Lawrence Ochoa U.S.

Government Mid-Term Spring 2012 Study Guide Mixed-Market Economy-system in which the government regulates private enterprise Laissez-faire-philosophy that government should keep its hands off the economy Expressed Powers- powers directly stated in the Constitution Reserved Powers- powers that belong strictly to the states Inherent Powers- powers that a government uses solely for the fact that its a government Concurrent Powers- powers that the federal and state governments have Implied Powers- powers that the government requires to carry out the expressed constitutional powers. Supremacy Clause- establishment that the Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and treaties of the United States should be enforced all over the country. Confederacy- a loose union of independent states Autocracy- system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual Filibuster- method of defeating a bill in which a senator talks until a majority either abandons the bill or agrees to modify it. Entitlement- a required government expenditure that continues from one year to the next Quorum- the minimum number of memebers who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action Gerrymander- to draw a districts boundaries to get an advantage n elections Rider- provision included in a bill on a subject other than the one covered in the bill. Incumbent- elected official already in office. Cloture- procedure that allows each senator to speak only 1 hour on a bill under debate Logrolling- an agreement between two lawmakers to support each others bills in exchange for mutual support. Contempt- obstructing a court procedure on purpose. Perjury - lying under oath President of Senate- Vice President (President Pro Tempore, if Vice President is not present/unavailable) Judicial Review- Power of the Supreme Court to deem laws (on local, state, and federal levels) unconstitutional. Federal Bureaucracy- departments and agencies of the federal government- mostly the executive branch. The Employment Act of 1946 - requires the president to send Congress an annual report on the U.S. economy Department of Treasury- manages the regulations of the currency of the United States; founded the Secret Service Appropriations Bills- laws that designate how the U.S.s money is used. Pendleton Act- created the civil service system to offset the earlier spoils system, and to base government employment based on credentials and merit.

inner cabinet- Attorney General, and the Secretaries of Defense, Treasury, and Defense State of the Union- Presidential address where the president speaks about Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- gave the President the green light to take the most necessary and proper procedure to end the conflict (including the use of the armed forces) in the Gulf of Tonkin. Presidential Maximum Term 10 years Bicameral Legislature- two chamber House (House of Representatives and the Senate) Revenue Bills- laws proposed to raise money. Capitalism- economic system with a free market enterprise for individuals (workers/investors, consumers, and business enterprises) Antifederalists- Those who were against the ratification of the Constitution and establishment of a strong central, federal government. Oligarchy- rule by a select group of people Articles of Confederation- initial governing document that gave states substantial power while leaving the central government weakened, and without much influence. Winner Take All- system where a presidential candidate wins all of a states overall electoral votes, if said candidate wins 51% or more of states electoral votes. Presidential SuccessionEssential Features of a Government-Maintain Social Order, provide public services, and provide for national security, while controlling the economic system Executive Agreements vs. Treaties- both have the same effect, except a executive agreement is decided upon without having to consult the Senate Four Theories on the Origins of Government- Evolutionary Theory ( primitive rule by being the head of an influential family), Force Theory( being brought together by one person or group), Divine Right Theory( god given power, usually exemplified by monarchies), and Social Contract Theory (citizens of a state fall under reasonable control of the state, while the state provides protection and growth of the citizens interests) House of Representative/Senate Qualifications and Term of Office Qualifications to be in the House requires one to be at least 25 years old, be a U.S. citizen for at least 7 years, and be legal residents of the state that elects them. Qualifications for the Senate asks that one be at least 30 years old, be a U.S. citizen for 9 years, and be legal residents Presidential Qualifications and Term of Office Constitutional Requirements, Government Experience, Monetary Worth, Political Beliefs, Personal Characteristics, and Personal Growth serve as the template for a competent president. Understanding the Public (by understanding the collective mood and mindset of the country, and making the appropriate actions based on said mood), Ability to Communicate ( like Ronald Regan, whos policys and political agenda was helped by his above-average speaking skills), Sense of Timing (such as President H.W. Bush and his hesitance to pass Federal Economic Aid in the midst with all the tension with the Soviet Union), Openness to New Ideas ( much like President Kennedy and his willingness to work and listen to his Staffs ideas and act upon them), Ability to Compromise (unlike

President Wilson, who refused to join the League of Nations foundation and mission, which conflicted with his own ideals.), and Political Courage ( President Lincoln serves as a prime example, since he was under pressure to pull out of the Civil War and negotiate with the South, and yet still decided to stick it out and eventually quell the Souths attempted rebellion and overthrow.) are informal qualities that people look into for a Presidential figure. Incumbent Advantages Campaign funding, by political action committees; voters from their own political parties voting for them; more recognizable because of the media focus and previous elections; Incumbents can use their position to solve issues pertaining to the voters prior to the election, ensuring their reputation and re-election