-Cnh ng, 3-v, 4-ming ra,

b) bm nhiu cp 1, 2, 3, 4. cc tng cnh ng

45

Cc cnh ng c c gn trn rotor ca bm, cn tt c cc cnh tnh gn trn thn bm gi l stato. Khi lm vic, trc ca bm quay tc l cc cnh ng quay, nn nc trong bm lm cho p sut tng dn t u vo ti u ra. Bm c c th c dn ng bng ng c in hoc hi. i vi cc bm c cng sut ln thng c dn ng bng tuabin hi. Thng s ca bm l: p sut v lu lng 4.6.4.2. Qut gi- qut khi Vi cc l hi ln c b mt t phn ui, qut gi c nhim v cung cp khng kh cho qu trnh chy, cn qut khi c nhim v ht khi ra khi l. Qut gi v qut khi to nn h thng thng gi cho l hi, h thng gi l h thng thng bng, lun to cho p sut ca khi t bung la n khi ra khi l nh hn p sut kh quyn. to p lc tng i ln th qut gi v qut khi thng dng qut ly tm c dn ng bng ng c in. Nguyn l cu to qut ly tm c ch ra trn hnh 4.32. i vi cc l hi nh, qut gi c nhim v cung cp khng kh cho qu trnh chy nhin liu, cn chiu cao ca ng khi c nhim v ht khi ra khi l. Cc c tnh k thut ca qut: c tnh k thut ca qut l lu lng qut, ct p u ht v u y. * Lu lng qut gi: Khi khng c ti tun hon khng kh nng.
Q g = 1 B tt ( bl bl ng + skk )V0 273 + t kkl m 3 ,( ) 273 h

(4-2)

1: h s an ton, 1 = 1,1; Btt : lng nhin liu tiu hao tnh ton, (kg/h), bl: h s khng kh tha trong bung la; bl: h s khng kh lt vo bung la; ng: h s khng kh lnh lt vo h thng nghin than; s: h s khng kh lnh lt vo b sy khng kh; V0 : lng khng kh l thuyt, (m3 tc/kg), tkkl: nhit khng kh lnh, (0C), * Lu lng qut khi

273 + t kkl m 3 ;( ) 273 h Vth: Lng khi thi ra khi l, (m3 tc/kg), tth: nhit khi thi ra khi l, (0C), od: h s khng kh lnh lt trong ng ng dn khng kh; * Cng sut ca qut gi: QgHg , Kw; Ng = 1,1. 3600 g Q g = 1 B tt (Vth + d V0 )
46

(4-3)

* Cng sut ca qut khi: Q H Nk = 1,1. k k , Kw; 3600 k Qg, Qk: lu lng khng kh v khi ca l, Hg, Hk: p sut ca u y ca qut gi, qut khi, g, k: hiu sut ca qut gi v qut khi, 4.6.5. H thng cung cp nhin liu 4.6.5.1. H thng du t:

Du c th dng lm nhin liu chnh trong cc l hi t nhin liu lng, hoc dng lm nhin liu t ph tr khi cng sut thp hoc khi cng sut cc i hoc khi khi ng l trong cc l hi t nhin liu rn (than, b ma hoc ci). Thng thng du t trong cc l l du FO (du en). H thng du ca nh my c th hin trn hnh 4.33.
nhit mi trng, du c nht ln, do cn phi c thit b sy du gim nht nhm vn chuyn d dng hn, ng thi du c th bc chy. Thng thng c th sy du n nhit khong 900C-1000C. Bn cnh b sy cn c thm b lc loi nhng cn bn trnh hin tng tc vi phun du.

Hnh 4.33. s nguyn l h thng du.

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* Cc loi vi phun du: c 2 loi vi phun du, vi phun thi v vi phun c kh. Yu cu vi phun phi phun du thnh cc ht bi nh, cc ht cng nh cng d bc chy. - Vi phun c kh: du c phun thnh bi nh bm cao p nn ln n p sut t 10 n 30 at v khi i qua cc l nh ca vi phun s phun thnh bi. - Vi phun thi: dng du c phun thnh bi qua vi phun nh ng nng ca dng hi hoc kh nn c p sut t 3-5 at.
4.6.5.2. H thng chun b bt than

Hnh 4.34. H thng chun b bt than. a) H thng vi my nghin bi v phu than trung gian; b) H thng vi ging nghin thi thng; c) H thng c qut nghin. 1-Phn li mn; 2, 11 v 21-ng dn khng kh; 3-Vt ti rut g; 4-Phu bt than; 5-Qut gi; 6-Bung la; 7-B sy khng kh; 8-Vi phun; 9-Hp khng kh; 10-Bung hn hp; 12-Hp phn phi; 13-Qut nghin; 14-Phn li bt than; 15-My nghin; 16-Hp u vo; 17-My cp than; 18-Phu than nguyn; 19-Cn; 20-Khothan nguyn; 22-Ca ly khi nng.

48

H thng chun b bt than c nhim v nghin mn than thnh bt v vn chuyn bt than n cung cp cho l hi. Than c nghin mn nh cc my p ba v cc my nghin. Sau c vn chuyn i trong ng nh khng kh nng. Khng kh nng va c nhim v vn chuyn bt than, va sy nng bt than. Sau bt than c phn li (tch ra khi khng kh) nh cc my phn ly tinh (hay phn ly kiu xiclon). Bt than c cp n cc vi phun ca l nh my cp than bt. H thng cung cp bt than c biu din trn hnh 4.34.
4.6.6. H thng thi tro x

H thng thi tro x c th dng vt ti rut g; ging thi x hoc thuyn x. - H thng vt ti rut g: gm 1 vt xon rut g t trong 1 ng. - Ging thi x. - Thuyn x.

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Chng 5: CHT LNG NC V HI CA L

5.1. Yu cu cht lng nc cp cho l hi 5.1.1. Mc ch ca vic x l nc S lm vic chc chn v n nh ca l hi ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng nc cp cho l sinh hi. Trong cc nh my in, nc cung cp cho l hi ch yu l nc do hi ngng t t bnh ngng v. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh lm vic ca nh my in lun lun c tn tht hi v nc ngng. V mt l thuyt, chu trnh nhit ca nh my nhit in l mt chu trnh kn, lng mi cht lm vic trong chu trnh l khng i. Trn thc t th c mt lng nc b thi ra khi l do x y l, mt lng dng cho sinh hot trong nh my; mt lng hi hi thot ra do x van an ton hoc thi bi hoc sy du; mt lng b r r qua cc khe h ca cc ch ni, khe h do van b r hoc dng vo cc mc ch khc m khng c thu hi nc ngng. Khi , lng nc ngng t bnh ngng tr v s nh hn lng nc cp cp cho l, do cn c mt lng nc b sung cho l b li cc tn tht , lng nc ny c ly t ao, h gi l nc thin nhin. Trong nc thin nhin c ha tan nhng tp cht, m c bit l cc loi mui can xi v magi v mt s mui cng khc. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca l, khi nc si v bc hi, cc mui ny s tch ra pha cng di dng bn hoc cu tinh th bm vo vch ng ca l hi. Cc cu v bn ny c h s dn nhit rt thp, thp hn so vi kim loi hng trm ln, do khi bm vo vch ng s lm gim kh nng truyn nhit t khi n mi cht trong ng, lm cho mi cht nhn nhit t hn v tn tht nhit do khi thi tng ln, hiu sut ca l gim xung, lng tiu hao nhin liu ca l tng ln. Khi cu bm trn cc ng sinh hi, cc ng ca b qu nhit s lm tng nhit ca vch ng ln, do lm tui th ca ng gim xung, c nhng trng hp nhit ca vch ng tng ln qu mc cho php, c th lm n ng. Khi cu bm ln vch ng s tng tc n mn kim loi ng, gy ra hin tng n mn cc b. Khi cu bm vo cc cnh tuc bin s lm tng nhm b mt cnh, gy cn tr chuyn ng ca hi s lm gim hiu sut v lm gim tit din hi qua s lm gim cng sut ca tuc bin, c th gy s c cho tuc bin. Ngoi nhng cht sinh cu, trong nc cn c nhng cht kh ha tan nh oxi v cacbonic, cc loi kh ny gy n mn mnh cc b mt ng kim loi ca l, nht l b hm nc. V nhng nguyn nhn trn, i hi phi c nhng bin php c bit bo v l hi khi b cu bm v n mn, m bo cho l lm vic an ton. gim cng n mn v m bo cho l lm vic an ton cn thc hin 3 nhim v sau y: - Ngn nga hin tng bm cu trn tt c cc b mt t. - Duy tr sch ca hi mc cn thit. - Ngn nga qu trnh n mn ca ng nc- ng hi: Nh trnh by trn, khng th dng trc tip nc thin nhin cung cp
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ngay cho l c m cn phi x l nc loi b cc tp cht c th sinh ra cu. Vic chn phng php x l nc v s x l khng ch da vo thnh phn ca nc thin nhin, m cn phi da vo thng s ca l hi. L c thng s hi cng cao th yu cu cht lng nc cng cao, ngha l nng cc tp cht trong nc cp vo l cng phi thp. nh gi cht lng ca nc, ngi ta a ra cc khi nim v c tnh ca nc thin nhin nh sau: cng, kim, kh kt ca nc. cng ca nc th hin tng nng cc ion Ca+ v Mg+ c trong nc, c k hiu l 0H. Tuy hin nay mt s nc c nh ngha cng khc nhau. 5.1.2. Cht lng nc cp cho l cng cho php ca nc cp vo l ph thuc vo thng s hi ca l. L c thng s hi cng cao th yu cu cht lng nc cng cao, ngha l nng cc tp cht trong nc cp vo l cng phi thp. Yu cu cht lng nc ( cng) ca l hi ph thuc vo p sut hi nh sau: 0 - L hi ng l, ng la: H < 0,5 mgl/l 0 - L ng nc c p < 1,6 Mpa : H < 0,3 0 - L ng nc c p = 1,6 n 3,15 Mpa: H < 0,02 0 - L ng nc c p = 3,5 n 10 Mpa : H < 0,01 0 - L ng nc c p > 10 Mpa : H < 0,005 5.2. CC PHNG PHP X L NC CHO L Nc thin nhin khng p ng c yu cu v cht lng khi cp cho l, c bit l cng. gim cng ca nc cp cho l nhm gim hin tng ng cu ngi ta dng cc bin php sau: - Tch nhng vt cht c kh nng to thnh cu trong l ra khi nc trc khi a nc vo l, gi l phng php x l nc trc khi a nc vo l hay x l nc cho l. - Bin nhng vt cht c kh nng sinh ra cu trong l (do nc cp cha c x l hoc x l khng ht) thnh nhng vt cht tch ra pha cng di dng bn (khng dng cu) ri dng bin php x l thi ra khi l. Phng php ny gi l x l nc bn trong l (phng php chng ng cu cho l). Sau y chng ta s nghin cu ln lt tng bin php . 5.2.1. X l nc trc khi a vo l X l nc l loi b cc tp cht c hc ra khi nc v lm gim n mc nh nht cng ca nc, gm hai bc: x l c hc v x l cng. Nhim v ca phng php ny l kh n mc ti thiu nhng vt cht tan hoc khng tan trong nc, c kh nng sinh cu trong l trc khi a nc vo l. Ty thuc vo cht lng nc thin nhin v yu cu ca l ngi ta dng cc bin php khc nhau.
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5.2.1.1. X l c hc X l nc c hc l dng cc b lng v cc bnh lc c kh tch cc tp cht l lng trong nc ra khi nc. Tuy nhin x l c hc ch loi b c cc tp cht c kh ra khi nc. 5.2.1.2. X l cng X l cng l lm gim n mc nh nht nng cc tp cht c th to thnh cu ha tan trong nc. cng ch c th c kh bng ha cht hoc bng trao i ion (kation v anion). + X l bng ha cht: thng c dng cho cc l hi nh, yu cu cht lng nc khng cao, gm cc phng php sau y: Phng php x l Ha cht dng Vi ha CaO Vi - xa CaO + Na2CO3 Xt NaOH Xt - xa NaOH + Na2CO3 Vi xt CaO + NaOH Ty theo cht lng nc ngun v yu cu cht lng nc ca l, ta la chn bin php no hoc kt hp nhiu bin php khc nhau. + Phng php x l bng trao i ion: Phng php ny gm trao i Kation v anion. - Phng php trao i Kation: Nguyn l ca phng php ny l thc hin qu trnh trao i gia cc kation ca tp cht ha tan trong nc, c kh nng sinh cu trong l vi cc kation ca ht kationit, to nn nhng vt cht mi tan trong nc nhng khng to thnh cu trong l. Kationit l nhng ht nha tng hp c gc R ngm cc kation, khng tan, nhng vo trong nc. Trong k thut thng dng ba loi kationit sau: Kationit Natri (NaR), Kationit Hyro (HR), Kationit Amon (NH4R), trong R l gc ca cationit, khng tan trong nc (hnh 5.1). - Khi dng NaR, phn ng xy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NaR = CaR2 + 2NaHCO3; Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NaR = MgR2 + 2NaHCO3; CaCl2 + 2NaR = CaR2 + 2NaCl; MgCl2 + 2NaR = MgR2 + 2NaCl; CaSO4 + 2NaR = CaR2 + Na2SO4; MgSO4 + 2NaR = MgR2 + Na2SO4; - Khi dng HR, phn ng xy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 + 2HR = CaR2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O;
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Mg(HCO3)2 + 2HR = MgR2 + 2CO2+ 2H2O; CaCl2 + 2HR = CaR2 + 2HCl; MgCl2 + 2HR = MgR2 + 2HCl; CaSO4 + 2HR = CaR2 + H2SO4; MgSO4+ 2HR = MgR2 + H2SO4; - Khi dng NH4R, phn ng xy ra: Ca(HCO3)2 + 2NH4R = CaR2 + 2NH4HCO3; Mg(HCO3)2 + 2NH4R = MgR2 2NH4HCO3; CaCl2 + 2NH4R = CaR2 + 2NH4Cl; CaSO4 + 2NH4R = CaR2 + (NH4)2SO4; MgSO4+ 2NH4R = MgR2 + (NH4)2SO4; - Khi s dng kationit NaR, ton b cng ca nc u c kh, song kim v cc thnh phn anion khc trong nc khng thay i (hnh 5.2). - Khi s dng kationit hyr th cng v kim u c kh c, nhng khi cc anion ca cc mui s to thnh cc axit, nc sau khi x l c tnh axit, khng tha mn yu cu. Do vy ngi ta thng phi hp 2 loi ht lc kation Natri v kation Hyr (hnh 5.3.). - Khi s dng Kationit amn, cng cng gim i cn rt nh, nhng khi trong nc s to thnh cc mui amn, cc mui ny khi vo l s b phn hy nhit, to thnh cht NH3 v cc axit, gy n mn mnh kim loi, nht l hp kim ng. Do ngi ta thng s dng kt hp vi phng php trao i kation Natri. Hnh 5.1. Bnh trao i ion 1. Thn bnh; 2- lp btng lt; 3- nm lc nc;4- lp ht lc; 5- phu phn phi 6- ng nc v; 7- ng nc ra. Cc kationit c cha trong cc bnh trao i kation. S ni cc bnh cation c la chn ty thuc vo cht lng nc ngun, yu cu cht lng nc ca l v kh nng c x l tip theo. Trong qu trnh x l, nc c dn vo bnh theo ng dn chy t trn xung, qua lp ht lc th cc gc kation canxi, Magi cha trong nc c th to nn cu
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cn cho l s c ht lc gi li trong bnh, do nc ra khi bnh l nc c kh ht cng Ca v Mg, c gi l nc mm khng cn kh nng to thnh cu trong l.

Hnh 5.2. Nguyn l ca h thng x l nc trao i kation 1- b dung dich mui; 2-bnh lc dung dch mui; 3-thng cha nc mui; 4-bnh kationit; 5-bm dung dich mui; 6-bm nc qua bnh; 7-ng nc ra bnh lc hay chun nng dung dch mui; 8-ng ti tun hon nc mui; 9-ng nc mui hon nguyn; 10-ng nc cha x li; 11-ng nc mm; 12-ng nc ra ngc; 13-ng x. Sau mt thi gian lm vic, cc kationit s mt dn cc kation, ngha l cc kationit mt dn kh nng trao i. V vy phc hi kh nng lm vic ca cc kationit, cn phi cho chng trao i vi nhng cht c kh nng cung cp li cc kation ban u. Qu trnh c gi l qu trnh hon nguyn kationit. Qu trnh hon nguyn: hon nguyn kationit Natri, ngi ta dng dung dch mui n (NaCl) c nng 6-8%; i vi kationit hyr, ngi ta dng dung dch H2SO4 c nng 11,5% hay HCl; i vi kationit amn, ngi ta dng dung dch mui amn NH4Cl. Trong qu trnh hon nguyn, phn ng s xy ra nh sau: Ca R2 + 2NaCl = 2NaR + CaCl2; MgR2 + 2NaCl = 2NaR + MgCl2; Hoc Ca R2 + H2SO4 = 2HR + CaSO4; Ca R2 + 2NH4Cl = 2NH4R + CaCl2;

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a)

b) Hnh 5.3. S trao i kation Natri v kation Hyr a) s song song; b) s ni tip; 1-bnh kationit Natri; 2-bnh kationit Hyr; 3-dung dich mui hon nguyn; 5-dung dich axit hon nguyn; 6-bm; 7-thng cha nc ra ng; 8-thng cha trung gian ca bnh kh kh; 9-ct kh kh; Qa trnh hon nguyn cng thc hin gn ging qu trnh x l, ngha l dung dch hon nguyn c a vo theo ng ng dn t trn xung, chy qua lp ht lc, thc hin cc phn ng phc hi li cc kation ban u. Cc cht tch ra sau khi hon nguyn l cc lin kt tan trong nc, c x ra khi lp kationit bng bin php ra, chy theo ng 4 x ra ngoi. - Phng php x l bng trao i Anion: Nguyn tc cng ging phng php trao i kation, y cc anion ca cc Anionit s trao i vi anion ca mui v axt c trong nc. Khi x l bng trao i Anion, phng trnh phn ng ry ra: 2RaOH + H2SO4 = Ra2SO4 + H2O ; RaOH + HCl = RaCl + H2O ; Bng phng php trao i anion ta kh c trit cc axt c trong nc, do vy trong h thng x l nc ngi ta thng kt hp cho nc qua bnh trao i kation hyr trc, trong nc s to thnh axit ri cho qua bnh trao i anion, nc s c x l hon ton (hnh 5.4)

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Hnh 5.4. S ni cc bnh trao i kation v anion a v b-cho nc kh silic v magi; c v d cho nc lng lc, vi ha H; Na; A - bnh trao i kation Hyro, Natri, Amon; K-bnh kh kh; B-bm; T-thng cha nc; 5.2.2. X l nc bn trong l Phng php x l nc bn trong l da trn hai nguyn tc sau: * Dng phng php nhit phn hy nhit i vi mt s vt cht ha tan, to ra nhng vt cht kh tan, tch ra pha cng di dng bn v cng c x ra khi l nh bin php x l. * Dng nhng cht chng ng cu a vo l lm cho cc tp cht khi tch ra pha cng th pha cng s dng bn v dng bin php x l x ra khi l, do nc khng cn kh nng ng cu trong l na. 5.2.2.1. Lm mm nc bng nhit Nc cp vo bao hi, trc khi pha trn vi nc trong l c a vo trong mt thit b gia nhit c t trong bao hi, thit b c gi l thit b lm mm nc bng nhit trong l (hnh 5.5). y nc c hi bo ha trong bao hi gia nhit n nhit bng nhit bo ha. nhit ny thnh phn cng Bicacbonat nh: Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 s b phn hy nhit thnh CaCO3 v MgCO3 tch ra dng bn. Mt khc khi nhit tng ln, CaSO4 v mt s hp cht c h s ha tan m s gim ha tan nn s v tch ra khi nc dng bn trong thit b lm mm. Nh vy, nc ra khi thit b lm mm d gim cng i rt nhiu. Nhng vt cht tch ra khi nc trong thit b lm mm s c thi ra khi l bng phng php x l.

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Hnh 5.5. Thit b lm mm nc bng nhit trong l 1-mng gia nhit gia; 2-mng bn; 3-mng xung; 4-ng dn nc cp; 5-vng y; 6-ng x bn; 7-mng tp trung bn u, nhc im ca phng php ny: + u im: V nm trong bao hi nn n khng chu lc, do kt cu ca thit b lm mm n gin v khng c i hi g v iu kin bn. Mt khc khng tiu tn g trong qu trnh vn hnh nh cc phng php khc, ng thi nhit lng cung cp cho nc khng b mt i, do t c hiu qu cao. + Nhc im: i hi ch x l nghim ngt, yu cu nc cp cho l c cng khng carbonat nh. 5.2.2.2. Chng ng cu cho l Cc cht thng dng chng ng cu cho l c th l: a) Dng ha cht nh: NaOH, Na2CO3, Na3PO4.12H2O gi l phng php pht pht ha nc l. b) Dng nhng cht c th l lng trong nc to thnh cc trung tm tinh th ha, do hn ch c qa trnh tinh th ha ca pha cng trn b mt kim loi. c) dng nhng cht khi a vo l s to thnh mt lp mng mng bao ph b mt kim loi, hn ch qu trnh tinh th ha trn b mt kim loi. *. Pht pht ha nc l: Ch pht pht ha nc l c tc dng ch yu i vi cu canxi v trong nhng iu kin nht nh c th c tc dng vi cu magi. Dung dch Pht pht c a vo t sau bnh kh kh v trong nc thng to ra nhng cht dng bn. Nng pht pht qui nh 5-8%. Ch phi pha dung dch bng nc x l. Trong qu trnh x l nc b sung cho l, vic chn phng php x l nc cn da vo ch tiu cht lng nc thin nhin (c tnh nc thin nhin), vo thng s hi ca l (da vo yu cu cht lng nc ca L) v c th kt hp nhiu phng php vi nhau qu trnh x l t hiu qu cao.
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5.3. PHNG PHP THU NHN HI SCH 5.3.1. Yu cu cht lng hi i vi cc l sn xut hi qu nhit cung cp cho ng c hi v tuc bin hi yu cu v sch ca hi rt kht khe. c bit cc chu trnh t trung p tr ln sch ca hi c c trng bi mc cha nhng tp cht trong hi, m nhng tp cht ny c kh nng ng cu trn cc ng xon ca b qu nhit, trn cc ph tng ng dn, trn cc cnh ca tuc bin. Vic ng mui hay cu trn cc ng ca b qu nhit s lm gim kh nng truyn nhit t khi ti hi, lng nhit hi qu nhit nhn c gim xung, lm tng nhit vch ng, c th t nng qu mc dn ti n ng. Nu mui ng li trn cc cnh ca tuc bin, mt mt s lm gim i tit din ca hi i qua cnh dn ti lm gim cng sut ca tuc bin, mt khc lm tng nhm ca cnh tc l s tng tr lc ng hi i qua cc cnh dn n hiu sut tuc bin s gim, ngha l gim hiu qu kinh t ca tuc bin. Khi mui ng li trn cc cnh ca tuc bin, lm tng chnh lch p sut trc v sau tng, ngha l tng lc dc trc tc dng ln bnh ng tuc bin, do lm tng di trc ca tuc bin. Ngoi ra khi xt cht lng hi ngi ta cn xt n s c mt ca kh CO2 trong hi, v s c mt ca kh CO2 s lm tng nhanh qu trnh n mn cc ng dn v cc chi tit kim loi. V vy, i vi nhng l hi sn xut hi qu nhit cung cp cho tuc bin th cn thit phi c nhng yu cu cht ch v cht lng hi. Thng s hi cng cao th yu cu v cht lng hi cng cao v p sut cng cao nng th mui c trong hi cng ln v cng d ng cu trn cc cnh cua tuc bin. Mt khc p sut cng cao th th tch ring cng gim, tit din cho hi qua phn truyn hi ca tuc bin cng b, v vy cho php ng cu trn cc cnh tuc bin cng t hn. 5.3.2. Nguyn nhn lm bn hi bo ha Nguyn nhn ch yu lm bn hi bo ha l do trong hi c ln nhng git m, trong nhng git m ny c cha nng kh cao nhng mui d ha tan v nhng ht cng l lng. Khi hi bo ha vo b qu nhit nhn nhit bin thnh hi qu nhit th cc git m tip tc bc hi, li cc tp cht ny bm trn cc ng ca b qu nhit tr thnh cu hoc c mt phn mui ha tan vo hi qu nhit v bay cng hi qu nhit sang tuc bin v bm li trn cc cnh tuc bin. Mun thu c hi sch, cn tm mi cch tch cc git m ra khi hi, khng cho bay theo hi. Ngha l sn xut hi tht kh v gim ti mc ti thiu nng nhng vt cht ha tan trong hi. Nguyn nhn ca s c mt cc git m trong hi l khi hi bc ra khi b mt thong (b mt thot hi) ht theo cc git m. S ht m theo hi bo ha ph thuc vo 2 yu t: Tc bc hi ra khi mt bc hi v chiu cao ca khoang hi. - Tc bc hi ra khi mt bc hi c tnh:
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RS =

Dv (m3/m2h) F

Trong : D l sn lng hi, Kg/h, v: Th tch ring ca hi, m3/kg. F: din tch b mt bc hi, m2, Tc bc hi ra khi mt thong cng ln th lng m cun theo hi cng nhiu. gim cc git m trong hi tc l hi c sch ln th phi gim tc bc hi ra khi mt bc hi hay gim ph ti b mt bc hi, hoc tng chiu cao ca khoang hi nhm tng thi gian lu li ca hi trong khoang hi, ngha l phi tng kch thc ca bao hi ln, khi gi thnh ca l tng ln. Trong thit k ngi ta tng kch thc ca bao hi n gi tr no , sau tm nhng cch khc tng kh ca hi. Chiu cao hp l nht ca bao hi l: 0,70 - 0,75m. i vi cc l hi nh, tng chiu cao khoang hi ngi ta to thm m hi. Khi nng mui trong nc l qu ln (ln hn gi tr gii hn) th xy ra hin tng si bt v si bng, to ra mt lp bt trn b mt thong lm cho mc nc trong bao hi tng cao, tc l lm gim chiu cao khoang hi v do lm tng lng m ht theo hi. Khi c hin tng si bt si bng, mc nc trong bao hi lun lun cao hn mc nc trong thy, ngha l to ra mc nc gi trong l. 5.3.3. Cc thit b lm sch hi 5.3.3.1. Thit b ra hi: Thit b ra hi l mt tm c l c t trong bao hi. Khi hi t nc l tch ra i qua thit b ra hi trc khi i vo khoang hi, cc git m trong hi s pha trn vi nc trong thit b ra hi (gi l nc ra) do nng mui trong cc git m bay theo hi s gim xung. Nh vy hi sau khi qua thit b ra hi cn cha cc git m, nhng nng mui cha trong cc git m khi s gim i rt nhiu.

Hnh 5.6. Thit b ra Hi

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5.3.3.2. Cc thit b phn li cc git m ra khi hi Cc thit b phn li cc git m ra khi hi c nhim v tch cc git m ra khi hi, khng cho cc git m i theo hi sang b qu nhit, nhm gim s lng cc git m trong hi tc l lm tng sch ca hi. tch cc git m ra khi hi, ngi ta thng dng cc loi thit b phn li sau: phn ly kiu tm chn, phn ly kiu ca chp, phn ly kiu tm c l v phn ly kiu xiclon. + Phn ly kiu tm chn: Bao gm cc tm chn t nghing mt gc 450 trc ming ra ca ng sinh hi, ch ni vo bao hi. Loi ny thng dng khi cc ng sinh hi c ni vo khoang hi ca bao hi. Hi bo ha t cc ng sinh hi i vo bao hi s va p vo cc tm chn, lm ng nng ca dng hi gim i, cc git nc c khi lng ln hn s mt ng nng nhiu hn v b tch ra khi dng hi, bm vo cc tm chn ri ri tr li khoang nc. + Phn ly kiu ca chp: Gm cc tm ca chp thng c t ti ca hi ra khi bao hi. Dng hi c cha cc git m va p vo ca chp v gim ng nng, cc git nc tch ra khi hi v bm li trn cnh ca chp ri chy xung Hnh 5.7. Thit b ra hi v phn li hi. di. + Phn ly kiu tm c l: L cc tm kim loi c c nhiu l, thng c t chm trong nc, c tc dng lm cho hi phn b ng u hn trn ton b b mt bc hi. Khi chui qua cc l, cc git m b mt ng nng s b gi li, cn hi i ln pha trn ri sang b qu nhit. + Phn ly kiu Xiclon: Khi nng mui trong hi cao, cc loi thit b phn ly trn khng bo m cht lng hi, khi c th dng thit b phn ly kiu xiclon. y, hi i vo xiclon theo phng tip tuyn, chuyn ng xoy quanh trc thng ng, di tc dng ca lc li tm, cc git m s va p vo vch ciclon, mt ng nng s b ri tr li, cn hi i xoy vo gia v i ln v ra khi xiclon.

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Phn 3. Tuc BIN HI v kh

Chng 6. NGUYN L LM VIC Tuc BIN HI 6.1. KHI NIM V TuC BIN hi Tuc bin hi l mt loi ng c nhit, thng dng dn ng my pht in, bm nc c cng sut ln, cc che p . . . hoc lm ng c tu thy. Khi dng hi chuyn ng qua cc rnh cnh tuc bin, nhit nng ca dng hi c bin thnh ng nng ri ng nng s bin thnh c nng (sinh cng) trn cnh ng ca tuc bin, lm cho tuc bin quay. Trn hnh 6.1. trnh by loi tuc bin n gin nht, l tuc bin Lavan. y hi i vo mt hoc mt s ng phun, khi ra khi ng phun p sut hi gim xung, cn tc tng ln ng k. Hi c tc cao i vo rnh cnh ng c gn trn bnh ng, ng nng ca dng hi s bin thnh c nng (sinh cng), cng dng hi sinh ra trn cnh ng s lm cho roto tuc bin quay. C th phn tuc bin hi thnh hai dng chnh: tuc bin dc trc v tuc bin hng trc. - tuc bin hng trc, dng hi s chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi trc ca tuc bin. Hnh 6.2. trnh by nguyn l cu to ca tuc bin hng trc. Hi c dn theo ng 3 vo bung phn phi, t hi i vo cc dy cnh 6 v 7 gn trn cc a 1 v 2. Hi dn n sinh cng trn cc cnh ng s lm trc 4 v 5 quay theo hai hng ngc nhau.

Hnh 6.1. Tuc bin Lavan 1- ng phun; 2-Cnh ng; 3-Bnh ng;4-Trc

Hnh 6.2. Tuc bin hng trc 1- Cnh ng; 2 v 7-a; 3-Trc; 4 v 5-ng dn hi;3 v 6-trc tuc bin;

- Khc vi tuc bin Lavan, tuc bin dc trc dng hi chuyn ng trong tuc bin theo hng dc trc ca tuc bin v hi khng ch dn n trong mt hoc mt s
61

ng phun m dn n trong nhiu dy cnh t k tip nhau dc theo trc ca tuc bin. Cc dy ng phun c gn c nh trn thn tuc bin v mt dy cnh ng c gn trn trc tuc bin hoc r to tuc bin. Mt dy ng phun v mt dy cnh ng c t k tip nhau gi l mt tng tuc bin. Rnh ng phun v rnh cnh ng c gi l phn truyn hi ca tuc bin. Cng sut tuc bin ph thuc vo s tng tuc bin. tuc bin hng trc, khi s tng tng ln th ng knh ca tuc bin cng tng ln ngha l lc li tm cng ln, do s tng tc l cng sut s b hn ch bi lc li tm. Hin nay tuc bin dc trc c dng ph bin v c th ch to vi cng sut rt ln, cng sut ln nht ca mt t my c th ti 1200MW. gio trnh ny ta ch nghin cu v tuc bin dc trc.

Hnh 6.3. Nguyn l cu to ca tuc bin hi 1-thn tuc bin; 2-roto tuc bin; 3- trc; 4-ng phun; 5-cnh ng 6.2. tNG Tuc BIN 6.2.1. Khi nim v tng tuc bin Tng tuc bin bao gm mt dy ng phun gn trn bnh tnh v mt dy cnh ng gn trn bnh ng. Sau khi ra khi b qu nhit ca l, hi c a qua van iu chnh vo tuc bin. bin nhit nng ca dng hi thnh ng nng, ngi ta cho dng hi i qua cc rnh c hnh dng c bit, gi l ng phun. Khi i qua ng phun, p sut v nhit dng hi gim xung, tc dng hi tng ln n C1, nhit nng bin thnh ng nng. Ra khi ng phun, dng hi c ng nng ln i vo vo cnh ng, khi dng hi ngot hng theo cc rnh cong ca cnh ng, s sinh ra mt lc li tm, lc li tm tc dng ln cnh ng, bin ng nng ca dng hi thnh cng y cnh ng quay. V cnh ng c gn trn bnh ng v bnh ng c gn trn trc tuc bin, tc l bnh ng v trc tuc bin cng quay. Hi ra khi cnh ng s mt ng nng nn tc gim xung n C2 v c dn ra theo ng thot hi.
62

C hai loi tng tuc bin: tng xung lc v tng phn lc. Trong qu trnh dn n, nu qu trnh hi gim p sut (bin nhit nng thnh ng nng) ch xy ra trong ng phun, cn trong rnh cnh ng p sut khng thay i th tng tuc bin c gi l tng tuc bin xung lc. Trong qu trnh dn n, nu qu trnh gim p sut (bin nhit nng thnh ng nng) xy ra c trong ng phun ln trong rnh cnh ng th tng tuc bin c gi l tng tuc bin phn lc. 6.2.1.1. Tng xung lc Trong tng tuc bin xung lc, khi chuyn ng qua dy cnh ng, dng hi khng gim p sut nn p sut trc v sau cnh ng bng nhau, khng c s chnh lch sut trc v sau cnh ng nn tng xung lc c ch to nh hnh 6.4a. y cc ng phun c gn trn bnh tnh, cc bnh tnh c gn ln thn tuc bin (gi l stato), cn cc cnh ng c gn trn bnh ng, cc bnh ng c lp cht trn trc tuc bin (gi l Rto).

Hnh 6.4a. Tng xung lc

63

6.4b. Tng phn lc

6.2.1.2. Tng phn lc tng tuc bin phn lc, qu trnh gim p sut lin tc xy ra c trong ng phun v trong rnh cnh ng, do nu cu to ca tuc bin nh tng xung lc th s c lc tc dng ln b mt pha trc bnh ng y bnh ng (rto) dch chuyn theo hng dng hi (gi l lc di trc) do s chnh lch p sut trc v sau cnh ng. Do y khng c bnh tnh v bnh ng m r to ca tuc bin c ch to hnh tang trng, cc cnh ng c gn trc tip ln tang trng, cn cc ng phun c gn ln stato. Cu trc tng cnh ca tuc bin phn lc c biu din trn hnh 6.4a 6.2.2. phn lc ca tng tuc bin Qu trnh dn n ca hi trong tuc bin c biu din trn th hnh 6.5. Gi s dng hi vo tuc bin trng thi 0, c entanpi i0 , p sut P0 , nhit t0 v tc vo ng phun l C0 . Hi dn n on nhit thun nghch trong ng phun n trng thi 1, c p sut p1, nhit t1, tng ng vi entanpi i1 v tc tng t C0 ln n C1. Sau khi ra khi ng phun, hi i vo rnh cnh ng tip tc dn n on nhit trong rnh cnh ng n trng thi 2, p sut v nhit gim xung n p2 , t2, c entanpi i2 v tc tng ln n C2. Nhit dng l tng ca dng hi trong ng phun l h0p: hop = i0 - i1l (6-1) Nhit dng l tng ca dng hi trong rnh cnh ng l ho: h0 = i1l - i2l (6-2) Nhit dng l tng ca ton tng tuc bin l h0: h0 = hop + ho (6-3) phn lc ca tng tuc bin l t s gia nhit dng ca dy cnh ng vi nhit dng ton tng, n phn nh kh nng dn n (gim p sut) ca dng hi trong rnh cnh ng so vi gim p sut trn ton tng. h = 0d h0 (6-4) * Nu phn lc = 0, ngha l h0= 0, trong cnh ng khng c s thay i p sut, tng tuc bin c gi l tng xung lc thun ty. * Nu phn lc 0,05<< 0,15 gi l tng tuc bin xung lc c phn lc nh. * Nu phn lc = 0,4-0,6, gi l tng tuc bin phn lc.

Hnh 6.5. Qu trnh dn n l tng ca dng hi

64

6.2.3. Bin i nng lng ca dng hi trong tng tuc bin n gin cho vic kho st qu trnh chy ca dng hi trong ng phun, ta gi thit rng dng chy l n nh v qu trnh dn n xy ra trong iu kin l tng, ngha l qu trnh l on nhit thun nghch, khng c tn tht. 6.2.3.1. Bin i nng lng ca dng hi trong rnh cnh ng phun Trong rnh ng phun, nhit nng ca dng hi bin i thnh ng nng, ngha l p sut v nhit dng hi gim, cn tc dng hi tng. Qu trnh tng tc lin quan trc tip n qu trnh dn n ca dng hi trong rnh ng phun. Gi p0 l p sut u vo, p1 l p sut u ra, C0 v C1l l tc dng hi vo v ra khi ng phun. Theo nh lut nhit ng I vit cho dng h, vi qu trnh dn n on nhit thun nghch, bin thin ng nng ca dng hi bng tng cng do lc y bn ngoi v cng dn n sinh ra trong qu trnh.
2 2 C 1l C 0 . 2 - Cng dn n trong qu trnh on nhit bng bin thin ni nng: ldn = u0 - u1. - Cng do lc y bn ngoi: Lc y bn ngoi sinh ra do chnh lch p sut trc v sau dy cnh tc dng ln dng hi ti tit din 0-0 l p0f0 , lm cho khi hi dch chuyn mt on l s0, sinh cng ngoi ln0 = p0f0s0 = p0v0. Tng t, ti tit din 1-1, ta c cng ca dy cnh tc dng ln dng hi l ln1 = p1f1s1 = p1v1. Vy hiu s cng do lc y bn ngoi tc dng ln dng hi l: p0v0 - p1v1. Vy nh lut nhit ng I c th vit cho dng hi l:

Bin thin ng nng ca dng hi khi chy qua dy cnh l:

2 2 C 1l C 0 = (u0 - u1) + (p0v0 - p1v1) 2 m u + pv = i, do (u0 + p0v0) = i0; (u1 + p1v1) = i1 nn:

(6-5)

2 2 C 1l C 0 (6-6) = (i0 - i1l) = h0p 2 Vy ta c bin thin ng nng ca dng hi trong qu trnh dn n on nhit thun nghch bng hiu entanpi u v cui qu trnh. Hiu entanpi (i0 - i1l) u v cui qu trnh dn n on nhit thun nghch trong ng phun c gi l nhit dng l thuyt ca ng phun (cha k n tn tht), k hiu l h0 = i0 - i1l c biu din trn th hnh 6.5. T (6-6) ta c th tnh tc l thuyt C1l ra khi ng phun: 2 C1l = 2h 0 p + C 0

(6-7)

65

6.2.3.2. Bin i nng lng dng hi trong rnh cnh ng - Tam gic tc
Khi b qua cc tn tht trn dy cnh, coi tc ca dng hi vo v ra khi ng phun v cnh ng bng tc l thuyt, ta c th m t chuyn ng ca dng hi trong tuc bin nh sau: Dng hi i vo ng phun vi tc l C0 , nhit nng dng hi bin thnh ng nng, tc dng tng ln v i ra khi ng phun vi tc tuyt i l C1 to vi phng chuyn ng ca dy cnh (phng u) mt gc 1, i vo rnh cnh ng. Tc dng y c th phn ra hai thnh phn: tc vng u v tc tng i w. Khi tc dng ln cnh ng, dng hi trao mt phn ng nng cho cnh ng, lm cho cnh ng v rto quay vi mt tc n [vg/s] tng ng vi tc di u [m/s]. Do cnh ng quay vi tc u nn dng hi s i vo rnh cnh ng vi mt tc tng i w1, vect w 1 hp vi phng chuyn ng u mt gc 1. Trn hnh 6.7, vect C 1 c phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: thnh phn vn tc

chuyn ng theo u v thnh phn vn tc tng i ca dng hi i vo rnh cnh ng w 1 , t ta cng thy c vect w 1 to vi phng chuyn ng ca dy cnh ng mt gc 1.

Hnh 6.6. Xy dng tam gic tc

Nh vy khi dng hi i vo dy cnh ng, ta c tam gic tc to bi cc vect tc tuyt i C 1 , tc vng u v tc tng i w 1 c biu din trn hnh 6.7 gi l tam gic tc vo. Sau khi truyn mt phn ng nng ca mnh cho dy cnh ng, hi i ra khi dy cnh ng vi tc tng i w2, vect w 2 to vi phng chuyn ng ca dy cnh mt gc 2. Cng vect tc tng i w 2 vi vect chuyn ng theo u ,
66

ta c vect tc tuyt i ca dng hi i ra khi dy cnh ng l C 2 v to vi phng chuyn ng ca dy cnh mt gc 2. Tam gic to bi ba vect: tc ra tng i w 2 , tc chuyn ng theo u v tc ra tuyt i C 2 , c biu din trn hnh 6.7. gi l tam gic tc ra. Tng t nh vi ng phun, khi b qua tn tht do ma st ta c bin thin ng nng ca dng hi trong qu trnh dn n on nhit thun nghch bng hiu entanpi u v cui qu trnh.:
2 w 2l w 1 2 = i 1 i 2l = h od 2 6.2.4. Tn tht nng lng khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh

(6-8)

6.2.4.1. Tn tht do ma st, do xoy khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh * Tn tht profin Khi dng cht lng chuyn ng qua rnh cnh, v cnh c nhm v cht lng c nht nn lun tn ti mt lp bin thy lc trn b mt rnh. Pha ngoi lp bin (gia dng) tc ti mi im cng tit din u bng nhau. Cn trong phm vi lp bin thy lc bt u t b mt lp bin tc dng gim dn v bng khng ti b mt cnh, lm cho tc trung bnh ca dng gim. Chnh v c tn tht tc trong lp bin nh vy nn tc hi ra khi dy cnh b gim i, gy nn tn tht nng lng c gi l tn tht ma st theo profin cnh. Tn tht profin c biu din trn hnh 6.7.

Hnh 6.7. Tn tht profin V xoy mp ra

67

Hnh 6.8. Tn tht gc v nh cnh

* Tn tht ma st gc v nh cnh Cc cnh ng phun ca tuc bin c gn trn cc bnh tnh, b mt gii hn ca bnh tnh c gi l gc cnh. i vi cc cnh c chiu di ln, m bo cho cnh khi b dao ng, trn nh cnh c ai gi ni lin kt cc cnh vi nhau. Trn b mt gii hn gc cnh v ai cnh lun tn ti mt lp bin thy lc v do cng gy ra tn tht nng lng tng t nh b mt cnh. Tn tht c gi l tn tht gc v nh cnh. Tn tht gc v nh cnh c biu din trn hnh 6.8. * Tn tht do xoy mp ra ca cnh V mp ra ca cnh c chiu dy nht nh, do khi dng hi chy qua s xut hin dng xoy mp ra v gy nn tt tht nng lng gi l tn tht xoy mp ra ca cnh. Tn tht do xoy mp ra c biu din trn hnh 6.8. V c cc tn tht ni trn nn hiu sut dng chy qua cnh s gim xung. 6.2.4.2. Tnh ton tn tht nng lng khi dng chy ngang qua dy cnh *. Tn tht nng lng trn ng phun

Khi kho st chuyn ng ca dng hi trong ng phun, ta coi qu trnh dn n ca hi l qu trnh on nhit thun nghch. Nhng thc t, khi chy qua ng phun, do c ma st gia hi v vch ng phun nn hi b nng ln, bi vy qu trnh dn n ca hi khng phi l qu trnh on nhit thun nghch. Qu trnh ma st gia hi vi vch ng phun gy nn tn tht nng lng lm gim tc ca dng, do tc dng hi ra khi ng phun thc t l C1 nh hn tc l thuyt C1l. Qu trnh dn n thc t ca hi c biu th trn th i-s hnh 6.9. Theo (6-6) th nhit dng l tng trong ng phun h0p ph thuc vo bin thin tc C. Nh vy trng thi cui ca hi trong qu trnh dn n thc c biu din bng im 1, c entanpi i1 (i1 > i1l). Kt qa l nhit dng thc t ca qu trnh dn n thc trong ng phun bng hip = i0 - i1 s nh hn nhit dng l thuyt hop v tc chy thc t ca dng cng nh hn tc l thuyt. T s gia tc thc t v tc l thuyt ca dng gi l h s tc , k hiu l :
C1 C 1l t (6-7) v (6-9) ta c:

(6-9)

Hnh 6.9. Qu trnh thc ca hi trn th i-s

68

2 C1 = C1l = 2h op + C 0

(6-10) (6-11)

Tn tht nng lng trong dy ng phun bng: hp = hop - hip = (i0 - i1l) - (i0 -i1) = i1 - i1l v nh vy ta suy ra:
hp = i1 - i1l =
2 2 C 1l C 1 2

(6-12)

T (6-9) v (6-12) ta c:
hp =
2 2 C1l 2 C1l 2

hay

2 C1l (1 2 ) 2 Hoc t (6-6) c th tnh theo tc vo:

hp =

(6-13)

hp = (h0p +

2 C0 )(1-2) 2

(6-14)

= 1 - 2 = p (6-15) 2 C0 h op + 2 i lng op gi l h s tn tht nng lng trong ng phun. i vi cc ng phun ca tuc bin hin i th tr s ca h s vn tc trong khong 0,95 - 0,98 v tr s ca h s tn tht op trong khong 0,05 - 0,1 suy ra:
6.2.6. Tn tht nng lng trn cnh ng

h p

Tng t nh i vi ng phun, cnh ng qu trnh ma st cng xy ra v gy nn tn tht tng t. Qu trnh ma st gia hi vi vch cnh ng gy nn tn tht nng lng lm gim tc ca dng, do tc dng hi ra khi rnh cnh ng thc t l w2 nh hn tc l thuyt w2l. Qu trnh dn n thc t ca hi c biu th trn th i-s hnh 6.8. Khi tnh n cc tn tht th: 1 h = i2 - i2l = (w22l - w22) (6-16) 2 w Gi = 2 l h s tc w 2l th
h =

w2 1 1 2 w 2l = 2l d 2 2 2

(6-17)

69

6.3. TN THT V HIU SUT CA TNG Tuc BIN 6.3.1. Xc nh lc tc dng ca dng hi ln dy cnh

Dng hi chuyn ng qua rnh cnh qut s thay i tc v i hng l do chu tc dng ca cc lc sau y: - Phn lc ca cnh ng ln dng hi. - Hiu s p sut trc v sau cnh. xc nh lc tc dng ca dng hi ln dy cnh, ta kho st mt lng hi m, c p sut p1 i vo dy cnh vi tc l C1 , ra khi cnh ng vi vn tc C2 , c p sut p2. Dng hi tc dng ln dy cnh mt lc R, theo nguyn tc phn lc th dy cnh s tc dng tr li mt phn lc R', v gi tr th hai lc ny bng nhau, nhng ngc chiu: R = -R'. Lc R c th phn ra hai thnh phn: + Thnh phn c ch Ru theo phng u (l phng vn tc vng u), thnh phn ny to nn cng sut tuc bin (lm quay tuc bin), + Thnh phn Ra theo phng dc trc tuc bin, thnh phn ny c hi, lm cho rto tuc bin dch chuyn dc trc v c th gy ra s c. Mun xc nh thnh phn lc Ru , Ra , trc ht ta xc nh cc thnh phn phn lc R'u , R'a tc dng ln dng hi lm thay i ng lng ca dng. S thay i ng lng ca dng hi theo phng u ch do tc dng phn lc ca cnh, cn s thay i ng lng ca dng hi theo phng a ngoi tc dng phn lc ca cnh cn c nh hng ca hiu s p sut (p1 - p2) trc v sau dy cnh. Hnh 6.12 biu din lc tc dng ca dng hi ln dy cnh. Theo phng trnh ng lng ta c cc thnh phn phn lc: R'u =

m (C2u - C1u) m (C2a - C1a) + F(p2 - p1) R'a =

(6-18) (6-19)

Trong : - m: l lng hi kho st mt - d: l thi gian kho st, - C1u, C2u l hnh chiu ca vect vn tc C 1 , C 2 theo phng u, - C1a, C2a l hnh chiu ca vect vn tc C1 , C 2 theo phng a, - F l din tch tit din cc rnh cnh ng (tit din hi chuyn ng qua cnh), Da vo tam gic tc trn hnh 6-13 ta tnh c cc thnh phn lc C1u, C2u, C1a, C2a, thay vo (6-18), (6-19) v tip tc bin i ton hc ta c:

70

Hnh 6.12. lc tc dng ca dng hi ln dy cnh

(6-20) Ru = -R'u = G(C1 cos1 + C2 cos2 ) (6-21) Ru = G(w1 cos1 + w2 cos2 (6-22) Ra = -R'a = G(C1sin1 - C2sin2 ) + F(p1 - p2) (6-23) Ra= G(w1sin1 - w2sin2 ) + F(p1 - p2) Thnh phn lc Ru s sinh ra cng c ch, cng sut ca lc Ru sinh ra trn dy cnh ng l: P = Ru.u (6-24) Cng sut tnh cho 1kg hi l: L = P/G = Ru.u /G (6-25) Trong : P l cng sut ca dng hi trn dy cnh ng. m G= : lu lng hi qua dy cnh tuc bin, Ru l thnh phn lc ca dng hi sinh ra theo phng chuyn ng, u = .d.n l tc di ca dng hi tnh trn cnh tuc bin, n l tc quay ca tuc bin, (vg/s) d l ng knh trung bnh ca dy cnh, (m) Da trn tam gic tc vo v ra, tip tc bin i lng gic ta c cng sut do 1kg hi sinh ra trn cnh ng l: L = 1/2.(C12- w12 + w22 - C22 ), [W] (6-26) Nu tuc bin c nhiu tng th cng sut tng ca tuc bin s bng tng cng sut ca cc tng.

71

6.3.2. Tn tht nng lng v hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng 6.3.2.1. Tn tht tc ra

Tn tht tc ra l tn tht ng nng do dng hi mang ra khi tng. Khi dng hi ra khi tng vi tc C2 > 0, ngha l mang ra khi tng mt ng nng C2 2 0 . ng nng ny khng bin thnh c nng trn cnh ng ca tng kho st, 2 C2 nh vy tng b mt i mt phn nng lng 2 gi l tn tht tc ra, k hiu l 2 hr, c ga tr:

hr =

C2 2 2

(6-27)

6.3.2.2. Hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng tuc bin

Hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng tuc bin l t s gia cng sut trn cnh ng vi nng lng l tng ca tng. L c = (6-28) E0
L: cng sut trn cnh ng ca tng, E0: nng lng l tng ca tng tuc bin, Gi thit dng hi i vo tng vi tc C0 , mang vo tng mt ng nng l 2 C0 C2 , ng nng ny ch c s dng mt phn trong tng kho st l x0 0 , trong 2 2 x0 l h s s dng ng nng ca dng hi vo tng kho st. Ta ni dng hi C2 mang vo tng mt nng lng c ch l x0 0 . 2 Trong tuc bin nhiu tng th ng nng ra khi tng trc l dng vo tng tip theo mt phn l x2

C2 2 , s c s 2

C2 2 , x2 l h s s dng ng nng dng hi 2 t tng kho st vo tng tip sau. Nh vy nng lng l tng ca tng kho st s l:

E0 = x0

2 C0 C2 + h0 x2 2 2 2

(6-29)

72

2 C0 l phn ng nng c ch do dng hi mang vo c s 2 dng tng kho st , h0 = i0 - i2l = hop + ho l nhit dng l tng ca tng.

Trong : x 0

C2 2 l phn ng nng c ch m dng hi mang ra khi tng kho st 2 s dng tng tip theo. H s s dng ng nng x0 , x2 dao ng trong khong t 0 n 1. i vi tng cui ca tuc bin, ng nng ra khi tng hon ton khng c s dng do C2 x2= 0 v khi ta ni ng nng 2 l tn tht tc ra ca tng. 2 i vi tng tuc bin thc t th cn k n cc tn tht trong ng phun, tn tht trong dy cnh ng v tn tht tc ra ca tng, khi cng m tng sinh ra s l: x2

L = x0

2 C0 + h 0 h p h h r 2

(6-30)

Trong : hp: tn tht nng lng trn ng phun,

2 2 C 1l C 1 2 h : tn tht nng lng trn cnh ng,

hp = i 1 i 1l =

h = i 2 i 2 l = hr : tn tht tc ra, C2 2 2 C th vit li (6-30): hr =

w 2l w 2 2 2 2

2 C0 C2 C2 C2 + h 0 x 2 2 h p h + x 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 L = E0 -hp - h - (1-x2) hr Do hiu sut trn cnh ng ca tng l: h p h h L = 1 (1 x 2 ) r c = E0 E0 E0 E0

L = x0

(6-31) (6-32)

(6-3)

hay:

c = 1 - p - - (1-x2)r h i Trong : i = l cc h s tn tht nng lng. E0

(6-34)

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Chng 7. tuc BIN NHIU TNG

7.1. QU TRNH LM VIC CA tuc BIN NHIU TNG 7.1.1. Khi nim Trong cc nh my in hoc cc trung tm nhit in, ko nhng my pht in cng sut ln th phi c tuc bin cng sut ln, ngha l tuc bin phi lm vic vi lu lng hi ln, thng s hi cao, nhit dng ln. Tuy nhin, mi mt tng tuc bin ch c th t c hiu sut cao nht mt nhit dng nht nh, v vy vi nhit dng ln, mun t c hiu sut cao th phi cho hi lm vic trong mt dy cc tng t lin tip nhau, tuc bin nh vy gi l tuc bin nhiu tng. Trong tuc bin nhiu tng, tng u tin gi tng tc , cc tng tip theo l tng p lc, sinh cng. Tng tc thng lm vic theo nguyn tc xung lc, khi ra khi tng hi c tc cao, ng nng ln s sinh cng trong cc tng tip theo. Ngoi ra n cn lm nhim v iu chnh lu lng hi vo tuc bin khi ph ti thay i nn cn c gi l tng iu chnh. Cc tng p lc c th c ch to theo kiu tng xung lc hoc phn lc. Tng tc c th l tng mt cp tc hoc c th l tng kp c hai cp tc . Tng kp hai cp tc c mt dy ng phun vi hai dy cnh ng, gia hai dy cnh ng c mt dy cnh hng chuyn hng dng hi khi ra khi dy cnh ng th nht. Tuc bin loi ny c u im l cu to n gin, chc chn, gi thnh r, vn hnh n gin, tuy nhin hiu sut thp v cng sut n v nh nn ch ch to ko cc thit b ph nh bm nc cp, qut khi, trc p ma . . . . Tng c hai cp tc c ng dng rng ri lm tng iu chnh ca tuc bin, c bit l trong cc tuc bin thng s cao. N c kh nng to ra nhit ging ln nn c th gim bt c s tng ng thi gim c yu cu v bn ca kim loi i vi cc tng h p, lm gim khi lng v gi thnh thit b. Nu cc tng ca tuc bin lm vic theo nguyn tc xung lc th gi l tuc bin xung lc, nu theo nguyn tc phn lc th gi l tuc bin phn lc Khi tuc bin lm vic phm vi nhit t 400 0C tr ln th chn nhit dng i vi tng tuc bin xung lc khong t 42-50 KJ/kg, i vi tng tuc bin phn lc khong t 17-25 KJ/kg. Khi lm vic phm vi nhit thp hn th chn nhit dng i vi tng tuc bin xung lc khong t 179-190 KJ/kg, i vi tng tuc bin phn lc khong t 85-105 KJ/kg. Tuc bin cng sut ln c th c n 40 tng. 7.1.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca tuc bin nhiu tng 7.1.2.1. Tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng Trn hnh 7.1. biu din s cu to, s thay i p sut, thay i tc dng hi v momen quay trong tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng. i vi tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng, bnh tnh 2 c b tr xen k gia hai bnh ng 1. Trn bnh tnh c gn ng phun 3, trn bnh ng 1 c gn cnh ng 4 v cc bnh ng 1 ny lp
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cht trn trc tuc bin. Dng hi i qua ng phun 3, sut gim p t p0 n p1, ng thi tc dng hi tng t C0 n C1. Hi ra khi ng phun, i vo cc rnh cnh ng. Trong dy cnh ng, ng nng ca dng hi bin thnh c nng, lm quay rto tuc bin, nn khi ra khi dy cnh ng, tc gim t C1 xung C2. Dng hi ra khi tng ny s tip tc i vo cc tng tip theo v qu trnh bin i nng lng nh trn li xy ra cho n khi p sut gim xung n tr s p sut hi thot pk cui tuc bin. tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng c cng sut ln, cc tng p lc phn cao p thng c ch to theo kiu tng xung lc c phn lc nh, t = 0,02 - 0,05; cn cc tng phn h p c phn lc tng dn, c th t n = 0,2 - 0,5 (tng cui l tng phn lc).

Hnh 7.1. S cu trc ca tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng 1-bnh ng; 2-bnh tnh

Hnh 7.2. Qu trnh dn n ca hi trong tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng

T th trn hnh 7.1. ta thy: Mmen quay M trn trc tuc bin tng dn theo chiu chuyn ng ca dng hi v bng tng cc momen ca cc tng trc n. Tc C1 ca dng hi lun lun tng ln trong dy ng phun do s bin i nhit nng thnh ng nng, cn trong dy cnh ng tc ca dng lun lun gim xung do bin ng nng thnh c nng lm quay tuc bin. Qu trnh dn n ca hi trong tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng c biu din trn hnh 7.2, bao gm nhiu qu trnh dn n lin tc xy ra trong cc tng, trong trng thi cui ca tng trc l trng thi u ca tng tip theo. Qu trnh chuyn ng ca dng hi km theo qu trnh gim p sut, tng th tch ring mt cch lin tc, v vy m bo cho dng hi chuyn ng c lin tc, th cc tit din ca
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rnh ng phun v rnh cnh ng cho hi i qua cng phi tng lin tc, c ngha l phi tng ng knh tng v chiu cao cnh qut mt cch u n. V tuc bin xung lc nhiu tng hi ch dn n trong ng phun, khng dn n trong cnh ng nn ng qu trnh dn n trong cc tng trn th i-s l ng gy khc, nhy bc. 7.1.2.2. Tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng, tt c cc tng p lc u c ch to theo kiu tng phn lc. Tuc bin phn lc cng c th ch to vi cng sut ln nhng ch lm vic vi thng s trung bnh. Nhit ging mi tng c chn nh hn tng xung lc t 1,8-2 ln, do vi cng cng sut th s tng s ln hn. Trong tuc bin phn lc, tn tht r r hi qua khe h gia cnh ng v thn tng i ln do lm gim hiu sut ca cc tng ny.

Hnh 7.3. S cu trc ca tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng Do lm vic theo nguyn tc phn lc nn chnh lch p sut trc v sau cnh ng s to ra lc dc trc tng i ln. gim lc dc trc ngi ta ch to roto 2 theo kiu tang trng (khng c cc bnh ng v bnh tnh), mc ch l gim c lc dc trc tc ng ln rto, cc cnh ng c gn trc tip trn rto, cc
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ng phun c gn trc tip ln thn tuc bin. phn cao p, th tch ring ca hi t tng ny qua tng khc thay i chm, do n gin, ngi ta ch to thnh tng cm tng c ng knh trung bnh v chiu cao cnh qut nh nhau. Nhng phn h p, th tch hi tng nhanh th ng knh trung bnh ca cnh v chiu cao cnh phi c tng lin tc.
Trn hnh 7.3. biu din s cu to, s thay i p sut thay i tc dng hi v momen quay trong tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng. V qu trnh iu chnh lu lng hi bng ng phun c tn tht b, do ngi ta thng p dng phng php iu chnh hi bng ng phun trong tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng. Tng iu chnh (tng u tin) ca tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng c ch to theo kiu xung lc c phn lc khng qu 10%. Nu nhit dng tng iu chnh nh th ch to tng n, nu nhit dng ln th ch to tng kp. Qu trnh dn n ca hi trong tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng c biu th trn hnh 7.4. y qu trnh dn n ca hi xy ra c trong ng phun v c trong cnh ng, do ng biu din l mt ng cong lin tc tng i u n, khng c nhy bc.

Hnh 7.4. Qu trnh dn n ca hi trong tuc bin phn lc nhiu tng

7.1.3. u, nhc im ca tuc bin nhiu tng 7.1.3.1. u im: Tuc bin nhiu tng c cc u im sau y: - C th ch to vi nhit dng ln nn cng sut ln. - Do tuc bin c nhiu tng nn nhit dng mi tng khng ln lm, ngha l tc ra khi ng phun cng khng ln lm. Theo iu kin sc bn, bnh ng c th ch to vi tc vng u = 300 m/s ph hp vi t s u/c1 ti u. V th vi tc u quay va phi vn c th m bo cho tr s xa = ng vi hiu sut ca tng l Ca cc i.
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- V c nhiu tng nn gia cc tng d dng b tr cc ca trch hi gia nhit hm nc cp, nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca chu trnh nhit ca nh my. - S gim tc dng hi v ng knh ca tng lm tng chiu cao ca ng phun v cnh ng dn n gim t l tn tht trn cc cnh, nng cao hiu sut ca tng ln. - Tn tht nhit ca tng trc lm tng nhit tc l tng entanpi hi vo tng tip theo, ngha l tn tht ca tng trc c th c s dng mt phn vo tng tip theo. Nh vy tng nhit dng ca tt c cc tng s ln hn nhit dng ca ton tuc bin. - Nu nh phn truyn hi c cu trc tt th ng nng ra khi tng trc c th s dng mt phn hay hon ton vo tng tip theo. Nh vy nng lng phn b trn cc tng u tng ln.

7.1.3.2. Nhc im:

- Tuc bin nhiu tng c tn tht r r hi tng i ln: Do p sut phn u tuc bin ln hn p sut kh quyn, nn hi r r qua khe h u trc pha trc t trong tuc bin ra ngoi khng kh qua khe h gia trc v thn. Ngoi ra cn c r r gia cc tng theo khe h gia trc v bnh tnh, gia thn v nh cnh ng. Nhng thnh phn hi r r ny u khng tham gia sinh cng trn cnh ng do lm gim hiu sut, cng sut ca tuc bin. Lng hi r r tng dn theo thi gian do lc dc trc cng tng dn. - Nhng tng sau cng ca tuc bin nhiu tng s lm vic trong vng hi m do gy ra tn tht bi hi m, lm cho hiu sut tuc bin gim. - Tuc bin nhiu tng cu to phc tp.

7.1.4. H s hon nhit ca tuc bin nhiu tng

Nh trn phn tch, tn tht ca tng trc c th c s dng mt phn vo tng tip theo, mc s dng lng nhit vo tng tip theo c gi l h s hon nhit. so snh tuc bin mt tng vi tuc bin nhiu tng, ta xc nh h s hon nhit bng cch phn tch qu trnh nhit theo 2 phng n: khi tuc bin l mt tng v khi tuc bin l nhiu tng vi cng thng s u v cui. Qu trnh nhit ca tuc bin c biu din trn th T-s hnh 7.5. Vi p sut u p0 v cui p1, nu tuc bin l mt tng v khng c tn tht th qu trnh dn n ng entropi ca hi trong tuc bin c biu din bng ng 44'4''4'''a. Nhit dng l tng ca tuc bin khi c biu din trn th T-s tng ng vi din tch 12344'4''4'''a1, bng tng nhit dng l tng ca cc tng khi lm vic theo qu trnh ng entropi. H0 = h01 + h02 + h03 + h04 (7-1) Gi s tuc bin gm 4 tng, qu trnh dn n thc ca hi trong tuc bin tin hnh theo ng 4567b. Nhit ging l tng ca tng th nht bng h01, tng ng vi din tch 22 3442. Tn tht nhit ca tng lm tng nhit hi ra khi tng th nht t T4' n T5. Hi i vo tng th hai trng thi 5 c nhit T5,
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ngha l tn tht nhit tng u lm tng nhit hi vo tng th hai. Tn tht nhit ny ca tng u c s dng mt phn q2 vo tng th hai. Trn th hnh 7.5, phn tn tht nhit ca tng th nht c s dng vo tng th 2 l q2, c biu din bng din tch 4'55'4''4' v nhit ging l tng ca tng th hai bng h*02 = h02 + q2.

Tng t nh vy, phn tn tht nhit ca tng th hai c s dng vo tng th ba l q3, c biu din bng din tch 4''66'4'''4'' v nhit ging l tng ca tng th ba bng h*03 = h03 + q3 . Phn tn tht nhit ca tng th ba c s dng vo tng th t l q4, c biu din bng din tch 4'''6'77'a4'' v nhit ging l tng ca tng th t bng h*04 = h04 + q4 . Nhit dng l tng ca cc tng ln lt l: h * = h01 (7-2) 01 h * = h02 + q2 02 (7-3)

* 03

= h03 + q3

(7-4)

(7-5) h * = h04 + q4 04 Tng nhit dng l tng ca cc tng bng:

Hnh 7.5. Qu trnh nhit ca tuc bin nhiu tng

h * i = h01 + h02 + q2 + h03 + q3 + h04 + q4 0 h * i = H0 + Q 0

(7-6) v c biu din bng din tch 12344'55'66'771, trong : Q = q2 + q3 + q4 l tn tht nhit ca cc tng trc c s dng vo cc tng tip theo. H0 l nhit ging l tng ca tuc bin khi lm vic theo qu trnh ng entropi 44a, c tnh theo (7-1). Nh vy khi c cng thng s u v cui th nhit dng l tng ca tuc bin nhiu tng s ln hn nhit dng l tng ca tuc bin mt tng mt lng l Q, y chnh l mt phn tn tht nhit ca cc tng trc c s dng li vo cc tng tip theo. Nhit dng thc t ca mi tng l: (7-7) hi = h * ttd 0 Nhit dng thc t ca tuc bin nhiu tng bng tng nhit dng thc t ca cc tng: (7-8) Hi = hi = h * ttd = (h0 + q) ttd 0
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Nu ta coi hiu sut ca tt c cc tng tuc bin u bng nhau th: (7-9) Hi = ttd (h0 + q) = ttd ( H0 + Q) Mt khc hiu sut trong tng i ca ton tuc bin c th vit c: H TB = i (7-10) td H0
Trong : Q l tn tht nhit cc tng trc c s dng vo cc tng sau, H0 l nhit dng l tng ton tuc bin,

TB l hiu sut trong tng i ca tuc bin nhiu tng, td ttd l hiu sut trong tng i ca mt tng tuc bin, Thay (7-9) vo (7-10) ta c hiu sut ca tuc bin nhiu tng l: ttd (H 0 + Q) H TB = i = td H0 H0 Q TB = ttd (1 + ) = ttd (1 + ) td H0
y: c gi l h s hon nhit Q = H0

(7-11) (7-12)

(7-13)

H s hon nhit l h s biu th mc s dng tn tht nhit ca tng trc vo cc tng tip theo. Tuc bin cng nhiu tng th h s hon nhit cng ln. V > 0, do TB > ttd , ngha l hiu sut ca tuc bin nhiu tng lun lun ln td hn hiu sut ca tuc bin mt tng.
7.1.5. nh hng ca m n s lm vic ca tuc bin

Hnh 7.6. nh hng ca cc git m cc tng cui.

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Qu trnh gin n ca hi trong tuc bin nhiu tng l qu trnh gim p sut v nhit hi. Cng v cui tuc bin, p sut v nhit hi cng gim cn th tch ring v m cng tng, do s lng v kch thc cc git m trong hi cng ln. T tam gic tc trn hnh 7.6 ta thy, khi ra khi ng phun, tc cc git m C'1 s nh hn tc dng hi C1. V tc vng u ca chng nh nhau, do cc git m i vo rnh cnh ng vi tc w'1 nh hn tc ca hi w1 , di mt gc '1 ln hn 1 p vo lng cnh ng, gy nn lc cn tr chuyn ng quay ca roto tuc bin. Do vy s c mt ca cc git m, mt mt lm gim hiu sut ca tuc bin, mt khc p vo b mt cnh ng, lm r cc b mt cnh. Khi roto quay, di tc dng ca lc ly tm cc git m tp trung phn nh cnh nhiu hn, do b mt phn nh cnh b r nhiu hn phn gc cnh. Trong vn hnh bnh thng cho php duy tr m hi tng cui trong khong 8 n 12%. Nu nhit hi mi gim th m c th tng ln v t tr s ng k, khi c th lm gim hiu sut ca tng sau cng n 0.
7.1.6. S r r hi

Khi kho st chuyn ng ca dng hi trong tng tuc bin, ta gi thit ton b lng hi i qua tng u i ht qua rnh ng phun v rnh cnh ng, nhit nng ca lng hi bin thnh ng nng v c nng trong tuc bin. Thc t khng phi nh vy, khi chuyn ng trong phn truyn hi ca tuc bin, lun c mt lng hi khng i qua rnh ng phun m i qua khe h gia bnh tnh v trc tuc bin. Lng hi ny s khng tham gia qu trnh bin nhit nng thnh ng nng.

Hnh 7-7. r r hi trong tuc bin

Mt khc c mt lng hi khng i qua rnh cnh ng m i qua l cn bng trn bnh ng v qua khe h gia thn tuc bin v nh cnh. Ngoi ra, do p sut hi pha u ca tuc bin ln hn p sut kh quyn nn s c mt lng hi chy t trong tuc bin ra ngoi kh quyn qua l xuyn trc pha u tuc bin. Ton b lng hi ny s khng tham gia qu trnh bin ng nng thnh c nng, tc l
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khng sinh cng trn cnh ng, c gi l lng hi r r v tn tht ny gi l tn tht r r hi. Tn tht r r hi c biu din trn hnh 7.7.
7.2. CN BNG LC DC TRC TRONG tuc BIN NHIU TNG

Nh phn tch mc 6.3.1, lc ca dng hi tc dng ln cc dy cnh c th phn ra hai thnh phn: thnh phn Ru v thnh phn Ra. Thnh phn Ru theo hng vung gc vi trc tuc bin, sinh cng c ch trn cnh ng, to momen quay lm quay roto v ko my pht quay. Thnh phn dc trc Ra (theo hng chuyn ng ca dng hi) khng to nn momen quay m to nn lc y roto dch chuyn theo hng dng hi, c th lm cho roto v stato tuc bin c xt vo nhau gy nguy him cho tuc bin. Lc dc trc Ra c th tng ln trong qu trnh vn hnh do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Do chn bnh tnh mn nn lu lng hi r r qua tng, lm tng p sut hi trc cnh ng. - Do mui bm vo cnh ng lm gim tit din hi i qua, lm gim lu lng hi qua rnh cnh ng, dn n tng p sut trc cnh ng, lm tng phn lc ca tng.

Hnh 7.8. Lc tc dng trong tuc bin

gim tc dng ca lc dc trc ln cc pal chn, cn phi tm phng php cn bng lc dc trc bng cch to nn lc c chiu ngc vi chiu lc dc trc hoc gim s chnh lch p sut trc v sau cnh ng theo cc hng sau y. * Tng ng knh ca vng chn u trc ca trc (hnh 7.8) * Dng cc a gim ti gn pha trc tng iu chnh (hnh 7.8) * i vi tuc bin cng sut ln, ngi ta ch to tuc bin nhiu thn v t cc thn ngc chiu nhau (hnh 7.9) * To cc l cn bng p lc trn cc bnh ng gim bt chnh lch p sut trc v sau bnh ng (hnh 7.10).

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Hnh 7.9. Thn tuc bin t ngc chiu

Hnh 7.10. L cn bng

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7.3. CC LOI tuc BIN hi nc

Sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng t c hiu sut cao hn rt nhiu so vi sn xut ring l nhit v in. Mun m bo vic sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng th phi dng cc tuc bin va m bo c 2 chc nng , nh my nh vy gi l trung tm nhit in. trung tm nhit in thng c 2 loi h dng nhit: - H cng nghip dng hi c p sut: Pn= 10-15 at - H sinh hot dng nc nng c nhit khong t 1050C n 1250C, hoc hi c p sut tng ng: Psh= 2-3 at.
7.3.1. Tuc bin ngng hi thun ty

Tuc bin ngng hi thun ty l tuc bin trong hi sau khi ra khi tuc bin, i vo bnh ngng nh nhit cho nc lm mt ngng t thnh nc v c bm nc ngng bm tr v l. S nguyn l ca tuc bin ngng hi thun ty c biu din trn hnh 7.11. p sut hi ra khi tuc bin pk nh hn p sut kh quyn, thng pk vo khong 0,004-0,04 ty thuc vo nhit mi trng ca tng vng. Tuc bin ngng hi thun ty ch sn xut c in nng, lng in n sn xut ra l: N = G.(i0 - ik).tT. co.mp (7-13) Trong : G l lu lng hi vo tuc bin, i0 , ik l entanpi ca hi vo v ra khi tuc bin ng vi p sut p0 v pk tT l hiu sut tuc bin, co l hiu sut c kh, mp l hiu sut my pht,

Hnh 7.11. tuc bin ngng hi thun ty

Hnh 7.12. tuc bin i p

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7.3.2. Tuc bin i p

Tuc bin i p l tuc bin va sn xut nhit nng va sn xut in nng. Tuc bin i p khng c bnh ngng i km, sau khi ra khi tuc bin hi s c dn n h tiu th nhit cp nhit. S nguyn l ca tuc bin i p c biu din trn hnh 7.12. p sut hi ra khi tuc bin pn bng p sut ca h tiu th nhit, pn c gi l p sut i p, thng ln hn p sut kh quyn.
tuc bin i p, hi i vo tuc bin dn n t p sut p0 n p sut pn, sinh cng trong tuc bin ko my pht sn xut in nng. Lng in my pht sn xut ra l: N = G.(i0 - in).tT. co.mp (7-14) y:

i0 v in l entanpi ca hi vo v ra khi tuc bin ng vi p sut p0 v pn Hi c p sut pn n h tiu th nhit cp cho h tiu th nhit mt lng nhit l: Qn = G.(in - i'n). tn (7-15)
y:

i'n l entanpi ca nc ra khi h tiu th nhit ng vi p sut pn, tn l hiu sut thit b trao i nhit, T (7-14) ta thy tuc bin i p, cng sut in tuc bin sn xut ra ph thuc vo lng hi G i qua tuc bin tc l lng hi m h tiu th nhit yu cu, ni cch khc lng in sn xut ra ph thuc lng nhit h tiu th yu cu. Nh vy mun m bo ng thi c yu cu ca c ph ti in v nhit th phi b sung thm mt tuc bin ngng hi m bo cung cp in khi h tiu th nhit tm ngng dng hi (lng hi qua tuc bin i p bng khng). Bn cnh phi c thit b gim n gim p m bo lng nhit cho h tiu th khi tuc bin i p khng lm vic. Tuy nhin trong trung tm nhit in c lp (khng ni vi mng in quc gia hay khu vc), tuc bin i p cng khng thng dng v trong mt nh my c hai loi tuc bin th s thit b s phc tp, kh vn hnh.
7.3.3. Tuc bin ngng hi c ca trch iu chnh 7.3.3.1. Tuc bin ngng hi c mt ca trch iu chnh

Khi dng tuc bin ngng hi c 1 ca trch iu chnh, lu lng hi trch c th iu chnh c. Loi tuc bin ny khc phc c nhc im ca tuc bin i p, ph ti in v nhit khng ph thuc vo nhau. S nguyn l ca tuc bin ngng hi c mt ca trch iu chnh c biu din trn hnh 7.15.
tuc bin ngng hi c 1 ca trch iu chnh, hi qu nhit c thng s p0, v0, lu lng G1 i vo phn cao p 1 gin n v sinh cng trong n p sut pn, sn xut ra mt lng in tng ng l N1. Hi ra khi phn cao p c p sut pn c trch cho h dng nhit mt lng l Gn (i ti h dng nhit), lng hi cn li G2 tip tc i vo phn h p, gin n sinh cng trong phn h p n p sut pk, sinh ra trong phn h p mt lng in N2, sau i vo bnh ngng 3.
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Trc ca phn cao p v h p ni chung vi trc my pht in, do in nng sn xut ra bao gm in nng phn cao p v h p sn xut ra: N = N1 + N2 (7-16) Lng in nng do phn cao p sn xut ra: N1 = G1(i0 - in) tT. co.mp (7-17) Lng in nng do phn h p sn xut ra: N2 = G2.(in - ik) tT. co.mp (7-18) Hay: N2 = (G1 - Gn) (in - ik) tT. co.mp (7-19) v cung cp cho h dng nhit mt lng nhit l: Qn = Gn.(in - i'n). tn (7-20) trong : G1 l lu lng hi i vo phn cao p, G2 l lu lng hi i vo phn h p, i0 l entanpi ca hi vo tuanbin ng vi p sut p0, in l entanpi ca hi ra khi phn cao p ng vi p sut pn, ik l entanpi ca hi ra khi tuanbin ng vi p sut pk, Loi tuc bin hi ny c th dng chy ph ti ngn v in sn xut ra c ni ln mng li ca vng hoc quc gia.

Hnh 7.13. tuc bin ngng hi Hnh 7.14. tuc bin ngng hi c mt ca trich c hai ca trch 1-phn cao p ca tuc bin; 2-phn h p ca tuc bin; 3-Bnh ngng; 4-h tiu th nhit; 5-My pht in.

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7.3.3.2. Tuc bin ngng hi c hai ca trch iu chnh

S nguyn l ca tuc bin ngng hi c hai ca trch iu chnh c biu din trn hnh 7.14. tuc bin c ba phn: phn cao p, phn trung p v phn h p, tuc bin cung cp nhit cho 2 loi h tiu th: h cng nghip v h s sinh hot. Nguyn l lm vic ca tuc bin ngng hi c hai ca trch iu chnh nh sau: Hi qu nhit c thng s p0, v0, lu lng G1 i vo phn cao p dn n v sinh cng trong n p sut pn , sn xut ra mt lng in N1. Hi ra khi phn cao p c p sut pn c trch cho h dng nhit cng nghip mt lng l Gn (i ti h dng nhit), phn cn li G2 tip tc i vo phn trung p ca tuc bin dn n sinh cng trong n p sut pT, sn xut ra mt lng in N2. khi i ra khi phn trung p hi c tch lm hai phn, phn GT cung cp cho h dng nhit sinh hot, cn phn G3 tip tc i vo phn h p ca tuc bin, gin n sinh cng trong n p sut pk, sn xut ra mt lng in N3 v i vo bnh ngng 3 ngng t li thnh nc. Tng in nng sn xut ra trong c ba phn cao p, trung p v h p l: N = N1 + N2 + N3 (7-21) Trong : Lng in nng do phn cao p sn xut ra: N1 = G1(i0 - in). tT. co.mp (7-22) Lng in nng do phn trung p sn xut ra: N2 = G2(in iT). tT. co.mp (7-23) Lng in nng do phn h p sn xut ra: N3 = G3 (iT ik). tT. co.mp (7-24) Nhit nng tuc bin cung cp cho h dng nhit l: Q = Qn + QT (7-25) trong cho h dng nhit cng nghip l: Qn = Gn.(in - i'n). tn (7-26) cho h dng nhit sinh hot l: QT = GT.(iT - i'T). tn (7-27)
tuc bin c 1 hay 2 ca trch iu chnh, p sut hi ca trch Pn, PT c thit k theo yu cu ca loi h tiu th hi v lu lng hi qua cc ca trch ny c th iu chnh c theo yu cu ca h dng nhit. 7.4. Tuc bin i p c mt ca trch iu chnh

Tuc bin i p c mt ca trch iu chnh c chc nng ging nh tuc bin ngng hi c hai ca trch iu chnh.

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Chng 8. CU TRC, THIT B PH v iu chnh Tuc bin

8.1. CU TRC tuc bin 8.1.1. Thn tuc bin thun tin khi ch to v lp rp, thn tuc bin dc trc c ch to mt mt bch ngang v mt hoc hai mt bch dc. Thn c th ch to bng gang c, thp c hoc thp hn. Thn bng gang c thng dng cho cc tuc bin lm vic nhit ti 350 C. Khi nhit lm vic ti 4500C th thn tuc bin phi lm bng thp cacbon. Khi nhit lm vic cao hn 4500C th thn tuc bin phi lm bng thp hp kim. c bit khi nhit lm vic cao hn 5500C th thn tuc bin phi lm hai lp, gi l thn kp. Gia hai lp ca thn cha hi c thng s trung bnh trch t mt tng trung gian no , v vy b dy ca thn s nh hn nhiu so vi thn n (1 lp), ng thi lp ngoi lm vic iu kin nh nhng hn nn c th ch to bng thp ccbon.
0

8.1.2. Rto tuc bin Roto ca tuc bin xung lc l trc c gn cc bnh ng c biu din trn Hnh 8.1. Khi roto lm vic trong vng hi c nhit nh hn 4000C th bnh ng c rn ring tng bnh v c lp cht trn trc Hnh 8.2.

Hnh 8.1. Roto tuc bin xung lc c bnh ng lp cht trn trc
88

Hnh 8.2. Rto tuc bin xung lc c trc v bnh ng c rn lin Khi roto lm vic trong vng hi c nhit ln hn 4000C th trc v bnh ng c rn lin, c biu din trn Hnh 8.3. tuc bin phn lc, roto c dng thng (tang trng). Hin nay roto kiu tang trng thng c ch to gm nhng vnh ring bit hn li vi nhau, phn u v cui ca roto c rn lin vi trc. tuc bin ny, tng iu chnh vn c ch to kiu tng kp xung lc c bnh ng lp cht trn trc nh biu din trn Hnh 8.3.

Hnh 8.3. Rto tuc bin phn lc

89

Roto tuc bin c di ng k gia hai , do n l mt h thng n hi c tn s dao ng ring xc nh. m bo cho roto lm vic n nh v an ton th s vng quay nh mc ca roto khng c trng vi s vng quay ti hn, tc l tn s dao ng ngang ca roto khng c trng vi tn s lm vic ca my pht in (tn s dng in). Phn ln cc nh ch to ly s vng quay nh mc ln hn hoc b hn 3040% s vng quay ti hn. Nhng trc c s vng quay nh mc nh hn s vng quay ti hn th gi l trc cng, nhng trc c s vng quay nh mc ln hn s vng quay ti hn th gi l trc mm. m bo an ton khi khi ng tuc bin c trc mm, cn phi vt qua tht nhanh vng c s vng quay ti hn. 8.1.3. B chn tuc bin Khi chuyn ng trong phn truyn hi ca tuc bin, lun c mt lng hi khng i qua rnh ng phun m i qua khe h gia bnh tnh v trc tuc bin.

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 8.4. B chn tuc bin a- Chn cy thng; b- chn rng lc; c-chn nh cnh
90

Mt khc c mt lng hi khng i qua rnh cnh ng m i qua l cn bng trn bnh ng v qua khe h gia thn tuc bin v nh cnh. Ngoi ra, do p sut hi pha u ca tuc bin ln hn p sut kh quyn nn s c mt lng hi chy t trong tuc bin ra ngoi kh quyn qua l xuyn trc pha u tuc bin. Lng hi ny s khng tham gia qu trnh bin nhit nng thnh ng nng v c gi l lng hi r r. Ngoi s r r hi nu trn, v p sut hi phn cui ca tuc bin nh hn p sut kh quyn nn s c mt phn khng kh lt vo khoang hi cui tuc bin theo khe h gia trc v thn. gim bt lng hi r r t tng ny qua tng khc, r r t tuc bin ra ngoi hoc khng kh lt t ngoi vo trong tuc bin ngi ta t b chn. B chn c ch ra trn Hnh 8.4, c t vo khe h cn chn s lm tng tr lc ca khe do gim c lng hi r r qua . C 2 loi b chn: chn rng lc v chn cy thng, hin nay dng ph bin nht l chn rng lc. B chn rng lc gm mt s rng lc gn vo thn to nn nhng khe h hp v nhng bung dn n hi gia rng chn v roto (trc). Khi hi i qua khe hp, p sut gim v tc tng, khi vo bung dn n ng nng dng hi b mt hon ton do to nn chuyn ng xoy v bin thnh nhit nng. Hi tip tc i qua khe h tip theo, mt ln na li tng tc ri li b mt ng nng trong bung dn n tip theo , qu trnh c lp li lin tip do lng hi qua khe h chn gim xung. S rng chn cng ln th lng hi r r qua b chn cng nh. 8.2. THIT B PHU 8.2.1. Bnh ngng Ta bit rng cng sut tuc bin tng ln khi tng thng s u hoc gim thng s cui ca hi. Nhit ca hi ra khi tuc bin b hn ch bi nhit nc lm mt n (nc tun hon) v thng cao hn nhit ca ca nc lm mt t 8 n 100C. Nc lm mt ly t ao, h, sng, sui, c nhit khong 20-250C ty thuc vo ma v iu kin a l ca nh my, ngha l hi bo ha khi ra khi tuc bin ch c th ngng t nhit khong t 30-350C, tng ng vi p sut cui tuc bin t 0,03-0,04 bar. m bo c trng thi ny, ngi ta ni ng thot hi ca tuc bin vi bnh ngng, chn khng trong bnh ngng c to nn nh hi ngng t thnh nc v nh cc thit b c bit nh ject hoc bm chn khng. Cc thit b ny s lin tc ht khng kh ra khi bnh ngng. Trong nh my in, m bo cht lng nc ngng ngi ta ch p dng bnh ngng kiu b mt. S cu to bnh ngng b mt c biu din trn Hnh 8.8. 1-ng nc ra; 2-np; 3, 5-thn; 4-Mt sng; 6-c bnh ngng; 7-ng ng; 8-Bn cha nc ngng; 8-ng nc volm mt. Hi i trn xung bao bc xung quanh b mt ngoi ng ng, nh nhit cho nc lm mt i trong ng ng v ngng t thnh nc. Nc chuyn ng t pha di ln trn ngc chiu dng hi. Bnh ngng c s chuyn ng ca nc lm mt thnh 2 chng nh vy th c gi l bnh ngng 2 chng. Tng t nh th c
91

th c bnh ngng 3 chng, 4 chng. Sau khi nh nhit cho nc lm mt, hi c ngng t li ri chy xung bnh cha di y bnh ngng v t c bm i bng bm nc ngng, cn nc lm mt i trong h thng ng ng gi l nc tun hon c ly t sng, h v c cung cp bi bm tun hon.

Hnh 8.8. Bnh ngng kiu b mt Bnh ngng phi m bo tht kn, nu khng kn, khng kh bn ngoi lt vo s lm gim chn khng, ngha l lm tng p sut cui tuc bin v c th lm gim mt cch t ngt kh nng truyn nhit trn cc b mt ng lm mt, lm gim cng sut tuc bin. Mt khc cc ng ng trong bnh ngng cng phi tht kn trnh s r r ca ngc tun hon vo nc ngng, lm gim cht lng nc ngng. bo m chn khng su, ngi ta tm cch gim tr lc ca bnh ngng i vi hi v t chc vic rt khng kh ra khi bnh ngng mt cch lin tc. Nhit lng hi nh ra khi ngng t thnh nc trong bnh ngng: Qbn = Gh(i''bn - i'bn), (KW) (8-1) Nu coi hiu sut bnh ngng bng 1 th nhit lng chnh bng nhit lng nc tun hon nhn c: Qbn = GnCn(t''th -t'th), (KW) (8-2) Trong : Gh, Gn (kg/s) l lu lng hi v nc tun hon vo bnh ngng, i''bn , i'bn (KJ/kg) l entanpi ca hi vo v ra khi bnh ngng, t''bn , t'bn (0C) l nhit nc tun hon vo v ra khi bnh ngng, T (8-1) v (8-2) ta c: Qbn = Gh(i''bn - i'bn) = GnCn(t''th -t'th), (8-3) G Hay: (i''bn - i'bn) = n Cn(t''th -t'th), (8-4) Gh

Gn = m gi l bi s tun hon (kg nc/kg hi) Gh T (8-4) ta thy nhit ca nc trong bnh ngng tc l p sut trong bnh ngng ph thuc ch yu vo nhit ban u ca nc tun hon v bi s tun hon.
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8.2.2. ject

duy tr chn khng cn thit trong bnh ngng cn ht lin tc khng kh ra khi bnh ngng, mun vy ngi ta dng cc thit b thi khng kh c bit, ph bin nht l cc ject hi. ject gm ng phun hi A t trong bung thu nhn B, bung ny c ni vi ng khuch tn C. Nguyn l cu to ca ject c biu din trn Hnh 8.8.
B

Hn hp b nn khng kh - hi 2 3

1 Hi A

Hnh 8-8: S nguyn l ject

2 3 C

Hi c dn n trong ng phun n p sut bng vi p sut trong bung thu nhn. p sut ny gn bng (nh hn) p sut im rt hn hp khng kh-hi nc. Khi ra khi ng phun A, hi ctc ln v cun theo hn hp khng kh-hi nc t bung B vo ng khuch tn. V th bung B (gia tit din 1-1 v 2-2) c gi l bung hn hp. ng khuch tn, hn hp hi v khng kh b nn n 1 p sut thi n ra khi ject. p lc hi vo ng phun ca ject thng l 6 hoc 12 at.

Hi vo
6

eject cp 1 1

eject cp 2
3 5

Hnh 8-9: S eject hai cp 1, 3-ng khch tn; 2, 4-bnh lm lnh; 5ng x; 6-kh khng ngng+hi; 7-nc ngng
93

Trong nh my in, theo nhim v ject c chia thnh thnh 2 loi: eject khi ng v eject chnh. eject khi ng dng tng tc to chn khng khi khi ng tuc bin v trong thi gian khi ng tuc bin th n lm vic song song vi ject chnh. Khi khi ng xong th ject ny ngng hot ng, cn eject chnh vn lin tc lm vic lin tc t khi khi ng cho n khi dng tuc bin. V eject mt cp thng khng th to thnh chn khng su, nn eject chnh c ch to hai cp hoc ba cp. Ngoi ra nng cao kinh t, ngi ta thng lm thm bnh lm lnh lm lnh hn hp khng kh hi do eject thi ra nhm gi li lng nc ngng ng t hi qua eject. Hi thot

3 II I 2 4
Hnh 8-10: S ni eject vi bnh ngng 1-bnh ngng; 2-bm nc ngng; 3-ejject; 4-ng ti tun hon

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8.3. iu chnh tuc bin 8.3.1. Khi nim v iu chnh tuc bin hi

Tuc bin hi trong nh my in dng ko my pht in sn xut in nng. Cht lng dng in cng cao khi tn s dng in cng n nh, ngha l tc quay ca my pht cng n nh, v vy tuc bin-my pht phi lm vic vi s vng quay khng i m bo cho tn s ca dng in lun lun n nh. M mem quay ca roto tuc bin do cng ca dng hi sinh ra, cn m men cn ca my pht do ph ti in sinh ra trn cc cc ca my pht. Cng sut ca tuc bin c tnh theo cng thc: Ni = GHi , [kw] (8-5) Hoc: (8-6 Ni = GH0td
y: H0 nhit dng l thuyt ca tuc bin (khng k n tn tht) (kJ/kg) Hi l nhit ging thc t ca tuc bin td l hiu sut trong tng i ca tuc bin. T (8-5) ta thy cng sut tuc bin t l thun vi lu lng hi v nhit dng. S cn bng gia cng sut hiu dng trn khp trc tuc bin vi ph ti in c biu din bng phng trnh:

N hd = N d + N tt + (I t + I mf )

d d

(8-7)

It, Img l momen qun tnh ca r to tuc bin v my pht, Nhd l cng sut hiu dng trn khp trc tuc bin, N l cng sut in trn cc cc ca my pht (ph thuc vo ph ti ca h tiu th bn ngoi), Ntt l tn tht cng sut trn cc trc v tn tht nhit trong my pht. T (8-7) ta thy: Ph ti trn cc cc ca my pht in N phi lun lun cn bng vi cng Nhd trn trc tuc bin. Ngha l s thay i ph ti trn cc cc ca my pht phi ph hp vi s thay i cng sut trn trc tuc bin. Mi gi tr ph ti xc nh trn cc ca my pht tng ng vi mt gi tr mmen quay trn trc tuc bin, ngha l tng ng vi mt lu lng hi qua tuc bin. Khi ph ti thay i s to ra s mt cn bng gia m men cn v mmen quay, do dn n s vng quay ca r to thay i. Khi ang trng thi cn bng, nu ph ti N ca my pht thay i trong khi momen quay ca tuc bin cha thay i (tc Nhd cha thay i) s to ra s mt cn bng gia cng sut ca tuc bin v cng sut ca my pht, theo (8-5) th tc tuc bin-my pht s thay i . R rng khi N tng th s vng quay gim i. duy tr =const, cn phi tng lng hi vo tuc bin tng cng sut Nhd ca tuc bin ln tng ng. Tm li, bt k mt s thay i no ca ph ti in cng s ko theo s thay i s vng quay ca tuc bin (tc quay ca r to tuc bin-my pht). S vng quay s thay i n chng no m c cu phn phi hi cha lm thay i lu lng hi va tuc
95

bin, ngha l cha thit lp c s cn bng mi gia m men cn ca ph ti in v mmen quay, tc l gia cng sut ca tuc bin v cng sut ca my pht. Vic phc hi li s cn bng ca phng trnh (8-7) vi bt k s thay i no ca ph ti N l nhim v ca b iu chnh tc (tc l iu chnh s vng quay). B iu chnh tc c ni lin ng vi c cu t ng iu chnh van phn phi hi ca tuc bin iu chnh lng hi vo tuc bin ph hp vi ph ti in. Khi ph ti in thay i, cn phi thay i lu lng hi vo tuc bin thay i cng sut tuc bin cho ph hp vi s thay i ph ti in. Lu lng hi c thay i nh h thng phn phi hi v h thng iu chnh ca tuc bin. H thng phn phi hi gm c cc van v cc ng dn hi vo tuc bin H thng iu chnh gm c b phn iu chnh v cc c cu truyn tc ng n cc van phn phi hi (nh: cam, tay n ...)
8.3.2. Cc phng php iu chnh lu lng hi vo tuc bin

Khi ph ti in thay i, mun tc quay ca t tuc bin-my pht khng i th cn phi iu chnh lu lng hi vo tuc bin thay i ph hp vi ph ti. iu chnh lu lng hi vo tuc bin, ngi ta thng p dng 3 phng php phn phi hi vo tuc bin: - Phn phi hi bng tit lu (h 8.9a), - Phn phi hi bng ng phun (h 8.9b), - Phn phi hi i tt (h 8.9c), Khi phn phi bng tit lu, ton b hi c a vo tng u ca tuc bin qua mt van c bit, van ny thc hin vic iu chnh lu lng hi i qua n, ng thi lm cho dng hi b tit lu hi, ngha l p sut hi qua s gim i nhng entanpi khng thay i (h 8.9a). Khi phn phi bng ng phun th hi i qua mt s van iu chnh t song song, nhng van ny s ln lt m hoc ng iu chnh lu lng hi vo cc ng phun ca tuc bin (h 8.9b) Khi phn phi bng i tt th hi khng nhng c a vo tng u m cn a vo mt (hoc mt s) tng trung gian qua cc van tit lu (h 8.9c)
8.3.2.1. Phn phi hi bng tit lu

Khi phn phi hi bng tit lu, hi mi c a vo tuc bin qua mt van iu chnh tit lu chung, sau i vo ton b ng phun ca tng th nht (e =1). Vi cc tuc bin cng sut ln th lu lng hi ln, ngi ta cho hi qua ng thi hai van t song song theo hai ng dn hi ring bit. ng vi cng sut kinh t ca tuc bin th van iu chnh tit lu s m hon ton v qu trnh dn n ca hi c th biu din bng ng a- b trn hnh 8.10. Nhit dng thc t ca tng s bng Hi. Khi cn gim cng sut ca tuc bin, tc l gim lu lng hi vo tuc bin, ngi ta thay i m ca van iu chnh, khi xy ra qu trnh tit lu vi i = const. Nh vy, s thay i lu lng hi qua van iu chnh bng phng php tit
96

lu c lin quan n s thay i p sut ca hi sau van, ngha l p sut hi gim i v do nhit ging cng gim i, qu trnh c biu din bng on cd, nhit dng ca tng s l H'i. Hiu sut ca qu trnh cng s gim i

b) Hnh 8.10. Phn phi bng tit lu a- So nguyn l; b- Qu trnh tit lu hi 1- Van Stop; 2-Van tit lu, 3-Tuc bin Khi ph ti ca tuc bin cng gim th lu lng hi vo cng gim, ngha l tn tht tit lu cng tng. Nh vy, nu tuc bin lm vic ch non ti m thc hin vic iu chnh bng phng php tit lu l khng kinh t. V th vic phn phi hi bng tit lu ch p dng cho nhng tuc bin thng vn hnh ch nh mc v t thay i ph ti (tuc bin mang ph ti gc). 8.3.2.2. Phn phi hi bng ng phun

a)

Khi phn phi hi bng ng phun th hi i vo cc ng phun ca tng u qua mt s (t 4 n 10) van gi l van iu chnh (cn gi l xupp iu chnh). Mi van iu chnh c ni vi mt cm ng phun. ng vi ph ti nh mc (cng sut nh mc) th tt c cc van iu chnh m hon ton, phun hi c th bng hoc nh hn 1 (e 1). Khi thay i ph ti th cc van iu chnh s ln lt c ng bt hoc m thm (tu theo ph ti gim i hoc tng ln). V d khi bt u khi ng tuc bin th van 1 m trc, khi van 1 m hon ton n lt van 2, c th cho n khi tt c cc van m hon ton th cng sut s t gi tr nh mc, lc cn gim cng sut th cc van s ln lt ng bt li gim lng hi vo tuc bin cho ph hp vi cng sut yu cu. V vy phun hi ca ca tng iu chnh thay i tu theo s van m. Trong gii hn m ( m) ca mt van s xy ra qu trnh tit lu, do sinh ra tn tht. Nhng khng phi ton b lu lng hi qua tuc bin u b tit lu m ch c mt phn hi i qua van no khng m hon ton mi b tit lu, cn cc van m hon ton th khng b tit lu, do tn tht tit lu trong trng hp phn phi hi bng ng phun nh hn khi phn phi hi bng tit lu. Hiu sut ca tuc bin khi thay i ph ti cng n nh hn.

97

a) b) Hnh 8.9. S nguyn l phn phi hi trong tuc bin a. Phn phi bng ng phun; b. Phn phi tt 8.3.2.3. Phn phi hi i tt cc tuc bin thc hin phn phi hi bng tit lu, thng p dng phng php phn phi i tt bn ngoi v c bit thng p dng cho cc tuc bin phn lc. Van tit lu chnh a hi vo ton b ng phun ca tng u (e =1). Khi van tit lu chnh m hon ton th tuc bin t cng sut kinh t, khi p sut hi trc ng phun ca tng u t ti tr s gii hn. Vic tng cng sut tuc bin ti gi tr nh mc c thc hin bng cch a hi mi vo cc tng trung gian qua cc bung A gi l cc bung qu ti. Khi a hi mi vo bung A th p sut tng ln do lu lng hi qua cc tng sau s tng ln bi v tit din truyn hi ca tng qu ti (tng ngay sau bung A) ln hn so vi tng u, khi cng sut ca tuc bin tng ln, mc d lu lng hi qua cc tng pha trc bung qu ti c gim i cht t. Nu tuc bin ch c mt van i tt 2 th khi n m hon ton, p sut bung A s t gi tr gii hn v cng sut ca tuc bin t ti nh mc. Nu trn tuc bin t 2 van tt th vic tng cng sut n nh mc s c thc hin bng cch a hi vo bung qu ti th hai A1. Lu lng hi qua tt c cc tng sau bung A1 s tng ln, cn qua cc tng trc bung A1 gim. Tuy nhin s tng cng sut cc tng sau bung A1 xy ra nhanh hn l s gim cng sut cc tng trc bung A1, do vn bo m tng cng sut ca tuc bin ti nh mc cng sut nh mc, p sut hi trong bung A phi nh hn p sut trc ng phun ca tng u, cn p sut bung A1 th phi nh hn bung A. C nh vy mi m bo c c mt lng hi va lu thng qua nhng tng u lm mt nhng tng ny khi chng lm vic khng ti. Khi iu chnh tt th hiu sut cao nht ca tuc bin t c ch ph ti kinh t, bi v khi hi khng b tit lu. nhng tuc bin hin i, iu chnh bng tit lu thng ch c mt tng qu ti, t khi ngi ta lm 2 v 3 tng qu ti.

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8.4. Cc s iu chnh tuc bin hi 8.4.1. S iu chnh trc tip

Nh phn tch trn, bt k mt s thay i no ca ph ti in u km theo s thay i s vng quay ca t tuc bin-my pht do s mt cn bng gia m men quay ca r to v m men cn ca my pht. hi phc li s cn bng gia lc cn v m men quay cuat tuc bin, th cn c b iu chnh tc iu chnh s vng quay ca t tuc bin-my pht. B iu chnh tc c ni lin ng vi c cu iu chnh t ng phn phi hi vo tuc bin. Hin nay b iu chnh tc kiu li tm c dng nhiu trong iu chnh tuc bin hi. y lc li tm ca b iu chnh tc s tc ng ln c cu phn phi hi (van iu chnh lu lng hi) thay i lu lng hi vo tuc bin nhm thay i cng sut ca tuc bin v do thay i s vng quay. S nguyn l ca b iu chnh trc tip v hnh 8.11

Hnh 8.11. S nguyn l iu chnh trc tip 1. van hi 2. qu vng 3. cnh tay n 4. b truyn ng 5. trc tuc bin

Ta thy khp trt C ca b iu tc ly tm c tay n lin h trc tip vi van iu chnh 1. Khi ph ti in ca my pht tng ln, s cn bng gia ph ti v cng sut b ph v do s vng quay gim i. Trc tuc bin lin h vi b iu tc ly tm bng bnh rng truyn ng, khi s vng quay tuc bin gim th tc quay ca trc b iu tc cng gim, cc qu t ca b iu tc ly tm cp xung, y khp trt C di chuyn xung di lm cho im A dch chuyn ln pha trn. Khi y van iu chnh 1 s c m, lu lng hi vo tuc bin tng ln, cng sut ca tuc bin tng ln, ng thi tuc bin s lm vic vi s vng quay mi cao hn. Khi ph ti gim th cc tc ng xy ra ngc li, s vng quay tng ln van iu chnh s ng bt li lm gim lu lng hi vo tuc bin. S ny c u im l n gin nhng lc di chuyn ca b iu tc ly tm nh nn lc ng m van iu chnh lu lng hi 1 nh, do ch p dng i vi tuc bin cng sut nh (50-60 KW), c van iu chnh nh, nh, khng i hi lc di
99

chuyn ln. i vi tuc bin cng sut trung bnh v ln th i hi lc di chuyn phi ln nng van do phi s dng s iu chnh gin tip.
8.4.2. S iu chnh gin tip

Hnh 8.12. trnh by nguyn l s iu chnh gin tip c xecvmt kiu piston.

Hnh 8.124. S iu chnh gin tip. 1- Van iu chnh. 2-Piston 3- Xecvmot

4- Ngn ko phn phi du 5- Bm du.

6- ng du. 7- Piston ca ngn ko

8- Thanh truyn.
9- B iu chnh ly tm

Khi tuc bin lm vic mt ch n nh, piston 7 ca ngn ko phn phi du 4 v xecvmt 3 v tr trung bnh, ng thi ng kn cc ng dn du ni gia thn ngn ko phn phi du 4 vi xecvmot 3. Van iu chnh 1 khi y mt v tr xc nh. S di chuyn ca khp trt s gy nn s chuyn di ca piston 7. Tu theo hng di chuyn ca piston 7 m du di p lc ca bm du 5 s theo ng pha trn (K1) hoc ng pha di (K2) i vo xecvmt 3. Nu ph ti in gim, tc tuc bin tng, cc qu t vng ra xa hn, ko im trt C dch ln trn lm cho im B chuyn ng ln pha trn, du i theo ng K1 vo pha trn piston 2 ca xecvomot 3 y piston i xung, ng bt van 1 li, gim lu lng hi vo tuc bin lm gim cng sut tuc bin, ng thi du t xecvmt 3 theo ng K2 s chy qua thn ngn ko phn phi du 4 x i. Nu du i theo hng K2 vo xecvmt 3 th van 1 s m ra ng thi du t xecvmt 3 li theo ng K1 chy qua thn ngn ko phn phi du 4 x i. s ny ch cn 1 lc khng ln lm di chuyn piston 7, bi v ngoi lc di chuyn ca b iu tc nh s iu chnh trc tip, cn c thm lc do p sut du to nn. Lc tc ng m van 1 ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca pistons 2 v p lc du to bi bm 5. p lc du trong h thng iu chnh thng t 3 n 7 bar. Trong cc tuc bin hin i, ngi ta dng p lc cao hn, vo khong 12 - 20 bar.
100

8.5. H THNG DU tuc BIN HI

Vic iu khin cc c cu iu chnh cng sut tuc bin nh trnh by c thc hin bng p lc du, khi h thng iu chnh c ni vi h thng bi trn. S nguyn l ca h thng cung cp du cho tuc bin c trnh by trn hnh 8.13.
5 7

6 4

11

10 3

4 8

Hnh 8.13. S nguyn l cung cp du cho tuc bin. 1-Bm du chnh; 2-bm du ph; 3-bm in; 4-van mt chiu; 5-Van gim p; 6-du n c cu iu chnh; 7-du t c cu iu chnh v 8-cc ; 9-b du; 10-vVan an ton ; 11-bnh lm mt du.

Trc tuc bin truyn ng cho b iu chnh ly tm qua b truyn ng trc vt. Bm du chnh ht du t b du ri bm vo h thng du vi p lc 10-20 bar. Du i vo ngn ko phn phi du 4 v xecvmt 3 ca h thng iu chnh, ng thi qua van gim p gim p sut du xung 1,4 - 1,8 bar cung cp cho h thng bi trn cc trc. phng trng hp du i bi trn c p lc qu ln, ngi ta t van an ton, khi p sut du vt qu tr s qui nh, van an ton m x du v li b cha. Trc khi i bi trn cc trc, du c qua bnh lm mt du v c lm mt bng nc tun hon n nhit khng vt qu 400C. Lng du i bi trn cho mi trc ph thuc vo ng knh ca cc vng chn phn phi. Sau khi bi trn cc trc, du li chy vo b cha. Bm du chnh c gn trc tip trn trc tuc bin nn ch m bo c p sut v sn lng du cn thit khi s vng quay ca tuc bin khng nh hn mt na s vng quay nh mc. V vy khi khi ng hoc ngng tuc bin, tc quay cn thp, cha m bo c p lc du th bm du ph s hot ng cung cp du cho ton h thng, bm ny c dn ng bng mt tuc bin ph v c t trn b du. Sau khi tuc bin t c s vng quay bm du chnh m bo cung cp du cho ton h thng theo thng s nh mc, di tc dng ca p sut do bm du chnh to ra, van mt chiu ca bm du ph s t ng ng li, ng thi tuc bin ph cng t ng ct ra, bm du ph ngng lm vic. Khi ngng tuc bin, tc
101

gim xung di 50% tc nh mc th bm du phc t ng khi ng lm vic li, tr trng hp nu bm du ph b s c th bm du d phng chy bng in s khi ng v lm vic cung cp du cho h thng bi trn. Ngoi cc van iu chnh iu chnh lu lng hi vo tuc bin ca h thng phn phi hi, ngi ta cn t mt van t ng trn ng dn hi vo tuc bin gi l van stop. Nhim v ca van stop l ct hi khi tuc bin s c, ngha l dng hon ton vic a hi vo tuc bin. Van stop chu tc ng trc tip ca cc c cu trong h thng bo v tuc bin. H thng bo v tuc bin gm c : - Bo v vt tc: B bo v vt tc c nhim v bo v tuc bin khi tc tuc bin vt qu 11-12% tc nh mc. Khi tc tuc bin tng ln th lc li tm cng tng ln, di tc dng ca lc li tm, cc chi tit ca roto c th b rung hoc gy, khi cn thit phi ct hi vo ngngtuc bin. B bo v vt tc s tc ng ln c cu bo v ng van stop, ct hi vo tuc bin. - Bo v p lc du: B bo v p lc du c nhim v bo v tuc bin khi p lc du trong h thng iu chnh gim xung cn 5 bar. Khi p lc du trong h thng iu chnh gim xung cn 5 bar th c cu iu chnh s khng hot ng do khng th iu chnh c cng sut tuc bin cho ph hp vi ph ti in, do b bo v p lc du s tc ng ln c cu bo v ng van stop, ct hi vo tuc bin. - Bo v di trc: B bo v vt tc c nhim v bo v tuc bin khi di trc ca tuc bin vt qu tr s cho php. Khi roto ca tuc bin dch chuyn dc trc qu tr s cho php c th lm cho rto v stato c st vi nhau gy s c. Khi b bo v s tc ng ln c cu bo v ng van stop, ct hi vo tuc bin.

102

Chng 9. THIT B Tuc bin KH

9.1. chu trnh nhit ca thit b tuc bin kh 9.1.1. Khi nim v thit b tuc bin kh Thit b tuc bin kh l ng c nhit trong ho nng ca nhin liu c bin i thnh nhit nng ri thnh c nng. Qu trnh chuyn i nng lng trong ng c ny c th thc hin bng nhng chu trnh nhit ng khc nhau. Ngy nay thit b tuc bin kh c s dng rng ri trong vn ti (ngnh hng khng, ng st v ng thu); ngnh nng lng; ngnh vn chuyn du v kh t; ngnh cng nghip ho hc v luyn kim; trong cc lnh vc mi nh nng lng ht nhn; k thut tn la; thin vn v v tr hc. Thit b tuc bin c nhng u, nhc im sau: u im: - B cc gn, - Tnh c ng vn hnh cao, nh kh nng m my nhanh, thay i ti ln, - Vn hnh khng cn c nc hay yu cu cn nc rt t - Thi gian xy dng nhanh Nhc im: - Cng sut gii hn nh hn so vi thit b hi nc - Gi thnh nhin liu cao - Gi thnh vt liu chi ph sn xut cao hn - Kh sa cha 9.1.2. Phn loi cc thit b tuc bin kh C nhiu cch phn loi tuc bin, c th phn chia theo lnh vc s dng, theo chi ph cho s thay i ph ti, theo loi nhin liu t . . . 1. Thit b tuc bin dng cho my bay: trong theo cch truyn cng sut li phn chia thnh loi dng nng lng dng kh v loi tuc bin quay cnh qut. 2. Thit b tuc bin cng nghip: c phn thnh tuc bin c s vng quay khng i (tuc bin sn xut in nng mang ph ti gc, trong trm cp nhit sy, si, lm vic trong cc qu trnh cng ngh nht nh...) v tuc bin c s vng quay thay i (dng trong tu ho, tu thu, my nn bm, qut...) 3. Theo loi nhin liu c s dng c th chia thnh tuc bin kh dng nhin liu kh, nhin kiu lng nh, nhin liu lng nng v tuc bin dng nhin liu rn. 9.1.3. Nhng chu trnh nhit thit b Tuc bin kh thng dng 9.1.3.1. Chu trnh h khng dng b trao i nhit

103

 chu trnh ny, qu trnh chy nhin liu l qu trnh chy ng p, my nn K ht khng kh t ngoi vo v nn n p sut yu cu ri a vo bung t B. Ti y nhin liu c bm nhin liu bm vo bung t qua vi phun. Sau nhin liu hn hp cng vi khng kh v bc chy, sn phm chy c a vo Tuc bin kh dn n sinh cng. i 3 qv 2 B 4 4 T k
M

4 3 2
MP

5 6 7

qr 5

1 s

Hnh 9.1- S khi v chu trnh nhit khng c b trao i nhit K- My nn, B- Bung t, T-Tuc bin kh, M-ng c in, qv- nhit dn vo chu trnh, qr- nhit dn ra, MP- My pht in, 1-2-3-4-5-1: chu trnh nhit biu din trn th i-s.

m bo t chy nhin liu hon ton v qu trnh chy xy ra mnh nht th nhit trong bung t phi c gi mc 1800-20000K, v vy chu trnh ny ch c 20-40% lng khng kh cn thit c my nn nn n p sut cao a vo bung t tham gia vo qu trnh chy ch ng ca nhin liu tropng bung t BD, lng khng kh ny gi l khng kh s cp. Cn phn khng kh cn li (60-80%) c a b sung thm vo sau vng chy ch ng gi l khng kh th cp hay khng kh lm mt. B phn khng kh ny sau khi pha trn vi sn phm chy s lm gim nhit ca hn hp cht kh trc Tuc bin ti gi tr cn thit. Khi nhit cho php ca hn hp kh vo Tuc bin nm trong khong t 900 n 14000K, tu thuc vo iu kin ca tin cy, tui th ca cc dy cnh v loi nhin liu s dng. Cng sut sinh ra ca Tuc bin mt phn dng truyn ng cho my nn, phn cn li cp cho h tiu dng nh chuyn thnh nng lng in trong my pht in. Khi khi ng thit b tuc bin kh cn dng ng c in khi ng, vic t chy nhin liu c thc hin nh b nh la bng in t trong bung t v ch thc hin khi khi ng thit b. u im ca chu trnh ny l n gin, tnh c ng trong vn hnh cao, tin cy tt. Nhc im l hiu sut tng i thp, cng sut nh 25 MW - 50 MW 9.1.3.2. Chu trnh h c trao i nhit Mt phng php ni bt nng cao hiu sut l dng b trao i nhit, trong mt phn nhit ca kh thi c truyn cho khng kh nn trc khi vo bung t. S 104

 ca chu trnh Hnh 15-2- S chu trnh h vi Tuc bin dng b trao i nhit.

7 BT 3 2 B 4

MP 1

Hnh 9.2. S chu trnh h c b trao i nhit

K- My nn, B- Bung t, T-Tuc bin kh, M-ng c in, qv- nhit dn vo chu trnh, qr- nhit dn ra, MPG- My pht in, u im ca chu trnh ny l n gin, r tin trong vic cp nc lm mt v c hiu sut cao v bin thin hiu sut vi dc nh nhng ch non ti. Nhc im l cng sut ring nh, trng lng ln v tn nhiu din tch. 9.1.3.3.Chu trnh kn
2

Kh thai

khng kh

Hnh 9.3. S nguyn l GT-750100.2 cng sut 100MW 1.My nn cao p, 2. Bung t, 3. Tuc bin cao p, 4. Tuc bin h p, 5. My nn h p, 6. My pht, 7. B lm mt KK

Chu trnh l chu trnh phi hp hi v kh vi qu trnh t chy b sung. nng cao hiu sut v cng sut ring ngi ta kt hp chu trnh kh c nhit lm vic cao vi chu trnh hi c nhit lm vic trung bnh. Sn phm chy sau khi ra khi tuc bin kh, tip cho qua ng dn vo l hi, nc trong l hi nhn nhit v bc hi thnh hi qu nhit v quay tuc bin hi. u im ca phng php ny l tn dng c nhit lng v nng cao hiu sut ca ton nh my, yu cu din tch lm mt t hn h thng tuc bin hi, nhng khi vn hnh phc tp hn. 105

MP

VP

Hnh 9.4. Chu trnh hn hp kh v hi c t b sung; M-ngc khi ng; K-My nn khng kh; T1v T2- Tuc bin kh; T3- Tuc bin hi; VP- Vi phun nhin liu 9.2. Cc phn t chnh ca thit b tuc bin kh. Nhng phn t chnh ca thit b tuc bin kh l my nn, bung t, tuc bin kh v b trao i nhit. Cu to cht lng v cch sp xp ca chng trong mt chu trnh lm vic s nh hng trc tip ti hot ng ca ton thit b tuc bin kh.

Hnh 9.4. S thit b tuc bin kh TH-bm nhin liu; PM-ng c khi ng; BK-bung t GT-My nn khng kh; BK-tuc bin kh; GET-my pht in; 106

9.2.1. My nn. Trong thit b tuc bin kh, my nn c dng nn mi cht lm vic (thng l khng kh) v nhin liu kh. nn mi cht lm vic ngi ta dng nhng my nn loi ly tm hoc dc trc. nn cc nhin liu kh c nhit tr 30.106 (Jm-3) phi chn loi my nn c th tch tn tht khong 3% th tch ca mi cht lm vic. Nh vy loi my nn thch hp ch c th l loi pistng hay loi my nn ly tm c s vng quay rt ln. Nhng yu cu k thut i vi my nn dng nn mi cht lm vic l: 1. Hiu sut cao (k). 2. nn tng cp cao. 3. C th s dng tc vng ln. 4. Vn hnh n nh trong ton khong lm vic ca thit b tuc bin kh 5. D iu khin v mt kh ng hc v c hc. My nn khng kh c nhng phn t chnh sau: 1. ng ht m bo hng dng khng kh t mt hng nht nh vo hng dc trc. 2. Rto dng chuyn c nng t trc vo dng khng kh. 3. Stator chuyn i ng nng ca dng khng kh thnh th nng p sut. 4. ng thot s hng dng khng kh ra khi my nn v vo bung t. 5. Cc ph kin ca my nn (nh khung trc, , b phn iu chnh chng xoy dng, phn phi khng kh, du...) 9.2.1.1. My nn ly tm My nn ly tm s dng tc nhn ca lc ly tm nn, khi ng nng ca dng ny tng ln nh chuyn ng qua rto. p sut tnh gim t P0 xung P1 ti li vo rto s lm tng tc dng u ht. Trong dy cnh ca rto, khng kh c nn n p sut P12 v nn tip theo trong ng lc ti P2. u im ca loi ny l cu trc n gin v tng i nh do nn mi tng cao v c th lm vic vi s vng quay cao. Nhc im l din tch pha trc ln; cng sut gii hn ca my nn nh; rto c sn sut t thi thp hay hp kim c gi thnh cao. 9.2.1.2. My nn dc trc Nguyn l nn khng kh trong my nn dc trc c xy dng da trn s chuyn i ng nng thnh p sut hoc trong cc dy cnh tnh (stator) hoc trong cc dy cnh ng (rotor) hay trong c hai dy cnh ca tng, trong dy cnh ng nng lng ton phn tng ln nh c cng c dn vo t rto. nn ca mi tng cnh nh hn so vi nn ca my nn ly tm, nh vy thit b tuc bin kh cn dng my nn nhiu tng. Rto ca my nn dc trc c th l loi tang trng ging dng tang trng tuc bin hi loi phn lc hay loi trc c lp a tuc bin dng trong my bay cng nghip. 107

u im ca my nn dc trc l cng sut gii hn ln, c th t n hiu sut cao hn ti 0,9. My nn dc trc c din tch mt trc nh nn lc cn pha trc v theo hng ra ca dng nh, v vy thng c dng trong thit b tuc bin my bay. Nhc im ca my nn dc trc l gi thnh cao v so vi loi ly tm th loi ny c trng lng ln hn. Tng ca my nn theo nguyn l kh ng hc c th xt nh tng cnh ngc vi tng cnh ca tuc bin, nh dng khng kh nhn c c nng ca rto tuc bin, lm ng nng ca n tng ln v sau chuyn ng dn thnh th nng p sut ca dng khng kh. Dng khng kh nn sau khi ra khi tng cui, i vo thit b cnh hng, dng kh c hng dc trc trc khi vo ng loe. Trong ng loe khng kh cn tip tc c nn mt phn nh chuyn ng nng ca dng thnh p sut, sau khng kh ra ng ra 8 v i vo ng dn kh ti bung t. 9.2.2. Bung t Trong bung t, nng lng lin kt ho hc trong nhin liu uc gii phng vo khng kh c trn u i vo tuc bin kh nh dng kh truyn ng (sinh cng). S chc nng ca bung t c v trn hnh. Dng khng kh s cp i vo khng gian bung t qua b to xoy ca ng phun, trong nng lng p sut c bin thnh ng nng. Dng khng kh s cp trong bung t c thnh phn tc vng quay ny to nn trong bung mt dng chy phc tp vi s gim p sut nhng ng knh pha trong. Nh vi phun, nhin liu lng c phun mn thnh nhng git rt nh v c tc tng i ln so vi khng kh. Nh hiu s nhit ln m nhin liu bc hi mnh v sau khi hn hp ny t c nhit bc chy th hn hp bng chy. Do s chnh lp p sut gia cc vng, s c mt phn sn phm chy quay tr li nhng ch p sut thp v sy nng hn hp cha cah, lm cho nhit ca mi cht lm vic tng ln. Khi phn ng xy ra nhit cng cao th qu trnh chy s tr nn n nh hn. tng nhanh qu trnh chy th cn thit phi to ra cc dng ri bng cch a thm mt b phn khng kh vo pha trc bung t. Qu trnh chy c hiu sut cao nht vi h s khng kh trong khong t 1=1,3 n 2,2. * Qu trnh lm vic ca bung t Qu trnh lm vic ca bung t c xc nh bi cu trc ca bung t v bi nhng tnh trng vn hnh. Qu trnh lm vic ca bung t bao gm qu trnh chy t chy nhin liu; qu trnh hn hp sn phm chy vi khng kh; cc iu kin lm mt ng la; cc iu kin khi ph ti thay i v khi m my. A. Qu trnh chy t chy nhin liu Qu trnh chy t chy nhin liu c xc nh bi qu trnh phun nh nhin liu, trng thi khng kh vo bung t, trng thi sn phm chy, t l dng nhit kh t nhin liu v dng hnh hc ca bung t. i vi chu trnh n gin khng c b trao i nhit, nn ca my nn thng nm trong khong t 4 n 8 v nhit khng kh vo bung t thng t 2000C n 3200C. 108

i vi chu trnh n gin c b trao i nhit nn thng trong vng 5, nhit khng kh t 3000 n 4000C. i vi nhng chu trnh c nn nhiu cp v qa trnh t nhiu ln thng c nn l 12 ti 20. Bung t cao p lm vic vi nhit khng kh vo khong 2000C khi khng c b trao i nhit v vi nhit 3000C n 3500C khi dng b trao i nhit. Bung t h p lm vic vi p sut khong 5 bar v nhit vo bung t ti 6000C. i vi nhng bung t ph ca nhng chu trnh hi, khi lm vic p sut trong vng 11 bar vi nhit ca sn phm chy t 4000C ti 5000C. Nhit ra ca cc sn phm chy t cc bung t ca thit b tuc bin cng nghip t ti 8500C my bay ti 11000C. Nhng tnh cht vt l ca cc loi nhin liu c nh hng mnh ti qa trnh chy. nh hng ny c th hin r khi phun nh nhin liu, khi to hn hp. B. Nhng iu kin lm vic ca hn hp cc sn phm chy v khng kh iu kin hn hp c xc nh bi trng thi cc sn phm chy s cp, t gii t nhit gn 20000C v bi trng thi khng kh th cp vi nhit thp hn nhiu (khong t 2000 n 6000C) v bi trng thi nhit ca cc sn phm chy v ca khng kh ti im u tin ca hn hp, bi trng tc ti im ra khi khng gian t ca bung t v bi dng hnh hc ca khng gian hn hp. Khng kh hn hp (th cp) vo khng gian hn hp vi p sut d va phi qua cc l c b tr ph hp c th t c trng nhit u nht ca sn phm chy ti ca ra khi bung t. Qu trnh hn hp xy ra trong nhiu hng l, m ti khng kh hn hp chy qua vi ng nng cao v c hng vung gc vi dng chnh ca sn phm ny. Qu trnh hn hp ca hai dng c thc hin nh dng ri xut hin ti b mt cc dng khng kh lm mt. t c trng nhit ng u nht vi tn tht p sut thp nht, ngi ta dng cc b phn lm lch dng nhm c th rt ngn chiu di ca khng gian t. khng u ca trng nhit ti ca ra bung t thng c th l (5 n 20)% gi tr nhit tuyt i trung bnh ca sn phm chy. C. Cc iu kin lm mt ng la iu kin lm mt ng la c xc nh bi dng nhit qua phn ng la, bi trng thi khng kh ng vai tr l cht lm mt v bi trng thi sn phm chy l cht truyn nhit v bi dng hnh hc bung t. Trong khng gian t ca bung t, nhit cao do c dng nhit bc x vi cng rt ln, cn trong phn hn hp do nhit thp hn nn dng nhit nh hn nhiu. Mt ngoi ca ng la c cc cnh tn nhit v c lm mt nh i lu ca khng kh, mt trong ca ng la c mt dng khng kh hay sn phm chy cc bung p sut hoc t bung t ph i vo lm mt. Nh lm mt nh vy nn pha trong b phn ng la dng nhit s gim ng k, ng thi khng kh i vo s c gia nhit mnh bi dng sn phm chy. Nhit ng la ph thuc nhiu vo cc phng php dn khng kh lnh. nhng bung t ngc dng, khng kh c dn theo cc cnh tn nhit ca ng la vi tc ln. ngn nga s to thnh x hoc nhng cht cu trong bung t, phi m bo nhit thnh ng la trong cc cc ch ti ln nm trong khong 5000 n 6000C. Nhit cho php ca cc ng la lm vic vi ng sut thp nhng thit b tuc bin kh trong cng nghip khong t 10000 n 11000C. 109

9.2.3. Tuc bin kh Nng lng nhit ca sn phm chy c bin i thnh c nng trong tuc bin kh. Mt phn ln hn ca cng sut tuc bin c dng truyn ng my nn khng kh, mt phn nh hn cn li ca cng sut l cng sut hu ch cung cp cho cc my mc hot ng (nh my pht in, bm, qut thi kh). Cng sut tuc bin gp khong 2,5 n 3,5 ln cng sut hu ch. 9.2.3.1. Nhng yu cu k thut i vi tuc bin Cng sut cng nh cc c tnh ca tuc bin c nh hng quyt nh n cc c tnh ca ton t my. ton b t my tuc bin kh lm vic t hiu sut cao th cn thit phi p ng dc mt s yu cu k thut quan trng sau y i vi tuc bin l: 1. Hiu sut ca chuyn i nng lng trong tuc bin phi cao. 2. Cnh qut ca tuc bin lm vic vi nhit ging ln tc vng cao. 3. Phi m bo cc yu cu v kh ng hc v c hc khi gia cng cc chi tit bng hp kim chu nhit kh gia cng. Khi so snh tuc bin kh v tuc bin hi, c th rt ra mt s im khc nhau gia chng nh sau: 1. T l gin n gia p sut vo v ra ca chu trnh tuc bin ngng hi thng trong khong 2000 n 6000, cn tuc bin kh l 4 n 16. 2.T s ca nhit tuyt i vo v ra tuc bin hi l 2 n 4, cn tuc bin kh khong 1,4. 3. T s th tch vo v ra chu trnh tuc bin hi khong 1000, cn tuc bin kh t 3 n 9. 4. Nhit ging ng entropi ca tuc bin hi c th ti 1600KJ/kg, tuc bin kh 300 n 620 KJ/kg. 5. Nhit th th tch dng tuc bin hi l 0,035 m3/KJ, tuc bin kh l 0,011 ti 0,022 m3/KJ. 9.2.3.2. Nhng phn t chnh v phn loi tuc bin kh Tuc bin kh c nhng phn chnh sau y: 1. C ng vo dn cc sn phm chy t bung t vo dy cch tuc bin. 2. Dy cnh tnh (ng yn) chuyn nhit nng thnh ng nng. 3. Rto (b phn quay) nhn cng sut (c cng) t ng nng ca dng sn phm chy. 4. C ng ra dng chuyn i mt phn ng nng thnh th nng p sut v dn sn phm chy vo ng thot. 5. Cc chi tit lm mt phn v tuc bin. 6. Cc ph kin ca tuc bin (tng t nh my nn). Theo cch b tr kt cu c th chia tuc bin thnh: a) Theo hnh dng ca rto tuc bin kh c th chia thnh loi rto c a v loi rto tang trng. 110

b) Theo hng dng chia thnh tuc bin kh dc trc v tuc bin kh hng trc (thng l loi my nh hay qut kh). c) Theo cch lm mt chia thnh loi tuc bin kh c lm mt (i vi cc sn phm chy nhit cao) v loi khng lm mt (i vi sn phm chy nhit d thp).. A. C ng vo Hnh dng ca n c xc nh bi phng n thit k tuc bin. C th b tr dng sn phm chy theo hng dc trc t bung t vo cc cnh tnh ca tng tuc bin u tin (tuc bin my bay hay tuc bin chy ti ngn) hay dn cc sn phm chy t hng vung gc vi trc quay sang hng dc trc. V mt kh ng phi, cn m bo cho dng kh trong cc rnh c tn tht thu lc cc tiu, c ng u cao v trng nhit v tc v c s bin i gc ca dng vo cnh tnh u tin ph hp. V bn, cn m bo to hnh dng thch hp sao cho ngoi lc v lc p sut trong cc trng thi chuyn tip, hoc khi ph ti bin i v khi m my khng lm bin dng hoc ph v hnh dng ca chi tit my.

Hnh 9.5. Tuc bin kh; 1-b phn an ton; 2-bm du ca h thng iu khin; 3-bm du ca h thng bi trn; 4- ; 5-chn trc; 6-rto; 7-thn; 8-ng ra; 9-chn sau; 10-ni trc tng cng cng ca c ng dn vo ngi ta dng lp cch nhit bn trong, do c nhit tr ln nn nhit ca tng ngoi thp ng thi lm gim khng u ca nhit trong thn tuc bin. i khi ngi ta thit k khe rng thi gi vo gia lm tch dng sn phm chy vi thn thay cho lp cch nhit. hn ch cc vt nt bn trong thn th yu cu ti c ng dn phi c phn b nhit u v trng nhit i xng qua trc vi cc lc cn bng. 111

B. Stator B phn ny gm thn v nhng bnh tnh. Thn tuc bin kh phn ln c bo v chng tc dng trc tip ca sn phm chy nh lp vt liu ngn cch gia b phn t cc bnh tnh, thn trung gian v cc vng chn pha trn dy cnh ng. Mc ch dng thn trung gian l nhm to c s phn b nhit ng u quanh chu vi gim tc dng ca ng sut nhit cc ch chuyn tip khi vn hnh. Thn trung gian cng c tc dng phn chia stato thnh cc phn chc nng nh chu la, gii hn dng sn phm chy v phn p sut vi nhit thp hn dng chuyn i nhng ngoi lc v ni lc p sut nhm to ra kh nng thch hp cho qu trnh bin i dng nhit trong tuc bin v cng thun li khi m my. i vi thit k my bay thay th lp ngn bn trong nng hn ca thn ngi ta dng cnh thi khng kh p sut thp qua khng gian gia hai lp lt bn trong v thn. bnh tnh, do nhit thay i nhiu nn c ch to m bo cho php cc cnh tnh hoc cc cm cnh tnh c th dn n c. Ngoi ra t c hiu sut cao, trn vnh cc cnh ng c lp vng chn hng knh. C. Rto ca tuc bin kh Cu trc ca roto khc nhau ty thuc vo nhit ca sn phm chy vo tuc bin. Khi sn phm chy c nhit cao hn, dng rto c a thch hp hn, v loi ny lm mt d hn. Rto dng tang trng c u im hn v mt cng ngh nhng tt nhin ch ph hp i vi nhit sn phm chy thp. Rto c a c lm nh bulng lp ghp gn a vo cc bch hay nh bulng sit tm hay bng vi bulng t theo chu vi. cc bnh ng c th bin dng theo hng knh mt cch c lp thng ni trc vi a nh rng kha dc trc. Rto ca tuc bin nhiu tng thng c t trong hai , cn i vi loi c mt n hai tng th c th lp a ln trc c mt u t do. cc tuc bin lm vic vi tc vng cao, cnh c gn trn a nh chn cnh dng cy thng. Cnh qut ng lun l loi xon c hiu chnh thch hp vi tit din nh dn t gc n nh va lm gim trng lng cnh va t nguy him khi u cnh chm phi thn khng gy tch t nhit cc b ln, to hiu qu vn hnh tt. D. C ng ra Cch b tr ca tng loi thit b tuc bin s quyt nh Hnh dng c ng ra. C ng ra thng hng sn phm chy t hng dc trc thnh hng vung gc vi trc quay. Trong c ng ra l ng loe vnh khn dc trc hay hnh cn chuyn i phn ng nng ca sn phm chy thnh p sut li ra t tuc bin. E. Lm mt tuc bin kh Mt nh hng ng k n hiu sut v cng sut ring ca tuc bin kh l nhit sn phm chy trc tuc bin. Mc nh hng ca n hin nhin b gii hn do sc bn ca vt liu gim khi nhit tng. vt liu c th chu c sn phm chy c nhit cao th cn lm mt cc b phn bn ngoi ca tuc bin kh bng cch thi khng kh nn hay hi hoc nc qua. Nhng yu cu lm mt l: 1. Gi nhit kim loi cc phn ngoi gi tr cho php. 112

2. Do nh hng ca lng khng kh c trch ra lm mt nn yu cu lm mt khng vt qui nh. 3. gii hn sc cng do bin dng nhit gy nn, cn phi lm ng u trng nhit ca kim loi nhng ch khng th dn n c. 4. H thng lm mt cn lm n gin, bn vng v hnh dng tt c trng thi vn hnh v phi gi c tin cy vn hnh. 5. Cn phi m bo c qu trnh cng ngh cho php. Lm mt cn tp trung vo nhng b phn chnh nh cnh qut ng, rto, cc cnh tnh v thn tuc bin.

113

Phn 3. Nh my nhit in
Chng 10. Hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut in nng v nhit nng 10.1. Hiu qu kinh t ca nh my nhit in ngng hi Nh trnh by mc 1.2. nh my in ngng hi thun ty lm victheo chu trnh Renkin c biu din trn hnh 10.1.
T Qq Q vT Qc Nc N 4 5 1

P1

P2 NiT 3 2, 2

Hnh 10.1. S thit b nh my in

Hnh 10.2. th T-s ca chu trnh NM

Hiu qu kinh t nhit ca nh my in c biu th bng hiu sut nhit nm -l t s gia nng lng in nhn c v lng nhit tiu hao:

Nd Nd = (10-1) Q cc B tt Q lv t N - Cng sut in ca nh my, KW Btt - lng nhin liu tiu hao trong mt giy, (kg/s) Qtlv - Nhit tr nhin liu (kj/kg), thnm - Hiu sut th ca nh my in (khi cha k n lng in t dng), Mc kinh t ca ca nh my ph thuc vo hiu sut ca chu trnh nhit, hiu sut cc thit b trong nh my nh: l hi, tuc bin, bnh ngng v mt s thit b ph. Trong qu trnh bin i t nhit nng thnh in nng lun c cc tn tht sau: - Tn tht nhit l hi - Tn tht nhit trong tuc bin, - Tn tht nhit trong bnh ngng, - Tn tht c ca tuc bin-my pht do ma st, - Tn tht nhit dc cc ng ng, gi l tn tht truyn ti nhit. Bin i cng thc (10-1) ta c: Nd N N N iT Q T Q qn th nm = = d co T v (10-2) B tt Q lv N co N iT Q v Q qn Q cc t
th nm =

114

Trong :

N - Cng sut in ca nh my, Nc - Cng sut c trn trc my pht, NiT - Cng sut trong thc t ca tuc bin, QvT - Lng nhit cung cp cho tuc bin, Qqn = Gqn (iqn - inc)-nhit lng hi qu nhit, Qc = BttQtlv - lng nhit do nhin liu mang vo, Gqn - lng hi tiu hao trong mt giy,

T (10-2) ta thy: N mp = d l hiu sut ca my pht, N co

co =

N co l hiu sut c kh, N iT

N iT l hiu sut trong tng i ca tuc bin, QT v

TB = td

QT tt = v l hiu sut ca qu trnh truyn ti nhit nng, Q qn

l hiu sut ca l hi, Q cc Hiu sut th ca nh my c th vit: N tho nm = d = mp co TBt tt lo Q qn Cng sut in sinh ra trn cc cc ca my pht l: N = GH0 TB co mp td (10-4) y: G l lu lng hi vo tuc bin, (kg/s), H0 l nhit dng l thuyt ca tuc bin, Sut tiu hao hi ca tuc bin l lng hi tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh in, bng: dd =
lo =
Q qn

(10-3)

G 1 = , (kg/Kj); TB Nd H 0 td co mp

(10-5)

dd =

G 3600 = , (kg/Kwh); Nd H 0 TB co mp td

(10-6)

Sut tiu hao nhit ca tuc bin l lng nhit tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh in, bng: G(i1 i 2 ) Q = d d (i1 i 2 ) , (kj/Kwh) (10-7) qd = d = Nd Nd
Sut tiu hao nhit ca nh my l lng nhit tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh in c k n tn tht trong l v tn tht truyn dn hi i, bng:

115

qnm =

Q qn Nd

Qd qd , (kj/Kwh) = N d lo tt lo tt
= (i1 i 2 ) H 0 lo tt TB co mp td = , (kj/Kwh)

(10-8a)

qnm =

d d (i1 i 2 ) lo tt

(10-8b)

qnm =

1
lo tt co mp
TB td

= , (kj/Kwh)

(10-8c)

Sut tiu hao nhin liu ca nh my l lng nhin liu tiu hao sn xut ra 1Kwh in, bng: Q qn q 1 B , (kg/Kwh) (10-9) b= = = nm = lv lv N d N d Q th Q th nm Q lv th
Sut tiu hao nhin liu tiu chun: 1 0.123 b= = , (kg/Kwh) 29330 nm nm

(10-10)

10.2. Hiu qu kinh t ca trung tm nhit in 10.2.1. S sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng

Trong trung tm nhit in c nhiu phng n b tr sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng. Khi cung cp nhit cho mt loi h tiu th nhit (cc h tiu th nhit c cng mt p sut hi) c th dng tuc bin i p v tuc bin ngng hi thun ty nh hnh 10.3. hoc tuc bin ngng hi c mt ca trch iu chnh nh hnh 10.4. Khi cung cp nhit cho hai loi h tiu th nhit, c th dng tuc bin i p c mt ca trch iu chnh v tuc bin ngng hi thun ty nh hnh 10.5a. hoc tuc bin ngng hi c hai ca trch iu chnh nh hnh 10.5b.

116

Hnh 10.3. Dng tuc bin i p v tuc bin ngng hi thun ty

Hnh 10.4. Dng tuc bin ngng hi c mt ca trch

Hnh 10.5a. Dng tuc bin i p c mt ca trch v tuc bin ngng hi

Hnh 10.5b. Dng tuc bin ngng hi c hai ca trch

10.2.2. Hiu qu ca vic sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng

Hnh 10.6. trnh by cc phng n sn xut in nng v nhit nng. c th so snh hiu qu ca qu trnh sn xut in nng v nhit nng theo hai phng n ring r v phi hp ta cn tnh ton lng hi tiu th cho hai phng n khi cung cp cho h tiu th mt lng in N v lng nhit Q nh nhau. Khi sn xut ring r in nng v nhit nng, in nng s c m bo bng tuc bin ngng hi, cn nhit nng cp cho h tiu th c m bo bng l hi ring hoc cng mt l hi nhng phi qua b gim n gim p nh trnh by trn hnh 10.6a. m bo cp cho h tiu th c lng in N cn phi tiu tn mt lng hi l G v cp cho h tiu th lng nhit Q cn phi tiu tn mt lng hi l Gn, tng lng hi tiu tn khi sn xut ring r l: Gr = G + Gn (10-11)
117

Khi sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng th c in nng v nhit nng c cung cp bng tuc bin ngng hi c mt ca trch iu chnh nh trnh by trn hnh 10.6b. m bo ng thi c lng in N v lng nhit Q cho h tiu th cn phi tiu tn mt lng hi l Gph. tnh ton lng hi tiu hao trong trng hp ny ta gi s tuc bin lm vic nh mt tuc bin ngng hi thun ty, ngha l lng hi trch Gn = 0. Khi mun sn xut ra lng in N th theo (10-3) cn tiu hao mt lng hi l: Nd G = (10-12) (i 0 i k ) TB co mp td
Nu trch i mt lng hi Gn cp cho h dng nhit ngha l lng hi Gn ny khng vo phn h p, khng tham gia sinh cng sn xut in nng trong phn h p, v vy lng in sn xut ra s gim i mt lng l: N = Gn(in - ik) TB comp td

(10-13)

b li lng in gim i, cn phi tng thm vo tuc bin mt lng hi c th sn xut ra lng in b thiu N l: N d G = (10-14) (i 0 i k ) TB co mp td

Thay N t (10-13) vo (10-14) ta c: G =

hay: G = Gn trong :
(i n i k ) = y Gn, (i 0 i k )

G n (i n i k ) TB co mp td (i 0 i k ) TB co mp td

(10-15)

(11-16)

(i n i k ) = y c gi l h s nng lng ca dng hi trch. (i 0 i k )

Nh vy lng hi tiu tn trong qu trnh sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng l: Gph = G + G (10-17) (10-18) Gph = G + yGn (i i ) R rng (in - ik) < (i0 - ik), do : n k = y < 1 (i 0 i k ) So snh (10-17) vi (10-18) v lu (y < 1) ta thy sn sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng tn t hi hn sn xut ring r mt lng l: Gtk = Gr - Gph = (G + Gn) - (G + yGn) Gtk = (1 - y)Gn (10-19) Lng hi i vo bnh ngng khi sn xut phi hp l: G'k = Gph - Gn = G + yGn - Gn = G - (1 - y)Gn (10-20) Lng hi i vo bnh ngng khi sn xut phi hp nh hn khi sn xut ring r mt lng l: 118

Gk = G'k - Gk = G - [G - (1 - y)Gn] (10-21) (10-22) Gk = (1 - y)Gn Khi sn xut phi hp in nng v nhit nng trong tuc bin c ca trch, nh gim c lng hi Gk vo binh ngng nn gim c tn tht nhit do nh nhit cho nc lm mt trong bnh ngng.

a)

b)

Hnh 10.6. Cc phng n sn xut in nng v nhit nng a-sn xut ring r; b-sn xut phi hp

Lng nhit tit kim c khi sn xut in bng tuc bin trch hi l: Q = Qng - Qtr = Gk(ik - i'k) Trong : Lng nhit tiu hao cho tuc bin trch hi l: Qtr = N + Qktr Lng nhit tiu hao cho tuc bin ngng hi l: Qng = N + Qkng thay Gk t (10-20) vo (10-21) ta c: Q = (1 - y)Gn (ik - i'k)

(10-23)

(10-24)

10.3. cc bin php nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca nh my in

119

10.3.1. Thay i thng s hi

Hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh Renkin cng c th biu th bng hiu sut chu trnh Carno tng ng: T (10-29) max t = tcarno = 1 2 T1 T (10-27) ta thy: hiu sut nhit ca chu trnh khi gim nhit trung bnh T2tb ca qu trnh nh nhit trong bnh ngng hoc tng nhit trung bnh T1tb ca qu trnh cp nhit trong l hi.
10.3.1.1. Gim nhit trung bnh ca qu trnh nh nhit T2tb

Hnh 10.7 biu din chu trnh Renkin c p sut cui gim t p2 xung p2o , khi nhit u t1 v p sut u P1 khng thay i. Khi gim p sut ngng t p2 ca hi trong bnh ngng, th nhit bo ha ts cng gim theo, do nhit trung bnh T2tb ca qu trnh nh nhit gim xung. Theo (10-29) th hiu sut nhit t ca chu trnh tng ln. Tuy nhin, nhit ts b gii hn bi nhit ngun lnh (nhit nc lm mt trong bnh ngng), do p sut cui ca chu trnh cng khng th xung qu thp, thng t 2Kpa n 5Kpa ty theo iu kin kh hu tng vng. Mt khc, khi gim p sut p2 xung th m ca hi cc tng cui tuc bin cng gim xung, s lm gim hiu sut v tui th Tuc bin, do cng lm gim hiu sut chung ca ton nh my.

T 5 4 30 3 2 2 0 x=0

20

x=1 s

Hnh 10.7. nh hngca p sut cui

10.3.1.2. Nng cao nhit trung bnh ca qu trnh cp nhit T1tb

Theo (10-29) ta thy khi nhit trung bnh T1 ca qu trnh cp nhit 3451 tng ln, th hiu sut t chu trnh s tng ln. nng nhit trung bnh ca qu trnh cp nhit T1tb, c th tng p sut u p1 hoc nhit u t1. Nu gi nguyn p sut hi qu nhit p1 v p sut cui p2, tng nhit u t1 (hnh 10.8) th nhit trung bnh T1tb ca qu trnh cp nhit 3451 cng tng ln. Nu gi nguyn nhit hi qu nhit t1 v p sut cui p2, tng p sut u p1 (hnh 10.9) th nhit si ca qu trnh 4-5 tng, do nhit trung bnh T1tb ca
120

qu trnh cp nhit 3451 cng tng ln trong khi T2tb gi nguyn, dn n hiu sut nhit t ca chu trnh tng ln.
T 1 5 4 3 2 x=0 0 2 20 3 x= 1 2 x=0 20 2 x=1 4 5 40 50 10 T 10 1

s Hnh 10.8. nh hng ca nhit u

0 s Hnh 10.9. nh hng ca p sut u

Khi tng nhit u th m gim, nhng tng p sut u th m tng. Do trn thc t ngi ta thng tng ng thi c p sut v nhit u tng hiu sut chu trnh m m khng tng, nn hiu sut ca chu trnh Renkin thc t s tng ln. Chnh v vy, ng vi mt gi tr p sut u ngi ta s chn nhit u tng ng, hai thng s ny gi l thng s kt i.
10.3.2. Chu trnh trch hi gia nhit nc cp

Mt bin php khc nng cao hiu sut chu trnh Renkin l trch mt phn hi t tuc bin gia nhit hm nc cp trc khi bm nc cp cho l. S thit b chu trnh gia nhit hm nc cp c biu din trn hnh 10-.10. Chu trnh ny khc chu trnh Renkin ch: Cho 1kg hi i vo tuc bin, sau khi dn n trong phn u ca Tuc bin t p sut p1 n p sut pt, ngi ta trch mt lng hi g1 v g2 gia nhit nc cp, do lng hi i qua phn sau ca tuc bin vo bnh ngng s gim xung ch cn l gk: gk = 1 - g1 - g2 (10-30) Lng nhit nh ra trong bnh ngng cng gim xung ch cn: (10-31) q hn = (i 2 i 2' )(1 g 1 g 2 ) < i 2 i 2' 2 Hiu sut chu trnh c trch hi hm nng nc cp l: =
tr ct

q1 q 2 q1

hn

l q1

(10-32)

Lng hi vo bnh ngng gim, ngha l lng nhit q2 m hi nh ra cho nc lm mt trong bnh ngng cng gim. T (10-32) r rng ta thy hiu sut nhit chu trnh c trch hi gia nhit hm nc cp tng ln. Gi cng ca dng hi ngng sinh ra trong tuc bin l: lk = gk (i0 - ik) = gk h0 cng ca dng hi trch sinh ra trong tuc bin l: ltr = gtr (i0 - itr) = gtr htr v nhit lng cp cho 1kg hi trong l l: q0k = i0 - inc
1k g II g1 I g2 II

121
g

IV

l 0k k = ct l hiu sut ca chu trnh ngng hi thun ty (khng c trch hi), q ok

l
1

tr

l ok

g
1

tr

h tr
= Atr l h s nng lng ca dng hi trch,

g k h ok

Khi ta c hiu sut ca chu trnh c trch hi gia nhit nc cp l:

n g tr h tr 1 + 1 n gkh0 g k h 0 + g tr h tr h0 = h0 tr 1 ct = = n n q ok q ok g k q 0 k + g tr h tr g tr h tr 1 1 + 1 g k q ok hay: 1 + A tr tr k ct = ct k 1 + A tr ct n g tr h tr 1 + 1 gkh0

n g tr h tr gkho 1 + 1 g k h o g k q ok

(10-33)

(10-34)
1 + A tr >1 k 1 + A tr ct

k k v ct < 1 do (1 + Atr) > (1 + Atr) ct , ngha l

hay:
tr k ct > ct ,

(10-35)

Cng thc (10-35) chng t hiu sut ca chu trnh c trch hi gia nhit nc cp lun lun ln hn hiu sut ca chu trnh ngng hi thun ty (khng c trch hi gia nhit).
10.3.3. Qu nhit trung gian hi

Nh phn tch trn, nng cao hiu sut chu trnh ca nh my ta c th tng ng thi c p sut v nhit u ca hi qu nhit. Nhng thc t khng th
122

tng nhit T0 ln mi c v b hn ch bi sc bn ca kim loi ch to cc thit b, nu ch tng p sut p0 ln thi th m ca hi cui tuc bin tng ln, lm gim hiu sut tuc bin, tng kh nng mi mn v n mn cc cnh tuc bin. khc phc tnh trng ny, ngi ta cho hi dn n sinh cng trong mt s tng u ca tuc bin ri a tr li l hi qu nhit mt ln na (gi l qu nhit trung gian hi) tng nhit hi, sau a tr li cc tng tip theo ca tuc bin v tip tc dn n sinh cng n p sut cui pk (QNTG).

Hnh 10.11. S nguyn l ca chu trnh c qu nhit trung gian. 1- Bm nuc cp; 2- L hi; 3-B qu nhit ; 4- Phn cao p tuc bin; 5- B qu nhit trung gian; 6- Phn h p tuc bin; 7- Bnh ngng

Hnh 10.11 biu din s nguyn l ca chu trnh c qu nhit trung gian. Mc ch ca qu nhit trung gian l gim bt m cui tuc bin v tng nhit hi vo cc tng tip theo. Nhit hi ra khi b qu nhit trung gian c th ln n bng nhit hi ban u (trc khi vo tuc bin). C th xem chu trnh qu nhit trung gian gm hai chu trnh, chu trnh chnh (chu trnh ban u) v chu trnh ph. Chu trnh ban u tiu th mt lng nhit l q0 v sinh cng l l0 , Chu trnh ph tiu th mt lng nhit l qtg v sinh cng l ltg. Hiu sut chu trnh c qu nhit trung gian c th vit l: l tg 1+ l 0 + l tg l l0 tg = 0 (10- 36) ct = q tg q 0 + q tg q 0 1+ q0 trong : l0 k = ct l hiu sut chu trnh ban u khng c qu nhit trung gian, q0
l tg l tg

= A l h s nng lng ca chu trnh ph, c th vit li:

123

tg ct =

l0 q0

1+

l tg l0 l0 q0 l tg q tg
k = ct

1+

l tg l0

1+ A k 1 + A ,ct ct

(10- 37)

T (10-37) ta thy:
k qn > ct khi (1+A) > (1+A ct k ct k ) ngha l ct < 'ct, ' ct

k Tm li qu nhit trung gian lm cho hiu sut chu trnh tng ln khi 'ct > ct tc l khi hiu sut chu trnh ph ln hn hiu sut chu trnh ban u. Nh vy mun nng cao hiu sut chu trnh bng qu nhit trung gian th phi chn gi tr p sut hi trc khi i qu nhit trung gian v nhit hi sau khi qu nhit trung gian hp l nhit tng ng ca chu trnh ph ln hn chu trnh ban u, tho mn k iu kin 'ct > ct

Thc t chng t rng: Qu nhit trung gian em li hiu qu ti a ch khi p sut hi i qu nhit trung gian bng (0,25-0,3) p sut hi mi ptg.
10.3.4. M rng nh my vi thng s cao

Vic xy dng nh my in trc ht nhm p ng yu cu v cng sut hin ti. Nhng nhu cu v in nng s khng ngng tng ln, do c th p ng c phn no nhu cu ca nhng nm tip theo ca sn xut, ngay t giai on thit k nh my phi tnh n nhng iu kin c th m rng nh my cho nhng nm tip theo nh: ngun nc, v tr v din tch t, hng m rng . . . . Trong thuc t, song song vi vic xy dng mi cc nh my c cng sut v thng s ln hn, ngi ta cn tin hnh m rng cc nh my c bng cch t thm cc thit b c cng sut v thng s ln hn. Vic m rng cc nh my c c th tin hnh theo hai phng n:
10.3.4.1. M rng nh my in bng phng php t chng

M rng nh my in bng phng php t chng c biu din trn hnh 10.12. Ni dung ca phng php t chng l a mt b phn hay ton b nh my in ang vn hnh vi thng s thp ln nh my c thng s cao. Xy dng chng ngoi ngha m rng cng sut cn bao hm ngha hin i ha mt nh my c trnh k thut cn thp. Mun xy dng chng ngi ta t thm tuc bin v l hi thng s cao. Tuc bin cao p th c th chn loi i p hay loi trch hi v c cp hi t l hi mi. y ta ch xt phng n dng tuc bin i p t chng.

124

Hi thot ca tuc bin t chng phi c p sut bng p sut hi mi ca tuc bin c ang vn hnh, nhit hi thoat nu trng th tt nht, nu nh hn th phi p dng qu nhit trung gian trc khi a vo tuc bin c.. Thc hin t chng cao p th hiu sut nh my s tng ln.

8 7 9

3 6 2

4 5 1

Hnh 10-12. S t chng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Bm nc cp, l hi, tuc bin, my pht v bnh ngng ca h thng c. 6, 7, 8, 9-Bm nc cp, l hi, tuc bin v my pht ca h thng mi,

t chng c th thc hin mt phn hoc thc hin hon ton, ngha l tuc bin c ch nhn mt phn hoc ton b hi t tuc bin t chng, khi t chng mt phn th l hi c vn phi lm vic, cn thc hin hon ton th l hi c ch d phng hoc c th tho i. Hiu sut chu trnh khi c t chng khng hon ton s bng :

ch = ct

l 0 + l ch q 0 + l ch

l ch l l0 = 0 l q0 1 + ch q0 1+
(10-38)

k ch = ct ct

1 + A ch k 1 + A ch ct

ch Trong : ct =

l0 l hiu sut ca chu trnh ban u (thit b c). q0

Ach l h s nng lng ca t chng.

A ch =

ch ( i ch i 0 ) i0 iK

(10-39)

ch l t l gia lng hi mi a vo so vi lng hi ca tuc bin c ich, i0 v iK l Entanpi ca hi trc tuc bin t chng, trc tuc bin c v sau tuc bin c. Do t chng nn hiu sut ca chu trnh tng ln c mt lng l.

125

k k ch ct A ch 1 ct = = k k ct 1 + A ch . ct ch

(10-40)

k Qua y ta thy rng hiu qu ca vic t chng cng ln nu ct cng thp v Ach cng cao. H s nng lng Ach ln nht khi ch= 1 ngha l khi t chng hon ton.

10.3.4.2. M rng nh my in bng phng php t k

M rng nh my in bng phng php t k c biu din trn hnh 10.13. Ni dung ca phng php ny l t thm mt h thng l, tuc bin c y cc thit b ph bn cnh h thng c . Nu h thng mi c thng s cao hn th ni vi vi h thng c phi qua b gim n gim p.
Hnh 10-13 S t k 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Bm nc cp, l hi, tuc bin, my pht v bnh ngng ca h thng c. 6, 7, 8, 9-Bm nc cp, l hi, tuc bin v my pht ca h thng mi,

12 8 2 1 1 7 3 5 6 1 4 9

10.4. Kh kh trong nh my in

Kh kh cho nc cp l loi tr ra khi nc nhng cht kh ha tan trong nc, ch yu l kh O2. Kh ny c ln trong nc s gy ra hin tng n mn bn trong cc b mt t ca l v cc thit b. Phng php thng dng nh my in l kh kh bng nhit. Theo nh lut Henry th mc ho tan trong nc ca mt cht kh ph thuc vo: - Nhit ca nc. - p sut ring phn ca cht kh y pha trn mt nc. Nu gi Gkh l lng kh ho tan trong nc, kkh l h s ho tan ca cht kh trong nc v pkh l p sut ring phn ca cht kh y pha trn mt thong th: Gkh = kkh .pkh (10-41) Theo nh lut Dalton th p sut ca mt hn hp kh bng tng p sut ring phn ca tng cht kh thnh phn. Nu coi khong khng trn mt nc l bung cha hn hp kh th hi nc cng l mt cht kh thnh phn trong hn hp . V vy ta c th vit:
126

p kh = p p h p i
2

(10-42)

Trong :

p l p sut chung ca hn hp kh trn mt nc. ph l p sut ring phn ca hi nc. pkh l p sut ring phn ca mt cht kh thnh phn no . Thay vo (10-41) ta s tm c lng oxy ho tan trong nc:

G 0 2 = k 02 (p p h p i )
2

(10-43)

Hnh 10.14. Bnh kh kh 1-thng cha; 2-nc cp; 3-ng thy; 4-ng h p sut; 5-kh thot; 6-a phn phi nc; 7-nc ngng t hi thot; 8-van tn hiu; 9-bnh ngng t hi; 10-kh thot; 12-phn phi nc; 13-ct kh kh;14-phn phi hi; 15-hi vo

Mc ch ca kh kh l loi tr O2 ha tan trong nc ra khi nc. Nu p sut ring phn p02 ca Oxy trong nc nh hn p02 trong khng gian trn b mt thong th O2 khng th thot ra khi nc c m ngc li cn ha tan thm vo trong nc. Nu p02 trong nc v ngoi bng nhau th nc bo ha oxy v khng th ha tan thm c na. Nu p02 khng gian trn b mt thong nh hn p02 trong nc th O2 s thot ra khi nc cho ti khi t ti trng thi thng bng mi. Do , cho O2 d dng ra khi nc phi lm cho p sut p02 trn mt nc tht nh bng cch nng cao p sut ring phn ph ca hi nc trong khng gian trn
127

b mt thong ln tht ln, sao cho ph p. Mun vy, cn un nc n si tng lng hi trn b mt thong. Bnh kh kh gm ct kh kh v thng cha. Trong bnh kh kh, nc c a vo pha trn ct kh kh i qua cc a phn phi s ri xung nh ma. Hi i t pha di ct ln chui qua cc dng nc, trong qu trnh chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau hi s truyn nhit cho nc lm tng nhit nc n nhit bo ho tng ng vi p sut trong bnh kh kh. Khi p sut ring phn ca H2O tng ln, cn p sut ring phn ca cc cht kh khc s gim xung v chng d dng thot ra khi nc v i ln pha trn v c thi ra khi bnh cng vi mt lng hi nc. Nc c kh kh tp trung xung thng cha pha di y ct kh kh. Th tch thng cha bng khong 1/3 nng sut bnh kh kh. Trong cc nh my in thng s cao v siu cao ngi ta thng dng bnh kh kh loi 6 ata. Nh my in thng s trung bnh v thp thng dng loi kh kh 1,2 ata, gi l bnh kh kh kh quyn. Bnh kh kh phi t cao hn bm nc cp trnh hin tng xm thc trong bm. cao t bm nc cp n bnh kh kh l 7 - 8m i vi bnh kh kh 1,2 ata v 17 - 18m i vi bnh kh kh 6 ata.
10.5. Tn tht hi v nc ngng trong nh my incc bin php b tn tht

Trong qa trnh vn hnh nh my in, lun lun c tn tht hi v nc, gi chung l tn tht mi cht. Ngi ta phn bit Tn tht trong v tn tht ngoi.
10.5.1. Tn tht trong

Tn tht trong l tn tht nc do x l, do r r cc ch h trn ng ng, do mt mt hi sy ng khi khi ng nh my, do cc h tiu th dng hi m khng tr li nc ngng ng, hi dng cho thit b thi sch dn ng sinh hi ca l ( chng x tro, x), hi sy du mazt, a vo vi phun phun mazt v.v. . . gim tn tht trong cn thay th cc mi ni mt bch bng mi ni bng hn, tng cng kn ca tt c cc van, tn dng li nc ng trong cc ng dn, trong cc thit b vaqf cc van, gim tn tht hi v nc ngng khi khi ng v khi ngng my. C th gim tn tht x l bng cch dng cc thit b bc hi t nc x l. v. v. v. . .

10.5.2. Tn tht ngoi

Tn tht ngoi l tn tht do cc h tiu th nhit khng hon tr li nc ngng ng cho nh my hoc tr li khng y . Khi nc ngng ng cc h tiu th c tr li hon ton th tn tht ngoi bng khng. Ton b cc tn tht trong v ngoi ca nh my in u c lin tc b li bng lng nc b sung c x l.
128

 x l nc b sung bng phng php bc hi, ngi ta dng hi trch t tuc bin gia nhit cho nc cn x l n si v bin thnh hi trong mt thit b c bit gi l bnh bc hi. Bnh bc hi l mt thit b ttrao i nhit b mt trong hi s cp nh nhit v ngng t thnh nc, lm bc hi nc b sung to thnh hi th cp. Hi th cp li c ngng t thnh nc ct trong bnh lm lnh (gi l bnh ngng hi th cp). Nc ngng t t hi th cp (nc ct) hu nh khng c tp cht v c cht lng gn nh cht lng nc ngng t bnh ngng s c cp vo l.

129

Chng 11. s nhit v b tr ngi nh chnh ca nh my in

11.1. s nhit ca nh my in 11.1.1. s nhit nguyn l S nhit nguyn l ca nh my in th hin qui trnh cng ngh, bin i v s dng nng lng ca mi cht trong nh my in. Trong s nhit nguyn l gm c: L hi, tuabin, my pht, bnh ngng, cc bnh trao i nhit (bnh gia nhit nc ngng, bnh kh kh, bnh bc hi . . . ) ngoi ra cn c cc bm y mi cht nh bm cp, bm ngng, bm nc ng ca cc bnh trao i nhit, v.v. . . . Cc thit b chnh v ph c ni vi nhau bng cc ng ng hi, nc, ph hp vi trnh t chuyn ng ca mi cht. Trn s nhit nguyn l khng th hin cc thit b d phng, khng c cc thit b ph ca ng ng. Thnh lp s nhit nguyn l l mt trong cc giai on quan trng khi thit k nh my in v phi da trn c s yu cu ph ti in, nhit, yu cu v an ton v kinh t ca nh my. Khi thnh lp s nhit nguyn l, cn gii quyt cc vn sau: 1- Chn loi nh my in: ngng hi hay c trch hi cung cp nhit. 2- Chn thng s hi ban u v dng chu trnh. La chn thng s hi ban u v dng chu trnh lin quan ti loi v cng sut n v ca l hi v tuabin. Tuabin ln th phi chn thng s ban u cao hn. 3- Chn loi v cng sut n v ca tuabin. 4- Chn loi l hi tng ng vi thng s ca nh my. 5- Chn s hi nhit hm nc cp. 6- Chn loi v ch ni bnh kh kh v bm nc cp. 7- Chn phng php v s x l nc b sung cho l. 8- Chn s cung cp nhit. 9- Chn s s dng nhit nng ca hi t cc ezect, hi chn ca tuabin, nc x l, nc x ca bnh bc hi. . . Khi thnh lp s nhit nguyn l cng cn phi tnh n cc ch lm vic ca nh my in, nht l ch non ti. bo m cho nh my lm vic bnh thng khi non ti th hi trch cho kh kh, cho bnh bc hi phi ly t cc ca trch c p lc cao hoc ly hi mi cho qua b gim n gim p. S nhit nguyn l ca nh my in c biu din trn hnh 11.1. Thnh lp s nhit nguyn l khi m rng nh my, cn phi gii quyt c cc vn sau: - Chn phng php m rng (t k hay t chng). - M rng s gia nhit hi nhit - Chn s ni cc bnh kh kh mi lin quan n thit b c, chn cch ni bm cp. Sau khi dng xong s nhit nguyn l, tin hnh tnh ton s nhit nguyn l, gii quyt cc vn sau: - Xc nh cc dng hi v dng nc.

130

- Hiu chnh thng s ca nhng dng y. - Xc nh cc ch tiu kinh t ca phn nhit.

Hnh 11.1. s nhit nguyn l ca nh my in 1-l hi; 2-ng dn hi; 3-tuc bin; 4-bnh ngng; 5-bm nc ngng; 6-ct kh kh; 7-bnh cha nc kh kh; 8-bnh gia nhit h p; 9-bm nc cp; 10- bnh gia nhit cao p; 11-bm nc ng; 12-bnh lm lnh eject; 13-lm lnh hi chn. tnh ton s nhit nguyn l, trc ht phi xy dng ng biu din qu trnh dn n ca hi trong tuabin trn th i-s, da vo cc s liu thit k tuabin ca nh my ch to ra n, ng thi cn c vo cc s liu vn hnh trong tnh hnh thc t nc ta m iu chnh cho thch hp, sau lp bng thng k nhng thng s ny lm c s tnh ton. Giai on th hai l cn c theo s thit lp, lp v gii cc phng trnh cn bng nhit v cn bng cht cho tt c cc dng hi, dng nc cp, nc b sung, v.v. .

131

Cui cng, xc nh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut. 11.1.2. S nhit chi tit Khc vi s nhit nguyn l, trong s ny c v ton b cc thit b nhit, k c nhng thit b d phng, cc ng ng lin lc gia cc thit b, cc loi van ng m v cc thit b iu chnh.

Hnh 11.2. s nhit chi tit ca nh my in S nhit chi tit th hin ton b h thng nhit ca nh my, gip cho ta nm mt cch bao qut ton b vn nhit t nh n ln v cho php ta nhn xt v mc hon thin ca cng trnh thit k, v cch b tr cc thit b v h thng ng ng t nh gi c mc kinh t nhit ca h thng. S nhit chi tit phi lm xong trc khi nghin cu b tr cc thit b ca nh my. S nhit nguyn l ca nh my in c biu din trn hnh 11.2. Trong s nhit chi tit th nhng ng ng sau y c gi l ng ng chnh trong h thng ng ca nh my. - ng hi mi ni t l hi n tuabin k c ng gp. - ng ng qu nhit trung gian (nu c qu nhit trung gian) - ng ng dn nc t bnh kh kh n bm nc cp, t bm nc cp qua cc bnh gia nhit cao p n l hi.

132

11.2. b tr ngi nh chnh ca nh my in 11.2.1. Nhng yu cu khi b tr ngi nh chnh Nhng gian nh cha cc thit b chnh v cc trang b ph ca n gi l ngi nh chnh ca nh my in. B tr ngi nh chnh l nghin cu b tr cc thit b mt cch tht hp l chm m bo k thut, m bo vn hnh thun li, m bo quy phm thit k v an ton lao ng. Khi b tr ngi nh chnh cn ch m bo k thut nh : - Phu than ti phi t cao mc, thnh phu phi nghing cho than chy xung d dng. - B cha nc, bnh kh kh phi t cao so vi bm trnh hin tng xm thc (nc c th si ngay trong bm) . v.v. V mt an ton lao ng phi m bo ch lm vic sng sa, thong kh, khng hi n sc khe ca cng nhn v ngn nga c kh nng xy ra tai nn lao ng. Ngoi nhng yu cu ni trn, vic b tr ngi nh chnh cn phi tho mn cc iu kin sau : - Tin li cho vic m rng nh my lc cn thit, ngay t lc thit k phi chun b sn nhng iu kin thun tin cho vic t thm my mi. - Phi bo m tt nhng iu kin phng chy, cha chy . - Than nguyn t kho than phi i ng di mi ln ti bng ti phn phi 7. - Hi qu nhit cng phi i xa mi ti tuc bin . - Nc cp cng phi i xa hn mi ti bao hi. - Gian phu than thiu nh sng t nhin, ban ngy cng phi dng n. Nu than c nhiu cht bc th d chy gy ra ha hon. - Gian tuc bin xa gian l nn cng gy tr ngi khi khi ng tuc bin. 11.2.2. B tr gian phu than y gian phu than nm ngoi nn trnh c nhng khuyt im ca phng n trn, nhng li c nhng khuyt im: - ng khi i xa hn. - Than bt phi i vng pha trc bung la mi ti vi phun, nh vy cn phi tng cng cng sut ca qut ti bt than. Bt than c nhiu kh nng tch t dc ng, lu ngy c th lm nh tit din ng, hoc gy n. - Sau ny mun t nhng l hi ln hn th khng cn kh nng ni rng b ngang ca gian l. - Gian l thiu nh sng t nhin, km thong kh. - Khng th p dng kin trc bn l thin l mt kiu kin trc n gin, tit kim c nguyn vt liu xy dng.

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Khng phn bit phng n no, nh my no cng c mt u hi c nh, c xy dng kin c ngay t u, cn mt u xy dng tm b khi cn ko di nh my c th ph i d dng m khng lng ph (thng gi l u hi pht trin).

Hnh 11-1. B tr gian phu than ra ngoi. 11.2.3.B tr gian tuc bin Gian tuc bin cn gi l gian my. Vic b tr tuc bin v my pht in nh th no m bo vn hnh tt v tit kim c chi ph xy lp. C 2 phng n t tuc bin: Phng n t ngang v phng n t dc. 11.2.3.1. Phng n t ngang Khi gian my b tr ngang th gian my phi lm rng b ngang, v mt kin trc th chi ph xy dng nh rng tn hn xy dng nh di. Phng n t ngang khng thng thong bng phng n t dc, n ch thch hp nht i vi nh my kiu khi, thng s cao v c qu nhit trung gian. Bi v t ngang th mi ng ng u ngn, nh: ng ng dn hi mi, ng hi qu nhit trung gian, ng ng nc ngng, nc cp v.v. . . u ngn hn. Ngoi ra t ngang rt tin trong vic a in t my pht ra trm phn phi chnh. Nu tuc bin t ngang th cc thit b ph nh bnh gia nhit, bm tun hon . . . phi t xen k vo khong cch gia cc tuc bin, m tuc bin th t cao hn cc thit b ny nn cng nhn vn hnh khng th nhn bao qut c tt c cc thit b .

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Hnh. 11.2. B tr tuc bin t ngang 11.2.3.2. Phng n t dc u im ca phng n ny l: - Gian my c th xy hp b ngang v cu trc cng ngn theo, do gi thnh gim. - Tuc bin k lin thng hng vi my pht in sut chiu dc gian my. Cc bnh gia nhit ca tuc bin no vn ng gn tuc bin y, nhng nhn chung ton gian my th chng c xp thnh hng thng song song vi hng tuc bin trng gn v p mt. Bm nc cp, bm tun hon cng xp thnh hng thng tng di. Nh vy phng n ny trng c v m quan hn v tm mt ca ngi trc ca khng ch mi thit b c d dng. - V gian my hp chiu ngang nn nh sng ban ngy c th vo c rt su. Gian my c 2 tng: Tng trn gi l tng tuc bin - my pht, cao cch mt t 78m, y t tuc bin, my pht in, bng iu khin. Tng di t bnh ngng v cc thit b khc nh: bnh gia nhit, bm nc ngng, bnh lm mt du, v.v. . . Gian my no cng c sn tho lp b tr tng di gn u hi pht trin, khi cn lp my mi th khng tr ngi n cc my c. Chiu di ca gian tuc bin khng nht thit phi bng chiu di gian l, di hay ngn phi xut pht t nhu cu cng tc. Pha u ca mi tuc bin phi cha ch lm sn phc v. Pha cui trc my pht cng cn ch c th rt c rto ra khi stato khi cn.

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Hnh. 11.2. B tr tuc bin t dc Chiu rng ca gian tuc bin phi tu nhng iu kin c th m quy nh. Tm tuc bin phi cch xa tng nh khi gy tr ngi khi cn rt b ng bnh ngng hay b ng lm lnh khng kh t trong b my pht. 11.2.4. B tr gian l hi Khi ni n b tr gian l th khng nn quan nim tch ring gian l v gian phu than v vic b tr thit b 2 gian ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Vic b tr gian l thay i tu theo loi than s dng v mi loi than i hi mt loi my nghin thch hp. Loi my nghin bi thng t trong gian phu than, loi ging nghin t ngay trong gian l. Nu nh my dng than antraxit th trong gian phu than c nhng thit b nh phu than ti, phu than bt, my nghin bi, qut ti bt than, my cp than ti vo my nghin, my cp than bt vo ng dn. Ngoi ra cn mt vi thit b cng thuc h thng nghin than nh thit b phn ly than kh, phn ly than mn th t trn mi nh, l thin, nh th va trng r va khng nguy him i vi nh my khi xy ra n chy. Gian phu than c 3 tng: tng di cng (ct 0m) t my nghin bi, qut ti bt than; tng 2 (8 mt) t phu than ti v phu than bt; tng 3 (11 mt) t bng ti than.

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