Sức bền vật liệu

1
SC BN VT LIU
Mc ch ca mn hc nhm trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc
c bn v vic tnh ton, thit k cc chi tit my, kt cu cng trnh.
Chng 1. NHNG KHI NIM CO BN
I. Nhim v v i tng ca sc bn vt liu
1. Nhim v
Tnh ton v bn, cng v n nh ca cc b phn cng
trnh hoc cc chi tit my. Khi thit k cc b phn cng trnh hoc cc
chi tit my, ta phi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
- Chi tit khng b ph hng hay m bo iu kin bn.
- bin dng ca chi tit khng vt qu mc cho php hay m
bo iu kin cng.
- Chi tit lun gi c hnh dng ban u hay m bo iu kin n
nh.
2. i tng nghin cu
Vt rn bin dng: v vt liu l cc vt th c tnh n hi tuyt i,
v mt hnh hc ch yu l cc thanh. Ngoi ra cc dng khc nh: tm,
v, ng dy, a, v.v. Thng thng xt mt trong ba cu hnh sau:

Khi (hnh 1.1)
Tm v v (hnh 1.2)
Thanh (hnh 1.3)

Hnh 1.3
a)
b)
F - din tch mt ct ngang
Trc thanh
Hnh 1.1
Hnh 1.2
2
II. Mt s gi thuyt c bn v vt liu
1. Gi thuyt v s lin tc, ng nht v ng hng
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc mi vt rn thc u b bin dng, ngha
l bin i hnh dng v kch thc, l v ngoi lc lm thay i v tr
tng i vn c gia cc phn t cu to nn vt rn y.
Tnh lin tc: vt rn c gi l lin tc nu mi phn t b tu
ca n u cha v s cht im sao cho trong vt th khng c l rng.
Tnh ng nht c ngha l ti mi im trong vt th, vt liu c
tnh cht l - ho nh nhau.
Tnh ng hng l tnh cht c - l ca vt liu theo mi phng
u nh nhau.
2. Gi thuyt v s n hi, bin dng v chuyn v b
Vt rn c gi l n hi (hay r hn, n hi tuyt i) nu c kh
nng phc hi hon ton hnh dng v kch thc vn c sau khi ngoi lc
thi tc dng, bin dng c khi phc hon ton sau khi ht ngoi lc
c gi l bin dng n hi.
Vt n hi tuyn tnh l vt m bin dng l n hi v t l bc nht
vi ni lc. Nhng vt n hi khc c gi l vt n hi phi tuyn.
Bin dng b c th hiu l n nh n mc nh nhng i lng v
cng b. Chuyn v l rt b so vi kch thc ca vt th.
3. Gi thuyt v quan h gia lc v bin dng
Gia ngoi lc tc ng ln vt th v bin dng ca n c mi
quan h biu din bi mt hm s no . Nu hm s l bc nht ta
gi vt liu tun theo quy lut tuyn tnh. Nu hm s khng phi bc
nht ta gi l quy lut phi tuyn. Trong chng trnh sc bn vt liu, ta
ch xt n quy lut tuyn tnh gia lc v bin dng.
3
III. Ngoi lc, ni lc
1. Ngoi lc
Ngoi lc bao gm ti trng (tnh v ng)
v cc phn lc lin kt.
Ti trng gm:
- Lc tp trung
- Lc phn b (hnh 1-4)
- Ngu lc tp trung
(mmen tp trung) hoc
phn b (hnh 1-5).
2. Ni lc
Phn lc tc dng
tng h chng li tc
dng ca ngoi lc gi l
ni lc.
Phng php mt ct
xc nh ni lc.
Cc thnh phn ni lc
(hnh 1-9) v quy c v du (hnh 1-10):

Lc dc N
z
; lc ct Q
x
, Q
y
; mmen un M
x
, M
y
; mmen xon M
z
.

IV. Bin dng v ng sut
Hnh 1-8 Hnh 1-9
M
z
>0
M
x
M
x
>0
Q
y
N
z
N
z

N
z
> 0
N
z
N
z

N
z
< 0
Q
y
> 0
Q
y
Q
y
< 0
Q
y Q
y
M
x
M
x
M
x
<0
M
x
Hnh 1-10
M
z
<0
l
z

a

q
1
kN/m
2
q=q
1
.b
q(z)
dz
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1-4
b

kN/m
Hnh 1-5
a
P
P
M=P.a
m (kN/m
2
)
a
b
a)
b)
Hnh 1-6 Hnh 1-7
4
1. Bin dng
Bin dng c bn c phn loi theo thnh phn ni lc trn h
trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
a. Ko (hoc nn) ng tm (hnh 1-11):
H ni lc mt ct ngang tng ng vi mt lc dc
z
N
G

Hnh 1-11
b. Ct (hay trt) (hnh 1-12)
H ni lc mt ct
ngang tng ng vi
mt lc ngang
y
Q
G
(hoc
x
Q
G
).
c. Xon (hnh 1-13).
H ni lc mt ct
ngang tng ng vi
mt ngu lc c mmen M
z
nm trong mt ct

d. Un (hnh 1-14).
Un thun tu: H ni lc mt ct ngang tng ng vi mt ngu
lc c mmen M
x
(hoc M
y
). Un ngang: Q
y
, M
x
(Q
x
, M
y
)

Hnh 1-14
2. ng sut
Hnh 1-13
Hnh 1-12
5
Cng ca ni lc ti mt im no trn mt ct c gi l
ng sut ton phn, k hiu
p
G
(hnh 1-15).
ng sut trung bnh ti im M k hiu l: tb
P
p
F
JG
G
(1-1)
ng sut ton phn ti im M:

F 0
P
p lim
F

JG
G
[lc/chiu di
2
] (1-2)

ng sut ton phn
p
G
phn lm hai thnh phn (hnh 1-15): ng sut
php, k hiu
, ng sut tip, k hiu
:

2 2
p = +
(1-3)
C th phn ng sut p
G
thnh ba phn theo 3 trc to l ng sut
php
z
v ng sut tip
zx
,
zy
(hnh 1-17).
Quan h gia ng sut v cc ni lc c h thc sau:
( )
= = = =
= =

x zx y zy z z x z
F F F F
y z z zy zx
F F
Q dF;Q dF; N dF ; M y dF;
M x dF; M x y dF
(1-4)
Quy c du ca ng sut:
ng sut php c coi l dng nu n i ra khi mt ct.
ng sut tip c coi l dng nu khi quay php tuyn ngoi ca
mt ct cng chiu kim ng h m chiu ca n trng vi chiu ca ng
sut tip.
V. Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng
I
Hnh 1-16 Hnh 1-15
Hnh 1-17
6
Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng biu din bng nh lut Hc
tng qut:

( )
( )
( )
xy
x x y z xy
yz
y y z x yz
zx
z z x y zx
1
; ;
E G
1
; ;
E G
1
;
E G

= + =

= + =

= + =

(1-5)
E: muyn n hi ca vt liu, [lc/(chiu di)
2
].
: h s Pot-xng ca vt liu, c gi tr 00,5.
G: muyn trt ca vt liu, [lc/(chiu di)
2
]
VI. s ho kt cu
Hnh 1-18 l hai s tnh c rt ra t dm thc tng ng, c
s ho bi mt ng trc v cc lin kt.

Hnh 1-19 biu din mt s lin kt qua cc s ho chng v
phn lc lin kt:

VII. Lin h vi phn gia ni lc v ngoi lc
Hnh 1-19
ngm
N
M
R
gi di ng (gi con ln)
R
R
gi c nh
R
R
N N
R=k.
Gi n hi ngm trt
M
M
M
M=k
ngm n hi
Hnh 1-18
A
B
q P
P
1
P
2
a)
b)
7
Ta nhn thy gia cng ti trng phn b, lc ct v mmen
un s c mi quan h vi phn nht nh.

Hnh 1-20
Thc vy gi s cho dm chu lc bt k nh trn hnh 1-20a. Xt
cn bng ca on thanh hnh 1-20b:

y y y
x 0 x x
Q P (Q dQ ) 0
dz
M Qdz M P (M dM ) 0
2
+ + =
+ + + + =

B qua lng v cng b: Q
y
dz v
2
dz
P
so vi M
x
v M, ta rt ra
iu cn nhn xt:

y x
dQ P; dM M = =

Xt cn bng ca on thanh hnh 1-20c:

y y y
x y x x
Q q.dz (Q dQ ) 0
dz
M Q .dz qdz (M dM ) 0
2
+ =
+ + + =

Nu b qua lng v cng b
2
dz
q
2
, ta c:
y
x
y
dQ
dM
q(z); Q
dz dz
= =
;
2
y
x
2
dQ (z)
d M (z)
q(z)
dz dz
= =
(1-6)
Vy o hm ca lc ct bng cng ca ti trng phn b theo
chiu di v o hm ca mmen un bng lc ct. S lin h gi l
s lin h vi phn gia cng ti trng phn b, lc ct v mmen
un.
dz dz
8
VIII. Biu ni lc
Biu ni lc l biu th s bin thin ca cc thnh phn ni lc
dc theo trc thanh.
1. v biu ni lc cn thc hin theo trnh t sau:
Xc nh cc thnh phn phn lc lin kt cn thit
Phn on v dng phng php mt ct xc nh cc thnh phn
ni lc trn tng on thanh.
Da vo quy lut phn b tng thnh phn ni lc v biu ni
lc cho tng loi ni lc.
Kim tra li biu ni lc
2. v nhanh v kim tra biu ni lc cn:
Da trn cc nhn xt v bc nhy:
Ti mt ct c t lc tp trung, biu lc ct c bc nhy, tr
s bc nhy bng tr s lc tp trung.
Ti mt ct c mmen tp trung, biu mmen un c bc
nhy, tr s bc nhy bng tr s mmen tp trung.
Da trn cc lin h vi phn gia ngoi lc v ni lc:
Trn on thanh khng c lc phn b (q = 0), biu lc ct (Q
y
)
l hng s, mmen un (M
x
) l ng bc nht.
Lc phn b q=const Q
y
bc nht, M
x
l ng bc hai.
Nu trn on thanh m q(z) l a thc bc n Q
y
l mt ng
bc (n+1) v M
x
l mt ng (n+2).
Trn on thanh c q>0 (hng ln) th Q
y
ng bin, trn on
thanh c q<0 (hng xung) th Q
y
nghch bin.
Trn on thanh c Q
y
>0 th M
x
ng bin, trn on thanh c
Q
y
<0 th M
x
nghch bin. Ti mt ct Q
y
= 0, M
x
t cc tr:
+ Cc i khi q < 0 (c chiu hng xung q )
+ Cc tiu khi q > 0 (c chiu hng ln trn q)
Da trn tnh i xng v tc dng ca ti trng:
B lm ca biu mmen un M
x
lun hng ly chiu tc dng
ca lc phn b.
Trng hp h c kt cu i xng chu ti trng i xng, biu
mmen un s i xng, biu lc ct s phn i xng qua
trc i xng ca h. Nu kt cu i xng chu ti trng phn i
xng th biu lc ct i xng v biu mmen un phn i
xng.
3. V d minh ho
9
V d 1.1.: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh 1.21. V biu ni lc
Q
y
, M
x
.
Bi gii:
Bc 1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt:
( )
A B
a
m F Y .3a M P.a q.a. 0
2
= + + =
G
B
q.a
Y 0
2
= <

Chiu Y
B
ngc li hnh v. Ta i chiu Y
B
xung di.
y A B
F Y Y P q.a 0 = + =
A B
q.a
Y Y 0
2
= = >
.
Vy chiu ca Y
A
gi nguyn.
Bc 2: V biu lc ct.
Trn on AC c ti trng phn b u q = const, vy biu lc ct
l hm bc nht. Ti A c lc tp trung
2
.a q
Y
A
=
l dng. Ti C c lc
tp trung P=q.a hng ln
trn nn biu Q
y
c bc
nhy ng bng P. Trn on
CB, biu lc ct l hng s
v bng phn lc lin kt ti
B.
Bc 3: V biu m
men un.
Trn on AC biu
mmen l hm bc 2, ng
parabol c b lm hng ly
chiu ca ti trng q. Trn
on CB, biu M
x
l hm
bc nht. Ti B, m men c
gi tr chnh bng m men
tp trung M lm cng th
di. Ti D, ta c Q
y
= 0 nn M
x
t gi tr cc tr.
Trn hnh 1.21 biu din biu Q
y
v M
x
ca dm.
Hnh
1 21

10
Chng 2. KO (NN) NG TM
I. Lc dc v biu lc dc
Thanh b ko (nn) ng tm l thanh m trn mi mt ct
ngang ch c mt thnh phn ni lc l lc dc
z
N
G
nm trn trc
thanh.
bit s bin thin ca lc dc
z
N
G
theo trc thanh, ngi
ta lp mt th biu din, gi l biu lc dc.
V d 2.1: V biu lc dc ca mt thanh chu lc nh
(hnh 2.1a)
Bi gii:
1. Xc nh phn lc
ti C: P
1
- P
2
- P
c
= 0
P
c
= P
1
- P
2
= 20 kN, c
chiu nh hnh v.
2. V biu :
+ Xt on AB:
(hnh 2.1b) (0 < z < 2a)
Chiu xung trc z,
ta c:
1
z Z 1
F N P 0 = =

1
z 1
N P 40kN 0 = = >

+ on BC
(hnh 2.1c), (
a z a 3 2
2

)
Xt cn bng ca
phn phi, ta c:
2
z z 2 1
F N P P 0 = + =

Suy ra:
2
Z 1 2
N P P 40 60 20kN 0 = = = <
- lc nn.
Tng t ta c th xt cc mt ct t phn tri, chn gc to
ti C (hnh 2.1d). Kt qu thu c cng ging nh trn.
Biu ni lc nh trn hnh 2.1e.
Hnh 2.1

11
II. ng sut v bin dng
1. Cc gi thit tnh ton
Mt ct ngang ca thanh trc v sau khi bin dng vn
lun thng v vung gc vi trc thanh.
Trong qu trnh bin dng cc th dc lun thng, song
song vi trc ca thanh v khng tc dng tng h ln nhau.

2. ng sut
Theo cc gi thit trn c rt ra t th nghim th trn
mt ct ngang ca thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm c bin dng
di theo phng trc z:

=
z
du
dz
(2.1)
nh lut Hc do nh khoa hc Anh, Robert Hooke tm ra
nm 1660:

z
= E
z
(2.2)
trong , h s t l E c gi l mun n hi Young.
Mt khc, ta c:

= = =

z z z z
F F
N dF dF F

=
z
z
N
F
(2.3)
Trong tnh ton thng vit:
z
z
N
F
=
(2.4)
2. Bin dng dc v bin dng ngang
T cc cng thc (2.2) v (2.3) suy ra:
( )
( )
( )
z
z
N z
z
EF z
=
(2.5)
Bin dng dc tuyt i l:
=
l
z
0
N
l dz
EF
(2.6)
z,n

du

z

dz

P
O
Hnh 2.2
N
z
dz
a)
b)

12
Trng hp c bit khi
z
N
EF
= const:

z
N l
l
EF
=
;
m n
zi i
i
i 1 i 1
i i
N l
l l
E F
= =
= =
(i = 1, 2, ..., n) (2.7)
Bin dng ngang (tng i) theo phng ngang x hoc y
c k hiu l
x
hoc
y
:
x
=
y
=
z
(2-8)
trong l hng s t l, c
gi l h s Poatxng.
V d 2.2. Mt thanh thp di
4m (hnh 2.3a) c tit din vung
mi cnh a = 20mm chu hai lc
P
1
= 80kN mt A v P
2
= 20kN
im gia B. Cho bit E =
2.10
5
N/mm
2
, = 0,25. Hy tnh
chuyn v ca mt thanh v bin
dng tuyt i ca kch thc
ngang ti mt ct nguy him.
Gii:
1. Lp biu lc dc
2. Bin dng dc ( gin) ca thanh:
( )
= + = + = + =
1 2
1 2
z z
1 2 z z
N l N l
1
l l l N N 4,5mm
EF EF EF

Cc mt ct nguy him thuc on BC: ng sut php bng:

2
3
z
2
z
N
100.10
250N/ mm
F 400
= = =

Bin dng dc (tng i) ca on ny bng:
z
5
250
0,00125 0,125%
E 2.10
= = = =

Bin dng ngang:
x
=
y
=
z
= 0,25.0,00125 = 0,03125%
Bin dng tuyt i ca mt ct ngang (lng co):
x
a a 0, 0003125.20 0, 00625mm = = =

Bin dng ngang rt nh so vi bin dng dc.
Hnh 2.3

13
III. Tnh cht c hc ca vt liu
Tnh cht c
hc ca vt liu l
nhng tnh cht
vt l th hin
trong qu trnh
bin dng di tc
dng ca ngoi lc.
Thng thng,
ngi ta chia vt liu lm hai loi: vt liu do v vt liu gin
1. Th nghim ko vt liu do
Mu th hay mu th nghim (hnh 2.4).
Quan h gia lng gin l v lc ko P c biu din bng
biu ko (hnh 2.5). Qu trnh bin dng gm 3 giai on:
Giai on th nht: giai on t l hay giai on n hi OA.
Gii hn t l
hay gii hn
n hi
tl
:
tl
tl
0
P
F
=
(2.9)
Giai on
th hai: giai
on chy do.
ng sut:
C
C
0
P
F
=
(2.10)
c gi l gii
hn chy (do).
Trn mt mu
s thy xut hin nhng ng gn nghing vi trc thanh mt
gc khong 45
0
(hnh 2.6).
Giai on th ba (giai on cng c):
Hnh 2.4
Hnh 2.5
i vi thp s 3:
t1
= 200MN/m
2

C
= 240MN/m
2

B
= 420MN/m
2

14
ng sut cc i:
B
B
0
P
F
=
c gi l gii hn bn.

2. Th nghim nn vt liu do
Mu th thng hnh 2.8a. Biu nn (hnh 2.8b) c gii hn
t l, gii hn chy nhng khng c gii hn bn.

3. Th nghim ko v nn vt liu gin
Vt liu gin chu ko rt km, nn b ph hng t ngt
ngay khi gin cn rt nh. Hnh 2.9 - biu ko (Pl). Khi
b nn cng b ph hng ngay khi bin dng cn nh.
Vt liu gin ch c gii hn bn:
=
B
B
0
P
F

Hnh 2.9
Hnh 2.8
Hnh 2.7
Hnh 2.6
Hin tng ti bn

15
IV. Th nng bin dng n hi
Cng ca ngoi lc chuyn ho thnh th nng bin dng
n hi U: U = A U =
2
P .
2EF
l
=
2
z
N .
2EF
l
(2-11)
Nu ni lc N
z
bin thin t 0 l th c th biu din:
U =
2
z
0
N
dz
2EF
l
(2-12)
Gi u l th nng ring bin dng n hi (th nng tch lu
trong mt n v th tch) th th nng ring c tr s: u=U/V
Thay V = F.l v
z
= N
z
/F ta c
u =
2
z z z
2E 2

=
hoc u =
l l 2
z z z
0 0
dz dz
2E 2

=

l l
(2-13)
V. Tnh ton v ko (nn) ng tm
1. ng sut cho php H s an ton
ng sut cho php []:
[ ]
0
n
1
=
(2.14)
Nh vy i vi vt liu do:
[ ] [ ]
n
ch
k n

= =
(2-15)
i vi vt liu gin, v kh nng chu nn tt hn chu ko
k
B
n
B
>
, nn ta c hai ng sut cho php khc nhau:

[ ]
n
n
B
n

=
;
[ ]
n
k
B
k

=
(2-16)
H s an ton n thng ln hn 1 v ph thuc vo yu cu
thit k cng nh tm quan trng ca cng trnh, chi tit my.
2. Ba loi bi ton c bn
m bo s lm vic an ton khi thanh chu ko (nn)
ng tm, ng sut trong thanh phi tho mn iu kin bn:

[ ]
z
z
N
F
=
(2-17)
T bt ng thc trn, ta c ba loi bi ton c bn sau y:
a. Kim tra bn (bi ton loi 1)
iu kin bn ca thanh:
[ ]
z
max
N
F
=
(2-18)

16
i vi cc vt liu gin l:

[ ]
z
max
k
N
F
=
;
[ ]
z
min
n
N
F
=
(2-19)
b. Chn kch thc mt ct ngang hay thit k (bi ton loi 2)

[ ]
[ ]
z
min
N
F F =
(2-20)
m bo an ton v tit kim, ch nn chn F xp x t s
N
z
/[] chng 5% l .
c. Ti trng cho php (bi ton loi 3)
[ ] [ ]
zmax z
N F N =
(2.25)
T iu kin cng ca thanh, cng dn n ba loi bi ton
tng t.
VI. BI TON SIU TNH
Trong cc bi ton tnh nh ch cn da n thun vo cc
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc xc nh ni lc. Trong bi
ton siu tnh nu ch da vo phng trnh cn bng tnh hc
th khng gii c ni lc m phi da thm vo mt s
phng trnh b sung lp c nh vic xt iu kin bin dng
ca c h. S phng trnh b sung gi l bc siu tnh ca c h.
V d 2.3. Tm ng sut
php trong cc thanh EB v
FC lm bng cng mt loi
vt liu dng treo mt
thanh AD tuyt i cng
(hnh 2.10). Cc thanh treo c
din tch mt ct F = 12cm
2
.
Gii
Thay lin kt bng cc phn
lc lin kt
A A 1 2
Y , Z , N ,N
G G G G
; Lp
phng trnh cn bng:
A
m (F)
= 2aN
2
+ aN
1
3aP = 0 3P = N
1
+ 2N
2
(a)
Hnh 2.10

17
y l bi tp ton siu tnh bc 1. iu kin tng thch bin
dng (l
1
= BB, l
2
= CC, ABB ACC): l
2
= 2l
1
(b)
Theo cng thc (2-7) ta c:
= =
1 2
1 2
N N
l , l
EF EF
l l

Thay vo biu thc (b), d thy: N
2
= 2N
1

= = = = =
2 1
6P 6.160 192
N 192kN; N 96kN
5 5 2

ng sut trong cc thanh EB v FC l:
4 2 2 1
1
4
N 96
8.10 kN/ m 80MN/ m
F 12.10
= = = =
;
2
= 2
1
= 160MN/m
2

V d 2.4. Dm tuyt
i cng AB c gi
bi cc thanh bng
thp c gii hn chy
2
ch
24kN/ cm = . Xc nh
ti trng cho php [q].
Bit n = 1,6; E =
2.10
4
kN/cm
2
.
Bi gii (hnh 2.11).
Ly tng mmen cc
lc i vi im A, ta
c:

0 )
2
3
2 .( 3 . q 5 . N 2 . N ) F ( m
2 1 ) A (
= + + =
(a)
Phng trnh ph tm c t iu kin hai tam gic ng
dng C AC ~ B AB
, ta c:
1 1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2 2
l N N 2
5 2
l 5 E F E F
l l
= =
(b)
trong : E
1
= E
2
= E ; F
1
= F
2
= F; l
1
= 1,8l ; l
2
= l
Gii phng trnh (a) v (b) ta c:

1 2
21 84
N q; N q
44 44
= =
N
2
> N
1
.
Vy iu kin bn phi xut pht t N
2
. Theo (2.25) ta c:
[ ] = F N
2 . Tra bng thp gc 56565 c: F = 4,11cm
2
Do
[ ]
2
ch
24
15kN/ cm
n 1, 6
= = =
[ ]

= =
4,11 15
q 44 32,3 kN/ cm
84

Hnh 2.11

18
Chng 3. Trng thi ng sut
I. Khi nim v trng thi ng sut
Trng thi ng sut ti mt im ca vt th n hi chu
lc l tp hp tt c cc ng
sut tc dng trn tt c cc
mt v cng b i qua im
, c trng bi tenx i
xng cp 2 c 6 thnh phn
ng sut c lp (hnh 3.1):

x xy xz
yx y yz
zx zy z
(3.1)
nh biu th trn cc mt ca
phn t to Cdxdydz.
Qua 1 im ta lun tm
ba mt vung gc vi nhau c
ng sut tip bng 0, cc mt l mt chnh, php tuyn mt
chnh gi l phng chnh, ng sut php trn cc mt chnh gi
l ng sut chnh
1
,
2
v
3
:

1
>
2
>
3
(3.2)
Cn c vo cc ng sut chnh ta hn loi trng thi ng sut
nh sau: Trng thi ng sut khi (hnh 3.2a), trng thi ng
sut phng (hnh 3.2b), trng thi ng sut n (hnh 3.2c).

Hnh 3.2
Hnh 3.1

19
II. Trng thi ng sut phng
1. ng sut trn mt nghing bt k
Tch mt phn t khi vt th n hi chu lc. Gi thit
mt vung gc vi trc z l mt chnh (
z
=
zx
=
zy
= 0), nhng
mt cn li c c ng sut php v ng sut tip (hnh 3.3).

Hnh 3.3
Xt s cn bng ca phn t hnh lng tr y l tam gic,
mt bn nghing. Phng trnh tng mmen cc lc vi O:

= =
O xy yx
dx dy
M dydz dzdx 0
2 2

=
xy yx
(3.3)
l lut i ng ca ng sut tip, pht biu nh sau:
Nu trn mt ct no c ng sut tip th trn mt ct vung
gc vi n cng phi c ng sut tip c cng tr s nhng i
chiu.
Lp cc phng trnh hnh chiu sau:
= +
+ =
u x xy
y yx
u dzds ( dzdscos )cos ( dzdscos )sin
( dzdssin )sin ( dzdssin ) cos 0

= +
+ + =
uv x xy
y yx
v dzds ( dzdscos )sin ( dzdscos ) cos
( dzdssin ) cos ( dzdssin )sin 0

Sau khi rt gn, s dng nh lut i ng ng sut tip ta
c gi tr ca
u
v
uv
:

+
= +
x y x y
u xy
cos2 sin2
2 2
(3.4)

= +
x y
uv xy
sin2 cos2
2
(3.5)
R rng l khi = 0 (hoc /2) th
u
v
uv
c gi tr bng
x
,

20
xy
(hoc
y
,
yx
).
2. ng sut chnh v phng chnh
Mt chnh c xc nh thng qua gc nghing
0
, sao cho
ng sut tip trn bng 0:

+ = =

x y xy
0 xy 0 0
x y
sin2 cos2 0 tg2
2

t
= =

xy
0
x y
tg tg2 tg

= +
0
k.
2 2
(3.6)
Ta thy
0
c hai nghim l
1
v
2
(ng vi k = 0 v k = 1)
lch nhau 90
0
ta lun c hai phng chnh vung gc vi nhau.
Thay
1
v
2
vo (3.4) ta s c cc ng sut chnh cn tm, l
nhng ng sut php cc tr, v d
u
/d = - 2
uv
= 0:
+
= +

2
x y x y 2
max xy
min 2 2
(3.7)
ng sut tip cc tr xc nh bng d
uv
/d = 0:

= =
x y
uv
xy
d
2 cos2 2 sin2 0
d 2

=
x y
xy
tg2
2

So snh vi (3.7), ta c:

= =
0
0
1
tg2 cot g2
tg2

= +
0
k.
4
(3.8)
Kt lun: nhng mt c ng sut tip cc tr to vi mt chnh
mt gc 45
0
. Thay (3.8) vo (3.5) vi
2
1
cos2
1 tg 2
=
+
, ta c:

( )
= +
2
2
max x y xy
min
1
4
2
(3.9)
Tnh theo ng sut chnh ta c:

21

=
max min
max
min 2
(3.10)
III. Vng trn Mo (Mohr) ng sut
1. C s ca phng php v cch v vng trn MO ng sut
Xt mt phn t vi cc ng sut
x
,
y
,
xy
cho nh hnh
3.4a. Lp h to O (hnh 3.4b) theo t l nht nh. Trn trc
honh t cc on OE =
y
v OF =
z
. T E dng on ED =
xy

vung gc vi OE. V vng trn c tm C l trung im ca on
y z
EF OC
2
+
=

v bn knh CD (CD = R =
2
y z 2
yz
2

+

), gi l
vng trn Mo ng sut (Mohr).

Hnh 3.4
xc nh cc ng sut
u
v
uv
trn mt xin c phng u
lm vi trc x mt gc cho trc (hnh 3.4a) hy ly trn vng
trn va v mt im P (thng gi l im cc) c honh
y
v
x
x
xy
yx
xy
uv
xy
yx

22
tung
xy
(hnh 3.4b), ri t P v tia song song vi phng u cho
ct vng trn ti im M. To ca M chnh l cc ng sut
u
v
uv
cn tm.
2. Xc nh ng sut chnh v phng chnh
Cc giao im A v B ca vng trn Mo vi trc honh O l
nhng im c honh ln nht v nh nht, tung bng 0:

+
= +

2
x y x y 2
max xy
min 2 2
(3.11)
Phng ca cc tia PA v PB l cc phng chnh cn tm
ca phn t (hnh 3.4a).
Theo hnh 3.4b d thy lun lun c:
max
+
min
= 2OC =
y
+
z
= hng (3.12)
Tng ng sut php trn hai mt vung gc vi nhau l hng s.
Gi
1
v
2
l gc ca phng chnh th nht v phng
chnh th hai i vi trc x. Theo hnh 3.4b, c:
tg
1
=
=

xy
y max
FP
FA
; tg
2
=
=

xy
y min
FP
FB
(3.13)
Trong trng hp ko (nn)
ng tm ng sut tip ln nht:
max min z
1
2
= =
(3.14)
l hai mt vung gc vi nhau,
ln lt lm vi trc z mt gc 45
o

v 135
o
.
3. Hai trng hp c bit
Trng thi ng sut phng c bit, v d
x
= ,
y
= 0 (hnh
3.5).
Trng thi trt
thun tu: phn t m
trn cc mt ch c
ng sut tip (hnh
3.6a).
Lc ny vng
trn Mo c tm trng
y

x
Hnh 3.5
Hnh 3.6
xy

23
vi gc to (hnh 3.6b). Cc ng sut chnh khc du nhau v
c gi tr bng gi tr ca ng sut tip:
1
=
3
=
xy
(3.15)
IV. Lin h gia ng sut - bin dng
1. Bin dng di (nh lut Hc tng qut)
Trc ht hy tm bin dng di tng i
1
theo phng I
ca phn t.
Bin dng do
1
sinh ra:
1
11
E
=

Bin dng do
2
sinh ra:
12
=
2
E

Bin dng do
3
sinh ra:
13
=
3
E

Bin dng di (tng i) theo
phng I do cc ba ng sut
1
,
2

v
3
sinh ra:
1
=
11
+

12
+
13
.
Lm tng t ta c bin dng
(tng i) theo phng II v
phng III ca phn t:
( )
( )
( )
= +

= +

= +

1 1 2 3
2 2 3 1
3 3 1 2
1
E
1
E
1
E
hoc
( )
( )
( )

= +

= +

= +

x x y z
y y z x
z z x y
1
E
1
E
1
E
(3.16)
Cc h thc bc nht (3.16) trn y gia bin dng di v
ng sut php l ni dung ca nh
lut Hc tng qut i vi vt rn n
hi tuyn tnh.
2. Bin dng gc (nh lut Hc v
trt)
Xt bin dng ca phn t. Di
tc dng ca ng sut tip phn t b
bin i hnh dng v tr thnh hnh
ij

ij

ij
ij
ij

ij
Hnh3.8
Hnh 3.7

24
bnh hnh (hnh 3-8). Theo nh lut Hc, gia ng sut tip
v gc trt c lin h sau:
ij
= G
ij
( i, j = 1, 2, 3) (3.18)
trong G l h s t l gi l mun n hi khi trt [lc/chiu
di
2
], l hng s vt liu, c xc nh t th nghim. Mun
G lin h vi E v nh sau:

E
G
2(1 )
=
+
(3.19)
3. Bin dng th tch t i (nh lut Hc khi)
Gi dx, dy v dz l cc cnh ca phn t v V
0
l th tch
ban u ca phn t, ta c: V
0
= dxdydz
Sau khi bin dng, chiu di cc cnh thay i s l (dx +
dx), (dy + dy) v (dz + dz). Th tch sau khi bin dng:
V
1
= V
0
+ V = (dx + dx).(dy + dy).(dz + dz)=
= dxdydz
dx dy dz
1 1 1
dx dy dz

+ + +

= dxdydz( )( )( )
x y z
1 1 1 + + +

V bin dng l b nn c th b qua cc i lng v cng
b bc 2 tr ln. Cui cng ta c: V
1
= V
0
(1 +
x
+
Y
+
z
)
Gi l bin dng th tch tng i ca phn t, ta c:

1 0
0
V V
V
=
=
x
+
Y
+
z

Thay
x
,
Y
v
z
t (3.16) vo cng thc trn ta c:
=
x
+
Y
+
z
= ( )
x y z
1 2
E

+ +

t tng ng sut php l: =
x y z
( ) + +

=

E
1 2
(3.20)
Cng thc trn biu din lin h bc nht gia bin dng th

25
tch tng i v tng cc ng sut php, gi l nh lut Hc
khi.
V. V d p dng
V d 3.1. ng sut ton phn trn mt ct m-n i qua mt
im ca mt vt th trong trng thi ng sut phng P = 3000
N/cm
2
c phng to thnh mt gc 60
0
vi mt ct. Trn mt
vung gc vi mt ct ny ch c ng sut tip (hnh 3.9).
Tnh ng sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ct to thnh
gc 45
0
vi mt ct m-n. Tnh
ng sut php ln nht ti
im .
Gii
Ta thit lp h trc xy trn
mt ct m-n v h trc uv
trn mt ct nghing nh
hnh 3.9. Khi cc thnh
phn ng sut trn cc mt
ca phn t trng thi ng
sut phng:

= = =
= = =
=
0 2
x
0 2
xy
y
psin60 3.0,86 2, 6kN/ cm
pcos60 5.0, 5 1, 5kN/ cm
0

p dng cng thc tnh ng sut trn mt ct nghing vi = -
135
0
, ta c:

+
= +
x y x y 2
u xy
cos2 sin2 2,8kN/ cm
2 2

uv
=

x y
2
sin2 +
xy
cos2 1,3 kN/cm
2

ng sut php ln nht ti im l:
u
v
45
0

p
x
y
60
0

n
m
Hnh 3.9

26

max
=
+
+ +

2
x y x y 2
xy
2 2
3,28 kN/cm
2

V d 3.2. Ti mt im trn mt mt vt th chu lc ngi ta
o c bin dng t i theo cc phng
om, on, ou nh sau:
m
= 2,81.10
-4
;

n
= -2,81.10
-4
;
u
= 1,625.10
-4

Xc nh phng chnh v ng sut
chnh ti im y. Cho bit = 0,3; E =
2.10
4
kN/cm
2
.
Gii
T nh lut Hc ta rt ra c ng
sut php phng m, n:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
= = =
= = =
4
m m n m n
4
4
n n m n m
4
1 1
0,3 2,81.10
E 2.10
1 1
0,3 2,81.10
E 2.10

m
4, 32 = kN/cm
2
;
n
4, 32 =
kN/cm
2

Bin dng theo phng u:

( )
( )

= + =

=

u u m n u
4
u u
4
1
E
1
= 0,3 4,32 4,32 1,625.10
2.10

m
2, 5 =
kN/cm
2

ng sut tip
mn
tnh t cng thc:

+
= +
m n m n
u mn
cos2 sin2
2 2

+
= +
0 0
mn
4,32 4,32 4,32 4,32
2,5 cos2.45 sin2.45
2 2

mn
2, 5 =
kN/cm
2

Gi tr ng sut chnh ti im cho trc:
( )
( )
+
= + =
+
2
2 m n
max m n mn
min
2
2
1
4
2 2
4,32 4,32 1
= 4,32 4,32 4.2,5
2 2

2
max
2
min
5kN/ cm
5kN/ cm
=

u
n m
O
45
0
Hnh 3.10
45
0

27
Phng chnh:
= =
+

mn
m n
2 2.2,5 1
tg2
4,32 4,32
3

0
1
0
2
15
105
=

Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
27
Chng 4. C TRNG HNH HC
CA MT CT NGANG - CC THUYT BN
A. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang
I. Khi nim
Th nghim ko (nn): kh nng chu ti ca thanh ph
thuc vo din tch mt ct ngang
(MCN).
Th nghim un, xon,...: kh
nng chu lc ca thanh khng
nhng ph thuc vo din tch MCN,
m cn hnh dng v s b tr MCN.
V d thanh trn rng (hnh 4.1a)
chu c M
z
gp 2 ln thanh trn
c cng din tch MCN. Thanh hnh
ch nht t ng (hnh 4.1b) ng
sut nh hn 4 ln khi t ngang
(hnh 4.1c) vi cng din tch MCN.
Do , ngoi din tch MCN, ta
cn xt n nhng i lng khc
c trng cho hnh dng MCN v
mt hnh hc, l mmen tnh v
mmen qun tnh.
II. Mmen tnh ca mt ct ngang
Hnh phng F nm trong mt
phng to Oxy (hnh 4.2).
Ngi ta gi tch phn:

m n
F
x y dF
(4.1)
l mmen din tch hn hp cp (m+n)
ca hnh phng F i vi h Oxy.
Khi m = 0, n = 1 tch phn (4.1)
c dng:

=
x
F
S ydF
(m
3
) (4.2)
Hnh 4.2
Hnh 4.1
a)
c)
b)
4a
4a
a
0,7D
D
d
a

P
P
28
Khi m = 1, n = 0 tch phn (4.1) c dng:

=
y
F
S xdF
(m
3
) (4.3)
S
x
v S
y
c gi l mmen din tch cp mt hay mmen
tnh ca hnh phng i vi trc x v trc y.
Khi S
X
= S
Y
= 0 th trc X, Y
c gi l trc trung tm. Giao
im ca hai trc trung tm l
trng tm ca hnh phng. (hnh
4.3).
Cng thc xc nh to ca
trng tm C cng tng t nh cng
thc xc nh to ca khi tm:

y
C
S
x
F
=
;
x
C
S
y
F
=
(4.4)
Nu din tch F bao gm nhiu
din tch n gin F
i
:

=
=

n
i i
i 1
C
x F
x
F
;
=
=

n
i i
i 1
C
y F
y
F
(4.5)
trong x
i
, y
i
l to trng tm ca din tch F
i
.
III. Mmen qun tnh (din tch cp hai)
Khi m = n = 1, tch phn (4.1) c dng:
xy
F
J xydF =
(m
4
) (4.6)
c gi l mmen din tch hn hp cp hai, hay mmen qun
tnh li tm ca hnh phng i vi h trc Oxy.
Khi m = 0, n = 2 hoc m = 2, n = 0, cc tch phn:

2
x
F
J y dF =
v
2
y
F
J x dF =
(4.7)
c gi l mmen qun tnh (hay mmen din tch cp hai) ca
hnh phng F i vi trc x hoc trc y.
J
xy
c th dng hoc m, cn cc J
x
, J
y
lun lun dng.
Tng:
( )
+ = + = =

2 2 2
x y p
F F
J J y x dF dF J
(4.8)
c gi l mmen qun tnh c cc i vi gc to O.
Nu J
xy
= 0 th h trc c gi l h trc qun tnh chnh.
Hnh 4.3
29
Nu J
xy
=0, S
x
=S
y
=0 th ta c h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
IV. Cng thc chuyn trc song song ca mmen qun tnh
Cng thc chuyn trc song song
mmen qun tnh ca h trc OXY vi
h trc trung tm oxy (hnh 4.4):
J
X
= J
x
+ Fb
2
J
Y
= J
y
+ Fa
2
(4.9)
J
XY
= J
xy
+ Fab
Chng minh cc cng thc (4.9)
nh sau: ta c, X = x + a ; Y = y + b (a)
Theo nh ngha:
= = =

2 2
X Y XY
F F F
J Y dF, J X dF, J XYdF
(b)
Thay (a) vo (b) suy ra:
J
X
= J
x
+2bS
x
+Fb
2
; J
Y
= J
y
+2aS
y
+Fa
2
; J
XY
= J
xy
+aS
x
+bS
y
+Fab
Khi x v y l cc trc trung tm th S
x
= S
y
= 0 (4.9).
V. Cng thc xoay trc ca mmen qun tnh
Cho bit J
x
, J
y
, J
xy
ca hnh
phng F i vi h trc Oxy. Hy
tnh J
u
, J
v
, J
uv
ca hnh phng F i
vi h trc Ouv (hnh 4.5). Ta c:
u = xcos + ysin
v = ycos xsin
=
2
u
F
J v dF
;
=

2
v
F
J u dF
;
=
uv
F
J uvdF

Thay u, v trn v khai trin
cc tch phn ny, ta c:

+
= +
+
= +
= +
x y x y
u xy
x y x y
v xy
x y
uv xy
J J J J
J cos2 J sin2
2 2
J J J J
J cos2 J sin2
2 2
J J
J sin2 J cos2
2
(4.10)
Nu h trc Ouv l h trc qun tnh chnh (J
uv
= 0) th phng
cc trc qun tnh chnh rt ra t cng thc th ba ca (4.10):
Hnh 4.4
Hnh 4.5
30

=
xy
x y
2J
tg
J J
(4.11)
VI. Mmen qun tnh ca mt s mt ct ngang
1. Hnh ch nht (hnh 4.6)
H trc i xng Oxy l h trc qun tnh
chnh trung tm.
Ta c: J
x
=
h
h
2
2
2 2 3
h
h F
2
2
1
y dF y bdy by
3
= =

hay:
3
x
bh
J
12
=

3
y
hb
J
12
=
(4.14)
2. Hnh tam gic (hnh 4.7)
Chn di phn t din tch dF
song song vi trc y x
1
v cch
trc x
1
mt khong y. Chiu di
b(y) ca di phn t din tch ny
suy ra t iu kin ng dng:

b(y) h y
b h
=

b(h y)
b(y)
h
=

Nh vy, i vi trc y x
1
:
( )
1
h
h 3 4
2 2
x
F o
o
b h y
b hy y
J y dF y dy
h h 3 4

= = =

1
3
x
bh
J
12
=
(4.15)
Nu x l trc trung tm th theo cng thc (4.9):
J
x
=
2
3 3 2
bh h bh bh h
F .
12 3 12 2 9

=

hay
=
3
x
bh
J
36
(4.16)
3. Hnh trn (hnh 4.8)
i vi h trc trung tm Oxy: J
x
= J
y
=
p
J
2

trong :
=
4
4
p
R
J 0,1D
2
nn:

= = =
4 4
4
x y
R D
J J 0, 05D
4 64
(4.17)
Hnh 4.8
Hnh 4.6
Hnh 4.7
31
4. Hnh vnh khn
i vi hnh vnh khn c ng knh ngoi D v ng knh
trong d:

( ) ( )
= = =
4
4 4 4
x y p
1 D
J J J 1 0, 05D 1
2 64
; = d/D (4.18)
VII. V d p dng
V d 4.1. Xc nh v tr trng
tm C
o
v cc mmen din tch cp
hai J
x
, J
y
ca mt ct cho trn
hnh 4.9 (n v l cm).
Gii
Coi mt ct cho l hiu ca
hai hnh ch nht ABCD (k hiu
l 1) v EFGH (k hiu l 2). Ta c: S
x
=
1 2
x x
S S
trong :
( )
1
1 3
x 1 C
60
S F y 100 60 180.000cm
2

= = =

( )
2
2 3
x 2 C
40
S F y 30 40 20 48.000cm
2

= = + =

Do : S
x
= 180.000 48.000 = 132.000cm
3
;
1 2
y y y
S S S =
trong :
( )
1
1 3
y 1 C
100
S F x 100 60 300.000cm
2

= = =

( )
2
2 3
y 2 C
30
S F x 30 40 50 78.000cm
2

= = + =

Vy: S
y
= 300.000 78.000 = 222.000cm
3

To trng tm C
o
ca mt ct l:
( ) ( )
= = =

o
y
C
S
222.000
x 46, 25cm
F 100 60 30 40
;
o
x
C
S 132.000
y 27,5cm
F 4800
= = =

1 2
x x x
J J J =
trong :
3 3
1 5 4 1 1
x
b h 100 60
J 72 10 cm
3 3
= = =

( )
2
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
x 2 C
b h 30 40
J F y 30 40 .40
12 12
= + = +
= 20,8 10
5
cm
4

Hnh 4.9
32
Do : J
x
= (72 20,8)10
5
= 51,2 10
5
cm
4
;
1 2
y x y
J J J =

trong :
3 3
1 6 4 1 1
y
h b 60 100
J 20 10 cm
3 3
= = =

( )
2
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
y 2 C
h b 40 30
J F x 30 40 .65
12 12
= + = +
= 5,16 10
6
cm
4

Vy J
y
= (20 5,16)10
6
= 14,84 10
6
cm
4
.
B. Cc thuyt bn
I. Khi nim
i vi cc chi tit my c bn an ton th trng thi ng
sut mi im khng c vt qu trng thi ng sut nguy
him ca vt liu (trng thi ng sut gii hn -
0
v
0
).
ng sut gii hn ca trng thi ng sut n d dng c
xc nh bng thc nghim. V d, i vi vt liu do ng sut
gii hn l gii hn chy
ch
(hoc
ch
), i vi vt liu gin l
B

(hay
B
). Tuy nhin, thc t ngi ta hay tnh theo ng sut cho
php [] (hay []).
Kim tra bn trng thi ng sut n, trt thun tu:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
= =
max 1 min 3 max
k n
; ;
(4.19)
Khi kim tra bn trng thi ng sut phc tp (phng, khi),
cn lm cc th nghim ph hng trng thi ng sut. Vic xc
nh trng thi ng sut gii hn bng thc nghim rt kh khn
thc t c khi khng thc hin c, v:
S lng th nghim pht rt nhiu, p ng t l
1
,
2
v
3

Trnh k thut v thit b cha cho php th nghim trng
thi ng sut phc tp.
Do ngi ta a ra cc thuyt bn, nhm a trng thi
ng sut phc tp v trng thi ng sut n tng ng. Gi
ng sut chnh ca trng thi ng sut n tng ng l
t
(
t

lin h vi cc ng sut chnh
1
,
2
v
3
). iu kin bn c dng:

t
[] (4.20)
Thuyt bn cho php thit lp mi quan h gia ng sut
tng ng vi cc ng sut chnh. Ni mt cch khc, thuyt bn
33
l nhng gi thuyt v nguyn nhn ph hoi ca vt liu, trn c
s cho php ta xc nh c bn ca vt liu mi trng
thi ng sut khi ta ch bit bn ca vt liu trng thi ng
sut n.
Di y chng ta s nghin cu nhng thuyt bn c bn
nht v ph bin nht.
II. Cc thuyt bn
1. Thuyt bn th nht (thuyt bn ng sut php ln nht)
Thuyt bn th nht do Galil a ra nm 1638. Thuyt ny
cho rng, vt liu b ph hng l do ng sut php ln nht gy ra.
Thuyt bn ny pht biu nh sau: Hai trng thi ng sut
phc tp v n c bn tng ng nu ng sut php ln nht
ca chng nh nhau.
iu kin bn theo thuyt ny:
[ ]
[ ]
= =

= =

t max 1
k
t min 3
n
(4.21)
i vi vt liu do []
k
= []
n

Thiu st ln nht l thuyt bn ny l khng k n nh
hng ca hai ng sut chnh cn li. Ngoi ra, thc nghim cho
thy thuyt ny khng thch hp vi vt liu do. Cn i vi vt
liu gin ch cho nhng kt qu ph hp khi c mt ng sut chnh
rt ln so vi cc ng sut chnh cn li. Thuyt ny hin nay hu
nh khng dng na.
2. Thuyt bn th hai (thuyt bn bin dng t i ln nht)
Thuyt bn th hai do Marit a ra nm 1682. Thuyt ny cho rng:
vt liu b ph hu l do bin dng di tng i cc i ca phn t trng
thi ng sut phc tp t n bin dng di tng i trng thi nguy
him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n.
Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu
bin dng t i ln nht do chng gy ra bng nhau.
iu kin bn c vit l:
34

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
= +

= +

t 1 2 3
k
t 3 1 2
n
(4.21)
u im ca thuyt bn th hai l c k n nh hng ca ba ng sut
chnh
1
,
2
v
3
. Song cng nh thuyt bn th nht, thuyt ny cng
khng thch hp i vi vt liu do. Cn i vi vt liu gin th n ch cho
kt qu ph hp khi
1
> 0 v
3
< 0.
Thuyt ny hin nay hu nh khng cn c dng na.
3. Thuyt bn th ba (thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht)
Thuyt bn th ba do Culng (Coulomb) a ra nm 1773. Thuyt ny
cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do ng sut tip cc i ca phn t trng
thi ng sut phc tp t n ng sut tip nguy him ca phn t trng
thi ng sut n.
ng sut tip ln nht ca chng bng nhau.
iu kin bn l: [ ]
max n
(a)
Ta bit
1 3
max
2

=
(chng 3),
[ ]
[ ]
= =
n
max
n
,
2 2
(chng 2)
Do iu kin bn theo gi thuyt ng sut tip ln nht:
t
=
1

3
[]
k
(4.22)
Trong trng hp ng sut phng c bit (hnh 4.10), ta c:
2 2
1 max
1 1
4
2 2
= = + +
;
2 2
3 min
1 1
4
2 2
= = +
(4.23)
iu kin bn theo gi thuyt ng sut tip ln nht:

[ ]
= +
2 2
t
4
(4.24)
Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht rt ph hp
vi vt liu do nhng li khng thch hp i vi
vt liu gin. Thiu st ca thuyt ny l khng k
n ng sut chnh
2
.
Thuyt th 3 cho php gii thch v sao vt
liu b nn u theo tt c cc phng c th chu
c nhng p sut rt cao, v trong trng hp ny th
1
=
3
=-p d p
sut p c ln ti u
t
cng lun lun bng khng.
4. Thuyt bn th t (thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng)

Hnh 4.10
35
Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng do Huybe a ra nm 1904.
Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do th nng bin i hnh dng
ca phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp t n th nng bin i hnh
dng trng thi ng sut nguy him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n.
th nng ring bin i hnh dng ca chng bng nhau.
Trng thi ng sut khi: ( )
+
= + +
2 2 2
hd 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
1
u
3E

Trng thi ng sut n:
+
=
2
hd t
1
u
3E

iu kin bn c dng:
[ ]
= + +
2 2 2
t 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
k
(4.25)
Trong trng hp trng thi ng sut phng c bit:
[ ]
= +
2 2
t
k
3 (4.26)
Thuyt bn th t ph hp i vi vt liu do, nhng i vi vt liu
gin th cng khng thch hp. Mt khc thuyt ny vn cha gii thch c
s ph hoi ca vt liu khi b ko u theo 3 phng.
5. Thuyt bn th nm (thuyt bn Mo)
Thuyt bn Mo a ra ln u tin vo nm 1882 v sau pht trin
chi tit vo nm 1990. Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do trng
thi ng sut ang xt vt qu trng thi ng sut gii hn tng ng trong
h vng trn ng sut gii hn.
Thuyt bn Mo da vo ng bao ca h vng trn ng sut gii hn
xc nh trng thi ng sut gii hn cho tng trng hp ca trng thi
ng sut. Nu lm nhiu ln th nghim vi cc ng sut chnh khc nhau th
ta c mt tp hp cc vng trn gii hn (hnh 4.13).
Ngi ta chng minh iu kin bn theo thuyt bn ny l:

[ ]
=
t 1 3
k
vi
k
0
n
0
(4.27)
Thuyt bn Mo vit cho trng thi ng sut phng c bit:

( ) ( )

= = + + +

2 2
2 2
t 1 3
1 1
4 4
2 2 2 2

iu kin bn:
[ ]

= + +
2 2
t
k
1 1
4
2 2
(4.28)
36
Thuyt bn Mo c
nhc im l b qua nh
hng ca ng sut chnh
2
v n gin ng cong gii
hn thnh ng thng nhng
cng c u im hn nhng
thuyt trn v c xt n trng
thi ng sut ca vt liu b
ph hoi. Mt khc, thuyt
ny cng khng cn ra
nhng gi thuyt m cn c trc tip vo cc trng thi ng sut khi nguy
him biu th bng nhng vng trn gii hn.
III. p dng cc thuyt bn
Cho n nay ngi ta xy dng nhiu thuyt bn khc nhau, mi
thuyt bn ra mt quan im v nguyn nhn ph hoi ca vt liu.
Trong thc t tnh ton, vic chn thuyt bn no l ph thuc vo loi
vt liu s dng v trng thi ng sut ca im kim tra. Nu l vt liu do
ta dng thuyt th ba hoc th t. Nu l vt liu gin ta dng thuyt th hai
hoc th nm (Mo).
Gn y xut hin nhiu thuyt mi lin quan ch yu n cc loi vt
liu mi nh cht do, si thu tinh, cht do nhiu lp,
Cc nghin cu thc nghim v l thuyt cho thy rng cu trc ca
tinh th vt rn bin dng c nh hng ln n bin dng v ph hng ca
vt liu . Nu b qua nh hng th kt qu tnh ton theo cc thuyt
bn s b sai lch. Do hin nay, ngi ta ang tip tc nghin cu v cc
vn ny.
V d. Kim tra bn ca phn t vt th chu cc ng sut:
x
= -4kN/cm
2
,
y
= -6 kN/cm
2
,
z
= 3 kN/cm
2
,
xy
=
yx
=2 kN/cm
2
,
zx
=
xz
=
yz
=
zy
= 0. Cho bit [] = 12 kN/cm
2
.
Gii
Nu coi
z
= 3 kN/cm
2
l mt ng sut chnh ca phn t th hai
ng sut chnh cn li:

+ +
= + = +

2
2
x y x y 2 2
max xy
min
4 6 4 6
2
2 2 2 2

max
= -2,764 kN/cm
2
;
min
= -7,236 kN/cm
2

Hnh 4.13
37
Nh vy:

1
= 3 kN/cm
2
;
2
= -2,764 kN/cm
2
;
3
= -7,236 kN/cm
2

Theo thuyt bn th ba:

t
=
1

3
= 3 (- 7,236) = 10,236 []
Theo thuyt bn th t:

[ ]
= + + =
2 2 2
t 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
8,888

Nh vy phn t bn theo c hai thuyt bn.
Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

37
Chng 5. xon thun tu thanh thng
I. Khi nim v xon thun tu
1. nh ngha
Mt thanh chu xon thun tu khi
trn MCN ch c mt thnh phn ni
lc l mmen xon nh trn hnh 5.1.
Ngu lc P-P to ra mmen xon,
c gi tr bng P.a.
2. Lin h gia mmen xon ngoi lc
vi cng sut v s vng quay
Cng sut do mmen xon ngoi
lc M (Nm) thc hin khi trc quay mt gc theo thi gian t: A = M
Do cng sut N (watt-W):
A M
N M
t t
= = =
N
M =

trong - vn tc gc (rad/s); n l tc [vng/pht (v/ph)].
Vn tc gc:
n
rad / s
30
=

Nu cng sut N tnh bng kW th:
( )
=
N
M 9549 Nm
n

Nu cng sut tnh bng m lc th: ( ) =
N
M 7162 Nm
n
.
3. Cc gi thuyt tnh ton
Quan st on thanh trn chu xon (hnh 5.2)
trc v sau khi bin dng, thy:
MCN ban u phng v thng gc vi trc
thanh th sau khi bin dng vn phng v thng gc
vi trc thanh, khong cch gia cc mt ct khng
thay i.
Cc bn knh ca thanh trc v sau khi bin
dng vn thng v c di khng i.
Ni mt cch vn tt, khi thanh trn chu
xon, ch xy ra hin tng quay ca tit din
ngang quanh trc thanh. Nhn xt ny c l thuyt v thc nghim
xc minh l ng.
II. ng sut trn mt ct ca thanh trn chu xon

Hnh 5.1
b) Sau bin dng
a) Trc bin dng
Hnh 5.2

38
Kho st mt thanh trn chu xon thun tu (hnh 5.3a).

Hnh 5.3
Tch t thanh mt on di dz (hnh 5.4)
Theo quan h gia ni lc v ng sut ta c:

z
F
M dF
=
(a)
Mt khc theo nh lut
Hc:
G.
=
(b)
l ng sut tip trn MCN ti

im cch trng tm mt ct mt
khong bng .
Theo hnh 5.4, ta c:

d
tg
dz

=
(c)
vi d l gc xon tng i gia 2 mt ct 3-3 v 4-4; dz l khong
cch gia 2 mt ct .
K hiu
d
dz
=
l gc xon t i trn mt n v di.
Thay (c) vo (b) ri vo (a), ta c:

2
z p
F
M G. . dF G. .J = =
(d)
T (d) suy ra:
z
p
M
G.J
=
(5-1)
Hnh 5.4
d

dz
3
3
4
4

39
Thay (5-1) vo (c) ri vo (b), ta c:
z
p
M
.
J
=
(5-2)
ng sut tip ln nht:
z
max
p
M
W
=
(5-3)
trong :
p
p
J
W
R
=
gi l mun chng xon ca mt ct ngang c th
nguyn l (chiu di)
3
; R l bn knh ca mt ct ngang.
- i vi hnh trn:
3
p 3
p
J
D
W 0, 2D
R 16
= =

- i vi hnh vnh khn:
( ) ( )
3
4 3 4
p
D
W 1 0, 2D 1
16
=
;
d
D
=

Biu ng sut biu din nh trn hnh (5.3b). Ta thy ng sut
tip phn b theo quy lut bc nht ph thuc vo khong cch n
trng tm mt ct ngang.
III. Bin dng
Bin dng ti mt ct z ca thanh trn khi xon c th hin bng
gc xon tng i gia hai mt ct ngang ln cn z, t (5.1) ta c:
= =
z
p
M d
dz GJ
(rad/m) (5-4)
Gc xon gia hai MCN cch nhau mt khong l l:

=
z
p 0
M
dz
GJ
l
(rad) (5-5)
GJ
p
c gi l cng xon. Vi chiu di v ngoi lc nh nhau,
cng xon cng ln gc xon cng nh.
Nu trong sut chiu di l ca thanh, t s
z
p
M
G.J
khng i hoc
khng i trong tng on c chiu di l
i
, ta c:

=
z
p
M
G.J
l
hoc
n
z i
i 1
i pi
M
G J
=
=
l
(5-6)
T cc cng thc trn ta thy khi chu xon, c trng hnh hc ca
MCN khng phi l din tch F m l mmen c cc J
p
.
IV. Tnh ton v xon thun tu

40
m bo iu kin bn v iu kin cng.
1. iu kin bn
iu kin bn :
[ ]
=
zmax
max
p
M
W
(5.7)
[] l ng sut tip cho php ca vt liu, xc nh nh sau:
[ ]
[ ]
k
2
=
hoc [ ]
[ ]
k
3
=
(5.8)
i vi vt liu do: [ ]
ch
n
=
, vt liu gin: [ ]
B
n
=
(5.9)
iu kin bn trn ton thanh khi ng knh thay i:

[ ]
z
max
p
max
M
W

=

(5-10)
Vi cng thc (5.7) ta c ba loi bi ton c bn sau:
a. Kim tra bn: theo cng thc (5.7).
b. Chn kch thc mt ct ngang:
[ ]
=

z
p p
M
W W
(5.11)
c. Tnh ti trng cho php: M
z
W
p
[] = [M
z
] (5.12)
2. iu kin cng
Gc xon tng i (hay bin dng xon) ln nht khng vt qu
gii hn cho php:

[ ]
=
z
max
p
M
GJ
[rad/chiu di] hoc [/chiu di] (5.13)
trong [] l gc xon tng i cho php (tra bng). Nu [] c cho
bng (/chiu di) cng thc quy i sau:
[] rad/chiu di =
.[ ]
180

/ chiu di (5.14)
Theo cng thc 5.13 ta cng c ba loi bi ton sau:
a. Kim tra iu kin cng: theo cng thc 5.13
b. Tnh kch thc mt ct ngang:
[ ]
=

z
p p
M
J J
G
(5.15)
c. Tnh ti trng cho php: M
z
GJ
p
[] = [M
z
] (5.17)
Khi tnh ton theo c iu kin bn v cng, iu kin no c nh
hng nhiu hn th ly kt qu theo iu kin y. i vi thanh mnh,
iu kin cng thng c nh hng nhiu hn.
V. Xon thanh c mt ct ngang khng trn
1. Thanh c mt ct ngang hnh ch nht

41
Sau khi b xon, cc tit din
ngang ni chung u b vnh i.
Trn MCN ca thanh ch c ng
sut tip. Phn b ca ng sut tip
thanh MCN hnh ch nht nh trn
hnh 5.5.
ng sut ln nht ti im gia
cnh di:

z
max
2
M
ab
=
(5.18)
ng sut ti im gia cnh ngn:

1
=
max
( 1) (5.19)
Gc xon tng i: =
z
3
M
ab
(5.20)
Cc h s , , ph thuc vo t s a/b, cho trong cc ti liu SBVL,
v d a/b = 1 = 0,208; = 0,141; = 1,0.
2. Thanh c thnh mng kn hoc h
Thanh thnh mng kn (hnh
5.6a) v h (hnh 5.6b).
a. Thanh c thnh mng kn
ng sut tip c phn b
u theo b dy b ca thnh, v d
ti mt im A:

z
A
* A
M
2F b
=
(5.21)
F
*
din tch gii hn bi ng
tm ca thnh (chu vi trung gian).
ng sut tip ln nht ti v tr
b dy ca thnh nh nht. Gc
xon tng i :

z
2
*
M ds
b 4GF
=
v (5.22)
b. Thanh c thnh mng h
Trn MCN ca thanh cng ch c ng sut tip.
Nu MCN ca thanh do nhiu hnh ch nht ghp thnh (hnh 5.7),
ng sut tip ln nht ti im gia ca cnh a
i
:
Hnh 5.5
Hnh 5.6
Chu vi
trung gian
b)
a)

42

=
z
i max
*
J
b
i
(5.23) ;
n
3
* i i
i 1
1
J a b
3
=
=
(5.24)
Thc nghim J
*
tnh theo (5.24) b hn mt cht so vi thc t i
vi cc loi thp nh hnh, ngi ta a
thm vo mt h s iu chnh 1:
n
3
* i i
i 1
1
J a b
3
=
=

c cho trong cc ti liu SBVL, v d
thp ch L: =1, ch I: = 1,2, ...
Gc xon tng i:
z
*
M
GJ
=
(5.25)
Khi MCN l mt di cong c th coi
nh mt di ch nht.
V d. Tnh ng sut
max
ti cc
im A, B v gc xon ca mt
thanh di 2m c thnh mng kn, b
xon, mt ct ngang ca thanh nh
hnh 5.8, bit M
z
= 2.10
4
Nm, G =
5,2.10
10
N/m
2
(vt liu gang).
Gii: Din tch gii hn bi
ng tm ca thnh: F
*
= (0,4
0,01)(0,2 0,03) = 0,0663m
2

ng sut ti A l:
4
6 2
A
2.10
5.10 N / m
2.0, 0663.0, 03
= =

ng sut ti B l:
4
6 2
B
2.10
15.10 N / m
2.0, 0663.0, 01
= =

Gc xon ca thanh:
= . =
v
z
2
*
M l ds
b 4GF
=

+ + +

z
* 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 1
M l ds ds ds ds
4GF b b b b

=
( )
4
3
2
2.10 .2 0, 39 0,17
2. 2. 2, 62.10 r ad
0, 03 0, 01
4.5, 2. 0, 0663

+

VI. Bi ton siu tnh v xon
Mt thanh trn b ngm hai u chu tc dng ca ngu lc M
0
nh
hnh 5.9a. V biu ni lc ca thanh.
Hnh 5.7
Hnh 5.8

43
Ngu lc lin kt M
A
v
M
B
. xc nh chng, ch c
mt phng trnh cn bng tnh
hc:
M
A
M
0
+ M
B
= 0 (a)
Mun gii bi ton siu
tnh (bc mt) ny, phi da vo
iu kin bin dng ca thanh
lp thm mt phng trnh b
sung. Tng tng b ngm A
v thay th bng phn ngu lc
M
A
, ta c thanh tnh nh
(hnh 5.9b).
iu kin thay th l gc
xon
AB
phi bng khng, bo m s tng ng v bin dng vi
thanh siu tnh cho, do :

( )
0
0
A
A
AB AC CB
z z
M M b
M a
GJ GJ
= + = + =
(b)
Gii phng trnh trn, c:
A 0
b
M M
a b
=
+
(c)
thay (c) vo (a), suy ra:
M
B
=
0
a
M
a b +
(d)
(Nu M
A
v M
B
tnh c trn mang thm du m, th chng c
chiu ngc vi chiu gi thit ban u).
Sau khi xc nh c cc phn ngu lc M
A
, M
B
s v c biu
mmen xon M
z
(z) ca thanh nh hnh 5.9c.
VI. Tnh l xo xon c hnh tr bc ngn
a)
b)
Hnh 5.9
c)

44
Xt mt l xo xon c tr trn, chu lc dc P
G
(hnh 5.10) vi: h l
bc ca dy l xo, d l ng knh dy l xo, D l ng knh trung bnh
ca vng dy l xo, l gc nghing ca cc dy l xo, n l s vng dy l
xo.
Gi thit:
1. Gc nghing rt b,
bc h ca l xo khng
ln lm
D
h
10
<
.
2. ng knh d v D phi
tho mn
D
d
5
<
.
1. ng sut
Tng tng ct dy l
xo bng mt mt ct i qua
trc ca l xo v xt s cn
bng ca mt trong hai phn.
Thnh phn ni lc:
Q
y
=P v M
z
=PR=PD/2.
Nu bc h ca l xo
khng ln lm MCN l
hnh trn.
ng sut do ngu lc xon M
z
v lc ct Q
y
gy ra u l ng sut
tip, k hiu tng ng l
M
v
Q
:

z
M
p p
M PR
J J
= =
;
y
Q
2
Q
4P
F d
= =

ng sut tip ti mt im no l tng hnh hc ca hai thnh phn
ng sut tip.
max
l ti im A trn bin ca mt ct ngang, ng vi ng
knh trong ca l xo (hnh 5.10c).
max
3 2 3
8PD 4P 8PD d
1
2D d d d

= + = +

Trong thc t, d ca dy l xo thng rt b so vi D ca l xo, nn t
s d/2D c th b qua so vi 1.

=
max
3
8PD
k
d

trong k l h s iu chnh k n nh hng ca lc ct Q
y
v nh
Hnh 5.10

45
hng ca cong vng dy l xo:
+
=
D d 0, 25
k
D d 1

iu kin bn khi tnh ton l xo l:
[ ]
=
max
3
8PD
k
d

2. Bin dng
Ngoi bn, cn phi tnh lng co gin ca l xo.
Gi l lng co gin ca l xo do lc dc P gy nn. Cng ca
ngoi lc P trong bin dng l:
( )
2
0 0
0
y c P
A P y dy cydy c
2 2 2

= = = = =

Cng A bng cng bin dng n hi U trong l xo:
( )

= = = = = = =

2 2
z z
z z z
p p 0 0
0
M M c . 1 1 1
U M d c d c M M
2 2 2 2 GJ 2 GJ
l l

trong : l chiu di ca dy l xo.
Theo nguyn l bo ton nng lng A = U, ta c:
=
2
z
p
M
P
GJ
l

Thay tr s ca l= Dn v M
z
= PD/2:
3
4
8PD n
Gd
=

Lc cn thit gy nn mt bin dng n v ca l xo, c gi l
cng ca l xo, k hiu l C:
4
3
P Gd
C
8D n
= =

cng ca l xo c tnh bng N/m.
VII. V d p dng
V d 5-1: Cho dm u ngm u t do chu mmen xon tp trung
M
0
(hnh 5.11a). V biu mmen xon.
Bi gii
S dng phng php mt ct, ta c: M
Z
-Pa=0 M
Z
=P.a
Biu mmen xon c v trn hnh 5.11b.

Hnh 5.11
1
1

46
V d 5-2: V biu M
z
cho thanh chu lc nh hnh 5.12.
Bi gii
1. Phn lc ti ngm C:
z c
M 0 M 900Nm = =

2. Chia dm thnh hai on:
- on AB ct thanh mt
ct z
1
) 40 0 (
1
cm z
v xt s
cn bng phn tri, ta tm c
1
z
M
=300 Nm.
- on BC ct thanh mt
ct z
2
v xt s cn bng phn
phi ta c:
2
z
M
= 900 - 1000.z
2

V biu M
z
nh
trn hnh 5.12.
V d 5-3: Cho mt
trc chu lc nh hnh
5.13a. Cc puli 1, 2, 3 l
b ng c cng sut N
1
= 40 m lc, N
2
= 20
m lc, N
3
= 30 m lc,
puli 0 l ch ng. Cho
bit n =1000vng/pht,
=d/D =0,6,
[]=4500N/cm
2
, G=8.10
6
N/cm
2
,
0
=2
0
/m. Xc nh D, d.
Bi gii: Biu cng sut c v trn hnh 5.13b. Mt ct nguy
him c N
0
= 50 m lc Zmax
71620 716200
M N 50Ncm
n 1000
= =

Chn kch thc theo iu kin bn (5-11), ta c:
[ ]
z
p
M
W

[ ]
3
4 0
P
716200.N D
w (1 )
16 n
= =

[ ]
0
3
4
716200.N 16
D 3, 64cm
n (1 )

Chn kch thc theo iu kin cng. T (5-14), ta suy ra:
[ ]
=
z
max
p
M
GJ

=

4
4
0
P 0
716200N 100 180 D
J (1 )
32 n.G.[ ]
D=3,49cm
so snh ta chn: D=3,64; d=3,64. 0,6 = 2,18cm.
Hnh 5.13
a)
b)

Hnh 5.12
40cm
60cm
1000Nm/m
Chng 6. Un phng thanh thng

47
Chng 6. Un phng
I. Khi nim v un phng
Mt phng cha cc lc v
mmen c gi l mt phng
ti trng (hnh 6.1).
ng ti trng l giao
tuyn gia mt phng ti trng
v MCN ca thanh.
Mt phng qun tnh chnh
trung tm to nn bi trc ca
thanh v mt trc qun tnh
chnh trung tm ca MCN.
Mt thanh ch yu chu
un gi l dm. Trc ca dm
sau khi b un cong vn nm
trong mt mt phng qun tnh
chnh trung tm th s un c gi l un phng.
Un phng chia ra lm hai loi: un thun tu v un ngang phng.
Un thun tu phng: Trn MCN ca dm ch c mt thnh phn
mmen un M
x
(M
y
)

nm trong mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm.
Un ngang phng: Trn MCN ca n c hai thnh phn ni lc l lc
ct Q
y
v mmen un M
x
(hoc Q
x
v M
y
).
II. dm chu un phng thun tu
1. ng sut trn MCN ca dm chu un thun tu
b) Th nghim
Quan st mt on dm chu un phng thun tu c MCN hnh
ch nht trc v sau khi bin dng (hnh 6.2).

Hnh 6.2

Hnh 6.1
Trc khi bin dng Sau khi bin dng

48
T cc th nghim dm chu un phng thun tu mt s gi thit:
Gi thit v MCN phng: MCN ca thanh trc v sau bin dng
vn phng v vung gc vi trc ca thanh.
Gi thit v cc th
dc: trong sut qu trnh
bin dng cc th dc lun
song song vi nhau v song
song vi trc thanh.
Th khng b dn, khng
b co gi l th trung ho. Cc
th trung ho to thnh mt
trung ho (lp trung ho).
Giao tuyn ca mt trung ho
vi MCN gi l ng trung
ho.
b) ng sut trn MCN
Xt mt MCN no v chn h trc to nh hnh 6.1 vi trc Ox
l trc ng trung ho.
Trn MCN ch c ng sut
php, khng c ng sut
tip v ng sut tip lm
MCN s b vnh i gc s
khng cn vung na.
Theo nh lut Hc:

z z
E =
(a)
Th trung ho khng
b bin dng:
1 2 1 2
O O z O O . = =

Xt mt th mn (hnh 6.4): Trc khi bin dng ta c:
mn z = =
.
Sau khi bin dng, ta c:
+ = ) y ( mn

dn di t i ca th mn bng: z
( y) y +
= =

(b)
Thay (b) vo (a), ta c: z
y
E =
(c)
Ti mt MCN bn knh
c tr s xc nh, E l mt hng s. Vy quy

lut phn b ng sut php trn MCN l phng nh trn hnh 6.5a. Giao
tuyn ca mt phng ng sut vi MCN chnh l trc trung ho (ng trung
Hnh 6.4
z
y
Hnh 6.3

49
ho). R rng ng sut php trn cc ng thng song song vi trc trung
ho c tr s nh nhau. Do ta c th v biu phn b ng sut php nh
trn hnh 6.5b.

Hnh 6.5
Ta c quan h gia mmen un M
x
v ng sut php
z
:

= = =

2
x z x
F F
E E
M ydF y dF J

x
x
M 1
EJ
=
(6.1)
So snh (c) v (6.2) ta suy ra cng thc ng sut php trn MCN:

x
z
x
M
y
J
=
(6.2)
2. V tr trc trung ho
Un phng thun tu trn mi MCN thnh phn lc dc N
z
= 0. Ta c:

= =
z z
F
N dF 0
z
F
E
N ydF 0 = =

(6.3)
ng thc trn c tho mn, khi:
= =
x
F
ydF S 0
(6.4)
trong
x
S
l mmen tnh ca MCN i vi trc trung ho.
Vy trc trung ho l mt trc trung tm.
3. ng sut ko v nn ln nht

z
c tr s tuyt i ln nht ti cc im mp trn hay mp di.
Nu trc trung ho l i xng, v d MCN l hnh ch nht, hnh trn, ch I, ...

k n
z z
max max
=
. Tng qut ta vit:
x
z
max
x
M
W
=
;
x
x
max
J
W
y
=
(6.5)
MCN m ng trung ho khng chia u chiu cao (hnh 6.6)
k n
zmax zmax

. K hiu khong cch t im xa nht ti trc trung ho l
k n
max max
y (y ) ng sut ko (nn) ln nht:
= =
x x k
zmax k k
x max x
M M
J y W
(6.6)
y
_
+

50

= =
x x n
zmi n n n
x max x
M M
J y W
(6.7)
trong , i lng: ( )
3 x
x
max
J
W m
y
=
l mmen
chng un ca MCN i vi trc trung ho.
V d, MCN hnh ch nht

3 2
x
x
J 2bh bh
W
h 2 12h 6
= = =
,
Hnh trn:
3
3
x
x
J d
W 0,1d
d / 2 32
= =
;
Hnh vnh khn:
( ) ( )
3
4 3 4
x
D
W 1 0,1D 1
32
= ;
d
D
=
iu kin dm c bn u:
k n
zmax z max
=

Nu dm lm bng vt liu do th MCN phi i xng qua ng trung
ho, nu dm lm bng vt liu gin th MCN phi tho mn iu kin:

[ ]
[ ]
k k
max
n
n
max
y
y

=

Biu thc trn cho thy: cng MCN c din tch F, nu mun chng
un ln th cng tit kim vt liu ngi ta a vo t s khng th
nguyn
x
3
W
F
= , c gi l mmen chng un ring ca mt ct.
cng ln th mc tit kim vt liu cng tt. MCN hp l khi dm
chu un l tnh cht lm tit kim nguyn vt liu. Vic ch to cc thp cn
nh hnh c MCN hnh ch I, hnh ch C da trn tnh cht hp l ny.
4. iu kin bn
Dm lm t vt liu do v
n
ch
k
ch
=
theo (6.5), ta c:

[ ]
x
z
max
x
M
W
=
(6.13)
Dm lm t vt liu gin, v
k n
ch ch

phi vit 2 iu kin bn:

[ ]
k
x
zmax
k k
x
M
W
=
(6.14);
[ ]
n
n
x
zmin z
n max n
x
M
W
= =
(6.15)
Tm v tr MCN c ng sut php ln nht. Nu dm c MCN khng
thay i v vt liu ca dm l do th ly MCN c mmen un ln nht.
Trng hp dm c MCN thay i ta phi ly MCN c ng sut php ln
nht. Trng hp dm lm bng vt liu gin ta phi tm MCN tho mn cc
biu thc (6.14), (6.15) (ko - nn).
Hnh 6.6

51
III. Un ngang phng
Un ngang phng, trn MCN ca thanh c ng sut php do
mmen un v ng sut tip do lc ngang gy ra. Hnh 6.7 m t hin
tng un ngang (trc b un cong), lm cho cc MCN ban u khng
cn phng na sau khi b un ngang.

Hnh 6.7
1. ng sut php
Trong un phng, lc ct ng sut tip. Cc ng sut tip phn b theo
chiu cao mt ct khng u. Do nh hng , cc bin dng gc cng c
tr s thay i theo chiu cao ca MCN lm cho mt ct sau khi b un khng
cn phng na m hi b vnh theo ch S (hnh 6.8).
Nu lc ct bng hng s th MCN u vnh nh nhau
s vnh khng nh hng n dn hoc co
cng thc tnh ng sut php (6.2) vn cn ng
trong trng hp un ngang phng:
x
z
x
M
y
J
=
.
2. ng sut tip
ng sut tip trn MCN:
zx
v
zy
(hnh 6.9a). Theo nh lut i ng
ng sut tip (mt ngoi dm khng chu ngoi lc theo phng z)
zx

=0, c ngha ti im xt c =
zy
. T l thuyt n hi gi thit:
Tt c cc ng sut tip trn MCN u // vi lc ct.
ng sut tip phn b u theo chiu rng ca MCN.
Tch t dm mt on c chiu di dz (hnh 6.9), sau bng mt ct
ABCD song song v cch mt phng Oxz mt khong y chia on thanh
ny thnh hai phn v xt phn khng cha gc O (ABCDEFGH).
Hnh 6.8

52

Gi
1 2

z z
va
l ng sut php trn cc mt ct 11 v 22, b(y) = AB v
c
F l din tch ca mt ct ABEF, b
c
chiu rng ca phn din tch ti
im cch trc trung ho y. C th thy:

+
= =
1 2
x z x
z z
x x
M M dM
y; y
J J
(a)
Xt s cn bng phn t phn di, ta c:
1 2
c c
z z z yz c
F F
F dF dF b .dz 0 = + =

.
(b)
Thay (a) vo (b) v ch rng
=
x
y
dM
Q
dz
, ta c:

= =

c
y
zy yz
c
x F
Q .y
dF
J b

.
= =
c
c
y y x
zy
c c
x x F
Q Q S
ydF
J b J b
(6.16)
trong ( )
c
x
S y l mmen tnh ca din tch F
c
i vi trc trung ho x.Vi
mt ct l di ch nht hp:

c
c
x
F S =
(6.17)
- to trng tm phn tit din b ct i vi trc trung ho.
Cng thc (6.16) c gi l cng thc Juravxky (1855). Cng thc
ny cho thy: tr s ng sut tip ng vi "lp th dc" bt k cch trc
trung ho x mt khong y, t l thun vi lc ct Q
y
v mmen tnh S
x
(y)
ca phn MCN gii hn bi "lp th" , nhng t l nghch vi mmen
qun tnh J
x
ca MCN v chiu rng b(y) ca "lp th" c xt.

x
y
Q
y

zy

zx

tp

a)
b)
c)
Hnh 6.9

53
3. ng sut tip ca mt s mt ct n gin
a) MCN hnh ch nht (hnh 6.10): Ta c:

2 3
c 2 c
x x
b h bh
S y ; J ; b b
2 4 12

= = =

2
y
zy
3Q
4y
1
2bh h

=

Biu phn b ng sut tip trn MCN (hnh 6.10):

max
ti cc im trn trc trung ho:

y y
max
3Q 3Q
2bh 2F
= =
(6.18)

b) MCN hnh trn
( )
4
3 2
c 2 2 c 2 2
x x
R 2
J ; b 2 R y ;S R y
4 3

= = =

( )
y 2 2
zy
4
4Q
R y
3 R
=

Biu phn b ng sut tip trn MCN cho trn hnh 6.11:

y y
max
2
4Q Q
4
3 R 3 F
= =
(6.19)
c) MCN ch I (thp cn):
2
y x
zy
x
Q S dy / 2
J .d

=

y x max
zy
x
Q S
J .d
=

(
c
x x
y
S S d.y.
2
=
vi S
x
l mmen tnh mt na ch I)
Ti im A:
2
y x
1
x
d h
Q S t
2 2
J .d

= .
Ti im :
2
y x
2
x
d h
Q S t
2 2
J .b

=
Do d<b nn
1
>
2
nn khi kim tra bn ch ch n
max
zy
v
1
.
Hnh 6.10
Hnh 6.11

54
4. iu kin bn
i vi dm chu un ngang phng, vic tm v tr im nguy him v
vit iu kin bn c phc tp hn. Da vo biu phn b ng sut php
v tip, dc theo chiu cao ta thy trn hnh 6.13.

Hnh 6.13
cc im ngoi mp xa trc trung ho nht - im A (C):
iu kin i vi vt do:
[ ]
x
z
x
M
max
W
=
(6.20)
Vt liu gin:
[ ]
k
x
z
k k
x
M
max
W
=
;
[ ]
n
x
z
n n
x
M
max
W
=
(6.21)
im trn trc trung ho - im O (hnh 6.13): [ ]
max
max
(6.22)
Nhng im c c ng sut php v ng sut tip - im B a v ng
sut tng ng
t
. Vy iu kin c vit l: max
t
[] (6.23)
V d theo thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht, ng sut tnh ton tng
ng ti im B, c dng:
2 2
td(B) z(B) zy(B)
4 = +
(6.24)
5. Chn kch thc MCN, xc nh ti trng cho php
Khi chn kch thc ca MCN hoc xc nh ti trng cho php, u
tin ta xut pht t iu kin c bn (6.20), (6.21). Sau , nu cn thit ta
mi kim tra iu kin bn v trt v iu kin bn khi c c ng sut php
z
v ng sut tip (v d, mt ct ch I). Ti ch tip gip gia lng v
ng sut
z
v u kh ln v ngi ta cng ch quan tm khi trn mt ct
gi tr mmen un, lc ct u rt ln.
6. V d p dng
V d 6.1: Mt dm bng vt liu c ng sut php cho php khi ko
[ ]
2
k
3, 5kN/ cm =
v nn [ ]
2
n
11kN/ cm =
, chu lc nh trn hnh 6.14a.
Kim tra bn ca dm.
Bi gii: Trnh t cc bc thc hin
- V biu mmen un, cho tr s maxM
x
= 4,5kN.m

55

Hnh 6.14
- Tm cc c trng cn thit ca MCN (hnh 6.14c), ta c cc tr s:

4
x
J 370cm =
;
k n
max max
y 2, 67cm; y 7, 33cm = =

- Tnh cc gi tr
k n
z z
max ; max
:
[ ] [ ]
k k 2 n n 2 x x
z A max z B max
k n
x x
M M
max y 3, 25kN/ cm ; max y 8, 92kN/ cm
J J
= = = = = =

Vy dm bn.
V d 6.2: Cho dm chu lc nh trn
hnh 6.15. Chn ng knh ca dm cho
hai trng hp: dm c MCN khng i,
dm c ba bc nh hnh 6.15. Bit l=80 cm,
P=5kN, [ ]
2
16kN/ cm =
, [ ]
2
8kN/ cm =
.
Bi gii
- Dm c MCN khng i. Theo iu
kin bn c bn (6.13), ta c:
[ ]
3
xmax
0,1d M /

trong :
2
xmax
M 5.80/ 4 10 kN.cm = =

( )
2
3
d 10 / 0,1.16 4cm =

- Dm ba bc (hnh 6.16). Tr s d
1
, d
2

c xc nh theo cng thc (6.20).
i vi on gia:
2
x
max M 10 kNcm =

i vi on hai u:
x
M 30.P/ 2 30.5/ 2 75kNcm = = =
T iu kin bn c bn (6.13), ta c:
2
3 3
1 1 2 2
10 75
0,1d d 4cm; 0,1.d d 3, 6cm
16 16
= =

Vi kch thc chn dm lm vic
bn.
16
Hnh 6.15
+
+
Hnh 6.16

56
IV. Chuyn v ca dm chu un
Khi dm chu un
phng trc ca dm
b un cong gi l ng
n hi (hnh 6.17).
Chuyn v ng
ca MCN ti K gi l
vng y(z) ca dm.
Gc lp bi tip tuyn vi ng n hi ti im K v trc ca dm
trc khi bin dng gi l gc xoay (z).
1. Phng trnh vi phn gn ng ca ng n hi
T (6.1) ta c bn
knh cong ca ng
n hi c xc nh
bi cng thc:

x
x
M 1
EJ
=
(a)
Mt khc ta c:

( )
3/ 2
2
1 y
1 y
+
(b)
T (a) v (b) suy ra:
( )
x
x
M
y z
EJ
=
(6.28)
Du - do m men un ( 0
2
y do bin dng l v cng b) v li
(lm) ca dm l tri du nhau (hnh 6.18).
2. Tnh vng, gc xoay bng phng php tch phn khng
nh hn
Mun tnh gc xoay v vng ti mt ct bt k ca dm, ta ln lt
tch phn phng trnh (6.28) hai ln:

( ) ( )
x
1
x
M
y z z dz C
EJ
= = +
(6.29)

( )
x
1 2
x
M
y z dz dz C z C
EJ

= + +

(6.30)
Cc hng s tch phn C
1
v C
2
xc nh t cc iu kin bin ti cc
mt ct t lin kt v iu kin lin tc ca vng v gc xoay ti v tr
tip gip gia cc on dm.
Hnh 6.17
Hnh 6.18

57
V d 6.3: Xt dm cng-xn chu
mmen un M
0
ti u t do (hnh 6.19),
bit cng ca dm EJ
x
= const. Tnh
vng v gc xoay ti im A.
Bi gii: Xt mt ct 1-1, ta c: M
x
= M
0

Thay vo (6.28) v tch phn ln lt hai
ln ta c:

0
x
M
y
EJ
=
;
0
1
x
M
y z C
EJ
= +
;
2 0
1 2
x
M
y .z C z C
EJ
= + +

iu kin bin:
( )
( )
=

= = =

=

2
0 0
1 2
x x
y 0
M M
z : C ; C
EJ 2EJ
y 0
l
l l
l
l

Vy vng, gc xoay ti A l:
( )
2
0
x
M
y
2EJ
=
l
l
;
( )
= =
0
A
x
M
y
EJ
l
l

Du - chng t im A chuyn v ln trn, ngc chiu dng ca trc y.
Gc xoay ti A quay ngc chiu kim ng h.
V d 6.4: Cng vi dm nh trn nhng chu lc tp trung P (hnh 6.20).
Tnh vng, gc xoay ti A?
Bi gii: Ti mt ct 1-1, ta c:
M
x
= -P.z
(du - do M
x
lm cng th trn)
Thay vo (6.28), ta c:
x
P.z
y
EJ
=

Tch phn lin tip 2 ln:
2
1
x
P.z
y C
2EJ
= +
;
3
1 2
x
P.z
y C z C
6EJ
= + +

iu kin bin:
( )
( )
=

=

=

= + =
2
1
x
3 3 3
2
x x x
P
C
y 0
2EJ
z :
y 0 P P P
C
6EJ 2EJ 3EJ
l
l
l
l l l l

Vy vng ti A l:
( )
3
2
x
P
y 0 C
3EJ
= =
l

Gc xoay ti A l:
( ) ( )
2
1
x
P
0 y 0 C
2EJ
= = =
l

y
A
> 0 chng t im A chuyn v xung di. Cn
A
< 0 chng t gc
xoay ti A quay cung chiu kim ng h.
Hnh 6.19
Hnh 6.20

58
3. Phng php hm gin on
Phng php hm gin on cho php biu din mmen un thnh biu
thc duy nht trn ton chiu di ca dm, v ch c 2 hng s tch phn xc
nh t iu kin bin vic tnh ton vng gc xoay ti mt ct bt k
trn ton dm c n gin ho rt nhiu c th p dng tin hc ho.
Hm gin on c nh ngha nh sau:

( )
n
n x a khi x a
x a
0 khi x a
=

<
vi x R, n N, n 0, a = const R.
C ngha l hm gin on ch c gi tr khc 0 khi i s l khng m.
Khi cc du ngoc nhn c th coi nh du ngoc trn thng thng. Cn
khi i s m th hm gin on bng 0.
T nh ngha hm gin on ta c tnh cht sau:

n n 1 d
x a n. x a
dx

=
;
n 1
n
x a
x a dx C
n 1
+
= +
+

S dng hm gin on ta c th biu din mmen un ca dm i vi
cc loi ti trng khc nhau:
a) M men tp trung
0
x 0
M M . z a =

Du - v m men un lm cng
th trn.
b) Lc tp trung
1
x
M P. z a =

c) Lc phn b u n ht chiu
di dm:
2
x
q. z a
M
2
=

d) Lc phn b u trn mt on
ca dm
2 2
x
q. z a q. z b
M
2 2

=

p dng nguyn l cng tc tc dng ta s vit c biu thc mmen
un cho dm vi tc dng ng thi ca nhiu ti trng khc nhau. Thay biu
thc ca M
x
vo (6.28) vo tch phn ln lt hai ln ging nh phng php
tch phn khng nh hn ta s thu c vng, gc xoay ti mt ct bt k.
Hai hng s tch phn c xc nh t cc iu kin lin kt ca dm.

59
V d 6.5: T hnh (6.19) ta c (chn gc to ti A):
0
x 0
M M . z 0 =

0
0
x
M . z 0
y
EJ
=
;
1
0
1
x
M . z 0
y C
EJ
= +
;
2
0
1 2
x
M . z 0
y C z C
2EJ
= + +

iu kin bin:
( )
( )
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 2
x x x x
y 0
M M M M
z : C ; C
EJ 2EJ EJ 2EJ y 0
=

= = = =

=

l
l l l l
l
l

( )
2
0
A
x
M
y y 0
2EJ
= =
l
;
( )
0
A
x
M
y 0
EJ
= =
l

Kt qu ging nh phng php tch phn khng nh hn.
V d 6.6: T hnh 6.20:
1
x
M P. z 0 =
(chn gc to ti A)

1
x
P. z 0
y
EJ
=
;
2
1
x
P. z 0
y C
2EJ
= +
;
3
1 2
x
P. z 0
y C z C
6EJ
= + +

iu kin bin:
( )
( )
2 3 3 3
1 2
x x x x
y 0
P P P P
z : C ; C
2EJ 6EJ 2EJ 3EJ
y 0
=

= = = + =

=

l
l l l l
l
l

( )
3
A
x
P
y y 0
3EJ
= =
l
;
( )
2
A
x
P
y 0
2EJ
= =
l

Kt qu ging nh phng php tch phn khng nh hn.
V d 6.7: Tnh vng, gc xoay
ti im gia ca dm.
T hnh 6.21, ta c:
1 2
x
q.a q
M z 0 z 0
2 2
=

1 2
x
q.a q
EJ .y z 0 z 0
2 2
= +

2 3
x 1
q.a q
EJ .y z 0 z 0 C
4 6
= + +

3 4
x 1 2
q.a q
EJ .y z 0 z 0 C .z C
12 24
= + + +

iu kin bin:
( )
( )
3
1
2
qa
z 0: y 0 0
C
24
z a : y a 0
C 0
= =
=

= =

Vy vng v gc xoay tai C:
4
C
x
a 5qa
y y
2 384EJ

= =

;
C
a
y 0
2

= =

Hnh 6.21
EJ = const

60
4. Phng php ti trng gi to (phng php ton)
Lin h vi phn gia ni lc v ngoi lc nh sau:

2
y
x
2
dQ (z)
d M (z)
q(z)
dz dz
= =

Cn i vi phng trnh ng n hi, ta c phng trnh vi phn:

2 2
x x
2 2
x x
M M d y d y dy
dz EJ dz dz EJ
= = =

Ta c s tng ng nhau, do vy nu to ra mt ti trng gi to
x
gt
x
M
q
EJ
=
, bng phng php mt ct xc nh c Q
gt
v M
gt
trn dm
gi to. Gi tr chnh l vng v gc xoay trn dm thc tng ng.
iu kin lin kt ca dm gi to v dm thc phi c mi tng quan
sao cho gi tr Q
gt
v M
gt
trn dm gi to phi ng bng gi tr vng v
gc xoay trn dm thc tng ng (bng 6.1).
Bng 6.1

Trnh t gii bi ton bng phng php ti trng gi to :
- V biu mmen un M
x
cho trn dm thc.
- V dm gi to vi cc lin kt ph hp vi iu kin vng, gc
xoay tng ng trn dm thc

61
- t biu M
x
ln dm gi to, nhng ch l tung bng M
x
/EJ
x
,
chiu mi tn ca ti trng gi to hng v pha th cng ca dm
thc (do tho mn
x
gt
x
M
q
EJ
=
)
- Xc nh Q
gt
v M
gt
vng v gc xoay ca dm thc.
tin li trong qu trnh tnh ton sau ny, chng ta xc nh trc
din tch v honh trng tm ca mt s biu (bng 6.2).
Bng 6.2
Hnh Din tch z
c

F =
2
f .
3
l

F =
2
f .
3
l

F =
f .
n
l
+1

1
2
l

3
8
l

n 2
l
+

V d 6.8: Xc nh vng
v gc xoay ti u B ca dm
chu lc nh hnh 6.23.
Gii
Biu momen un M phn
b bc nht nh 6.23.
Chn dm gi to thch ng.
Ti trng gi to c chiu
hng ln. Ta c:
2
B B gt
P P
y Q .
EJ 2 2EJ
= = = =
l l l

3
B gt
P 2 P
y M . .
EJ 2 2 2EJ
= = =
l l l
l

Hnh 6.22

62
5. iu kin cng ca dm chu un phng
Khi ch to cc b phn ca cng trnh (cu, dm chu lc ca cc to
nh, ) cn kim tra xem bin dng ln nht ca kt cu khng c
vt qu gi tr cho php c quy nh bi yu cu ca thit k.
Bin dng ln nht l:

[ ]
max
y
f
l
;
[ ]
max

l

trong y
max
;
max
l vng v gc xoay ln nht ca dm; l l chiu di
ca dm. [f] l gi tr cho php ca vng trn mt n v di. [] l gi tr
cho php ca gc xoay trn mt n v di.
V. BI TON SIU TNH
Cng nh trong cc bi ton v ko, nn v xon, y ta cng gp
nhng bi ton siu tnh v un cn
phi thit lp thm phng trnh bin
dng
V d, cho dm chu lc nh hnh
6.23. Siu tnh bc 1.
Da vo iu kin vng ti B
ca dm bng 0 lp phng trnh
bin dng:
y
B
= 0
vng B do phn lc R
B
v do
ti trng phn b q.
Da vo phng php ton ta
chn dm gi to v ti trng phn b
gi to nh hnh 6.23. Mmen gi to
ti B do ti trng q
gt
gy nn l :

Tr s ca mmen gi to
chnh l vng ti B. Vi iu kin
vng bng khng ta c phng
trnh:
3 4
B
R q
0
8EJ 3EJ
=
l l

Khi c R
B
ta d dng v c biu ni lc ca dm
H nh 6.23
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
63
Chng 7. THANH CH|U LUC PHC TAP
I. Khi nim
Khi trn MCN ca thanh xut hin t hai thnh phn ni lc tr ln th
gi l thanh chu lc phc tp. V d, mt trc truyn va chu xon va chu
un, mt tng chn va chu nn va
chu un,
Tng qut nht khi thanh chu lc
phc tp, ni lc trn MCN c th c 6
thnh phn (hnh 7.1).
Phng php tnh: p dng nguyn
l cng tc dng: ng sut hay bin dng
do nhiu yu t (ngoi lc, nhit ,
ln ca gi ta, ) gy ra ng thi trn
mt thanh th bng tng ng sut hay
bin dng do tng yu t gy ra trn
thanh .
II. Un xin
1. nh ngha
Khi trn mi MCN ch c hai thnh phn ni lc l M
x
v M
y
nm trong
cc mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm ca MCN (hnh 7.2). Khi ch n
lc ct trn MCN c th c cc thnh ni lc M
x
, Q
y
, M
y
v Q
x
.

Gi M l vect tng ca cc vect M
x
v M
y
, nm trong mt phng V
cha trc z, nhng khng trng vi mt mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm
no. Giao tuyn ca mt phng ny vi mt phng ct ngang gi l ng ti
trng.
Trong un xin ng ti trng i qua trng tm nhng khng trng vi
mt trc qun tnh trung tm no (hnh 7.2b ).
M
y
y
x
z
M
x
0
a)

V
b)

M
y
M
x
Hnh 7.2

y
x
z
M
M
Mt phng
ti trng
ng ti
trng

Q
y
Q
x
M
z
M
y

x
y
z
M
x

Q
z
Hnh 7.1
64
2. ng sut php trn MCN
Theo nguyn l cng tc dng, ng sut php ti mt im bt k trn
MCN c to x, y c tnh theo cng thc:
y
x
z
x y
M
M
y x
J J
= +
(7.1)
M
x
, M
y
coi l dng khi lm cng phn chiu dng ca trc y, trc x.
Trong k thut ngi ta dng cng thc sau khng cn ch n du
ca M
x
, M
y
v to x, y:
y
x
z
x y
M
M
y x
J J
=
(7.2)
Ta s chn du + hoc du - trc mi s hng tu theo cc mmen
un M
x
v M
y
gy ra ng sut ko hay nn im ang xt.
Nu gi l gc ca ng ti trng hp vi trc x (hnh 7.2b):
tg = M
x
/M
y
M
x
= Msin; M
y
= Mcos
Gc c gi l dng khi quay t chiu dng trc x n ng ti
trng theo chiu kim ng h.
3. V tr ng trung ho
T (7.1) ta thy phng trnh ng trung ho:

y
x
x y
M
M
y x 0
J J
+ =
(7.3) hay
x x
y y
M J
y . .x x.tg
M J
= =
(7.4)
trong
x x
y y
M J
tg
M J
=
hay
x
y
J 1
tg
tg J
=
(7.5)
ng trung ho l mt ng thng i
qua trng tm ca MCN v khng vung gc
vi ng ti trng nh trong un phng.
T biu thc (7.5) i vi cc MCN
c v s h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm nh
hnh trn, cc a gic u cnh, ( J
x
= J
y
nn
tgtg = -1) th khng xy ra hin tng un
xin phng. V ng ti trng s vi mt
trc qun tnh chnh trung tm, cn ng
trung ho s trng vi mt trc qun tnh
chnh trung tm th hai vung gc vi ng
ti trng. Bi ton khi ch l un phng.
4. Biu ng sut php trn MCN
Theo (7.1) mt ng sut l mt phng, nn ng sut php phn b u
trn ng thng song song vi ng trung ho. Do ta c th v biu

D
ng
trung
ho
0
max
A
B
C
Hnh 7.3

min
65
phn b ng sut php trn MCN trong h to nh hnh 7.3. Trc tung l
ng trung ho, trc honh vung gc vi ng trung ho.
5. iu kin bn
im nguy him l cc im xa ng trung ho nht v pha ko hoc
nn trng thi ng sut ca im nguy him l trng thi ng sut n.
iu kin bn c dng:
- i vi vt liu do: [ ]
max

(7.6)
- i vi vt liu gin: [ ]
max k

(7.7) [ ]
min n

(7.8)

y
x
max k k
x y
M
M
y x
J J
= +
;
y
x
min n n
x y
M
M
y x
J J

= +

(7.9)
Nu MCN ca thanh l nhng mt ct c th ni tip trong hnh ch
nht (hnh 7.4):
k n max
x x x = =

k n max
y y y = =

max
=
min
;
y
x
max
x y
M
M
W W
= +
(7.10)
trong :
x
x
max
J
W ;
y
=

y
y
max
J
W
x
=
(7.11)
Trng hp ny iu kin bn s l:
-Vt liu do:
[ ]
y
x
x y
M
M
W W
+
(7.12); Vt liu gin:
[ ]
y
x
k
x y
M
M
W W
+
(7.13)
T iu kin bn trn ta suy ra ba bi ton c bn sau:
- Kim tra bn theo (7.6) hoc (7.7) hoc (7.8).
- Tm ti trng cho php. Gi [P
i
] l ti trng suy rng cho php, ta c:
[ ]
x 1 i
M k P =
;
[ ]
y 2 i
M k P =
(7.14)

k
1
, k
2
l cc hng s. T iu kin bn, v d theo (7.12) ta suy ra:
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
1 i 2 i
x y
k P k P
W W
+
hay
[ ] [ ]
1 2
i
x y
k k
P /
W W

+

(7.15)
- Chn kch thc MCN
V cha bit tr s J
x
, J
y
, x
k
, x
n
, y
k
, y
n
ta c th chn th tnh theo un
phng do thnh phn mmen i hi kch thc ln, ri th dn.
i vi cc mt ct (hnh 7.4), u tin ta c th tnh theo cng thc:

[ ]
x y
x
M CM
W
+
vi
x
y
W
C
W
=
(7.16)
Hnh 7.4

66
i vi hnh ch nht c chiu cao h v b rng b th C = h/b. i vi
mt ct hnh ch I lc u c th ly C = 8, v hnh ch U ly C = 6, sau
kim tra tnh ton li.
V d 7.1: Cho dm chu lc nh hnh 7.5. Xc nh s hiu mt ct dm
thp ch I, v tr ng trung ho. Cho P = 2400N; q = 4000N/m; l = 2m; =
30
0
; [] =16000N/m
2
.
Bi gii: Mt ct nguy him ti ngm c:

2
x
q
M P cos
2
= +
l
l
= 12160 Nm

y
M P sin 2400Nm = = l

Th ln th nht ta ly C = 8.
Theo cng thc (7.39):

[ ]
x y 3
x
M CM
W 196cm
+
=

Ta chn mt ct ch I s 20 c cc gi tr
nh hn v gn nht W
x
=184cm
3
;
W
y
=23,1cm
3
.
Th li:
max min
=

y 2
x
max
x y
M
M
17000N/ cm
W W
= + =

V
[ ]
[ ]
max
17000 16000
100 100 6, 2% 5%
16000

= = >

Do ta ly mt ct s 20a c W
x
= 203cm
3
, W
y
= 28,2cm
3

Khi :

y 2
x
max
x y
M
M 1216000 240000
14500N/ cm
W W 203 28, 2
= + = + =

ng sut nh hn:

[ ]
[ ]
max
14500 16000
100 100 9, 4%
16000

= =

V gia thp c s hiu 20 v 20a khng cn s hiu no khc nn ta chn
dm thp c s hiu 20a.
Xc nh v tr ng trung ho. Tra bng vi I(20a) ta c J
x
=2030cm
4
;
J
y
=155cm
4.
Do ti mt ct ngm, phng ca ng trung ho l :
min
Hnh 7.5

P
q
y

x
A
B

x
y
n
max
67

x ymax
y x max
J M
2030 2400
tg 2, 58
J M 155 12160
= = = +

hay
0
68 50 = +

III. Un - ko (nn) ng thi
1. nh ngha
Mt thanh c gi l chu un - ko (nn) ng thi khi trn MCN ca
thanh c cc thnh phn ni lc l lc dc N
z
, mmen un M
x
, M
y
(hnh 7.6).
V d ng khi va chu nn do trng lng bn thn G, va chu un
do ti trng gi q (hnh 7.7).

2. ng sut php trn MCN
ng sut php ti mt im trn MCN c xc nh theo cng thc:

y
z x
z
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
= + +
(7.18)
hoc
y
z x
z
2 2
z x z y
M
N M
. 1 y x
F N i N i

= + +

(7.19)
trong : F - din tch MCN;
i
x
, i
y
- bn knh qun tnh chnh:

x x
i J / F =
;
y y
i J / F =
;
J
x
, J
y
- mmen qun tnh chnh trung tm ca MCN;
x, y - to ca im tnh ng sut.
Quy c du ca N
z
(chng 2), ca M
x
, M
y
nh trong un xin.
Cng thc k thut c dng:
Hnh 7.7
q
G
Hnh 7.6
z
N
z
O
M
y
x
y
M
x
68

y
z x
z
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
=
(7.20)
Cc gi tr u ly gi tr tuyt i. Cn ly du + hoc - trc mi
s hng tu theo lc dc l ko hay nn v cc mmen un M
x
, M
y
gy ra
ng sut ko hay nn im ang xt.
3. V tr ng trung ho
T (7.18) ta suy ra phng trnh ng trung ho l:

y
z x
x y
M
N M
y x 0
F J J
+ + =
(7.21)
hay:
y
x
2 2
z x z y
M
M
1 y x 0
N i N i
+ + =
(7.22)
ng trung ho l mt ng
thng khng i qua trng tm ca
MCN nh trong un xin.
4. Biu ng sut php trn
MCN
Tng t nh trong un xin do
mt ct ng sut l phng, nn ng
sut php phn b u trn ng
thng song song vi ng trung ho. Biu phn b ng sut c v nh
hnh 7.8.
5. iu kin bn
im nguy him l cc im chu vi, xa ng trung ho nht v pha
ko hoc pha nn. Trng thi ng sut ca im nguy him l trng thi ng
sut n iu kin bn l :
- i vi vt liu do:
[ ]
max

(7.23)
- i vi vt liu gin:
[ ]
max k

; [ ]
min n

(7.24)
trong :
y
z x
max
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
= + +
(7.25)

y
z x
min
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
=
(7.26)
x
k
, y
k
l to ca im chu ko cch xa ng trung ho nht.
x
n
, y
n
l to ca im chu nn cch xa ng trung ho nht.
=N/F
Hnh 7.8

B
69
Hnh 7.9
a)
b)
min
max
A
B
Nu MCN ca thanh c dng nh trn hnh 7.9 th l lun tng t nh
trong un xin ta c:

y
z x
max
x y
M
N M
F W W
= + +
(7.27)

y
z x
min
x y
M
N M
F W W
=
(7.28)
V d 7.2: Cho mt thanh chu lc nh hnh 7.9a. Tm gi tr ng sut
max
v
min
, v tr ng trung
ho v v biu phn b
ng sut php trn mt ct
nguy him. Cho: P
1
= 160
kN; P
2
= 4kN; P
0
= 240kN;
q=2kN/m; l=2m; b=12cm;
h=16 cm.
Bi gii
Mt ct nguy him ti
u ngm. V tr ng
trung ho v biu ng
sut php c v trn hnh
7.9b.
Lc dc:

z 0 1
N P P (240 160) 400kN = = + =
.
Mmen un:

2 4
1
x
Ph ql 2 4 10
M 160 8 1680kNcm
2 2 100 2

= + = + =

2
1 2
y
Pb P l
M 160 6 4 10 1360kNcm
2 2
= + = + =

Gi tr ng sut php ln nht v b nht theo (7.27), (7.28) l:
y
z x
max
2 2
x y
M
N M
400 1680 6 1360 6
4, 75kNcm
F W W 12 16 12 6 16 12

= + + = + + =

y
z x
min
2 2
x y
M
N M
400 1680 6 1360 6
8, 91kNcm
F W W 12 16 12 6 16 12

= = =

V tr ng trung ho: ng trung ho ct trc x v trc y ti cc im:
70

2
z y
0
y
N i
x
M
=
;
2
z x
0
x
N i
y
M
=

trong
2
2 2
x
h
i 21, 3cm
12
= =
;
2
2 2
y
b
i 12cm
12
= =

z
N 0 <
;
x
M 0 >
;
y
M 0 >
.
Khi thay bng s ta c:
0
x 3, 53cm =
;
0
y 5, 07cm =

IV. Un - xon ng thi
1. nh ngha
Mt thanh gi l xon v un ng thi. Khi trn MCN ca thanh c hai
thnh phn ni lc l mmen xon v mmen un (hnh 7.10).
2. ng sut trn
MCN trn - iu
kin bn
ng sut php
do mmen un gy
ra. ng sut tip do
mmen xon gy
nn phn b nh
trng hp xon
thun tu (b qua
nh hng ca lc
ct Q).
im nguy him trn mt ct nguy him l giao im ca ng ti
trng vi chu vi: im A hoc B (hnh 7.11). ng sut php v tip c gi tr:

2 2
x y
u A B
max min
u u
M M
M
W W
+
= = =
(7.29)
max
A,B
z
p
M
W
=
(7.30)
V phn t trng thi ng sut phng nn iu kin bn c dng:
[ ]
tdmax

(7.31)
V d theo thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht ta c:
2 2
td
4 = +

Thay cc gi tr ca v theo (7.29), (7.30) v ch W
p
= 2W
u
, ta c:

2 2 2
x y z
td
max
u u
M M M
M
W W
+ +
= =
;
2 2 2
td x y z
M M M M = + +
(7.32)
Hnh 7.11
Hnh 7.10
71
Theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng :
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 td
max
u u
M M 0, 75M
M
3
W W
+ +
= + = =
vi
2 2 2
td x y z
M M M 0, 75M = + + (7.33)
Theo thuyt bn Mo ta c: [ ]
k
td 1 3
=

trong :
2
2
1,3
2 2

= +

;
[ ]
[ ]
k
n

vi
2 2 2 2 2
td x y x y z
1 1
M M M M M M
2 2
+
= + + + + (7.34)
M
td
c tnh theo cc thuyt bn thch hp (7.32), (7.33), (7.34).
V d 7.3: Mt trc truyn bng thp chu lc nh trn hnh 7.12. Trng
lng Puli G = 3kN, cng sut v s vng quay ca mt l: W = 50kN, n =
500vg/ph. Kim tra bn trc theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng bit
[ ]
2
12kN/ cm =
.

Bi gii: S chu lc ca trc biu din trn hnh 7.12a, trong :

n 3,14 500
52, 4rad / s
30 30

= = =
;
3
W
M 0, 955 10 Nm 95, 5kNcm = = =

Lc cng dy ai xc nh theo iu kin cn bng ca mmen xon:

1 1 1
TD t D t D
M
2 2 2
= =

1
2M 2 95, 5
t 2, 38kN
D 80
= = =
;
1 1
T 2t 2 2.38 4, 76kN = = =
;
1 1
P T t 4, 76 2, 38 7,14kN = + = + =
ng sut tng ng tnh theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng:
Hnh 7.12
72

2 2 2
x y z
td
td 3
x
M M 0, 75M
M
W 0,1 d
+ +
= =

Mt ct nguy him ti C v pha CB, ti :

x
Gl
M 75kNcm
4
= =
;
y
Pl
M 178kNcm
4
= =
;
z
M 95, 5kNcm =

Cc biu ni lc c biu din trn cc hnh 7.12b, c, d.
Thay s vo ta c:

[ ]
2 2 2
2 2
td
3
75 178 0, 75 95, 5
9, 72kN/ cm 12kN/ cm
0,1 6
+ +
= = < =

Vy trc tho mn iu kin bn.
3. ng sut trn MCN hnh ch nht - iu kin bn
Gi s ti MCN nguy him c cc thnh phn ni lc M
x
, M
y
, M
z
biu
din trn hnh 7.13. i vi
trng hp ang xt, cc im B,
D c ng sut php cc tr:

y
x B
max
x y
M
M
W W
= +

y
x D
min
x y
M
M
W W
=

Mmen xon sinh ra ng
sut tip:

x A
max
p
M
W
=

z C
1 max
p
M
W
= =
;
vi
2
p
W hb =

Chng ta cha bit c trong ba im A, B, C im no l nguy him.
Vy ta phi tnh ng sut tng ng cho c ba phn t ly 3 im ny,
sau so snh im no c
t
l ln nht.
- i vi phn t im B:
y
x B B
td max
x y
M
M
W W
= = +

- i vi phn t im A (va c ng sut php va c
max
):
y
C
B
A
D
z
x
M
x
M
y
M
z
h

b
Hnh 7.13
73
Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht:
2 2
y A 2 2 z
td
y p
M
M
4 4
W W

= + = +

Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng:
2 2
y A 2 2 z
td
y p
M
M
3 3
W W

= + = +

- i vi phn t im C:
Theo thuyt bn th ba, ta c:
2
2
C
x z
td
x p
M M
4 .
W W

= +

Theo thuyt bn th t, ta c:
2
2
C x z
td
x p
M M
3 .
W W

= +

1
Chng 8. NG SUT BIN I THEO THOI GIAN
I. Khi nim v hin tng mi ca vt liu
Trong nhiu chi tit my hay cng trnh, ng sut trn MCN
bin i theo thi gian.
V d, khi mt trc quay chu ti trng ngang khng i cc
th dc ca trc lun phin b ko v nn, c mi vng quay ca
trc, ng sut li ln lt qua cc gi
tr cc i v cc tiu (hnh 8.1). Mt
thanh xin ca gin cu khi on tu
chy qua (ti trng bin i) cng ln
lt b ko, nn, v.v...
Cc chi tit chu ng sut bin i
theo thi gian thng b ph hng t
ngt khng c bin dng d (tuy lm
bng vt liu do) v ng sut cn rt
thp so vi gii hn bn ca vt liu. Hin tng c gi l
hin tng mi ca vt liu.
Hin tng mi xy ra l do khi chu tc dng ca ng sut
bin i, tuy gi tr cn thp hn gii hn n hi ca vt liu,
nhng bin dng do rt nh bt u xut hin v pht trin
nhng ni yu nht ca vt th ( nhng ch tp trung ng sut
do thiu st khi ch to hoc do nh hng ca mi trng) dn
dn ti nhng ch xut hin nhng vt nt rt b. Nhng vt
nt ny ngy cng su v pht trin tr thnh nhng vt nt
ln, MCN ca vt th b thu hp dn v cui cng khi khng cn
chu lc na th vt th b ph hoi t ngt.
Hin tng mi c c bit ch trong k thut. Chng
90% cc chi tit my b hng do nguyn nhn mi. V th, khi
tnh ton cc chi tit chu ng sut bin i, cn kim tra bn
mi ca chng.
II. Chu trnh ng sut v gii hn mi
1. Chu trnh ng sut
Khi ng sut p (p c th l hoc ) bin i theo thi gian t
sao cho: ( ) ( )
p t T p t + =
, th p(t) c gi l ng sut tun hon
hoc ng sut c chu k. Khong thi gian T c gi l chu k
ng sut. Qu trnh bin i ng sut ng vi khong thi gian
Hnh 8.1
2
(t, t + T) c gi l chu trnh ng sut.
Gi p
max
v p
min
, theo th t l gi tr ln nht v nh nht
ca ng sut p. i lng:
max min
m
p p
p
2
+
=
(8.3)
c gi l ng sut trung bnh, cn i lng:
=
max min
a
p p
p
2
> 0 (8.4)
c gi l bin ca chu trnh hay bin ng sut.

Hnh 8.2
T (8.3) v (8.4), d thy:
= + =
max m a min m a
p p p ; p p p
(8.5)
Chu trnh c p
max
= p
min
(hnh 8.2b) gi l chu trnh i xng.
Chu trnh c p
max
p
min
(hnh 8.2a)-chu trnh khng i
xng.
Chu trnh c p
min
(hoc p
max
)=0, gi l chu trnh mch ng
(hnh 8.2c, e). T s:
min
max
p
r
p
=
(8.6)
gi l h s khng i xng ca chu trnh. Theo nh ngha ny:
Khi r=1 (hnh 8.2b) chu trnh i xng; r=1 (hnh 8.2d)
chu trnh hng (ng sut khng i); r=0 (hnh 8.2c) chu trnh
mch ng (dng); r= (hnh 8.2e) chu trnh mch ng (m).
3
2. Gii hn mi
tnh bn mi ca chi tit my, ngi ta phi lm cc
th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu ng vi cc chu
trnh c h s khng i xng khc nhau. l gi tr ln nht
ca ng sut tun hon m vt liu c th chu ng c vi
mt s chu trnh khng hn nh v khng xut hin vt nt
mi.
Gi N
i
l s chu trnh v vt liu chu ng c (cho n
khi b ph hng) vi ng sut p
i
; bng thc nghim, ngi ta lp
c biu p = p(N) gi l biu mi nh hnh 8.3.
Gi tr ng sut p
r

c coi l gii hn mi v
l ng sut ln nht m
vt liu c th chu
ng c vi mt s chu
k v hn m khng b ph
hng, tc l vi mi N>N
r
.
Gii hn mi ca vt
liu c k hiu vi ch s
khng i xng r. Gii hn
mi un i xng ca thp
thng:
u
1 B
0,4
=
(8.7)
Cc gii hn mi khi ko nn i xng
( )
kn
1
hoc xon i
xng (
x
1
t
) c th tnh theo cng thc:

kn u
1 1 B
0,7 0,28

= =
;
x u
1 1 B
0,55 0,22

= =
(8.8)
i vi kim loi mu: ( )
u
1 B
0,25 0,50
= (8.9)
3. Biu gii hn mi
Gii hn mi ph
thuc vo h s khng i
xng r. Vi mi loi chu
trnh c th xc nh c
mt s gii hn mi vi cp
(p
a
, p
m
) tng ng. Tp hp
nhng im biu th gii
hn mi trong h to
Op
a
p
m
gi l biu gii
hn mi (hnh 8.4).
Hnh 8-4
Hnh 8-3
i vi thp N
r
= 10
7
. Vi kim
loi mu N
r
= 20.10
7
50.10
7
.
4
im A(P
1
, 0) ng vi chu trnh i xng. im B (0, p
B
)
ng vi chu trnh hng (p
B
: gii hn bn ca vt liu).
Xt mt chu trnh bt k biu th bi im L(p
a
, p
m
). Ni OL
cho ct ng cong trn biu ti im M(p
a
, p
m
). im M biu
th mt chu trnh gii hn c cng mt h s khng i xng (hay
l ng dng) vi chu trnh cho.
Thc vy, vi chu trnh cho trc, biu th bi im L v vi
chu trnh gii hn biu th bi im M, ta c:
a
min m a m
a
max m a
m
p
1
p p p p 1 tg
r
p
p p p 1 tg
1
p

= = = =
+ +
+
;
a
min m a m
a
max m a
m
p'
1
p' p' p' p' 1 tg
r ' r
p'
p' p' p' 1 tg
1
p'

= = = = =
+ +
+

Nhng chu trnh c biu th bng nhng im nm trn
mt tia v t gc to l nhng chu trnh ng dng. T s:
m a
r
m a
p' p' OM
n
OL p p
= = =
(8.10) c gi l t s ng dng.
T s ng dng n
r
chnh l h s an ton ca chu trnh cho
trc, n
r
> 1 - chu trnh an ton,
vt liu cha b ph hng v mi,
n
r
< 1 - th chu trnh khng an
ton (hnh 8.4).
v biu gii hn mi
ca mi loi vt liu phi lm kh
nhiu th nghim vi cc loi chu
trnh khc nhau thc t, ch
dng nhng biu gii hn mi
gn ng, c lp da vo mt s
t kt qu th nghim. Cch v
biu ny nh sau (hnh 8.5):
Ni im A biu th chu k i xng vi im E(P
0
/2, P
0
/2)
biu th chu k mch ng, bng mt ng thng, sau t
im C (0, p
c
) biu th ng sut tnh bng gii hn chy, k mt
ng thng lm vi trc p
m
mt gc 45
0
. Hai ng thng trn
ct nhau ti im D. ADC l biu gii hn mi gn ng.
Nhng im nm trn on thng CD biu th chu trnh gii
hn c ng sut cc i bng gii hn chy p
c
. Chng hn vi
im M: p
max
= p
m
+ p
a
= ON + NM = ON + NC = p
c

4. Cc nhn t nh hng n gii hn mi
Hnh 8-5
5
Thc nghim cho thy gii hn mi khng nhng ch ph
thuc vo h s khng i xng ca chu trnh m cn ph thuc
vo rt nhiu nhn t khc na, nh s tp trung ng sut, cht
lng b mt, kch thc tuyt i ca chi tit, v.v...
xt n nh hng ca cc nhn t , ngi ta dng h
s thc t
r
l t s gia gii hn mi p
1
ca mt mu th c
ng knh d = 710mm, b mt nh bng, vi gii hn mi p
1t

ca chi tit thc t:
1
r
1t
p
1
p
=
(8.11)
Gii hn mi ca mt chi tit thc t lm vic theo chu trnh
i xng bng:
1
1t
r
p
p

(8.12)
H s
r
l tch ca cc h s (cc h s c xc nh
bng thc nghim v cho trong cc S tay k thut):
tt
xt n
nh hng ca hin tng tp trung ng sut (nhn t tp trung
ng sut lm gim gii hn mi),
kt
xt n nh hng ca
kch thc tuyt i
ca chi tit (iu kin
nh nhau, kch thc
cng ln th gii hn
mi cng gim) v
m

xt n nh hng
ca trng thi b mt
(b mt c nh
bng, tng cng lm
tng gii hn mi):

r tt kt m
=
(8.13)
Cc chu trnh
khng i xng, cc
nhn t ni trn ch
nh hng n bin
ng sut v h s nh
hng cng ging nh i vi chu trnh i xng. Trn biu gii
hn mi (hnh 8.6), nu chia cc tung ca on AE (gii hn mi
ca mu th) cho
r
, ta s c on AE biu th gii hn mi ca
chi tit thc.
Hnh 8.6
6
III. Cch tnh bn mi
Ngi ta thng so snh h s an ton n
r
(gia chu trnh cho
trc v chu trnh gii hn ng dng vi n) vi h s an ton cho
php [n] theo iu kin:
[ ]
r
n n
(8.14)
Cch xc nh h s an ton n
r
ca cc chi tit chu ng sut
bin i nh sau:
1. Trng hp ko, nn, un hoc xon thun tu
Mt chu trnh ng sut bt k c biu th bng im L
nm trong min OADCO (hnh 8.6). Nu tia OL ct ng gii
hn mi trong on AD (im K) th chu trnh cho ng dng
vi chu trnh gii hn theo gii hn mi (chi tit b ph hoi v
mi). Nu tia OL ct ng gii hn mi trong on DC (im
M) th chu trnh cho ng dng vi chu trnh gii hn theo
gii hn chy (chi tit b ph hoi v ti gii hn chy).
* Trong trng hp th nht, h s an ton ca chu trnh
cho l:
m a
r
m a
p' p' OK
n
OL p p
= = =
. Do : = =
m r m a r a
p' n .p ; p' n .p (a)
To im K nm trn ng thng AE tho mn:
a m
p' ap' b = + (b)
Cc h s a, b c th xc nh nh to ca cc im A, E:
ti im A, khi p
m
= 0, p
a
=

1 r
p /
ti im E, khi p
m
= 0,5p
0
, p
a
=
0 r
0,5p /
Thay cc gi tr trn vo (b), ta c :
1 0
r 0 r
p 0,5p
a
0,5 p

= ==

trong :
1 0 1 0
0 0
p 0,5p 2p p
0,5p p

= =
;
1
r
p
b

=
(8.15)
Nh vy, phng trnh (6) c dng:
1
a m
r r
p
p' p'

= +

hay:
pm
+
r
p
a
= p
1
(c)
Thay (a) vo (c), ta c: n
r
p
m
+ n
r
r
p
a
= p
1

T rt ra h s an ton n
r
:
1
r
m r a
p
n
p p
=
+
(8.16)
* Trong trng hp th hai: gi th chu trnh cho c biu
7
th bi im L. ng vi im M, ta c:
m a c
p' p' ON NM ON NC p + = + = + =
(d)
thay (a) vo (d), suy ra:
c
r
m a
p
n
p p
=
+
(8.17)
V on DC trn biu l tp hp nhng im biu th gii
hn ph hng v chy nn trong cng thc (8.17) khng c cc
nhn t nh hng n gii hn mi.
Nh vy trong trng hp ko, nn, un hoc xon thun
tu, khi tnh ton ta c hai cng thc (8.16) v (8.17) tnh h s
an ton n
r
v ly h s nh hn kim tra theo iu kin (8.14).
2. Trng hp un v xon bin i ng thi
Trong trng hp un v xon bin i ng thi, ng sut
php v ng sut tip thay i ng b, c th p dng gi
thuyt ng sut tip ln nht hay gi thuyt th nng bin i
hnh dng ln nht, suy ra cng thc tnh h s an ton n
r

nh sau:
2 2 2
r
1 1 1
n n n

= +

hay:

r
2 2
r
n n
n
n n

=
+
(8.18)
trong n
v n
l cc h s an ton tnh theo cng thc (8.16)

hoc (8.17) cho bin dng nn v bin dng xon.
3. Tnh trc
Cc trc chuyn ng nh trc bnh rng hoc bnh ai v.v...
b un v xon ng thi, v th cn c kim tra bn mi, theo
iu kin (8.14). H s an ton ca trc ti mt ct nguy him no
c tnh theo (8.18), trong n
v n
r
c tnh theo (8.16):
1
m a
n

=
+
;
1
m n
n

=
+
(8.19)
trong :
1 1
0 0
0 0
2
;

2
= =

(8.20)
Cc h s
c xc nh theo cng thc (8.13). Trong

mt s ti liu, cng thc ny c vit di dng:
8
r
K K
,

= =

(8.21)
trong : K
v K
h s tp trung ng sut thc t khi un v

xon; h s tng bn b mt;
h s kch thc.
Cc h s trn u c th xc nh nh bng hay biu cho
sn. Thng thng ly [n] = 1,5 2,5. Khi cn tng cng c th
ly [n] = 2,3 3 c th khng cn kim tra cng ca trc.
4. Tnh ln
Nhng ln c s vng quay n 10 vg/ph chu ng sut thay
i, thng b hng v mi b mt tip xc. T th nghim lp
c quan h gia ti trng Q tc dng ln v tui th ca ,
biu th bng s chu trnh N = 60.n.h (n - s vng quay trong mt
pht; h - s gi lm vic ca ):
Q(nh)
0,3
= C (8.22)
C c gi l h s kh nng lm vic ca ln. H s kh
nng lm vic cho php [C] c cho trong cc S tay k thut.
H thc (8.22) cng c th vit di dng:
Q
m
N = hng; m =
1
3,33
0,3
(8.22')
ln thng chu ng thi c ti trng ngang (hng tm)
v ti trng dc (hng trc) c th khng i hoc thay i theo
thi gian, m hoc va p; c trng hp vng trong ca hoc
vng ngoi ca quay; nhit lm vic, ... Cc nhn t u
nh hng n kh nng lm vic ca v c xt n khi tnh
ti trng Q Q c gi l ti trng quy c.
i vi chn, Q c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim:
( )
v
Q RK mA = +
K
K
t
(8.23)
trong : R ti trng ngang; A ti trng dc; m h s quy i,
quy ti trng dc thnh ti trng ngang; K
v
h s ng hc, nu
vng trong quay K
v
= 1, nu vng ngoi quay K
v
= 1,35; K
h
s ti trng ng, xt n nh hng do ti trng bin i; K
t

h s nhit , xt n nh hng do nhit ca mi trng
lm vic (tra trong cc S tay k thut).
i vi chn: Q = AK
K
t
(8.24)
iu kin bn mi ca ln l: C [C] (8.25)
9
VI. NHNG BIN PHP NNG CAO GII HN MI
Trn y ta thy gii hn mi ca mt chi tit ph thuc vo nhiu
nhn t phc tp lm h thp kh nhiu gii
hn mi ca chi tit.
Trong k thut ngoi vic chn vt liu
ch to c bn cao v kt cu nh, cn rt
ch trng tm cch nng cao gii hn mi
bng bin php ch to v cng ngh .
Khi ch to, trnh nhng nguyn nhn
gy ra s tp trung ng sut, nh nhng ch
thay i mt ct t ngt, nhng l t cht,
then ... nhng vt nh du trn mt ngoi
ca chi tit i khi cng l ngun gc pht
sinh nhng vt nt v mi.
Chi tit c nhng ch thay i mt ct
t ngt, ngi ta c nhng bin php nhm
gim bt s tp trung ng sut nh:
Tng bn knh ch gc ln. m bo
cho bn knh ch ln ln, ngi ta c th
lm cho ch ln ln vo trong.
Lm nhng rnh iu ha ng sut gim
bt chnh lch t ngt gia hai phn c
cng khc nhau h thp ng sut tp trung
ranh gii gia hai phn . V d, rnh gim
ng sut nhng ch ghp cng ...
Bin php cng ngh nhm nng cao
cht lng b mt ca chi tit, v d cc chi
tit chu un hoc xon, ng sut mt ngoi
ln nht, s pht sinh v pht trin nhng vt
nt v mi thng bt u t mt ngoi
bin php cng ngh c mt ngha c bit
quan trng, nhng bin php cng ngh gm:
Mi nhn, nh bng hoc m b mt chi
tit tr b cc vt nt rt nh pht
sinh trong qu trnh gia cng.
Lm tng bn b mt bng cc phng php c hc nh cn bng con
ln, phun ch, ... ln b mt hoc dng phng php nhit luyn b
mt nh thm cacbon, nit, ... ti b mt bng dng in cao tn, ...
10
IV. V d ng dng
V d 1. Mt trc nh dng ng ca ng c

Chng 9. SU N |NH CA H N HI
I. Khi nim
Thc t c nhiu trng hp nu ch tnh bn v cng
vn cha m bo an ton cho kt cu, v n c th b ph
hng do s mt n nh cn phi ch n s n nh.
Khi nim v n nh ca h n hi: V d, mt vt nng
hnh cu c trn mt mt lm (hnh 9.1a), qu cu trng thi
cn bng n nh. Nu ta t qu cu trn mt mt li (hnh
9.1b), qu cu trng thi cn bng khng n nh (mt n nh)

Xt mt thanh thng mnh chu lc nh hnh 9.2a. Khi lc
P
r
cn nh. Nu ta dng mt lc ngang rt nh K
r
y thanh
chch khi v tr cn bng, thanh tr li v
tr thng ng ban u sau khi b K
r
.
gi l trng thi n nh ca thanh.
Nhng khi lc P
r
vt qu mt gii hn
nht nh P
th
(ti trng ti hn) th thanh
s di v tr cn bng ban u vi bin dng
ngy cng tng ngay c sau khi lc ngang
trit tiu, cho n khi cong hn v mt pha,
khng tr v dng thng ban u na. Lc
ny ta ni rng trng thi cn bng (di
dng thng) ca thanh khng n nh.
i vi cc chi tit my hoc cng
trnh, ngoi vic bo m an ton v bn v cng cn phi
bo m c n nh na.
iu kin n nh:
th
d
P
P
n
, n
h s an ton v n nh.
V d mt thanh ngm di c mt ct ngang ch nht hp
(hnh 9.3a) b un phng bi lc
r
P song song vi chiu di ca
a)
b)
Hnh 9.1
Hnh 9.2
a)
b)
mt ct, khi P
r
ln hn lc ti hn
th
P
r
d b mt n nh: thanh b
vnh i v b un xon ng thi. Mt ng trn mng b xon
thun tu (hnh 9.3b) khi mmen xon M > M
th
, thnh ng s b
mo v mt n nh.

Hnh 9.3
Khi mt n nh, bin dng ca h tng rt nhanh so vi
mc tng ca ti trng. Chng hn, vi thanh thng chu nn
nh hnh 9.2: khi P=1,010 P
th
th f=9%l; P=1,015 P
th
th f=22%l.
Bi ton n nh l xc nh ti trng ti hn. Bi ton n
gin nht l xc nh lc ti hn ca thanh b nn ng tm (bi
ton un dc thanh thng hay bi ton le (Euler).
II. bi ton le (EULER, 1774)
1. Cng thc le v lc ti hn
Xt mt thanh thng chu lc nn
ng tm P. Khi P t ti gi tr ti
hn P
th
thanh s b un cong trong mt
phng m thanh c cng nh nht
(hnh 9.4).
Gi thit: ng sut trong thanh do
P
th
gy ra cha vt gii hn t l (n
hi tuyn tnh). Di tc dng ca P
th

trc ca thanh b cong vi chuyn v
( vng) ti mt ct c ta z l y(z)
rt b. Mmen un trn mt ct l:
M(z) = P
th
. y(z) (a)
Hnh 9.4
Do cc gi thit trn ta c th dng cng thc tnh mmen
un theo phng trnh vi phn gn ng ng n hi:

( )
2
2
d y
M z EJ
dz
=
(b)
Thay (a) vo (b) ta c:
+ =
2
y (z) y(z) 0 (9.1)
trong :
=
2
th
P
EJ
(c)
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh trn l:

= +
1 2
y(z) C sin z C cos z

Cc hng s tch phn c xc nh theo iu kin bin:
khi z = 0 th y = 0 (d)
khi z = 1 th y = 0 (e)
T (d) ta c ngay C
2
= 0. T (e) ta c:
y(l) = C
1
sinl = 0 (9.2)
Nh vy hoc C
1
= 0 hoc sinl = 0. Tuy nhin v C
2
= 0, nn
nu C
1
= 0 th y(z) = 0, khi thanh cha b un cong hay cha
mt n nh. Vy ch cn li iu kin
sinl= 0 l = n (n = 1, 2, )

=
n
l
(n = 1, 2, ) (f)
Thay gi tr ca vo (c) ta c gi tr lc ti hn:

=
2 2
th 2
n EJ
P
l
(n = 1, 2, 3...) (g)
P
th
l gi tr nh nht trong cc gi tr (g), ng vi n = 1, khi
thanh bt u mt n nh, vi cng nh nht nn J trong (g)
nh nht J
min
ca MCN. Do , lc ti hn bng:

=
2
min
th
2
EJ
P
l
(9.3)
Cng thc ny do le tm ra nm 1774.
i vi cc thanh thng khc, bng nhng suy din tng t
nh trn, ta c cng thc Euler di dng tng qut sau:

=
2
2
min
th 2
EJ
P m
l
hay
( )
2
min
th 2
EJ
P
l
(9.4)
trong v m =
1
l cc h
s ph thuc vo dng lin kt
hai mt thanh (hnh 9.5).
C th thy m bng s na
bc sng hnh sin ca ng
n hi ca thanh sau khi
thanh b mt n nh.
2. ng sut ti hn
ng sut ti hn trong
thanh chu nn ng tm bi
lc P
th
:

( )
2
th min
th
2
P EJ
F
l F
= =
hay:
( )
2 2
th min
th
2
P Ei
F
l
= =

trong ,
=
2 min
min
J
i
F
l bn knh qun tnh cc tiu ca MCN.
t:
=
min
i
l
- c gi l mnh ca thanh (9.5)
Cng thc tnh ng sut ti hn s c dng:
2
th
2
E
=
(9.6)
3. Gii hn p dng ca cng thc le
Cc cng thc le c thnh lp vi gi thit vt liu n
hi tuyn tnh chng ch dng khi ng sut trong thanh nh
hn gii hn t l
tl
iu kin p dng cc cng thc le:

th tl

hay
2
tl 2
E

2
tl
E
(9.7)
Nh vy cng thc le ch ng vi cc thanh c mnh
ln hn mnh gii hn:
2
0
tl
E
=
(9.8)
Vi thp, E 2.10
5
N/mm
2
,
tl
= 200N/mm
2

=
2 5
0
.2.10
100
200

Vi g
0
70, vi gang
0
80.
Hnh 9.5
Nhng thanh c
mnh >
0
c gi l nhng
thanh c mnh ln.
Nhng thanh c
1
<<
0

c gi l nhng thanh c
mnh va v b.
i vi nhng thanh c
mnh va v b, thng
dng cng thc kinh nghim
sau y ca E.S. Yaxinxky:

th
a b = (9.9)
trong a v b l cc hng
s ph thuc vt liu ca thanh, c xc nh bng thc nghim
v tra S tay k thut. V d vi thp s 3: a = 336 MN/m
2
, b =
2,47 MN/m
2
, vi g: a = 29,3 MN/m
2
, b = 0,194 MN/m
2
.
i vi thanh c mnh b qu (0
1
) khi chu nn thanh
khng th b cong, s mt n nh ca thanh thc t khng xy
ra, khi trng thi ti hn ca thanh cng l trng thi ph
hoi ca vt liu:
th
=
0
(9.10)
vi =
0 ch
i vi vt liu do, =
0 B
i vi vt liu gin.
III. Phng php thc hnh tnh n nh
Nh bit, iu kin bn ca thanh b nn ng tm l:

[ ]

= =
0
n
n
thc
P
F n

trong , []
n
l ng sut nn cho php. Trong khi iu kin
n nh ca thanh l:
=
ng
P
F
[]
=
th
P
n
(9.11)
trong []
l ng sut cho php v n nh.

tin cho vic tnh ton, ta t:
[ ]
[ ]

= =

th
0
n
n
n
(9.12)
c gi l h s gim ng sut cho php hay h s un dc,
1 v thng thng []
[]
n
. H s ph thuc vo vt liu,
mnh ca thanh v cc h s an ton v bn v n nh. Bng
th
tl

0
0

ng I-a-xin-xki

Hypecbn le
Hnh 9.6

thc nghim, ngi ta lp c bng tra tr s theo mnh
v vt liu, v cho trong cc S tay k thut.
Thay (9.12) v (9.11) suy ra cng thc kim
tra n nh cc thanh b un dc:

[ ]

n
ng
P
F
(9.13)
V 1 nn nu iu kin n nh c
bo m th iu kin bn cng c m bo.
Thc nghim cho thy nhng l khuyt trn
mt ct ngang (nh l inh, rnh chm, v.v...) nh hng rt t
n n nh ca thanh, nn khi kim tra n nh theo cng
thc (9.32) vn dng din tch nguyn ca mt ct. Hnh 9.7 m t
mt MCN b gim yu cc b, khi F
th
= F
1
+ F
2
, cn F
ng
l din
tch ca hnh trn.
T cng thc c bn trn, c th xc nh lc nn cho php:
[ ] [ ]

ng
n
P F
(9.14)
IV. V d p dng
V d 9.1. Tnh lc ti hn v ng sut ti hn ca
mt thanh chu nn ng tm nh hnh 9.8. Cho bit
vt liu thanh l uya-ra: E = 0.71.10
5
MN/m
2
;
tl
=180 MN/m
2
; l = 2 m; D = 4 cm; d = 3 cm.
Gii
Mmen qun tnh ca MCN hnh vnh khn l:

( )

= =
4 4
175
J D d
64 64
(cm
4
)
Din tch MCN ca thanh:
( )

= =
2 2
7
F D d
4 4
(cm
2
)
Bn knh qun tnh ca mt ct (i
min
= i
max
= i)

= = =
J 175 .4 5
i
F 64.7 4
(cm)
H s lin kt = 0,7, do mnh ca thanh l:
Hnh 9.8
P
l
D
d

Hnh 9.7

= = =
0,7.120.4
67,2
i 5
l

mnh
0
tng ng vi
tl
l:
= = =
5
0
tl
E 0,71.10
3,14 62
180

Do >
0
, nn ta p dng cng thc le tnh lc ti hn

( )
= = =
2
3
th 2
EJ
P 85,3.10 N 85,3kN
l

ng sut ti hn:

( )
= = = =
2
6 2 2 th
th
2
P EJ
155.10 N/ m 155MN/ m
F
l F

V d 9.2. Tnh lc ti hn v ng sut ti hn ca mt ct lm
bng thp CT3 chu lin kt khp hai u, MCN hnh ch I s
22a. Xt hai trng hp:
a) Ct cao 3 m.
b) Ct cao 2,25 m.
Gii
Mt ct ngang hnh ch I s 22a c F = 32,4 cm
2
v i
min
= 2,5cm
a) Khi ct cao 3m mnh ca ct l:

min
1.3
120
i 0,025
= = =
l

Vi thp CT3 ta c
0
= 100 nn ta thy >
0
, do ta c th
s dng cng thc le.
ng sut ti hn:

= =
2
2
th
2
E
14,3kN/ cm

Lc ti hn ca thanh l:
P
th
=
th
.F = 14,3.32,4 = 463,32 kN
Hnh 9.9

P

l
b) Khi ct cao 3m mnh ca ct l:
0
min
1.2,25
90
i 0,025
= = = <
l

V <
0
, nn ta phi dng cng thc Yaxinxki tnh lc ti
hn vi thp s 3, ta c:

= = =
2
th
a b 336 1,47.90 20,4kN/ cm

Khi lc ti hn l:
P
th
=
th
. F = 20,4 . 32,4 = 660 kN
V d 9.3. Cho ct ch I lm t thp s 3. Bit []=16 kN/cm
2
,
P=400kN, l=2 m. Xc nh s hiu mt ct ngang?
Gii
Ta gii bi ton theo phng php ng dn.
a) Chn ln th nht
Chn
0
=0,60
Khi []
= .[] = 0,6.16 = 9,6 kN/cm

2
.
Din tch MCN:
[ ]
= =
2
od
P 400
F 41,7kN/ cm
9,6

Tra bng thp ch I thy c loi thp I N
0
27 c
F= 40,2 cm
3
; i
min
=2,54cm.
mnh ca ct l:

= = =
min
l 1.200
78,8
i 2,54

i vi thp s 3, khi = 70 th = 0,758, khi = 80 th =
0,75. Dng phng php ni suy ta c h s
1
=
+
0,81 0,75
0,75 .1,3
10
=0,758 tng ng vi = 78,8.
H s
1
ny khc nhiu so vi h s gim ng sut ta chn lc
u nn ta phi chon ln hai.
b) Chn lm th hai:
Ta ly:
679 , 0
2
1 0
2
=
+
=
;
Khi : []
= .[] = 0,679.16 = 10,86 kN/cm

2
Din tch MCN:
2
cm 8 , 36
86 , 10
400
F = =

Tra bng ta chn thp ch I N
0
24 c din tch gn nht F =
34,8 cm
3
; i
min
=2,37cm.
mnh ca ct:
min
l 1.200
84,5
i 2,37
= = =

Tra bng i vi thp s 3 ta c: khi = 80 th = 0,75, khi =
90 th = 0,69.
Dng ni suy ta c vi = 84,5 th h s gim ng sut l:

3
=
+
0,75 0,69
0,69 .5,5
10
= 0,723;
Kim tra li iu kin n nh:
ng sut cho php n nh:
[]
=
3
.[] = 0,723.16 = 11,57 kN/cm
2
ng sut thc t trong ct:

[ ]
2
od
2
cm / kN 57 , 11 cm / kN 5 , 11
8 , 34
400
F
P
= = = =

ng sut t hn l:

[ ] [ ]
[ ]

= =
d
d
0,07
.100% .100% 0,8%
11,57

chn I N
0
24 th ct n nh.
V = 84,5 <
0
= 100, nn theo cng thc Yaxinxki ta c:

2
th
cm / kN 37 , 21 b a = = ;
= =
th
d
d
n 1,85

1
Chng 10. TNH CHUYN V| CA H THANH
I. Cc Khi nim chung
Chng ny s trnh by mt phng php tng qut tnh
chuyn v ca cc thanh c dng bt k (nh khung, thanh
cong,...) chu lc bt k. Nhng phng php ny da trn cc
nguyn l v nng lng c gi l phng php nng lng.
Mt s cc phng php hay s dng i vi h thanh n
hi tuyn tnh: phng php da trn nh l Castigliano, nh
l tng h Betti hoc Maxwell, cng thc Maxwell-Mohr,
Khi nghin cu cch xc nh chuyn v ca h thanh n
hi tuyn tnh ta tha nhn mt s gi thit sau:
- Ti trng gy ra chuyn v l ti trng tc dng tnh.
- Chuyn v ca h tun theo nguyn l cng tc dng.
xc nh chuyn v ca h thanh ta c th tin hnh theo
mt trong hai hng:
- Xut pht t nguyn l bo ton nng lng, xc nh
chuyn v theo th nng bin dng n hi.
- Xut pht t nguyn l cng kh d ca h thanh.
II. TNH CHUYN V THEO TH NNG BIN DNG N HI
1. Cng ca ngoi lc, ni lc th nng bin dng n hi
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc vt th b bin dng, lm dch chuyn
im t ca lc ngoi lc s sinh cng - l cng ca ngoi lc. Cng
ca ngoi lc, k hiu l A
ng
, l cng dng v gy ra cc chuyn v.
Cng ca cc ni lc sinh ra trn nhng bin dng n hi ca h c
gi l Cng ca ni lc, k hiu l A
n
, l cng m v ngn cn chuyn v.
Theo nguyn l bo ton nng lng th mt h bin dng n hi
trng thi cn bng s tho mn iu kin:
A
ng
= - A
n
(10-1)
Nu lc tc dng ln vt l tnh, vt lm vic trong gii hn n hi v
b qua cc mt mt nng lng do cc hin tng nhit, in t, , trong
qu trnh l tng, theo nguyn tc bo ton nng lng ta c th coi: ton
b cng ca ngoi lc A
ng
c chuyn ha thnh th nng bin dng n
hi U tch ly trong vt th:
A
ng
= U = - A
n
(10-2)
Th nng bin dng n hi c tnh nh sau:
2
Khi thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm: U
1
=
=
i
l
2
n
i 1
0
N
dz
2EF
(10-3)
Khi thanh chu un ngang phng:
U
2
=
= =
+

i i
l l
2 2
n n
i 1 i 1
0 0
M Q
dz dz
2EJ 2GF
(10-4)
trong l h s iu chnh, k ti s phn b khng u ca ng sut
tip. H s ny ph thuc vo hnh dng ca tit din, v d, mt ct trn =
1,18; mt ct hnh ch nht = 1,2; tit din hnh ng mng = 2.
Khi thanh chu xon: U
3
=
i
l
2
n
z
i 1
p 0
M
dz
2GJ
=
(10-5)
Tng qut th nng bin dng n hi :
U =
=
i
l
2
n
i 1
0
N
dz
2EF
+
= =
+

i i
l l
2 2
n n
i 1 i 1
0 0
M Q
dz dz
2EJ 2GF
+
i
l
2
n
z
i 1
p 0
M
dz
2GJ
=
(10-6)
i vi bi ton phng, trn cc MCN ca thanh ch c 3 thnh phn
ni lc: N, Q, M nn:
U =
i
l
2
n
i 1
0
N
dz
2EF
=
+
= =
+

i i
l l
2 2
n n
i 1 i 1
0 0
M Q
dz dz
2EJ 2GF
(10-7)
2. Xc nh chuyn v trc tip theo th nng bin dng n hi
Phng php ny ch s dng khi trn h c mt lc tc dng, v d lc
P. Yu cu xc nh chuyn v c v tr v phng tng ng vi lc P:
A
ng
=
1
P
2

= U
2U
P
=
(10-8)
Ch n (10-7), ta c th xc nh theo cng thc sau:

i i i
l l l
2 2 2 n n n
i 1 i 1 i 1
x 0 0 0
M Q 2U 2 N
dz dz dz
P P 2EF 2EJ 2GF
= = =

= = + +

(10-9)
V d 10.1. Xc nh vng ti u t
do ca dm cho trn hnh 10-1. B qua nh
hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
Trong trng hp ny ta c:

2 2 3
0 0
M (Pz) P 2 1
dz dz
P 2EJ P EJ 3EJ
= = =

l l
l

l
Hnh 10.1
P
z
3
2. Xc nh chuyn v theo nh l Castigliano
nh l Castigliano: o hm ring ca th nng bin dng n hi
theo mt lc no bng chuyn v theo phng tc dng ca lc t ti
im .

k
k
U
P
(10-10)
Chng minh (hnh 10-2)
Gi s tng lng P
k
ln
mt lng v cng b dP
k
th
vng ca dm ti cc im
t lc s tng ln cc lng
d
1
, d
2
,...,d
k
,...,d
n
th
nng bin dng n hi cng s
tng ln mt lng l dU.
Nu vt liu lm vic trong gii hn n hi th th nng bin dng l
mt hm ca ti trng, do dU cng l mt hm ca ti trng.
U = f(P
i
) => dU = df(P
i
)
Th nng bin dng U s tng mt lng l:

k
k
U
dU dP
P
(10-11)

Sau khi bin dng, lc dP
k
thc hin mt cng l: dA = dP
k
.
k

Theo nguyn l bo ton nng lng: dA = dU (pcm)
Gi s trn dm c mmen tp trung tc dng, tng t ta c biu thc
ca nh l Castigliano vit cho gc xoay ti v tr mmen tp trung l:

k
k
U
M
(10-12)
Vi U biu din trong (10-7), ta c:
= = =

= + +

i i i
l l l
n n n
k
i 1 i 1 i 1
k x k k 0 0 0
N N M M Q Q
dz dz dz
EF P EJ P GF P
(10-13)
= = =

= = + +

i i i
l l l
n n n
k
i 1 i 1 i 1
k k x k k 0 0 0
U N N M M Q Q
dz dz dz
M EF M EJ M GF M
(10-14)
Ch : nh l Castigliano ch xc nh c vng v gc xoay
im c t lc tp trung v mmen tp trung mun xc nh vng v
gc xoay ti mt im bt k khng c lc tp trung v mmen tp trung th
ta t vo lc tp trung gi to P
gt
=0 v mmen tp trung gi to M
gt
=0.
P
2
P
k
Hnh 10-2
2
k
1
P
1
P
n
n
4
V d 10.2: xc nh vng v gc xoay ti u B ca dm chu lc
nh hnh 10.3. B qua nh hng ca lc ct.
Gii: v khng k n nh hng ca lc ct Q nn:
vng:
B
0
M M
dz
EJ P
l
.
Do M= -P.z =>
M
z
P

Thay vo biu thc trn ta c
vng:
=
3
B
P
3EJ
l

tnh gc xoay ta thm vo mmen gi to M
gt
.
Ta c: M = M
gt
- P.z
gt
M
1
M

( )

= = = =

2
B gt
gt gt 0 0
U M M 1 P
dz M P.z .1.dz
M EJ M EJ EJ
l l
l
; v M
gt
= 0.
Du (-) chng t gc xoay ti B ngc chiu M
gt
.
Ghi ch: nu k n nh hng ca lc ct Q th:

= +

B
0 0
M M Q Q
dz dz
EJ P GF P
l l
.
Vi Q = P
Q
1
P

= +
3
B
P P
3EJ GF
l l

iii. tnh chuyn v theo nguyn l cNG KH D
3.1. Cng kh d ca ngoi lc, ni lc, nguyn l di chuyn kh d
3.1.1 Chuyn v kh d
Chuyn v kh d
hoc bin dng kh d
c hiu l bt c mt
dng chuyn v hay bin
dng no m bo c
cc iu kin lin kt
ca h (cc iu kin
bin hnh hc ca h).
V d vi h hnh 10.4, nhng chuyn v theo ng n hi
tho mn iu kin l vng ti hai gi ta bng khng l nhng
chuyn v kh d.
P
1
P
2
A
B
Hnh 10-4
2
l
Hnh 10.3
P
z
M
gt
EJ
GF
A
B
5
3.1.2 Cng kh d ca ngoi lc
Cng kh d l cng sinh ra bi cc lc trn cc chuyn v v bin dng
kh d do mt nguyn nhn bt k gy ra (c th l ti trng, nhit , ).
Xt mt h n hi tuyn tnh ng vi hai trng thi k chu lc P
k
v
m chu lc P
m
nh hnh 10.5.

K hiu
km
l chuyn v kh d tng ng vi lc P
k
(c v tr v
phng tng ng vi lc P
k
) do
nguyn nhn trng thi m gy
ra.
V d trn hnh 10.6:
kk
l
chuyn v theo phng ca lc P
k

do lc P
k
gy ra chuyn v ny.
mm
l chuyn v theo phng ca
lc P
m
do lc P
m
gy ra chuyn v
ny.
K hiu
ng
km
A
l cng kh d
ca ngoi lc trng thi k sinh
ra trn cc chuyn v tng ng trng thi m. Ta c:

ng
km k km
A P . =
(10-16)
Trong trng hp c nhiu lc tc dng, cng kh d ca ngoi lc c
dng:

ng
km ik km
i
A P . =
(10-17)
3.1.3 Nguyn l cng kh d
Nu h bin dng n hi cn bng di tc dng ca cc lc th tng
cng kh d
ng
km
A
ca cc ngoi lc trn nhng chuyn v kh d tng ng
v cng kh d ca cc ni lc
n
km
A
trn nhng bin dng n hi kh d
tng ng phi bng khng, c ngha:

ng
km
A
+
n
km
A
= 0 hay
n
ik km km
i
P . A 0 + =
(10-18)
P
k
k
Hnh 10-5
m
km
P
m
dz dz
P
k
Hnh 10-6
kk
P
m
km
mm
ng n hi do lc P
k
tc dng
ng n hi do lc P
k
v P
m
tc dng
6
3.1.4 Cng kh d ca ni lc
Tnh cng kh d ca ni lc trn ton chiu di ca h: tch khi h
mt on chiu di dz v biu din cc thnh phn ni lc nh trn hnh 10.7

trng thi k, trn phn t c cc lc dc N
k
, mmen un M
k
, lc ct
Q
k
(hnh 10.7a). i vi phn t ang xt cc thnh phn ny l ngoi lc.
trng thi m ti v tr tng ng cng tch ra phn t c chiu
di dz. Cc thnh phn ni lc k hiu l N
m
, M
m
, Q
m
chng gy ra cc bin
dng kh d (hnh 10.7b,c,d).
Cng kh d phn t ca cc lc trng thi k trn cc bin dng kh
d tng ng trng thi m l:
ng
k m k m k m
km k k k
N N dz M M dz Q Q dz
dA N dz M d Q ds
EF EJ GF

= + + = + +

(10-19)
Theo (10-18), ta c:

ng n
km km
dA dA =
(10-20)
Do cng kh d phn t ca cc ni lc:

n k m k m k m
km
dA
EF EJ GF

= + +

(10-21)
Trn ton h, cng kh d ca ni lc s l:

n
k m k m k m
km
A
EF EJ GF

= + +

(10-22)
T (10-22), (10-20) v (10-17) ta c:

k m k m k m
ik km
i
P .
EF EJ GF
= + +

(10-22)
Cng thc trn biu th s cn bng gia cng kh d ca ngoi lc tc
dng ln h trng thi k trn nhng chuyn v kh d tng ng trng
thi m vi cng kh d ca ni lc trng thi k trn nhng bin dng
kh d tng ng trng thi m.
ds
dz+dz
Q
k
Q
k

M
k

M
k

N
k
N
k

N
m
N
m
dz
Q
m
Q
m

dz
tb
a)
b) d)
dz
d
M
m

M
m
c)
Hnh 10.7
k m
7
3.2 Cc nh l tng h
3.2.1 nh l Betti v s tng h ca cng kh d ca ngoi lc (1872)
Cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc trng thi k trn cc chuyn v kh d
tng ng trng thi m:

k m k m k m
ik km
i
P .
EF EJ GF
= + +

(a)
Cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc trng thi m trn cc chuyn v kh
d tng ng trng thi k:

m k m k m k
jm mk
j
P .
EF EJ GF
= + +

(b)
So snh (a) v (b) ta c:
ik km jm mk
i j
P . P . =
(10-24)
i vi h n hi tuyn tnh, cng kh d ca ngoi lc tc dng ln
h trng thi k trn nhng chuyn v kh d trng thi m s bng
cng kh d ca ngoi lc tc dng ln h trng thi m trn nhng
chuyn v kh d trng thi k.
3.2.2 nh l Maxwell v s tng h ca cc chuyn v n v (1864)
Nu h trng thi k ta ch t mt lc n v theo phng k, k
hiu P
k
= 1 v nhn c
chuyn v
mk
theo phng m.
Nu h trng thi m ta ch
t mt lc n v P
m
= 1 theo
phng m v nhn c
chuyn v
km
theo phng k
(hnh 10-8).
Theo nh l Betti ta c:

km
=
mk
(10-25)
Nh vy chuyn v n
v theo phng ca lc P
k
do
lc P
m
= 1 gy ra bng chuyn
v n v theo phng ca lc P
m
do lc P
k
gy ra.
Da vo th nng bin dng n hi ngi ta c th gii c nhiu bi
ton sc bn vt liu nh tnh chuyn v ca cc h thanh phc tp, gii h
siu tnh, xc nh lc ti hn trong n nh... Cc phng php gii trn
c gi chung l phng php nng lng.
mk
km
A
B
Hnh 10-8
P
k
=1
A
B
P
m
=1
8
3.3. Cng thc MAXWELL - MOHR
Bi ton phng: trng thi chu lc ca khung nh cho l trng thi
m, lc v chuyn v ca trng thi ny c km theo ch s m (hnh 10.9).
Xc nh chuyn v theo
phng k ca trng tm MCN ti
A. Mun vy to mt trng thi
chu lc k mi bng cch b tt
c ngoi lc ban u tc dng ln
h v t theo phng k mt lc P
k

c gi tr v chiu tu . n
gin ta thng chn P
k
= 1 v
trng thi ny c gi l trng
thi n v.
Cng A
km
ca lc P
k
trn chuyn v
km
l:
A
km
=
k m k m k m
k km
P .
EF EJ GF
= + +

(10-26)
Chia c hai v ca biu thc ny cho P
k
, ng thi k hiu:

k
k
k
N
N
P
=
;
k
k
k
M
M
P
=
;
k
k
k
Q
Q
P
=

trong k N
, k M ,
k
Q
- ni lc do P
k
= 1 gy ra trng thi k.
Cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v h n hi tuyn tnh:

k k
k m m m
km
EF EJ GF
= + +

(10-27)
Cng thc Mo gip ta xc nh chuyn v theo cc phng ca thanh c
dng bt k. Mun xc nh chuyn v thng ti mt im no ca trc
thanh, ta t ti im mt lc tp trung n v, cn mun xc nh chuyn
v gc (gc xoay) th ta t mmen tp trung n v.
Mun xc nh chuyn v tng i gia
cc im hoc gia cc mt ct khc nhau ca
thanh, ta t hai lc n v c phng trng vi
ng thng ni hai im nhng ngc chiu
nhau. Mun xc nh gc xoay tng i gia
hai mt ct th ta t hai mmen n v ngc
chiu nhau, cc lc n v trong trng hp ny
c gi l lc n v tng qut, cc chuyn v
tng i gi l chuyn v tng qut (hnh
10.10).
A
A
P
q
Hnh 10.9
k
m
P
k
k
M
k
=1
P
k
=1
M
k
=1
Hnh 10.10
P
k
=1
9
Tm li, chuyn v ca thanh theo cng thc Mo xc nh nh sau:
1. Vit biu thc ni lc M
m
, N
m
, Q
m
do ti trng gy ra trn thanh
2. t cc lc n v theo cc phng cn tnh chuyn v. Nu chuyn v
cn tnh l chuyn v thng th lc n v l lc tp trung, nu chuyn v cn
tnh l gc xoay th lc n v l mmen tp trung.
3. Vit biu thc ni lc k N , k M ,
k
Q
do lc n v gy ra (ti cc MCN
tng ng vi cc MCN tnh M
m
, N
m
, Q
m
)
4. Thay cc biu thc M
m
, N
m
, Q
m
, k N , k M ,
k
Q
vo cng thc (10-27) ta
tnh c cc chuyn v cn tm.
5. Nu
km
dng th chiu ca chuyn v trng vi chiu ca lc n v,
nu
km
m th ngc li.
i vi bi ton khng gian, nu trn MCN ca thanh c y 6
thnh phn ni lc th cng thc Mo s c dng:
= + + +
+ +

yk
zk xk
ym
zm xm
km
x y
zk yk ym
xk xm zm
x y
p
M M dz
N N dz M M dz
EF EJ EJ
Q Q dz
Q Q dz M M dz
+
GF GF GJ
(10-28)
M
ym
, M
xm
, M
zm
, N
zm
, Q
xm
, Q
ym
l cc ni lc trn MCN do ti trng gy
ra cn zk N , xk yk zk M , M , M
,
xk yk
Q , Q
l cc ni lc do ti trng n v gy ra.
V d 10.3: cho dm chu lc nh hnh 10.11. Xc nh vng gia
nhp. B qua nh hng ca lc ct.
Gii: trng thi chu lc ca dm nh
cho l trng thi m. Biu thc mmen
un ti MCN:
2
m
1
M q( z z )
2
= l

tnh vng ti gia nhp ta to ra
trng thi k bng cch t ti lc P
k
=
1 theo chiu chuyn v cn tnh. Biu thc
mmen un:
k
1
M z
2
=

Thay vo (10-27), ta c (b qua lc
dc, ct):
/ 2 4
2
km
0
1 1 1 1 5 q
y 2 . q( .z z ) z.dz
2 EJ 2 2 384 EJ

= = =

l
l
l

(Phi ly tch phn t 0 l/2 v t l/2 l, nhng do hai tch phn ny
bng nhau nn ly mt tch phn ri nhn cho 2).
l/2

P
k
=1
z

l

z

ql/2

1/2

Hnh 10.11
q

10
IV. PHNG PHP NHN BIU VRSAGHIN
Xc nh chuyn v ca cc thanh c
cng khng i, theo cng thc Mo kh phc
tp. i vi h thanh thng, ta thy t nht
mt hm ni lc di du tch phn l bc
nht hoc hng s.
Nu mt trong hai hm s di du tch
phn c dng bc nht th ta c th thay cch
gii tch phn trn bng phng php nhn
biu ca Vrsaghin.
Gi thit trn on chiu di l no
ca thanh, hm s G(z) c dng bt k cn
F(z) c dng bc nht: F(z) = (az + b)
Tch phn
k
m
M M dz
F(z).G(z)dz
EJ
=

,
trong k F(z) M =
cn
m
M
G(z)
EJ
=
.
Tch phn I ca hai hm s F(z) v G(z):

0 0
I F(z).G(z)dz (az b).G(z)dz = = +

l l

vi d = G(z)dz l mt din tch v cng nh ca biu G(z), ta c tch
phn theo bin mi:
I (az b)d a zd b d a zd b

= + = + = +

Ta c C
zd z
=
, trong z
C
l honh trng tm ca din tch .
Khi tch phn I s l:
C C
I az b (az b) = + = +

Theo hnh 10-12, ta c az
C
+ b = F(z
C
) tung ca hm F(z) ng vi
honh z
C
I = F(z
C
) (10.30)
T kt qu trn ta suy ra: nu cc biu ni lc M
m
, N
m
, Q
m
do ti
trng gy ra c dng bt k, cn cc biu k N , k M ,
k
Q
do ti trng n v
c dng bc nht th:
= + +
km m k m k m k
1 1 1
(M )M (C) (N )N (C) (Q )Q (C)
EJ EF GF
(10.31)
trong (M
m
), (N
m
), (Q
m
) l din tch cc biu M
m
, N
m
, Q
m
.

k k k
M (C), N (C), Q (C)
l cc gi tr ca biu
k k k
M , N , Q
ti
nhng v tr tng ng vi trng tm ca din tch cc biu M
m
, N
m
, Q
m
.
G,F
z
z
O
O
l
z
C
C
dz z
d
F(z
C
)
G(z)
F(z)=az+b
Hnh 10-12
11
Cn ch rng:
- Nu F(z) v G(z) u l bc nht th php nhn trn c tnh hon v.
- Nu ch c mt biu l bc nht th gi tr tung tng ng ti trng
tm bt buc phi ly biu c dng bc nht .
- Nu th bc nht b gy khc th phi chia chiu di ly tch phn
thnh tng on, trn mi on th ny l mt ng thng trn, thc
hin php nhn, sau ly tng kt qu php nhn trong cc on.
- Nu cc biu c dng phc tp th khi nhn ta chia chng ra nhiu
hnh n gin, sau ta cng cc kt qu li vi nhau.
- Kt qu ca php nhn mang du (+) khi din tch v tung u cng
du hoc cng nm v mt pha ca ng chun.
- Kt qu ca php nhn biu i xng vi biu phn i xng s
bng khng.

Hnh 10-13
Bng 10.1 - din tch v honh trng tm ca mt s hnh thng gp
Bc 2

1
h
3
= l
;
1
1
z
4
= l

2
3
z
4
= l

Bc n
1
h
n 1
=
+
l
;
1
1
z
n 2
=
+
l
;
2
n 1
z
n 2
+
=
+
l

Bc 2
2
h
3
= l
;
1
3
z
8
= l

2
5
z
8
= l

Bc n
n
h
n 1
=
+
l
;
1
n 1
z
3n 2
+
=
+
l
;
2
3n 1
z
n 2
+
=
+
l

y
2
y
1
C
2

2
C
1
y
2
y
1
2
C
2
C
3 C
1
y
1 y
2
2
C
1
C
2
1

3
y
3
1
a)

b) c)

l

z
2
z
1
h

l

z
2
z
1
h

12
V d 10.4: Tm vng ti B v gc xoay ti A ca dm chu lc nh trn
hnh 10.14a (b qua nh hng ca lc ct).
Gii
Trng thi m l trng thi
chu lc ca dm (hnh 10.14a).
Biu mmen un do ti trng
gy ra M
m
biu din trn hnh
10.14b.
tm vng ti B ta to ln
trng thi k (hnh 10.14c), biu
mmen
B
k
M c biu din
trn hnh 10.14d.
y ta thy trong hai on
AB v BC biu
B
k
M c
biu din bng nhng ng
thng khc nhau, v vy tnh
vng dng phng php nhn
biu Vrsaghin ta phi chia
biu M
m
theo 2 phn t A n
B v t B n C. Php nhn
Vrsaghin cho kt qu nh sau:
2
x
4
x
1 2 q 5
2. . . . .
EJ 3 8 2 8 4
5 q
=
384 EJ
B
l l l
y
l
= =

tm gc xoay ti A ta s to
trng thi k nh hnh 10.14e.
Biu
A
k
M c biu din nh
hnh 10.14f. Theo php nhn Vrsaghin ta c:

2 2
x x
1 2 q 1 q
. . . .
EJ 3 8 2 24EJ

= = =

A km
l l
l
Kt qu mang du (-) chng t l gc xoay ti A c chiu ngc li vi
chiu ca M
k
chn.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
B
k
M
A
k
M
m
M
Hnh 10.14
13
V d 10.5: Tm vng ti B ca dm chu lc nh trn hnh 10.15a (b
qua nh hng ca lc
ct).
Gii
Biu mmen ca
trng thi m c biu
din trn hnh 10.15b.
n gin khi nhn biu
ta c th xem biu
M
m
trong khong AC l
tng cng ca mt biu
bc nh v mt ng
bc 2 (hnh 10.15c). iu
cng ging nh chng
ta xem rng trng thi
m l tng cng ca hai
trng thi: trng thi ch
c mt mnh lc P tc
dng v trng thi ch c
mt mnh lc q tc dng
(hnh 10.15d).
tm chuyn v ti B
ta to ra trng thi k
nh trn hnh 10.15e,
biu mmen cng
c biu din trn hnh
.
Vi cch ta c th
thc hin php nhn biu
Vrsaghin mt cch
d dng:
B km
y = =
( )
2
1 1 2 2 3 3
x x
1 1 1 2 1 2 2 q 1
= y y y P . . P . . . . .
EJ EJ 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 8 2 3
l l l l l l l
l l

+ + = +

3 4
x x
4P q
=
81EJ 72EJ
l l

Hnh 10.15
14
V d 10.6: Tm chuyn v ngang ti A, D (im gia AB) v gc xoay
tng i gia hai mt ct ti gi ta B v C ca khung chu lc nh hnh
10.16a. B qua nh hng ca lc dc, lc ct n chuyn v ca khung.
Gii
Ta xem trng thi chu lc ca khung l trng thi m. Biu M
m
c
biu din trn hnh 10.16b.

Hnh 10.16
tm chuyn v ngang ti A ta lp trng thi k nh trn hnh 10.16c.
Chuyn v ngang ti A:

k m
A km
x
M M
y dz
EJ
= =

2 2 4
A
x x
1 1 q 2 2 q 5 3q
y . . . . . .
EJ 2 2 3 3 2 8 8EJ
l l l
l l + l l

= =

tm gc xoay tng i gia hai mt ct B v C ta tao nn trng thi
k nh hnh 10.16d. Bng php nhn biu Vrsaghin ta c:

k m
BC km
x
M M
dz
EJ
= =

2 2 3
BC
x x
1 1 q 2 q 7q
. . .
EJ 2 2 3 2 12EJ
l l l
l + l

= =

15
tnh chuyn v ngang ti D ta to nn trng thi k nh hnh 10.16e.
Ta nhn thy php nhn biu trong on AB s tr nn phc tp, v ta
phi chia biu M
m
thnh hai phn trn hai on AD v DB m trng
tm ca mi phn ta cha xc nh. trnh kh khn ny ta xem biu
M
m
trn on AB nh tng hai biu nh trn hnh 10.16e. Vi cch ta
thc hin c php nhn Vrsaghin mt cch d dng:

k m
D km
x
M M
y dz
EJ
= =

2 2 2 2
D
x
2 2 4
x
1 1 q 2 q 1 2 q 2q 1
y . . . 2. . . . .
EJ 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 8 2 2 2
2 q 2 q 5 89q
. .
3 8 2 2 3 8 2 8 2 384EJ
l l l l l l l l l
l +
l l l l l l l

= + + +

+ + =

V d 10.7: Cho khung chu lc nh hnh v (10.17a). Tnh dch gn
tng i gia cc trng tm MCN A v B. B qua nh hng ca lc dc
v lc ct; EJ
x
=const
Gii
Biu M
m
nh hnh v 10.17b.

Hnh 10.17
tm chuyn v thng tng i
km
gia A v B, t h lc n v P
k
=
1 ngc chiu nhau nh trn hnh 10.17c. Biu mmen un k M nh trn
hnh 10.17d

3 n
k
km m
i 1
x x x
M 1 1 1 Pa
M dz Pa.a. 0, 707a. 0,118
EJ 2 3 EJ EJ
=
= = =

Du (-) y chng t sau bin dng cc im A v B xa nhau hn so vi
v tr ban u ca chng (ngc chiu vi cc lc P
k
=1).

Chng 11. Tnh h thanh siu tnh bng phng php lc
11.1
Chng 11. TNH H THANH SIU TNH
BNG PHNG PHP LC
I. KHI NIM C BN
H tnh nh (HT): s lin kt = s phng trnh cn bng tnh hc.
H siu tnh (HST) l h c s lin kt nhiu hn s phng trnh cn
bng tnh hc. H siu tnh l h bt bin hnh v c cc lin kt tha. Bc
siu tnh ca h c tnh bng s lin kt tha. S lin kt tha ca mt
h c th l lin kt ngoi (lin kt cn thit gi cho h c c nh)
hay lin kt ni (lin kt gia cc phn i vi nhau trong cng mt h)
So vi h tnh nh, HST c nhng c im sau:
Ni lc trong HST phn b u hn, ng sut v bin dng nh hn
so vi HT c cng kch thc v ti trng.
HST c nhc im l d pht sinh cc ng sut khi nhit thay
i, khi c ln cc gi ta, gia cng lp ghp khng chnh xc.
Khi nhng lin kt tha b h hng th h vn khng b ph loi, v
khi h vn bt bin hnh hc.
V d: Hnh 11.1a,e: h tha 2 lin kt ngoi: bc siu tnh ca h l 2.
Hnh 11.1b: h tha 1 lin kt ngoi: bc siu tnh ca h l 1. Hnh 11.1c:
h tha 3 lin kt ngoi v 3 lin kt ni: bc siu tnh l 6. Hnh 11.1d: h
tha 3 lin kt ni, bc siu tnh ca h l 3.
Khung khp kn (hnh 1.1f) siu tnh bc ba. V mun ni phn (A) v
(B), cn 3 lin kt n hoc 1 khp v 1 lin kt n hay thay ba lin kt n
bng mi hn cng (hnh 11.1g,h).

Khi nim lin kt tha ch c tnh qui c. Bi v m bo cho h
bt bin hnh th chng l tha, nhng s c mt ca chng s to cho kt
cu c cng cao hn v do , lm vic tt hn so vi h tnh nh. Sau
y ta gii HST bng phng php lc.
a)
e)
b) c)
d)
f)
g)
h)
(A)
(B)
(A)
(B)
Hnh 11.1
11.2
II. GII H SIU TNH BNG PHNG PHP LC
1. H c bn ca HST
l mt HT c c t HST cho bng cch b bt cc lin kt tha.
HST c th c nhiu h c bn (hnh 11.2).

Cn ch rng:
Sau khi b cc lin
kt tha, h phi m bo
tnh bt bin hnh ca n.
Ch c php gim
bt cc lin kt n ch
khng c php thm
lin kt n vo mt mt
ct bt k.
V d: h trn hnh 11.3b, c khng phi l h c bn ca h trn hnh
11.3a, v n s bin hnh.
2. HT tng ng
HT tng ng vi HST cho khi bin dng v chuyn v ca
chng hon ton ging nhau.
HT tng ng l h c bn chn ca HST: cc lin kt tha biu
din phn lc lin kt (hnh 11.4). Phn lc lin kt c xc nh vi iu
kin bin dng v chuyn v ca HT hon ton ging nh HST cho.

Hnh 11.4
3. Thit lp h phng trnh chnh tc xc nh cc phn lc lin kt
Vi mi phn lc lin kt X
i
ta c mt iu kin chuyn v:
l
q
l
Hnh 11.2
(a)
(b)
(c)

a)
b)
c)

l
l
Hnh 11.3
(a) (b)
(c)
11.3
Gi
i
l chuyn v ca im t ca X
i
theo phng ca X
i
, gy ra do
ti trng P
i
v tt c cc X
j
(j = 1, 2, , n), vi n l bc siu tnh ta c:

i
=
i
(i = 1, 2, , n) (11.1)
y
i
l chuyn v ti im t ca X
i
v theo phng X
i
do ti trng
cho gy ra trong HST, du (+) ly khi chiu chuyn v ca
i
cng chiu
vi chiu ca lc X
i
v ly du (-)khi chiu chuyn v ca
i
ngc chiu vi
chiu ca lc X
i
. Trong cc trng hp thng gp nh gi c nh, di ng,
ngm th ta c
i
= 0. Tuy nhin c nhng trng hp
i
0, chng hn gi
ta n hi.
Nu HST c n bc siu tnh n phng trnh (11.1) h phng
trnh chnh tc xc nh cc phn lc lin kt X
i
(i = 1, 2, .., n):

1 11 1 12 2 1n n 1p
2 21 1 22 2 2n n 2p
n n1 1 n2 2 nn n np
X X ... X 0
X X ... X 0
.............................................................
X X ... X 0
= + + + + =
= + + + + =

= + + + + =

(11.2)
trong :
ip
l chuyn v theo phng i ca h c bn do ti trng gy nn.
ik
l chuyn v n v theo phng i ca h c bn do lc n v t theo
phng k gy nn.
Ta c th tnh c
ip
v
ik
theo cng thc Mo sau:

= = =
= + + +

i i i
l l l
n n n
zi zk xi xk zi zk
ik
i 1 i 1 i 1
x p 0 0 0
N N M M M M
dz dz ... dz
EF EJ GJ

= = =
= + + +

i i i
l l l
n n n
zi zp xi xp zi zp
ip
i 1 i 1 i 1
x p 0 0 0
N N M M M M
dz dz ... dz
EF EJ GJ

Nu b qua nh hng ca ko-nn v xon so vi un, th
ip
v
ik

tnh theo cng thc Mo sau (b qua ch s x, y trong cng thc):

i
l
n
i k
ik
i 1
0
M M
dz
EJ
=
=
;
i
l
n
i p
ip
i 1
0
M M
dz
EJ
=
=
(11.3)
Sau khi xc nh c cc phn lc lin kt X
i
, t cc phn lc lin kt
X
i
cng vi ti trng ln h c bn mt HT tng ng.
Gii HST bng phng php lc ta c cc bc sau:
Bc 1. Xc nh bc siu tnh v chn h c bn
Bc 2. Xc nh HT tng ng bng cch t vo h c bn cc phn
lc lin kt tng ng vi cc lin kt tha b i.
Bc 3. Thit lp h phng trnh chnh tc
11.4
V d 11.1: V biu ni lc ca khung nh hnh v 11.5a

Gii: Khung c hai bc siu tnh, h c bn c chn nh hnh 11.5b.
HT tng ng nh trn hnh 11.5c. Phng trnh chnh tc c dng:

11 1 12 2 1p
21 1 22 2 2p
X X 0
X X 0
+ + =
+ + =

Biu mmen un do ti trng (M
p
) nh hnh 11.5d.
p dng phng php nhn biu Versaghin ta c:

3 n
1 1
11
x x x
i 1
0
M M 1 1 2 4a
dz .a.a. a a.a.a
EJ EJ 2 3 3EJ
=

= = + =

i
l

3 n
1 2
12
x x x
i 1
0
M M 1 1 a
dz .a.a.a
EJ EJ 2 2EJ
=

= = =

i
l

3 n
2 2
22
x x x
i 1
0
M M 1 1 2 a
dz .a.a. a
EJ EJ 2 3 3EJ
=

= = =

i
l

2 2 4 n
p 1
1p
x x x
i 1
0
M M
1 1 a 3 a 5qa
dz .aq. . a q. .a.a
EJ EJ 3 2 4 2 8EJ
=

= = + =

i
l

2 4 n
p 2
2p
x x x
i 1
0
M M
1 1 a qa
dz .aq. .a
EJ EJ 2 2 4EJ
=

= = =

i
l

Hnh 11.5
X
2
X
1
(c)
X
2
=1
2
M

(f)
a
C B
A
a
a
(a)
q
(e)
X
1
=1
1
M
a
C B
A
M
P
qa
2
/2
(d)
(b)
H c bn
11.5
Thay vo phng trnh chnh tc, ta c:

+ =
=

=
+ =

3 3 4
1 2
1
x x x
3 3 4
2
1 2
x x x
3 a 1 a 5 qa
3
X X 0
X qa
4 EJ 2 EJ 8 EJ
7
3
1 a 1 a 1 qa
X qa
X X 0
28
2 EJ 3 EJ 4 EJ

v biu M, N, Q ta t cc lc X
1
, X
2
vo h c bn vi lc X
1
c
chiu ngc li v kt qu mang du m. Biu M, N, Q nh hnh 11.6.

Hnh 11.6
III. TNH H SIU TNH I XNG
1. nh ngha : H i xng l h khi c t nht mt trc i xng.
H i xng chu ti trng i xng khi ti trng t ln phn ny l
nh ca ti trng t ln phn kia qua gng phng t ti trc i xng v
vung gc vi mt phng ca h.
Nu ti trng ca phn ny l nh ca phn kia nhng c chiu ngc
li th ta gi l h i xng chu ti trng phn i xng.
Hnh (11.7a,b,c) - HST
i xng, h chu ti trng
i xng, h chu ti trng
phn i xng.
2. Tnh cht (mnh )
Tng t, ni lc
cng c tnh cht i xng
hoc phn i xng.
Trong mt phng: N
z
, M
x
c tnh
i xng, Q
y
c tnh phn i xng
Trong khng gian: N
z
, M
x
, M
y
l i
xng, Q
x
, Q
y
v M
z
phn i xng.

a) b) c)
Hnh 11.7
M
x
M
x
Q
y
Q
y

Hnh 11.8
11.6
Tnh cht ca HST i xng:
Nu mt h i xng chu ti trng
i xng th ni lc phn i xng
trn mt ct trong mt phng i
xng ca h l bng khng. Ngc
li nu ti trng l phn i xng th
ni lc i xng phi bng khng.
Ch cc nhn xt sau: Khi h
l i xng chu ti trng i xng
th biu mmen l i xng, ngc li nu ti trng phn i xng th
biu mmen l phn i xng. Php nhn Vrsaghin gia biu i
xng v phn i xng l bng khng.
Chng minh. Gi s c HST i xng chu ti phn i xng (hnh
11.10b). Chn h c bn bng cch ct i khung. Phi chng minh cc
thnh phn ni lc i xng X
1
v X
2
trn mt ct l bng khng.
X
1
, X
2
, X
3
l nghim ca phng trnh chnh tc:

11 1 12 2 13 3 1p
21 1 22 2 23 3 2p
31 1 32 2 33 3 3p
X X X 0
X X X 0
X X X 0
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
(11.4)

Biu
1
M
,
2
M
l i xng cn biu
3
M
l phn i xng nn:

13
=
31
=
23
=
32
=
1p
=
2p
= 0
Do h phng trnh chnh tc trn thu gn li nh sau:

11 1 12 2
21 1 22 2
33 3 3p
X X 0
X X 0
X 0
+ =
+ =
+ =
(11.5)
Hai phng trnh u l mt h thng phng trnh thun nht 2 n s
nh thc khc khng X
1
= X
2
= 0.
M
x
Q
x
N
z
x y
z
y
x
z
M
y
Q
y
M
z
Hnh 11.9
X
3 X
3
X
2
X
2
X
1
P
k
=1
Hnh 11.10
(a)
P
k
=1
P
(b)
P
l l
Pl
k
M
M
m
l
l
l
Pl
l
11.7
Tng t, khung chu lc i xng nh hnh v 11.10a. Lc biu
ti trng l i xng nn:
13
=
31
=
23
=
32
=
3P
= 0
H phng trnh chnh tc:
11 1 12 2 1p
21 1 22 2 2p
33 3
X X 0
X X 0
X 0
+ + =
+ + =
(11.6)
T phng trnh th 3 ta c X
3
= 0 pcm.
Trng hp h i xng nhng ti trng bt k tng tc dng ca h
c ti trng i xng v h chu ti trng phn i xng (hnh 11.11).

IV. HST C CC LIN KT CHU CHUYN V CNG BC
tnh ton nhng HST c cc gi ta chu chuyn v cng bc ta
cng s s dng nhng l lun va m t trn. Ni lc trong h c cc
lin kt chu chuyn v cng bc l do cc gi ta chu cc chuyn v
cng bc.
p dng h phng trnh chnh tc (11.2) vo trng hp ny ta phi
ch khi chn h c bn, khng nn loi b cc lin kt c chuyn v
cng bc m phi ct cc lin kt y. Ngoi ra c th la chn h c bn
bng cch loi b cc lin kt tha khng c chuyn v cng bc.
Gi s cho mt dm nh hnh 11.12a, nu chn h c bn bng cch loi
b lin kt gi ta B c chuyn v cng bc th iu kin bin dng
theo phng ca n s X
1
do cc n s X
k
nu c (trn hnh 11.12a khng
ch ra nhng n s ny) v chuyn v cng bc gy ra s khng bng
khng. C th l:

1
X 1 2 n
(X , X ,..., X ) 0 =
By gi nu ta chn h c bn bng cch ct lin kt c chuyn v cng
bc B th iu kin chuyn v theo phng lin kt y vn bng khng. V
lc ny iu kin va ni l iu kin m ta chuyn v tng i ca hai
mt ct ca lin kt va b ct:
P/2 P/2 P/2
P/2 P
Hnh 11.11
= +
11.8

1
X 1 2 n
(X , X ,..., X ) 0 =

Nu chn h c bn bng cch ct cc lin kt tha c chuyn v cng
bc th phng trnh th k c dng:

+ + + + + + =
k1 1 k2 2 kk k kn n k
X X ... X ... X 0 (k=1,n) (11.7)
Cc h s
kj
tnh nh i vi trng hp h chu ti trng.
k
l chuyn v theo phng ca lc X
k
do chuyn v cng bc gy ra
trong h c bn. N c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

= =
=

n n
k i i i i
i 1 i 1
R M
(11.8)
Trong
i i
R , M l phn lc theo phng lin kt th i do lc
k
X = 1 gy
ra trong h c bn.
i
l chuyn v thng theo phng lin kt th i v
i
l gc xoay ti lin kt th i trong h siu tnh cho.

V d 11.2: Tnh mmen un ln nht trong trc c cho trn hnh
11.12a, nu khi ch to tm ca lch i mt on .
Gii
H c bn chn nh hnh 11.12b. Phng trnh chnh tc c dng:

+ =
11 1 1
X 0
Trong
= = =
1 1
R . 1.
Biu
1
M cho trn hnh 11.12c, nhn biu ny vi chnh n ta c:

3
11
1 1 1 2 1
2 .
EJ 2 2 3 2 6EJ

= =

l
l. l. l
Thay
1
v
11
va tm c vo phng trnh chnh tc ta c:
1
2
l
A
B
g
l l
C
X
1
a)
b)
c)
1
X 1 =

2
3EJ
l
d)
1
M
M
Hnh 11.12
11.9

1
3
6EJ
X =
l

Biu mmen un v gi tr mmen un ln nht trn hnh 11.12d.
IV. TNH HST CHU NHIT THAY I
Vic tnh HST chu nhit thay i cng tng t nh tnh h chu tc
dng ca ti trng, ch khc y l s bin thin ca nhit l nguyn
nhn gy ra ni lc trong h. V th s hng
kp
thay bng
kt
l chuyn
v theo phng X
k
do s bin thin nhit gy ra trong h c bn. C th
l

= + + + + =
= + + + + =

= + + + + =

1 11 1 12 2 1n n 1t
2 21 1 22 2 2n n 2t
n n1 1 n2 2 nn n nt
X X ... X 0
X X ... X 0
.............................................................
X X ... X 0
(11.9)
Trong cc h s
kt
c xc nh nh sau:

2 1
kt c k k
0 0
t - t
t N dZ M dZ
h
= +

l l

Hay
( ) ( )
2 1
kt k c k
t - t
N t M
h
= +

Trong
( )
k
N v
( )
k
M l din tch ca biu lc dc v mmen
un do lc
k
X 1 = gy ra trong h c bn;
1 2
c
t + t
t
2
= ; l h s dn n
nhit ca vt liu ca h; h l chiu cao MCN; t
1
v t
2
l bin thin ca
nhit hai pha ca MCN.
Cc h s
kj
c xc nh nh trng hp h chu ti trng.
Sau khi thit lp v gii h phng trnh chnh tc ta s tm c cc n
s X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, Vic v cc biu ni lc c tin hnh theo cc
phng php bit.
11.10
IV. TNH DM LIN TC
1. nh ngha
Dm lin tc l dm
siu tnh t trn nhiu gi
ta n, trong c mt gi
ta c nh (hnh 11.13a).
Khong cch gia hai gi ta
gi l nhp. Bc siu tnh ca
dm bng s nhp tr mt.
2. Phng trnh ba mmen
Chn h c bn ca
dm bng cch t ln mi
gi ta mt khp chia
dm thnh nhiu dm n
(hnh 11.13b).
Nhng lc tc dng ln
mt nhp no ch nh
hng n chuyn v ca
nhp bn cnh khi xt
chuyn v mt gi ta bt
k, ch cn xt hai nhp lin
tip nhau v cc n s ch l
cc mmen un ni lc M
i
(hnh 11.13c) (M
i
>0 lm
cng th di).
Phng trnh chnh
tc (phng trnh ba
mmen) vit theo iu kin
gc xoay tng i gia hai mt ct ti gi ta phi bng khng.
V d ti gi ta th i:
11
M
1
+
12
M
2
++
i,i-1
M
i-1
+
i,i
M
i
+
i,i+1
M
i+1
++
1n
M
n
+
ip
= 0
Cc h s
i1
=
i2
= =
i(i-2)
= = 0, do lc tc dng trn hai nhp
trn hai gi ta th i ch nh hng n gc xoay ca gi ta trn hai
nhp . Phng trnh chnh tc ca h c dng sau:

i,i-1
M
i-1
+
i,i
M
i
+
i,i+1
M
i+1
+
ip
= 0 (11.10)
Cc h s v s hng t do trong (11.10) tnh theo phng php nhn
biu Vrsaghin, ta c:
1
i
b
i+1
a
i+1
b
i
P
l
i+1
l
i
M
1
M
2
M
3
M
3
P
M
2
M
1
l l l l
q
M
4
M
0
q
0 1
2 3 4
M
i-1
M
i
M
i+1
M
i+1
M
i
M
i-1
q
i-1 i i+1

a
i
i-1 i+1

C
C
i

i+1
M
i-1
=1
M
i
=1
1
1
M
i+1
=1
i 1
M

i
M
i 1
M
+
M
p
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Hnh 11.13
11.11

i 1
i 1 i i
i,i 1 i
i i i
0
M M 1 1 1
dz . .1. .
EJ EJ 2 3 6EJ
= = =
l
l
l

i
i i i i 1
i,i i i 1
i i 1 i i 1
0
M M 1 1 2 1 1 2
dz . .1. . . .1. .
EJ EJ 2 3 EJ 2 3 3EJ 3EJ
+
+
+ +
= = + = +
l
l l
l l

i 1
i i 1 i 1
i,i 1 i 1
i 1 i 1 i 1
0
M M 1 1 1
dz . .1. .
EJ EJ 2 3 6EJ
+
+ +
+ +
+ + +
= = =
l
l
l

i
p i
i i 1
ip i i 1
i i i 1 i 1
0
M M
a b 1 1
dz . . . .
EJ EJ EJ
+
+
+ +
= = +
l
l l

trong : l
i
, l
i+1
: di ca nhp th i v th (i+1).
i
,
i+1
: Din tch ca
biu mmen do ti trng gy nn trn hai nhp th i v th (i+1). a
i
, b
i+1
:
Khong cch t trng tm ca cc din tch n gi ta th (i-1) v (i+1).
Thay cc tr s vo phng trnh chnh tc, ta c:
i i i 1 i 1 i i i 1 i 1
i 1 i i 1
i i i 1 i 1 i i i 1 i 1
.a .b
M M M 0
6EJ 3EJ 3EJ 6EJ EJ EJ
+ + + +
+
+ + + +

+ + + + + =

l l l l
l l
(11.11)
Nu cng EJ khng i trn sut chiu di ca dm, ta c :

( )
i i i 1 i 1
i i 1 i i 1 i i 1 i 1
i i 1
.a .b
M 2 M M 6 0
+ +
+ + +
+

+ + + + + =

l l l l
l l
(11.12)
V d :V biu lc ct, mmen un ca dm lin tc nh hnh v (11.14a)

l
M
1
M
2
M
3
P=ql
M
2
M
1
l l l
q
M
0
0

1
2

3
a)
b)
l l
ql
2
/8
ql
2
/4
M
p
c)
Hnh 11.14
5ql/8
M
2
M
2
1
M
2
M
M
1
M
1
d)
ql
2
/40
e)
3ql
2
/20
ql/40
ql
2
/20
3ql
2
/20
7ql
2
/20
3ql/8
13ql/20
7ql/20
M
x
Q
y
f)
g)
11.12
Gii: y l HST bc 2. H c bn nh hnh 11.14b. Biu mmen un
M
p
nh hnh 11.14c.
Phng trnh ba mmen i vi gi ta th 1, 2 v 3 l:

+ + + + =

+ + + + =

2
0 1 2
2 2
1 2 3
2 q 1
M 2( + )M M 6 0 . . . 0
3 8 2
2 q 1 1 q 1
M 2( + )M M 6 . . . . . . 0
3 8 2 2 4 2
l
l l l l l
l l
l l l l l l

Trong M
0
= M
3
= 0 (do cc khp khng c mmen ngoi lc tp trung).
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
M
1
=
2
ql
40
; M
2
=
2
3ql
20
;
Du (-) ch cc mmen c chiu ngc vi chiu chn.
Cng cc biu M
p
, M
1
, M
2
ta c biu M
x
(hnh 11.14f). Sau khi
tnh phn lc cc gi ta ca biu M
p
, M
1
, M
2
v cng cc vect phn
lc, ta thu c biu Q
y
nh trn hnh 11.14g.
3. Trng hp c bit
Trng hp dm lin tc c u tha v u ngm th cch gii ca
chng ta nh sau:
Tng tng b u tha v thu gn tt c ngoi lc t trn on
v gi ta cui cng. Mmen un thu gn c th xem l mmen lin kt ti
mt ct ca gi ta cui cng (mmen c tr s dng khi n lm cng
th di v c tr s m khi n lm cng th trn) hoc c xem l mmen
un ngoi lc tc ng ln dm. Cn lin kt ngm th c thay bng mt
nhp t trn mt gi ta c nh v mt lin kt n. cng EJ
x
ca on
nhp ny c xem l ln v cng v chiu di ca nhp c xem l
bng khng (hnh 11.15).

Hnh 11.15
Phng trnh ba mmen c p dng i vi tng nhp cnh nh phn
trn.
l
0
=0
P
P
l
M=Pl
11.13
V d: V biu ni lc ca dm chu lc nh hnh v (11.15a).

Gii: H c bn v th t cc nhp, cc gi ta c nh s nh hnh
11.15b. Biu M
p
do ti trng gy nn trn h c bn nh hnh v (11.15c).
Mmen thu gn gi ta cui cng c xem l mmen lin kt trn mt
ct ca gi ta . V vy trn biu mmen M
p
khng c mmen . Vi
cc gi ta (1), (2), ta thit lp c cc phng trnh ba mmen nh sau:

+ + + =
+ + + =
l
l l l l l
l
l l l l l
2
0 1 2
2
1 2 3
2 q 1
M 2( + )M M 6 . . . 0
3 8 2
2 q 1
M 2( + )M M 6 . . . 0
3 8 2

Gii h trn vi M
0
= 0 v M
3
= 0.5Pl = 0.5ql
2
ta c:
M
1
=
2
5ql
28
; M
2
=
2
3ql
28
;
Mmen M
1
<0, chng t mmen M
1
lm cng th trn, mmen M
2
>0 c
ngha l M
2
lm cng th di. Biu mmen un v lc ct cho trn hnh
11.15f,g.
Hnh 11.15
0

M
1
l
0
=0
M
0
=0
l/2
M
2
P=ql
M
3
=-ql
2
/2 M
2
l l
q
1

2
3

a)
b)
l l
ql
2
/8
M
p
c)
17ql/28
1
M
2
M
M
1
d)
5ql
2
/28
e)
3ql
2
/28
11ql/14
5ql
2
/28
ql
2
/2
3ql/14
ql
M
x
Q
y
f)
g)
3ql
2
/28
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-1
Chng 12. ti trng ng

I. Khi nim
1. Ti trng tnh, ti trng ng
Ti trng tnh tc l nhng lc hoc ngu lc c t ln
m hnh kho st mt cch t t, lin tc t khng n tr s
cui cng v t tr i khng i, hoc bin i khng ng k
theo thi gian. Ti trng tnh khng lm xut hin lc qun tnh.
Ti trng tc dng mt cch t ngt hoc bin i theo thi
gian, v d nhng ti trng xut hin do va chm, rung ng,
v.v... nhng ti trng ny c gi l ti trng ng.
Mt cch tng qut, ta gi nhng ti trng gy ra gia tc c
tr s ng k trn vt th c xt, l nhng ti trng ng.
2. Phn loi ti trng ng
Bi ton chuyn ng c gia tc khng i w=const, v d,
chuyn ng ca cc thang my, vn thang trong xy dng, nng
hoc h cc vt nng, trng hp chuyn ng trn vi vn tc
gc quay hng s ca cc v lng hoc cc trc truyn ng.
Bi ton c gia tc thay i v l hm xc nh theo thi
gian w = w(t). Trng hp gia tc thay i tun hon theo thi
gian, gi l dao ng. V d bn rung, m di, m bn lm
cht cc vt liu, bi ton dao ng ca cc my cng c, ...
Bi ton trong chuyn ng xy ra rt nhanh trong mt
thi gian ngn, c gi l bi ton va chm. V d phanh mt
cch t ngt, ng cc bng ba, sng p vo p chn,
3. Cc gi thit khi tnh ton. Ta chp nhn nhng gi thit sau:
a) Tnh cht vt liu khi chu ti trng tnh v ti trng ng
l nh nhau.
b) Chp nhn cc gi thit v tnh cht bin dng ca thanh
nh khi chu ti trng tnh, chng hn cc gi thit v tit din
phng, gi thit v th dc khng tc dng tng h.
S dng cc kt qu, cc nguyn l v ng lc hc, chng hn:
- Nguyn l DAlembert:
qt
F mw =
r
r
(12.1)
- Nguyn l bo ton nng lng: T + U = A (12.2)
- Nguyn l bo ton xung lng: ng lng ca h trc v
sau khi va chm l mt tr s khng i.
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-2
II. Chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i
1. Bi ton ko mt vt nng ln cao
Xt mt vt nng P
c ko ln theo phng
thng ng vi gia tc
khng i bi mt dy
cp c mt ct F. Trng
lng bn thn ca dy
khng ng k so vi
trng lng P (hnh 8.1).
p dng nguyn l
almbe (dAlembert) v
phng php mt ct,
chng ta d dng suy ra
ni lc trn mt ct ca
dy cp:
N
= P + P
qt

N
= P +
P
w
g
=
w
1
g

+

P = K
P (12.3)
Vi K
= 1 +
w
g

Khi gia tc w = 0, th K
= 1 v N
= N
t
= P.
Ti trng N
t
(khi khng c gia tc) l ti trng tnh, ti trng
N
(khi c gia tc) l ti trng ng:

N
= K
N
t
.
ng sut mt ct ca dy khi khng c gia tc
t
, khi c gia
tc l ng sut ng
. V dy chu ko ng tm, nn:

t
t
N N
K K
F F
= = =
(12.4)
Cc cng thc (12.3) v (12.4) cho thy: bi ton vi ti trng
ng tng ng nh bi ton vi ti trng tnh ln hn K
ln.
H s K
c gi l h s ng hay h s ti trng ng.

Kt lun: Nh vy, ni chung, nhng yu t khc nhau gia
ti trng ng v ti trng tnh c xt n bng h s ng v
vic gii cc bi ton vi ti trng ng quy v vic xc nh cc
h s ng .
P
1 1
z
l
Hnh 8.1
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-3
2. Chuyn ng quay vi vn tc khng i
Xt v lng c b dy t rt b so vi ng knh trung bnh D = 2R
quay vi vn tc gc khng i (hnh 12-
2a). V lng c din tch mt ct ngang F,
trng lng ring ca vt liu l . Tnh ng
sut ng ca v lng.
n gin, ta b qua nh hng ca
cc nan hoa v trng lng bn thn v lng.
Nh vy, trn v lng ch c lc ly tm tc
dng phn b u q

V v lng quay vi vn tc gc =
const, nn gia tc gc
&
= 0. Vy gia tc
tip tuyn w
t
= &
R = 0 v gia tc php
tuyn w
n
=
2
R
Trn mt n v chiu di c khi
lng F, cng ca lc ly tm l:
q

=
2 2
n
F F FR
W R
g g g

= =

Ni lc trn mt ct ngang: tng
tng ct v lng bi mt ct xuyn tm. Do tnh cht i xng, trn mi
mt ct ngang ch c thnh phn ni lc l lc dc N
, ng sut php
c
coi l phn b u (v b dy t b so vi ng knh). (hnh 12-2b)
Lp tng hnh chiu cc lc theo phng y, ta c:

= = =

x x
2 2
2 2

0 0
FR FR
2.N q .ds.sin d . sin d 2 .
g g

ng sut ko
trong v lng l:
2 2
R
g
=
(12.5)
Nhn xt: ng sut trong v lng
tng rt nhanh nu tng hay R.

iu kin bn khi tnh v lng l:
[ ]
=
2 2
k
R
g

trong []
k
: ng sut cho php khi ko ca vt liu
Ghi ch :Chu k T l khong thi gian thc hin mt dao ng (s). Tn
s f l s dao ng trong 1 giy (hertz). Tn s vng (tn s ring): s dao
ng trong 2 giy:
2
2 f
T
= =

y
x
t
Hnh 12-2
R
q

(N/cm)
a)

d
ds
dP=q.ds
N
.F N
.F
b)
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-4
III. DAO NG CA H N HI
1. Khi nim chung v dao ng
Khi nghin cu v dao ng ca h n hi, trc tin ta cn c khi
nim v bc t do: bc t do ca mt
h n hi khi dao ng l s thng
s c lp xc nh v tr ca h.
V d: hnh 12-3a, nu b qua
trng lng ca dm th h c 1 bc
t do (ch cn bit tung y ca khi
lng m xc nh v tr ca vt m).
Nu k n trng lng ca dm
h c v s bc t do v cn bit v
s tung y xc nh mi im
trn dm.
Trc truyn mang hai puli (hnh
12-3b). Nu b qua trng lng ca
trc 2 bc t do (ch cn bit hai
gc xon ca hai puli ta s xc nh
v tr ca h).
Khi tnh phi chn s tnh,
da vo mc gn ng cho php
gia s tnh v h thc ang xt.
V d: nu khi lng m >> so vi khi lng ca dm lp s
tnh l khi lng m t trn dm n hi khng c khi lng h mt
bc t do. Nu trng lng ca khi lng m khng ln so vi trng lng
dm, ta phi ly s tnh l mt h c v s bc t do bc t do ca mt
h xc nh theo s tnh chn, ngha l ph thuc vo s gn ng m
ta chn khi lp s tnh.
Dao ng ca h n hi c chia ra:
Dao ng cng bc: dao ng ca h n hi di tc dng ca ngoi
lc bin i theo thi gian (lc kch thch).
P(t) 0
Dao ng t do: dao ng khng c lc kch thch P(t)=0:
Dao ng t do khng c lc cn: h s cn
= 0; P(t) = 0
Dao ng t do c n lc cn ca mi trng: 0 ; P(t) = 0
Trng lng ca khi lng m c cn bng vi lc n hi ca dm
tc ng ln khi lng.
m
y
Hnh 12.3
a)
1
b)
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-5
2. Dao ng ca h n hi mt bc t do
a) Phng trnh vi phn biu din dao ng
Dm mang khi lng m
(b qua trng lng dm). Lc
kch thch P(t) bin i theo thi
gian tc dng ti mt ct ngang
c honh z. Tm chuyn v
y(t) ca khi lng m theo thi
gian t.
Vn tc v gia tc ca khi
lng ny l:

2
2
dy d y
v y(t) ; a y(t)
dt dt
= = = = & &&

Chuyn v ca m do nhng lc sau y gy ra: Lc kch thch P(t), lc
cn ngc chiu chuyn ng v t l vi vn tc: F
c
= -
y&
; ( - h s cn),
lc qun tnh: F
qt
= - m
y &&

Gi

l chuyn v gy ra do lc bng mt n v ti v tr m chuyn
v do lc P(t) gy ra l .P(t), chuyn v do lc cn gy ra l .F
c
= - .
y(t) &
,
chuyn v do lc qun tnh gy ra l -.m
y(t) &&

Chuyn v do cc lc tc dng vo h gy ra l

[ ]
y(t) P(t) y(t) my(t) = & &&
(12.6)

Chia (12.6) cho m. v t:
2
m
=
;
2
1
m.
=

Do ta c:
2
P(t)
y(t) 2 y(t) y(t)
m
+ + = && &
(12.7)
y l phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng. H s biu din nh
hng ca lc cn ca mi trng n dao ng v < .
b) Dao ng t do khng c lc cn
Dao ng t do khng c lc cn: P(t) = 0, = 0.
Phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng c dng:
+ = &&
2
y(t) y(t) 0
(12.8)
Nghim ca phng trnh ny c dng: y(t) = C
1
cost + C
2
sint
Biu din C
1
v C
2
qua hai hng s tch phn mi l A v bng cch t:
C
1
= A sin ; C
2
= A cos
Ta c phng trnh dao ng t do: y(t) = A sin(t + ) (12.9)
iu kin ban u t = 0 => y(0) = y
0
;
0
y(0) y = & &
xc nh C
1
v C
2
z
a
m
y(t)
z
Hnh 12.4
P(t)
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-6
Phng trnh (12-9) cho thy:
Chuyn ng t do khng lc cn l mt dao ng iu ho c bin A
v chu k T =
2
. th dao ng hnh
sin nh trn hnh 12-5.
Tn s dao ng f =
1
T 2
.
Tn s gc hay tn s dao ng
ring: = 2f ;
0
1 g g
m mg y
= = =

(Hert = 1/s)
c) Dao ng t do c k n lc cn
V P(t) = 0, 0, khi phng trnh vi phn ca dao ng l:

+ + = && &
2
y(t) 2 y(t) y(t) 0
(12.10)
Vi iu kin hn ch < (lc cn khng qu ln), nghim c dng:

t
1
y(t) Ae sin( t )
= +
(12.11)
Dao ng l hm tt dn theo thi gian vi tn s gc:

2 2
1
= <

Chu k dao ng:

= =

1 2
1
2
2 2 1
T
1

Dng dao ng c biu din trn hnh 12.6, bin dao ng gim
dn theo thi gian, bi
vy ta gi l dao ng t
do tt dn. Khi lc cn
cng ln, tc l h s
cng ln th s tt dn
cng nhanh.
Sau mi chu k T
1
,
bin dao ng gim
vi t s:
1
1
t
T
(t T )
e
e const
e
+
= =

tc l gim theo cp s
nhn
Hnh 12.6
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-7
3. Dao ng cng bc - hin tng cng hung
Dao ng cng bc: xt lc P(t) bin thin tun hon theo thi gian:
P(t) = P
o
sint
Lc cng bc bt k c th khai trin theo chui Fourier trng
hp ring m ta nghin cu khng lm gim tnh tng qut ca kt qu.
Phng trnh vi phn dao ng c dng khng thun nht:

2
0
P
y(t) 2 y(t) y(t) sin t
m
+ + = && &
(12.12)
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny c dng: y(t) = y
1
(t) + y
2
(t)
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn thun nht l biu thc:
y
1
= e
-t
C sin(
1
t +
1
) (12.13)
Cn nghim ring y
2
(t) c dng: y
2
(t) = C
1
sint + C
2
cost
Thay y
2
vo (12.12), sau mt s bin i ta tm c:
y
2
= A
1
sin(t + ) (12.14)
vi k hiu
0
1
2
2 2 2
2 4
P
A
4
1
=

+

;
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
arcos
4

=

+

Nghim tng qut ca dao ng cng bc:
y(t) = e
-t
C sin(
1
t +
1
) + A
1
sin(t + ) (12.15)
S hng th nht tt dn theo thi gian, sau mt thi gian ln h ch
cn li s hng th hai vi tn s ca lc cng bc , bin A
1
:
y(t) = A
1
sin(t + ) =
0
2
2 2 2
2 4
sin( t )
P
4
1
+

+

(12.16)
Lng P
0
tng ng vi gi tr chuyn v gy ra bi mt lc tnh y
t
,
c tr s bng bin lc cng bc v c phng theo phng dao ng:
y(t) =
t t
2
2 2 2
2 4
sin( t )
y k (t)y
4
1
+
=

+

(12.17)
trong k
(t) l h s ng, hm ny t cc tr K
khi sin(t + ) = 1.
Chuyn v cc tr tng ng, k hiu bng y
: y(t) = K
. y
t
(12.18)
K
=

+

2
2 2 2
2 4
1
4
1
(12.19)
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-8
C th gii bi ton ng bng cch gii bi ton tnh ri nhn vi h s
ng k
. ng sut c dng:
= =
t t
k . ; k .
(12.20)
H s ng cc tr K
cng ln th hiu ng ng cng ln. H s ny

ph thuc vo t s /. th quan h gia K
v / ng vi cc gi tr
khc nhau ca h s cn nht c trnh by trn hnh 12.7.
tnh bn khi
ng sut thay i c th
dng
theo (12.20).
Nu trn h cn c ti trng
tnh tc dng th
tp
l tng
ng sut do ti trng tnh v
ng sut ng
.
+ Hin tng cng hng:
th K

- (/) cho
thy: khi / 1, ngha l
khi tn s lc cng bc
trng vi tn s dao ng
ring ca h y
rt ln,
c th bng v cng nu
khng c lc cn. l
hin tng cng hng.
Thc t tn ti min cng hng, nm trong khong
0, 75 1, 25
; h
s ng trong min ny t tr s kh ln.
Trnh hin tng cng hng, cn cu to h sao cho tn s dao ng
ring ca h khng gn vi tn s ca lc cng bc, chng hn thay i
khi lng ca h hoc thay i kt cu bng cch thm cc thit b gim
chn nh l xo, cc tm m n hi.
+ Kt lun chung v tnh ton kt cu chu dao ng cng bc
i vi h n hi, vt liu tun theo nh lut Hc, ta c th vit biu
thc (12.18) cho i lng nghin cu bt k:
S
= K
.S
t
(12.21)
v S = S
0
+ S
= S
0
+ K
.S
t
(12.22)
trong S - i lng nghin cu c th l chuyn v, ng sut, bin dng
ca h, S
0
- i lng tng ng trong bi ton tnh do tc ng ca trng
lng m t sn trn h, S
t
- i lng tng ng trong bi ton tnh do tc
ng ca mt lc tnh, tr s bng bin ca lc cng bc v c phng
theo phng dao ng, K
- h s ng cc tr, tnh theo biu thc (12.19).

Hnh 12.7
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-9
V d 12.1: Mt mt trng lng 6kN t ti chnh gia dm n gin
(hnh 12.8) c chiu di nhp 4,5m lm t thp I s 30, c tc quay ca
trc n = 600 vng/ph. Trc c trng lng 50 N, c lch tm e = 0,5 cm.
B qua lc cn, tnh ng sut php ln nht pht sinh trn tit din ca dm.

Bi gii
Tc gc ca trc quay:
2 n 2 .600
62,85rad / s
60 60

= = =
.
Lc ly tm pht sinh khi trc quay lch tm:

2 2
0
1 1 50
P me . 0, 5.62,85 5038N
2 2 9,80
= = =

Lc cng bc c dng: P(t) = P
0
sint = 5,038 sin62,85 kN.
Theo bng thp nh hnh J
x
=7080 cm
4
; W
x
=472 cm
3
; E=2,1.10
4
kN/cm
2
.
vng ban u, do trng lng mt P t sn gy ra:

= = =
3 3
0
4
P 6.(450)
y 0,0766 cm
48EJ 48.2,1.10 .7080
l

Tn s dao ng ring ca dm:
= = =
0
g 980
113 (1/s)
y 0, 0766

H s ng, khi b qua lc cn:
K

=
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
1 1 113
1, 448
113 62,85
1
1
= = = =

Mmen un ln nht ti tit din chnh gia nhp bng:
M =M
0
+M
=M
0
+K
M
t
=
+ = + =
0
P P 6.4, 5 5, 038.4, 5
K 1, 448 14, 957 kNm
4 4 4 4
l l

ng sut php ln nht trn tit din:

2
max
M 1495, 7
3,17kN/ cm
W 472
= = =

A
B
Hnh 12.8
l/2
l/2
P
0
50N

e

N
0
30
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-10
IV. BI TON TI TRNG VA CHM
1. Va chm ng ca h mt bc t do
Va chm: hin tng hai vt tc
dng vo nhau trong thi gian rt ngn.
Cc gi thuyt sau:
a) Khi chu va chm vt liu vn tun
theo nh lut Hc
b- Mun n hi E ca vt liu khi
chu ti trng tnh v khi chu va chm
l nh nhau.
Cc giai on va chm:
a) Giai on th nht: trng lng Q ri va chm trng lng P: vn tc
v
0
ca trng lng Q trc lc va chm b gim t ngt cho n lc c hai
trng lng P v Q cng chuyn ng vi vn tc v. Theo nh lut bo ton
ng lng: 0 0
Q Q P Q
v v v v
g g Q P
+
= =
+

b) Giai on th hai: c hai trng lng Q v P gn vo nhau v cng
chuyn ng vi vn tc v n lc c hai dng li do sc cn ca h n hi.
on ng m Q v P va thc hin chnh l chuyn v y
ln nht ti mt
ct va chm. Trong giai on ny ng nng ca h l:

( )
+ +
= = =

+ +

2
2 2
0 0
1 Q P 1 Q P Q 1 Q
T . v T . v v
2 g 2 g Q P 2 g 1 P / Q

Khi P v Q cng di chuyn mt on y
, th nng ca h: = (Q +P)y

Nu gi U l th nng bin dng n hi ca h nhn c do va chm
th theo nh lut bo ton nng lng ta c: U = T +
Th nng bin dng n hi c tnh nh sau: lc u trn dm c t
sn trng lng P, th nng bin dng n hi lc :
1 t
1
U P.y
2
=

trong : y
t
l chuyn v tnh ti mt ct va chm do P gy ra, y
t
= P. (
chuyn v tnh do lc bng mt n v gy ra)
2
t
1
y 1
U
2
=

Khi va chm, chuyn v ton phn mt ct va chm l (y
t
+ y
). Theo
cc gi thuyt trn, th nng bin dng n hi lc :
+
=
2
t
2
(y y ) 1
U
2

Nh vy th nng bin dng n hi do va chm l:

+
= = = + = +

2 2 2 2
t t t
2 1
(y y ) y y y y y 1 1
U U U P.y
2 2 2 2

P
Q
P
Q
y

y
t
H
Hnh 12.9
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-11
Do U = T +
( )
+ = + +
+
2
2
0
y 1 Q
P.y v (Q P)y
2 2 g 1 P / Q

hay
( )
=
+
2
2
0

Qv
y 2 Qy 0
g 1 P / Q
(12.23)
Gi
t
l chuyn v tnh ca h n hi ti mt ct va chm do trng
lng Q c t mt cch tnh ln h gy ra th tng t nh trn ta c:

t
= Q.
t
Q

=

Th vo (12.23) ta c:
=

+

2
2
t 0
t
v
y 2 y 0
P
g 1
Q

Ch ly nghim dng ca phng trnh:
2
2 t 0
t t
v
y
P
g 1
Q
= + +

+

>0
Thay
2
0
v 2gH =
, ta c:
t
t
2H
y (1 1 )
P
1
Q
= + +

+

(12.24)
H s ng k
, tc l s ln ln hn ca chuyn v ng (do va chm)

i vi chuyn v tnh do trng lng Q t mt cch tnh ln h:

= =
t
t
y
k y k .y
y

t
2H
k 1 1
P
1
Q
= + +

+

(12.25)
Cc trng hp t bit:
1. Nu trn dm khng c khi lng P t sn th h s ng:

t
2H
k 1 1 = + +
(12.26)
2. Nu trng lng Q tc dng t ngt vo h, tc l: H = 0, th k
= 2,
tc l chuyn v ng, ng sut ng ln gp hai ln so vi bi ton tnh.
ng sut php v tip do ti trng va chm:
= k
.
t
;
= k
.
t

Nu trn h cn c ti trng tnh th ng sut ng v chuyn v ng:

(Q) +
t
(P); y
= y
(Q) + y
t
(P);
Nhn xt: trong cng thc ca h s ng, ta thy nu chuyn v tnh y
t

ln, tc l h c cng nh th h s ng k
nh. Vy mun gim h s

Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-12
ng ta phi gim cng ca h hay t ti mt ct va chm nhng b phn
c cng nh nh l xo, ... tng y
t
.
Khi xc nh h s ng k
ta b qua trng lng bn thn ca h

n hi. Ngi ta chng minh c rng nu k n trng lng bn thn
ca h th h s ng cng khng thay i nhiu. Do trong khi tnh vi ti
trng va chm, ta khng xt n trng lng bn thn ca h.
2. Va chm ngang ca h mt bc t do
Va chm ngang nh hnh 12.10. Qu trnh va chm
vn thc hin qua hai giai on nh trong va chm ng.
V cc khi lng u di chuyn theo phng ngang nn
th nng = 0. vy theo nh lut bo ton nng lng:
T = U
ng nng T:
2
0
1 Q
T v
2 P
g 1
Q
=

+

Th nng bin dng n hi m h nhn c sau
va chm c tnh nh sau: tuy c trng lng P t
trc trn dm, nhng P khng lm dm bin dng
ngang nn: U
1
= 0. Khi va chm, chuyn v ca mt ct
va chm l y
nn lc th nng bin dng n hi:

=
2
y 1
U
2

2
2 2 2
0 0
y 1 Q 1 Q
v y v
2 2 P P
g 1 g 1
Q Q
= =

+ +

(12.27)
Nu gi y
t
l chuyn v tnh theo phng ngang mt ct va chm do
lc c gi tr bng trng lng va chm Q tc dng tnh ln phng ngang:

t
= Q.
t
Q

Do ta c th vit biu thc (12.27) li nh sau:
=

+

2 2
t
0
y v
P
g 1
Q

Gi tr y

ch ly du dng, do y
= k
.
t

Vi
=

+

2
0
t
v
k
P
g 1
Q
(12.28)
P Q
Hnh 12.10
Chng 12. Ti trng ng

12-13
V d 12.2: Xc nh ng sut php ln nht trn tit din mt ct chu va
chm theo phng thng ng cho trn hnh 12.11. B qua trng lng ca
ct. Cho bit Q = 600 N; H = 6cm; E = 10
3
kN/cm
2
.
Gii
Chuyn v tnh bng bin dng di ca ct do
trng lng Q t tnh trn ct l:
y
t
=
t
= l =
+ =
3 1 2
1 2
Q. Q.
3, 4.10 cm
EF EF
l l

H s ng:
t
2H
k 1 1
P
1
Q
= + +

+

=
=
t
2H
1 1 + +
=
3
2.6
1 1 60, 41
3, 4.10
+ + =

ng sut pht ln nht trn tit din:
= = = =
2
t
2
Q 0, 6
k . k . 60, 41. 1,82kN / cm
F 20

V d 12.3: Xc nh h s ng ca dm thp ch I s 14 (hnh 12.12)
chu va chm bi vt c trng lng 100 N chuyn ng theo phng ngang
vi vn tc v
0
= 20km/h khi khng k v khi c k n trng lng ca dm.
Gii
Thp ch I s 14 ta c cc c trng:
trng lng trn 1m di l 137N, J
x
= 572
cm
4
, E = 2,1.10
4
kN/cm
2
. Chuyn v tnh:
3 3
2
t 4
x
Q 0,1.400
y 1,1.10 cm
48EJ 48.2,1.10 .572

= = =
l

- Khi khng k n trng lng bn thn

2 2
0
2
t
v 555, 5
k 169
gy 980.1,1.10
= = =

Khi k n trng lng bn thn, ta thu
gn trng lng v tit din va chm chnh gia dm vi h s thu gn l
17/35 v c trng lng thu gn l P = (17/35).137.4 = 266 N

2 2
0
2
t
v 555, 5
k 88
266 P
980. 1 .1,1.10 g 1 y
100 Q

= = =

+ +

Nh th trng lng bn thn lm gim nh hng ca va chm. Vic
khng k n trng lng bn thn khin php tnh thin v an ton.
6 cm
80 cm
60 cm
F
2
=20cm
2
F
1
=30cm
2
Q
Hnh 12.11
Q
Hnh 12.12
N
0
14
v
0
Q
y
t
l=4m

Sức bền vật liệu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sức bền vật liệu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

, ng sut tip, k hiu

l ng sut tip trn MCN ti

Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

c tr s xc nh, E l mt hng s. Vy quy

ti cc im trn trc trung ho:

) c th tnh theo cng thc:

l cc h s an ton tnh theo cng thc (8.16)

c xc nh theo cng thc (8.13). Trong

h s tp trung ng sut thc t khi un v

l ng sut cho php v n nh.

= .[] = 0,6.16 = 9,6 kN/cm

= .[] = 0,679.16 = 10,86 kN/cm

(khi c gia tc) l ti trng ng:

. V dy chu ko ng tm, nn:

c gi l h s ng hay h s ti trng ng.

tng rt nhanh nu tng hay R.

cng ln th hiu ng ng cng ln. H s ny

- h s ng cc tr, tnh theo biu thc (12.19).

, tc l s ln ln hn ca chuyn v ng (do va chm)

nh. Vy mun gim h s

ta b qua trng lng bn thn ca h

nn lc th nng bin dng n hi:

You might also like