Thiet Ke Phan Xuong Cracking Xuc Tac

n tt nghip
Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc
M u
Hin nay, trn th gii, mt hng xng du l mt mt hng quan trng
v c bit quan trng .N chnh l mu huyt ca nn kinh t quc dn v
quc phng cho bt k mt quc gia no.
V Vit Nam ,nhu cu tiu th sn phm du kh ang tng ln cng
vi s tng trng ca nn kinh t quc dn v quc phng.Tuy nhin sn
phm xng Vit Nam hin nay u c nhp khu t nc ngoi.Phn ln
t Singapore vi ba u ni tip nhn l H Ch Minh, Nng v Qung
Ninh. V t ba u ni tip nhn ny ,sn phm c phn phi ti cc kho
trung chuyn trn ton quc. Trong tng lai vic nhp sn phm xng du l
diu khng c li cho nn kinh t ca c nc. V vy m c th p ng
nhu cu xng cho ngi tiu dng th nht thit phi c nh my lc v ch
bin ,trong quan trng hn c l phi c phn xng sn xut xng du [8].
Ngi ta c th sn xut xng bng nhiu cc qu trnh ch bin khc
nhau nh l cracking xc tc, Reforming xc tc, izome ha ...V..V...trong
cracking xc tc l qu trnh ch yu sn xut xng . Tiu chun quan
trng ca nhin liu dng cho ng c xng l ch s octan . Ch s ny cng
cao th kh nng chng kch n cng cao. Thot tin th ngi ta thc hin
cracking phn on du m c nhit si trong khong 490 800 K bng
nhit , nhng vi phng php ny th hiu qu rt thp v sn phm cha
nhiu hydrocacbon phn t thp . n khong nhng nm 1930 , qu trnh
cracking nhit c thay th bng cracking xc tc , vi cht xc tc l
Aluminosilicat t nhin. V u tin ngi ta s dng lp xc tc tnh nhng
m n cng cha mang li hiu sut v cht lng xng cao nh mong mun ,
n li c qa nhiu nhc im chnh v nhng l do nh vy cho nn ngi ta
thay th n bng qu trnh Cracking c lp xc tc chuyn ng .
C rt nhiu cng ngh khc nhau cho qu trnh Cracking c lp xc tc
chuyn ng. Nhng ngy nay ngi ta dng ph bin l cng ngh ca FCC.
Vi cng ngh ny cho ngi ta thu c nhiu xng v cht lng cng tt
hn rt nhiu , phn no cng p ng c nhu cu xng du hin nay.
Nguyn Vit Hun
1
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
n tt nghip
Phn I
Tng quan l thuyt qu trnh
cracking xc tc
Trong cng ngh ch bin du m cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc
di tc dng ca cht xc tc chim mt t l rt ln v ng vai tr v cng
quan trng . Cht xc tc trong qu trnh chuyn c kh nng lm gim nng
lng hot ha ca phn ng v vy m tng tc phn ng ln rt nhiu .
Mc khc , khi c mt cht xc tc th phn ng c kh nng tin hnh nhit
thp hn iu ny rt quan trng i vi nhng phn ng c hiu ng
dung nh phn ng hydro ha , alkyl ha , polime ha v.v...
S c mt cht xc tc va thc y nhanh qu trnh chuyn ha ha
hc , va c kh nng to ra nhng nng cn bng cao nht , c ngha l
tng hiu sut ca qu trnh .iu quan trng nht l cht xc tc c kh nng
tng nhanh khng ng u gia cc loi phn ng m v phng din nhit
ng l chng xy ra cng lc trong qu trnh , trong iu kin nh nhau ,
ngi ta gi y l tnh cht chn la ca xc tc. Ngi ta nghin cu rt
nhiu loi cht xc tc v ngi ta cng li dng tnh cht chn la ca n m
hng phn ng ca qu trnh ch bin theo chiu c li nhm thu c
nhng sn phm chnh t hiu sut v cht lng tt nh mong mun.
Chnh v l do cho nn p ng ngy cng nhiu nhu cu dng
xng du th ngi ta nghin cu v ci tin dn qu trnh cracking xc tc
. Qu trnh cracking xc tc vi dy chuyn cng ngh FCC l u im hn
c.
Nguyn Vit Hun
2
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Chng I
Mc ch v ngha Bn Cht Ha Hc
vc ch phn ng
I. Mc ch v ngha ca qu trnh cracking xc tc
Cracking xc tc chim mt v tr c bit quan trng trong cng

nghip ch bin du m . Lng du m dng ch bin bng cracking xc
tc l tng i ln.V d nh : vo thng mt nm 1965 tng lng du m
nc m ch bin l 1500 tn/ngy trong c 800 tn/ngy (tc khong
53%) c ch bin bng cracking xc tc[3-trang62]
Qu trnh cracking xc tc l mt qu trnh ch yu sn xut xng
cho t v mt t cho xng my bay.Chnh v vy m khng c nh my lc
du no li thiu phn xng cracking xc tc.
Mc ch qu trnh cracking xc tc [1,2,3] l bin i phn on du
m c nhit si cao thnh cc cu t xng c cht lng cao, ngoi ra cn
thu thm mt s sn phm ph khc nh gasoil nng , gasoil nh, kh,...Qu
trnh cracking xc tc thc cht l qu trnh cho tip xc nguyn liu vi cht
xc tc trong iu kin qui nh v ch cng ngh ,cc phn ng c li xy
ra nhm thu dc sn phm c cht lng tt v hiu sut ln, ng thi cc
phn ng ph c hi cng xy ra nh phn ng to cc bm trn b mt cht
xc tc lm cho xc tc gim hot tnh.Do vy m cn phi tin hnh ti sinh
xc tc.
II. C ch phn ng : [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Trong iu kin m chng ta tin hnh qu trnh cracking xc tc, mt

s lng ln cc phn ng ha hc xy ra v chng quyt nh cht lng hiu
sut ca qu trnh. l cc phn ng sau:
Nguyn Vit Hun
3
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
1. Phn ng phn hu cc mch CC, phn ng cracking

L phn ng phn hu b gy mch nhng phn t c kch thc ln
(trng lng phn t ln) thnh nhng phn t c kch thc nh hn (trng
lng phn t nh hn). y l phn ng chnh ca qu trnh.
+ Phn hu parafin to olefin v parafin c trng lng phn t nh hn
CnH2n+2
CmH2m + CpH2p+2 (n = m + p)
+ B gy mch olefin to olefin nh hn

CnH2n
CmH2m + CpH2p
(n = m + p)
+ Hydrocacbon thm c nhnh bn b b gy to thnh parafin v

hydrocacbon thm c nhnh nh hn
ArCnH2n+1
ArCmH2m+1 + CpH2p (n = m + p)
+ Naphten b b gy m vng to cc olefin (tr vng hexan)

CnH2n
CmH2m + CpH2p
naphten
olefin
CnH2n
C6H12 + CmH2m + CpH2p (n = m + p+ 6)

naphten
(n = m + p)
olefin
xyclohexan olefin
olefin
2. Phn ng ng phn ho (izome ho)

L phn ng to ra nhng hydrocacbon c cu trc mch nhnh (cu t
lm tr s octan tng ln).
n-olefin
izo-olefin
n-parafin
izo-parafin
3. Phn ng chuyn di hydro di tc dng ca xc tc

Nh c xc tc m c s phn b li hydro cho nn lm no c mt
s hydrocacbon i (sn phm phn hu), v vy lm tng c tnh n nh
ho hc ca sn phm thu.
Naphten + olefin
hydrocacbon thm
+ parafin
4. Phn ng trng hp
Ch yu xy ra vi hydrocacbon i.
Nguyn Vit Hun
4
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
CnH2n + CmH2m
CpH2p
(n + m = p)
5. Phn ng alkyl ho v kh alkyl ho

Phn ng alkyl ho xy ra nhit thp, lm gim hiu sut kh.
ArH
CnH2n
Hydrocacbon thm
olefin
Aromat CnH2n+1
alkyl thm
Phn ng kh alkyl ho ngc vi phn ng alkyl ho, xy ra nhit

cao v to nhiu kh.
6. Phn ng ngng t to cc
Phn ng ny ch yu xy ra i vi cc hydrocacbon thm a vng, xy
ra khi nhit cao.
H2
2 H2
S to cc trong qu trnh cracking xc tc l khng mong mun, v cc

to thnh thng bm trn b mt xc tc, gim hot tnh b mt xc tc,
gim thi gian lm vic ca xc tc.
Hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng trn khc nhau v du cng nh v gi
tr. a s cc phn ng phn hu l phn ng thu nhit mnh, cn cc phn
ng nh phn ng ng phn ho, chuyn v hydro, polyme ho v phn ng
ngng t l cc phn ng to nhit yu. Hiu ng nhit tng cng ca qu
trnh cracking xc tc l thu nhit, vi gi tr thay i t 100 n 400 kJ/kg
nguyn liu, tu theo bn cht ca nguyn liu c s dng trong qu trnh.
Hin nay, vn cha c s nht tr hon ton trong vic gii thch c ch xc
tc qu trnh cracking.Nhng nhn chung th ph bin hn l gii htch theo c
ch ioncacbonic.Cc ioncacbonic ny c to ra khi m
Nguyn Vit Hun
cc phn t
5
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
hydrocacbon ca nguyn liu tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc.Theo thuyt

ny th qu trnh cracking xc tc xy ra theo 3 giai on chnh sau y:
a. To ioncacboni
- Paraffin : Cc hydrocacbon paraffin, trong qu trnh tin hnh
cracking xc tc, n s b hp th trn trung tm axit Lewis ca cht xc tc
to ra ion cacboni :
V d : Cracking n-hexan ( 2 -trang 109 )
CH3-CH+-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
+H2
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
in tch dng khng bao gi nhn c cacbon bc mt.

Tng qut c th vit :
A (H + )
CnH2n+2
CnH2n+1
H2
Ngoi ra , Parafin cng c th b hp th trn nhng tm axit Bronsted :

CnH2n+1 +H2
CnH2n+2 + H+
CnH2n+3
CmH2m+1 + CpH2p
- Olefin: y l thnh phn khng c trong nguyn liu ban u ca qu

trnh m n c to ra do s phn hy cc hydroccbon thm ,Parafin ,
naphten ,...Olefin l hp cht rt hot ng ,nh vy m n tham gia vo phn
ng to Ion cacboni do s tc dng ca olefin vi tm axit Bronsted ca xc
tc:
R1 CH C R2 + H + (xt)
H
R1 CH C R2
H
+ (xt)
Ion cacboni to thnh do s tc dng ca olefin vi tm axit Lewis ca

xc tc:
Nguyn Vit Hun
6
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip

O
hoc l
RH +
olefin
Al O Si
H Al O Si
CnH2n + H+
Cn+H2n+1
CnH2n + L
C+nH2n+1 + LH
Ion cacboni to thnh trong cc phn ng tun theo quy tc nht nh.
Nh khi olefin tc dng vi H+(xt) th xc sut to alkyl bc 2 ln hn alkyl
+
bc mt.
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 + H + (xt)
CH3 CH2 CH CH2

d to thnh hn
+
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2
Khi olefin c lin kt i cacbon bc 3 th ion cacboni bc 3 d to

thnh hn cacbon bc 2.
+
CH3
CH3 CH C CH3
CH3 CH2 C CH3

CH3 d to thnh hn
+ H + (xt)
CH3 CH CH CH3
CH3
T hydrocacbon naphten:
Khi hydrocacbon naphten tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc hay cc ion
cacboni khc s to ra cc ion cacboni mi tng t nh qu trnh xy ra vi
parafin.
T hydrocacbon thm :ngi ta quan st thy s to thnh ion
cacbonil s kt hp trc tip ca H+ vo nhn thm
CH2 CH3
H+
CH2 CH3
H
Cc hydrocacbon thm c mch bn di th s to thnh ion cacboni

cng ging nh trng hp parafin.
Nguyn Vit Hun
7
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Thi gian sng ca cc ion cacboni c to ra dao ng t phn triu

giy n hng pht. Cc ion cacboni ny to ra nm trong lp cc phn t hp
ph, chng l nhng hp cht trung gian rt hot ng i vi nhiu phn ng
xy ra khi cracking.
b. Giai on bin i ion cacboni
Cc ion cacboni l nhng hp cht rt hot ng ,chnh v vy khi c
to ra t giai on trn li nhanh chng tham gia vo cc phn ng bin i
khc nhau nh :
Phn ng ng phn ho, chuyn di ion hydro, nhm metyl to cu
trc nhnh.
RCCCC
R CH2 CH CH3
CCCCR
+
R CH CH2
R C CH2
CH3
CH3
n nh ca ion cacboni theo bc l gim dn nh sau :

C3+ (bc 3) > C2+ (bc 2) >
C3 + (bc 1)
- Ion cacboni tc dng vi phn t trung ho to thnh ion cacboni mi

v phn t mi (hydrocacbon no hay i) theo phn ng vn chuyn ion
hydrit.
C+nH2n+1 + CmH2m
CnH2n
+ C+mH2m+1
C+nH2n+1 + CmH2m+2
CnH2n+2 + C+mH2m+1
Phn ng cracking: Cc ion cacboni c s nguyn t cacbon ln xy ra

s phn hu v t mch v tr so vi nguyn t cacbon tch in. Sn
phm phn hu l mt phn t hydrocacbon trung ho v ion cacboni mi c
s nguyn t cacbon nh hn
Nguyn Vit Hun
8
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip

[A]
[B]
+
R C C C C C C
C
[C]
Nu ba lin kt CC v tr th lin kt CC v tr [A] l c xc sut

t mch ln nht, sau n v tr [B] v cui cng n v tr [C].
Vi ion cacboni mch thng:
+
CH3 CH CH2 R
CH3 CH CH2 + R
i vi ion cacboni l ng ng ca benzen, v d nu p dng quy tc
v tr bnh thng th v tr rt bn vng. Chnh v vy m ngi ta cho

rng proton phi c kt hp vi mt trong nhng lin kt CC trong nhn
thm to thnh nhng hp cht trung gian, sau mi phn hu theo quy tc
nu trn. Khi phn hu, in tch ion cacboni s dch chuyn theo s sau:
H
+
C C
C
C C
+
C C
CH C
C
Nh vy trong hydrocacbon thm hiu ng tch in nhn thm l

nguyn nhn quan trng hn so vi nguyn nhn l s bin i ion cacboni
bc hai thnh bc ba.
Cc ioncacboni l ng ng ca Benzen m c mch nhnh cng di th
tc xy ra cng lnv cng d. V d nh ioncacboni izobutyl-benzen c
tc ln hn 10 ln so vi ioncacboni izopropyl-benzen .
Cc nhm metyl , etyl , rt kh b t ra khi nhn Benzen ( v l nng
lng lin kt ln ) v do kh to c ion CH3+ v C2H5+. iu ny gii
thch c v sao trong xng cracking xc tc li c hm lng hydrocacbon
c mch nhnh bn ngn l ln v cng gii thch c l v sao trong sn
phm kh ca qu trnh cracking li nhiu hydrocacbon mch nhnh.
Nguyn Vit Hun
9
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
c. Giai on dng phn ng

Giai on ny xy ra khi cc ion cacboni kt hp vi nhau hoc chng
nhng hay nhn nguyn t hydro ca xc tc to thnh cc phn t trung
ho. Nhn chung , nhng phn ng ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh cracking
xc tc l rt phc tp.
III. ng hc cho qu trnh cracking xc tc.[4,5,6,7,14]
V ng hc, cracking xc tc l mt th d in hnh v xc tc d th.

Qu trnh cracking xc tc c th xy ra cc giai on sau:
1- Qu trnh khuch tn nguyn liu n b mt xc tc (khuch tn
ngoi).
2- Khuch tn hi nguyn liu n cc tm hot tnh trong l xp ca
xc tc (khuch tn trong).
3- Hp ph nguyn liu trn tm hot hot tnh xc tc.
4- Cc phn ng ha hc trn b mt xc tc.
5- Kh hp ph cc sn phm cracking v nguyn liu cha tham gia
phn ng ra khi b mt v ra khi l xp ca xc tc.
6- Tch cc sn phm cracking v nguyn liu cha tham gia phn ng
ra khi vng phn ng.
Tc chung ca qu trnh nh vy s c quyt nh bi giai on no
chm nht. Phn ng xy ra trong vng ng hc hay vng khuch tn hon
ton ph thuc vo bn cht ca xc tc c s dng, ph thuc vo bn cht
ca nguyn liu v vo ch cng ngh ca qu trnh. Cc nghin cu
cho thy, nu qu trnh cracking xc tc nguyn liu l gazoil nh (nguyn
liu mu) trn xc tc dng cu khi kch thc ht xc tc t 3 5 mm v
nhit l 450 5000C th phn ng xy ra vng trung gian gia ng hc
v khuch tn. Cn khi cracking lp si (FCC) ca xc tc nhit 480
5300C th phn ng xy ra vng ng hc.
Nguyn Vit Hun
10
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Tc ca phn ng cracking xc tc, trong a s cc trng hp c

miu t bng phng trnh bc mt c dng:
k = v0.n.ln(1 x) (n 1)x
y: k: tc ca phn ng (mol/g.h)
v0 : tc truyn nguyn liu (mol/h)
n: s mol sn phm c to thnh t 1 mol nguyn liu
x: mc chuyn ha (phn mol).
i vi phn on du trn xc tc zeolit, phng trnh bc 1 li c dng
sau:
k=vo/(1-x)
y v0 l tc th tch khng gian truyn nguyn liu (m3/m3.h).
IV. Cracking xc tc cc hp cht hydrocacbon ring
l.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
1. S bin i cc hydrocacbon parafin

Cc hp cht parafin l cu t quan trng ca phn on gazoil. Cc
nghin cu qu trnh cracking xc tc parafin s gip cho php tin hnh m
hnh ha cc hin tng ca qu trnh.
Ging nh qu trnh cracking nhit, qu trnh cracking xc tc, cc
hydrocacbon parafin cng b phn hy to thnh phn t olefin v parafin c
trng lng phn t b hn.
Phng trnh tng qut:
CnH2n+2
CmH2m+2 + CpH2p (p, m < n)
Nu mch parafin cng di th s phn hy xy ra ng

thi mt s ch
+
trong mch ch khng phi ch xy ra hai u mt ca mch nh qu trnh
cracking nhit. Cc hydrocacbon parafin c trng lng phn t thp th kh
nng phn hu km.
Nguyn Vit Hun
11
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
V d: i vi butan C4H10 nhit 5000C; v0 = 1 h1 ch c 1 % trng

lng b phn hy. Tuy nhin tc phn hy ca n vn ln hn gp 6 ln so
vi khi phn hu n thun di tc dng ca nhit.
Ngoi ra cn b kh hydro nhng mc nh.
t C, xc tc
C4H10
CH4 + C3H6
(60%)
C2H6 + C2H4
(30%)
C4H6 + H2
(10%)
Khi trng lng phn t ca parafin tng ln th kh nng phn hy v

tc phn hy cng tng ln. Tc phn hy ca parafin di tc dng ca
xc tc ln hn nhiu so vi khi phn hu iu kin cracking nhit. Tnh hp
ph chn lc ca xc tc trc tin v cao nht l i vi hydrocacbon olefin.
V vy parafin khng nm trong lp hp ph ha hc m nm ngoi gii hn
ca lp ny. Song nng lng b mt xc tc vn c tc ng n parafin cho
nn to ra nhng khu vc c nng cc phn t hydrocacbon cao m c lin
kt CC yu. Nh vy lm gim nng lng hot ha khi phn hu.
Nng lng hot ha ca phn ng cracking parafin gim dn nu chiu
di mch hydrocacbon parafin tng.
Bng 1 : Nng lng hot ha ca cc n-parafin in hnh
Hydrocacbon
nC6H14
nC7H16
n-C8H18
E kcal/mol
36
29
24
V vy khi cracking, mch hydrocacbon parafin cng di, cng d b b

gy. V d khi cracking xc tc cc parafin nhit 5500C nh sau:
Nguyn Vit Hun
12
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Bng 2:
Hydrocacbon
n-C5H12
n-C7H16
n-C12H26
% cracking
18
n-C12H26
42
Cho nn cc parafin c trng lng phn t ln khi phn hu to thnh

parafin c trng lng phn t nh hn v c th b phn hu tip tc:
CH3 (CH2)12 CH3
C9H20
t oC, xc tc
t oC, xc tc
C9H20 + C5H10
C5H12 + C4H8
Cc parafin c cu trc mch nhnh tham gia phn ng phn hy vi tc

ln hn cc parafin mch thng:
o
n-C8H18
t C, xc tc
o
izo-C8H18 t C, xc tc
C4H8
+ C4H10
(phn hu 42%)
izo-C4H10 + C4H8
(phn hu 49%)
S phn nhnh v s lng nhnh ca parafin c vai tr rt quan trng

trong qu trnh cracking. N c lin quan n kh nng to ion cacboni v do
n s quyt nh c tc to thnh sn phm. iu ny c chng
minh t cc s liu % chuyn ha parafin C6 khi cracking trn xc tc
aluminosilicat nh di y:
Nguyn Vit Hun
13
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Bng 3:
% chuyn ho
C6
CCCCCC
14
CCCCC
25
C
25
CCCCC
C
12
CCCC
C C
C
10
CCCC
C
Khi cracking n-hexan nhit 5500C trn xc tc axit, s phn b cc

sn phm xy ra nh sau:
Bng 4:
Hydrocacbon
H2
CH4
C2
C3
C4
C5
%V
12
19
49
8,5
1,6
S phn b ny khng i xng nhau qua C3. S c mt mt lng ln H2

v metan cho thy rng cng mt lc xy ra nhiu phn ng, c th c c phn
ng cracking nhit cng vi cc phn ng ca ion cacboni nh nu trn.
Phn ng chnh to sn phm s ph thuc vo tng quan gia cc phn ng
cracking (theo quy tc ) v phn ng vn chuyn hydro ca ion cacboni.
Nguyn Vit Hun
14
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
RH
+ R 1H
R2
R1
olefin
Do cracking xc tc m lm gim kch thc ca ion cacboni R+ cc ion

c kch thc nh nh +CH3 hay +C2H5 s kh to ra (do ct mch v tr so
vi cacbon mang in tch). V th trong sn phm u tin to ra C3 hay C4
nhiu hn C1 v C2 so vi qu trnh cracking nhit.
Ngoi ra cc parafin cn tham gia phn ng ng phn ha, chuyn di
hydro v nhm metyl, nguyn t cacbon tch in:
+
izo-C5H11
n- C5H11
izo-C5H11 + C4H10
izo-C5H12 + C4H9
2. S bin i ca hydrocacbon olefin (1,2,3)

Nh ni trn , Olefin khng c mt trong thnh phn nguyn liu m
n c to ra do cc phn ng ca qu trnh v tnh hp ph chn lc cao
nht ca xc tc l hydrocacbon olefin trong qu trnh cracking xc tc, cho
nn iu kin cracking xc tc cc hydrocacbon olefin chuyn ha vi tc
nhanh hn hng nghn n hng chc nghn ln so vi khi cracking nhit.
Hydrocacbon olefin c mt trong hn hp phn ng l do phn ng
cracking parafin, naphten hay alkyl thm. Hydrocacbon olefin l nhng hp
cht hot ng hn, trong giai on u tin ca qu trnh, chng tham gia
phn ng to ion cacboni bi qu trnh hp th mt proton vo lin kt i.
Ion cacboni va to ra s b cracking theo quy tc , khi to thnh mt
olefin nh hn v mt ion cacboni bc mt m ion ny c th li proton
trn b mt ca xc tc hay c th ng phn ha thnh ion cacboni bc hai.
V d: RCH=CHCH2CH2R1
+
RCH2CHCH2CH2R1
+
CH3CH2R1
Nguyn Vit Hun
+ H+
+
RCH2CH=CH2 + CH2CH2R1
R1CH=CH2 + H2
15
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Cc hp cht olefin nh C2 C5 va to thnh t tham gia vo cc phn

ng cracking, m chng thng tham gia vo cc phn ng vn chuyn hydro
v phn ng a t, kt qu l dn n to ra parafin v cc. Khi cracking cc
olefin t C5 tr ln, ngoi phn ng ct mch theo qui tc , ngi ta cn quan
st thy c xy ra phn ng dime ha. V d khi cracking penten quan st
thy cc phn ng sau:
H+ + C=CCCC
CH3CH=CH2 +
2C5
C7
C10
CH3CHCH2CH2CH3
CH2CH3
C3 + C7
C3 + C4
Chnh v xy ra cc phn ng trn m trong sn phm c t l C3/C4 bng

2. Phn ng cracking penten l phn ng lng phn t, trong khi phn ng
cracking hepten li l phn ng n phn t, ngha l khng c s cnh tranh
ca phn ng dime ha:
C7
C3 + C4
(vi C3/C4 = 1)
Cn i vi hexen, tc ca qu trnh n phn t khng nhanh hn so

vi qu trnh lng phn t. T l gia tc phn ng n phn t vi phn
ng a phn t, i vi penten, hexen, hepten tng ng bng 0 : 0,2 : 7. Gi
tr ny cho thy tc cracking olefin C7 ln hn nhiu ln so vi tc
cracking n-heptan (l parafin). So vi qu trnh cracking nhit, tc phn
ng ca olefin trong cracking xc tc ln hn rt nhiu.
Ngoi phn ng ct mch, cc hydrocacbon olefin cn tham gia phn ng
ng phn ha:
CH3 C CH2
CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
Nguyn Vit Hun
16
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Tc phn ng ng phn ha tng khi trng lng phn t ca olefin

tng. Cc olefin cn tham gia phn ng trng hp to ra phn t c trng
lng ln hn.
2 CH3 CH2 CH CH2
CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
CH3(CH2)5 CH CH2
CH2 CH CH2 CH3
CH2 CH CH CH2
Cc olefin cn phn ng vi hydro to thnh parafin:
R CH2 CH2 + H2
R CH2 CH3
Cc olefin trong qu trnh cracking xc tc cn tham gia phn ng ngng
t, ng vng to hydrocacbon thm a vng v vng thm a t l cc:

CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
H2
H2
CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2
H2
+ 3H2
3. S bin i cc hydrocacbon naphtenic:

Cc hydrocacbon naphtenic tham gia phn ng trong qu trnh cracking
xc tc vi tc ln hn 500 4000 ln so vi khi cracking nhit. Trong

iu kin cracking xc tc naphtenic tham gia phn ng alkyl, kh hydro v
phn b li hydro to hydrocacbon thm, parafin v hydro.
V d:
CH2 CH2 CH3
+ C3H8 + 2 H2
+ 3 H2
Phn ng phn hy vng naphten to izo-parafin:

CH3
Nguyn Vit Hun
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH3

CH3
17
Ho Du K44-QN
HBK HN
n tt nghip
* Phn ng ng phn ha vng naphten

CH3
Phn ng chuyn v cc nhm bn:

CH2 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Sn phm khi cracking naphten c tnh cht no nhiu hn so vi cracking
parafin. Trong cc phn ng phn hu, cc phn t c to thnh a s c s

cacbon nhiu hn C3. Cracking xc tc naphten cho hiu sut sn phm lng
cao, ngha l hiu sut s cao hn, cho nn naphten l thnh phn l tng
nht trong nguyn liu cracking xc tc.
4. S bin i ca hydrocacbon thm (1,2,3)
Cc hydrocacbon thm m c gc alkyl nh bn th rt kh b cracking
ngay c khi c mt ca cht xc tc , v vng benzen c bn cao .V vy

m trong qu trnh cracking xc tc, cc hp cht alkyl thm do vng thm c
bn cao hn nn trc tin s xy ra qu trnh ct nhnh alkyl (3-trang92 )
. Nhng toluen c bn rt ln, v th khng th tch nhm metyl hay etyl
trong iu kin cracking. Mch alkyl cng di th cng d b b gy v nu
mch alkyl li c nhnh th tc ct nhnh cn ln hn nhiu. iu ny d
dng gii thch khi xem xt nng lng hot ha ca hydrocacbon thm. (1trang 112, 2-trang 114, 3-trang 92,93 )
Nguyn Vit Hun
18
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Bng 5:
Loi hydrocacbon thm
Nng lng hot ho (kcal/mol)
C6H5C2H5
50
C6H5C4H9
34
C6H5CHCH2CH3
19
CH3
C6H5CHCH3
17,5
CH3
V d: Khi cracking xc tc propyl benzen, phn ng xy ra nh sau:

C6H5CH2CH2CH3
C6H6 + CH3CH=CH2
Cn khi cracking nhit li xy ra theo hng khc:

C6H5CH2CH2CH3
C6H5CH3 + CH2=CH2
Cc phn ng khc li xy ra trong qu trnh

cracking xc tc hydrocacbon thm l:
Phn ng ng phn ho: Cc hydrocacbon thm cha nhiu gc metyl
d tham gia phn ng ng phn ho do s chuyn v cc nhm metyl theo

vng benzen.
V d:
CH3
CH3
CH3
t C, xc tc
t C, xc tc
CH3
CH3
CH3
para-xylen
Nguyn Vit Hun
meta-xylen
octo-xylen
19
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Hydrocacbon thm cn tham gia phn ng chuyn v nhm metyl
ngoi phn t: (1,2,3)

CH3
CH3
CH3
t C, xc tc
+
CH3
CH3
CH3
Hydrocacbon thm c nhnh alkyl di c th khp vng to
hydrocacbon thm d vng:

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
o
t C, xc tc
+ 5 H2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Cc hydrocacbon thm a vng xy ra phn ng ngng t v to cc:
H2
2 H2
hay
+
CH2 CH2
Cc hydrocacbon thm a vng ngng t cao to cc d hp ph trn b

mt xc tc. V vy chng km hm qu trnh lm nh hng n qu trnh
cracking cc loi hydrocacbon khc.
Trong iu kin ca cracking xc tc, cc bin i ca hydrocacbon
ring l c th tm tt nh sau:
Nguyn Vit Hun
20
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Olefin v parafin
Parafin
Olefin v hydro
izo-parafin
Cc hp cht olefin c trng lng thp
Parafin v dien
Olefin
Parafin hay naphten v hydrocacbon thm

Polyme, cc
Olefin v parafin
Naphten
Xyclohexan v olefin
Hydrocacbon thm
Olefin
Parafin v alkyl thm c mch bn ngn
Hydrocacbon thm
ng phn ho, chuyn v nhm alkyl
(alkyl thm)
Sn phm ngng t, cc
Ngoi ra cn xy ra cc phn ng bc 2 nh:

Naphten + Olefin
Hydrocacbon thm v parafin
Hydrocacbon thm + Olefin
Sn phm ngng t, cc
V. Cracking phn on du m (1,11,12)
cracking xc tc phn on du m, do qu trnh rt phc tp, nn

thc t khng th miu t tt c cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh.
Do ngi ta thng a ra s kho st cc hng phn ng chnh trong
qu trnh cracking xc tc. V d khi nguyn liu l phn gazoil chng ct
chn khng, ta c th dng s sau:
LCO - phn on du nh ca cracking xc tc
HCO - phn on du nng ca cracking xc
Nguyn Vit Hun
21
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Gazoil
LCO
HCO
Xng
C4 v kh
Cc
Hnh 1
Nhn s phn ng chng ta thy rng, cc sn phm ph l LCO v
HCO cn phi to iu kin thun li chng chuyn ho tip thnh xng,
ng thi c gng hn ch qu trnh to kh v cc. S hnh thnh cc l
khng mong mun, v cc bm trn tm hot tnh ca xc tc, dn n lm
gim hot tnh ca xc tc. Sn phm cc c to ra l mt h vng thm c
ngng t cao, nn khc vi cacbon t do. S hnh thnh cc c th do cc
nguyn nhn sau:
Do bn cht ca nguyn liu cracking
Do cht xc tc ca qu trnh c chn lc khng cao
Do ch cng ngh cha ti u.
Cc c to thnh trong qu trnh c th phn chia thnh 3 phn chnh l:

Lng cc do phn ng ho hc
Lng cc ng phn hp ph ho hc trn b mt xc tc
Lng cc do nguyn nhn nh hp ph chm v t l % tng ng
gia chng l 55-75/10-20/5-10.
Nguyn Vit Hun
22
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
chng II
xc tc ca qu trnh Cracking
Xc tc l mt trong nhng lnh vc khoa hc k thut lun c nhiu
ngi quan tm v nghin cu, c bit l xc tc dng cho cng nghip ha

du , trong c qu trnh cracking . Nh vo kh nng lm gim nng lng
hot ha ,nh vo tnh xht chn lc phn ng , ...m hiu sut cng nh cht
lng ngy cng tng ln .
S pht trin v ci tin qu trnh cracking xc tc trong cng nghip
ch bin du m, ngoi vic ci thin v nguyn liu, h thng thit b, ch
cng ngh v.v..., th ta thy rng ci chnh l do s ci tin trong vic s dng
cc cht xc tc. Phn ng cracking xc tc ch yu xy ra trn b mt xc
tc, chiu hng ca phn ng ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca xc tc.
Xc tc c dng trong qu trnh cracking thng l xc tc rn, xp, c
ngun gc thin nhin hay tng hp, vi b mt ring ln. Xc tc cracking
u tin c dng l t st thin nhin c tnh axit (v d loi
montmorillonit).
V d: Lin X vo nhng nm 1919 - 1920 dng xc tc AlCl3
trong h thng cracking sn xut xng.
Xc tc AlCl3 tin hnh nhit thp 200 3000C. Nhng trong qu
trnh s dng ngi ta thy c nhiu nhc im sau: Xc tc b mt mt
nhiu do to phc vi cc hydrocacbon ca nguyn liu, iu kin tip xc
gia xc tc v nguyn liu khng tt, cho hiu sut v cht lng xng thp.
V sau ngi ta nghin cu s dng aluminosilicat v nh hnh m u
tin l t st bentonit. Vo nm 1936 Lin X s dng xc tc
aluminosilicat quy m cng nghip. Ngi ta tin hnh tng hp
aluminosilicat trong cc nh my ch to xc tc. Sau trong cng nghip
ch bin du m ngi ta dng ph bin xc tc aluminosilicat tng hp v
n c hot tnh v chn lc tng i cao. Xc tc ny tng c s
Nguyn Vit Hun
23
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
dng trong cng nghip cracking sut 30 nm. Tuy vy, hin nay vic ci
thin xc tc vn khng ngng pht trin v n cui thp nin 60 ca th k
20, ngi ta chuyn sang ch yu dng xc tc cha zeolit.
M vo nm 1972 s dng khong 80% cht xc tc cha zeolit cho
qu trnh cracking xc tc. Hng nm M tiu th 130 nghn tn xc tc,
trong ch c 14 nghn tn l khng cha zeolit.
I. Vai tr ca xc tc trong qu trnh cracking (1,2,3,12,14)
Xc tc trong qu trnh cracking c tm quan trng rt ln. N c kh

nng lm gim nng lng hot ha ca phn ng, do vy m tng mc
phn ng ln rt nhiu. Dng xc tc cho php qu trnh tin hnh iu kin
mm hn. V xc tc c tnh chn lc nn hng qu trnh ch bin theo
nhng phn ng c li nhm thu c sn phm phn ng c cht lng v
hiu sut cao.
II. Nhng yu cu cn thit i vi xc tc
Xc tc cho qu trnh cracking i hi nhng yu cu sau:

1. Hot tnh xc tc phi cao: [1-trang120]
Hot tnh xc tc l yu cu quan trng nht i vi xc tc dng trong
qu trnh cracking.
V mc ch ca cracking l nhn xng, nn phng php dng hiu sut
xng thu c nh gi hot ng ca xc tc s n gin hn, hot tnh
ca xc tc cng cao s cho hiu sut xng cng ln. Do vy, hot tnh ca
xc tc thng c biu din thng qua ch s hot tnh. l gi tr ca
hiu sut xng (%KL) khi cracking nguyn liu mu trong iu kin phng th
nghim.
Hot tnh xc tc ph thuc vo tnh cht vt l - ha hc ca xc tc,
m trc ht l ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca xc tc cng nh ph
thuc vo iu kin cng ngh ca qu trnh. Trong thc t sn xut, da vo
hot tnh ca xc tc, ngi ta phn xc tc thnh cc loi nh sau:
+ Xc tc c hot tnh cao, hiu sut xng > 45%
Nguyn Vit Hun
24
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
+ Xc tc c hot tnh trung bnh, hiu sut xng t 30 n 40%

+ Xc tc c hot tnh thp, hiu sut xng < 30%.
Bng 6: Tnh cht ca xc tc FCC
Thnh phn ho hc, %
Oxyt nhm
13
Oxyt silic
87
Oxyt cc nguyn t t him
24
Oxyt natri
0,02 0,2
Trng lng rt, g/cm3
0,8 0,9
hot tnh n nh
55 60
hot tnh theo ASTM
75 80
bn do mi mn, %
94 96
Thnh phn c ht, %

n 20 m
<23
n 40 m
15 25
n 100 m
96 98
B mt ring, m2/g
400 450
2. chn lc xc tc phi cao

Xc tc cn c chn lc cao cho ta xng c cht lng cao v hiu
sut ln, v trong kh cracking c nng ln cc hydrocacbon c cu trc

nhnh.
Trc tin cht xc tc lm tng tc ca cc phn ng c li trong
nhng iu kin nhit v p sut nht nh, sau c tc dng lm gim
Nguyn Vit Hun
25
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
tc cc phn ng ph ,nht l nhng phn ng gy ng c xc tc nh

phn ng to cc (6 - trang 104)
Trong qu trnh cracking, chn lc ca xc tc quyt nh kh nng
to cc sn phm c gi tr ca n, l cc cu t xng c tr s octan cao.
Ngi ta c th nh gi chn lc bng cch xc nh t l gia hiu sut
xng v cc (hay kh) cng mt su bin i. Xc tc thng c nh
gi ng thi hot tnh v chn lc ca n so vi xc tc mu khi tin
hnh trong cng mt iu kin cracking. T s gia hiu sut xng v cc
(hay kh) cng ln th chn lc xc tc cng cao. Sau mt thi gian lm
vic c hot tnh v chn lc ca xc tc u b gim do c nhng thay
i v tnh cht ca xc tc trong iu kin lm vic.
3. n nh phi ln: (1,2,3,14)
Xc tc ch to ra cn phi gi c nhng c tnh ch yu (hot tnh,
chn lc) sau mt thi gian lm vic lu di. Cht xc tc c thi gian lm
vic lu di th gi thnh chi cho cht xc tc cng thp ( cho d tin mua xc
tc c t ) hn so vi khi mua xc tc r m thi gian lm vic ngn.
n nh xc tc c trng cho kh nng khng thay i cc tnh cht
trong qu trnh lm vic. Xc tc c n nh cng cao cng tt trong qu
trnh s dng.
4. m bo bn c v bn nhit: [3]
Trong qu trnh lm vic, xc tc c xt vi nhau v c xt vi thnh
thit b lm cho xc tc d b v, do lm tn tht p sut qua lp xc tc

tng ln, lm mt mt xc tc ln. V vy m xc tc phi m bo bn c.
Khi lm vic nhit c th thay i, khi nhit cao qu m nu xc
tc khng c bn nhit th c th b bin i cu trc dn n lm gim cc
tnh cht ca xc tc.
6. Xc tc phi m bo thun nht cao
Xc tc cn ng nht v thnh phn, v cu trc, v hnh dng, v kch
thc. Khi kch thc khng ng u s to ra nhng vng phn lp v c tr

Nguyn Vit Hun
26
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
lc khc nhau v do s phn lp theo kch thc nn s ph v ch lm

vic bnh thng ca thit b. Mt khc khi kch thc khng ng u lm
tng kh nng v vn dn n mt mt xc tc. Cu trc l xp khng ng
u s lm gim b mt tip xc dn n lm gim hot tnh xc tc.
7. Xc tc phi bn vi cc cht lm ng c xc tc
Xc tc phi chng li c hiu qu tc dng gy ng c ca nhng hp
cht ca nit, lu hunh, cc kim loi nng ko di thi gian lm vic ca

xc tc.
8. Xc tc phi c kh nng ti sinh
y l yu cu quan trng trong qu trnh s dng xc tc. Xc tc c
kh nng ti sinh tt s nng cao c hiu qu v nng sut ca qu trnh,

lng tiu hao xc tc cng gim xung.
9. Xc tc phi d sn xut v r tin:
y cng l yu t quan trng gp phn nh hng cho cc nh nghin
cu v sn xut.
III. zeolit v xc tc cha Zeolit
1. Xc tc Zeolit [1,2,3,12,13,14]
Zeolit l hp cht ca alumino - silic, l cht tinh th c cu trc c bit.
Trong htin nhin c khong 40 loi Zeolit c pht hin . Song cc ng

dng quan trng trong lp hp ph , tch lc xc tc ...ch yu l nh vo
Zeolit nhn to . Ngy nay , ngi ta tng hp c khong 200 loi Zeolit ,
tuy nhin trong ch c mt s t c s dng trong cng nghip ( 14-trang
122).
1.1 Thnh phn ha hc ca Zeolit :
Cu trc ca chng c c trng bng mng cc l rng, rnh, rt nh

thng vi nhau. Cc cht zeolit c ch to cng vi cc xc tc
aluminosilicat hay vi t st thin nhin, ri sau c x l bng phng
php c bit hp thnh xc tc cha zeolit. Xc tc cha zeolit ny c hot
Nguyn Vit Hun
27
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
tnh cao, c chn lc tt v li c gi thnh va phi, v th ngy nay chng

c s dng rt rng ri.
V thnh phn ha hc ca zeolit, ngi ta c th biu din bng cng
thc phn t nh sau:
(Me+)x[(Al2O3)x.(SiO2)y]z.2H2O
Me - l cation bi tr in tch
Trong :
x,y - l cc h s tng ng
z
- s phn t nc kt tinh trong Z
( 2-trang 193, 6-trang 123)
n v cu trc c bn ca Zeolit l t din TO4, l mt cation T c

bao quanh bi 4 ion O-2. Nu T l Si th SiO4 l t din trung ha in tch ,
nu l nhm Al (+3) th t din AlO-4 mang mt in tch m:
O2O2-
O2Si4+
O2-
Hnh 2: T din SiO4

O2-
O2-
O2Al3+
O2-
Hnh 3 : T din AlO-4

S thay th Si+4 bng nhm Al+3 lm xut hin mt in tch m trong
mng tinh th v n c b tr bi cation b tr in tch hay cation i.
Tnh cht ca Zeolit c thay th bi cc cu trc v hnh thi ca
chng ,tc l s sp xp trt t ca t din , phn th tch rng , s tn ti cc
mao qun v cc l ,kch thc ca cc mao qun v cc l. Ngoi ra tnh cht
ca Zeolit cn ph thuc vo t l Si/Al v cation b tr in tch (K+ , Na +...)
Nguyn Vit Hun
28
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Quy tc Lowenstion xc nh rng : 2 nguyn t nhm khng th tn ti

ln cn nhau , ngha l trong cu trc Zeolit khng th tn ti cc lin kt SiO-Si v Si-O-Al . V vy m t l Si/Al lun lun ln hn hoc bng 1.
1.2 cu trc ca Zeolit:
V cu to, zeolit c to thnh t cc n v cu trc c bn gi l n

v cu trc Sodalit (hnh 4). Nu cc n v ny ni vi nhau theo cc mt 4
cnh, ta c zeolit loi A. Nu ni vi nhau theo mt 6 cnh, ta c zeolit loi X
hay Y c cu trc tng t nh faurazit (hnh 5).
O2
Si4+
O2
HnhAl4.3+n v c bn ca zeolit
Zeolit A
Zeolit X
Hnh 5. Cu trc ca zeolit A v X, Y

Nguyn Vit Hun
29
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Ngy nay ngi ta ch to c hng trm loi zeolit, chng c c

trng bi kch thc cc ca s khc nhau [1-trang 117].
V d c trng ca mt s loi zeolit c dng ph bin trong cracking
xc tc c dn ra bng sau:
Bng 7 : c trng c bn ca mt vi loi zeolit
Zeolit
Thnh phn ho hc
ng knh l trung bnh,
Na2O.Al2O3.2SiO2.4,5H2O
3,6 3,9
Na2O.Al2O3.2,5SiO2.6H2O
7,4
Na2O.Al2O3.4,8SiO2.8,9H2O
7,4
Na8O(Al2O3)8(SiO2)40.24H2O
6,7 7,0 (2,9 5,7)
Mordenit
5,4 5,6
ZSM-5 v 11
2. Zeolit v xc tc cha Zeolit dng cho qu trnh cracking [1-trang

118,119]
Khi ch to xc tc cracking, hm lng natri (Na) cn phi gim ti cc
tiu bi v s c mt ca Na nhit cao v c mt hi nc, n lm gim i

ng k hot tnh cng nh chn lc ca xc tc cracking.
Khi thay th Na bng cc cation kim loi ha tr ln hn 2 hay bng 2,
th d nh canxi (Ca), reni (Re) hay cc nguyn t t him, s lm thay i
c trng cu trc ca zeolit. Kch thc l tng ln, ng thi khi li to
ra cc tm axit lm hoi tnh ca xc tng ln.
Ngi ta cho thy rng, zeolit cha oxyt silic cng nhiu, lng oxyt
nhm cng t th axit ca n cng tng. ng nhin khi tng t s oxyt
silic/oxyt nhm, khng c dn n ph hy cu trc ca zeolit. Hay ni
cch khc l t s ny cng ch tng n mt gii hn nht nh.
Qu trnh cracking xc tc thng dng zeolit loi X, Y c cha cc
nguyn t t him hay dng trao i ion v c x l bng cc phng
30
Nguyn Vit Hun
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
php c bit, ng thi kt hp vi cc hp phn lm tng bn c, bn

nhit hay iu chnh kch thc l xp. Zeolit c hot tnh cracking ln, v th
ngi ta thng dng n dng hn hp vi xc tc v nh hnh hay
aluminosilicat tinh th v c gi l xc tc cha zeolit. Trong sn xut xc
tc, ngi ta trn 10 n 20% (KL) zeolit v vi hp phn nh vy, xc tc
cng rt hot ng, hn hn xc tc aluminosilicat thng thng. Hn na
cc ch tiu kinh t cng t tt hn.
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta ch to xc tc cha zeolit hai dng chnh.
Xc tc dng cu v xc tc dng bt. Xc tc dng bt v sau ci tin
thnh xc tc vi cu thng c p dng cho qu trnh cracking lp si
(FCC), cn xc tc dng cu vi kch thc ht t 3 n 5 mm thng c
dng cho qu trnh cracking xc tc chuyn ng (TCC).
Zeolit c hai loi kch thc l xp: kch thc ca s v kch thc l
ln, khi a chng vo trn ln vi aluminosilicat, chng ta s iu chnh
c cu trc l ca chng nhn c kch thc l trong gii hn thch
hp nht, nhm tng chn lc ca xc tc. V d, trong xc tc cha zeolit
loi A, kch thc l ca n khng vt qu 4 n 5 . Trong cc l nh vy
propylen c th chuyn qua t do, nhng iu li khng xy ra i vi izobutylen. Do trn xc tc nh vy c th tin hnh qu trnh polyme ho
chn lc propylen c trong hn hp vi izo-butylen m khng phi phn tch
chng. Hay t zeolit vi kch thc 5 c th dng lm xc tc cracking
chn lc n-parafin c trong hn hp vi izo-parafin, v trong iu kin , izoparafin b cracking khng ng k.
Xc tc cha zeolit X v Y c kch thc l khong 8 n 10 c
dng cracking nguyn liu c thnh phn phn on rng (v d gazoil).
Khi cc phn t ln ca nguyn liu vn c th d dng ti b mt ca xc
tc, cn cc phn t nh hn c th tip xc vi cc tm hot tnh b mt
trong ca xc tc. V cc l hp cht cao phn t nn chng thng tp trung
Nguyn Vit Hun
31
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
b mt ngoi ca xc tc v do vy to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh t

chy cc khi ti sinh xc tc.
Zeolit loi X, Y, ZSM-5 (11) l loi c cc tnh cht thch hp nht cho
qu trnh cracking xc tc. Kch thc l ln ca chng xp x 10 s cho
php khuch tn d dng cc phn t ca nguyn liu vo b mt l xp ca
chng cng nh khuch tn sn phm ra ngoi. V vy chng c s dng
ch to xc tc cracking cng nghip. Thng thng cc zeolit ny l loi
trao i cation (H+, NH4+ hay cation a ha tr) kt hp vi cc phng php
x l thch hp v phi trn vi aluminosilicat v nh hnh. Loi xc tc ny
c hot tnh cao hn hng trm ln v c chn lc cao hn so vi xc
tc aluminosilicat thun khit. Hiu sut xng tng ln t nht l 20%, trong
khi hiu sut cc v kh li gim khi tin hnh cng mt iu kin.
th gii cc cht xc tc cracking c nhiu hng sn xut, l:
Grace, Engel Grard, Mobil, Fihtrol, AK20, Crosfiel, Catalystics.
Cc c trng c bn ca xc tc cracking l: thnh phn, trng lng
rt, cu trc xp, hot tnh, thnh phn c ht v bn.
Ngoi nhng u im trn xc tc cha zeolit vn cn mt s nhc
im nh sau:
+ Gi thnh sn xut chng cao
+ Nu s dng xc tc zeolit nguyn cht th tc trao i cht ca qu
trnh phc hi v trao i nhit b hn tc chnh bn thn phn ng xc
tc. V vy m ta dng xc tc cha zeolit (zeolit tm trn cht mang, 2 20%
trn aluminosilicat tng hp).
Ni tm li, xc tc cha zeolit cho qu trnh cracking c nhiu u im
hn hn cc xc tc khc, nn hin gi y cc nc cng nghip ch bin
du m v kh tin tin, ngi ta ln lt thay th xc tc cha zeolit cho
aluminosilicat tng hp. Hin nay ngi ta ang s dng xc tc zeolit siu
bn, n p ng c mi yu cu ca xc tc trong qu trnh cracking.
Nguyn Vit Hun
32
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
III. Nhng thay i tnh cht ca xc tc khi lm vic [1,3,12,13]
[1-trang122]
Xc tc cracking trong qu trnh lm vic b gim hot tnh v chn
lc. Hin tng ny ngi ta gi l qu trnh tr ho xc tc. Qu trnh tr ho
xc tc cng nhanh nu ta tin hnh qu trnh iu kin cng ngh kh
khn, kht khe tng (v d nhit qu cao, thi gian tip xc qu di,
nguyn liu xu). Ngoi ra cn xy ra cc qu trnh khc lm tng tc tr
ho. Chng ta c th phn qu trnh tr ho xc tc lm hai qu trnh chnh,
l s tr ho do tc dng ca cc cht lm ng c xc tc v s tr ho do
tc dng lm thay i cc tnh cht l - ho ca xc tc.
Nguyn nhn ca s tr ho xc tc c th l do:
Tc dng ca cc c t nh NH3, CO2 ca cc hp cht lu
hunh m c bit l H2S nhit cao.

S tch t cc kim loi nng di dng cc oxyt lm thay i chc
nng ca xc tc.
S tc ng ca nhit cao v hi nc.
Cc hp cht kh tc dng vi xc tc c th chia lm 3 nhm:

- Nhm khng tc dng vi xc tc nhit thp hn 6200C
nh CO, CO2 v NH3.

- Nhm lm gim hot tnh ca xc tc nhng khng lm gim
chn lc nh hi nc.
- Nhm lm gim chn lc ca xc tc (H2S nhit trn
4250C v NH3 , SO2, SO3 nhit trn 6200C).

T kinh nghim thao tc cng ngh cracking cho thy, hot tnh ca xc
tc c th c duy tr nu ta thm hi nc vo nguyn liu, hay vic x l
trc v sau khi ti sinh xc tc. Thm hi nc khi ch bin nguyn liu c
lu hunh s c tc dng m v khi li lm tng qu trnh n mn thit b
Nguyn Vit Hun
33
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
v sn phm ca qu trnh n mn li lm nhim bn xc tc, dn ti lm

gim hot tnh, chn lc ca xc tc.
Tc dng ng thi ca nhit cao v ca hi nc lm gim hot tnh
tng cng ca xc tc. Khi p dng lp si (FCC), do cn phi duy tr iu
kin cc t lng ng trn xc tc v xc tc khng b qu nhit khi ti
sinh, ngi ta phi a vo mt lng nh hi nc. Hn na, cng cn phi
trnh s to cc qu t, v iu dn ti ph v cn bng nhit ca h l phn
ng v ti sinh, do nhit to ra trong qu trnh ti sinh khng b nhit
thu vo ca cc phn ng cracking trong l phn ng.
Hm lng cc trn xc tc khi ra khi l phn ng ph thuc vo lng
xc tc tun hon trong h thng. i vi a s cc qu trnh FCC, khi dng
xc tc zeolit, lng cc to ra thng chim vo khong 1,3 n 1,8% KL
xc tc, cn sau khi ti sinh l 0,1 n 0,05% KL.
Cc hp cht c kim v cc hp cht cha nit trong nguyn liu u l
cc phn t lm gi ho nhanh xc tc. Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng, s c
mt ca cc hp cht nit trong nguyn liu lm gim hiu sut xng v cc
sn phm trng. V d, hm lng nit tng t 0,1 n 0,4% KL, hiu sut
xng b gim i ti 2 ln, cn hiu sut gazoil nh cng b gim, ng thi
lm tng hiu sut cn nng v gazoil nng. Khi tng nhit , tc dng c hi
ca cc hp cht nit s gim.
S u c xc tc bi cc kim loi cng c nhiu nghin cu
cp ti v ch r c ch tc dng ca chng n hot tnh ca xc tc. Khi
lng ng cc oxyt kim loi nng trn xc tc s dn ti lm gim su
cracking v gim hiu sut xng do tng qu trnh to cc.
Khi hm lng cc hp cht lu hunh trong nguyn liu tng th hm
lng cc kim loi nng nh niken v vanadi cng tng theo, v a phn chng
u tp trung phn cn nng v phn on nha - asphan. V d, trong du
m c lu hunh th c ti 90% phc cht porphirin cha vanadi, cn trong
du cha t lu hunh th l phc vi niken.
Nguyn Vit Hun
34
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
V. Ti sinh xc tc [1,2,3]
Xc tc trong qu trnh cracking lm vic c mt thi gian s c mt

lng cc to ra do mt s phn ng c hi, cc s bm ln b mt xc tc
lm che ph cc tm hot ng ca xc tc. iu dn n gim hot tnh
ca xc tc v vy hiu qu qu trnh cracking xc tc b gim. xc tc lm
vic bnh thng (cc tnh cht ca xc tc khng b thay i) th ngi ta
phi tin hnh ti sinh xc tc. ti sinh xc tc ngi ta cn phi tin hnh
t cc bng khng kh nng trong l ti sinh. Kt qu ca qu trnh t chy
cc s sinh ra CO v CO2. Cc phn ng ny to nhiu nhit. Ngoi ra cn c
phn ng kh cc hp cht lu hunh. Cc phn ng xy ra khi ti sinh c th
miu t nh sau:
CO2
Q = 33,927 34,069 MJ/kg
CO
Q = 10,629 10,314 MJ/kg
CO + 1O2
CO2
Q = 23,650 23,755 MJ/kg
2
1O2
2
H2O
Q = 1210,043 1210,252 MJ/kg
O2
SO2
Q = 9,132 9,222 MJ/kg
SO2 +
O2
SO3
MeO +
SO3
MeSO4
C + O2
C +
H2 +
S +
1
O
2 2
MeSO4 + 4H2
MeO + H2S + 3H2
Nhit lng to ra c dng cp nhit cho xc tc mang vo l phn

ng, ngoi ra cn tn dng sn xut hi nc dng trong nh my.
Kh nng ti sinh c th nh gi bng cng chy cc, cng
chy cc cng cao, qu trnh ti sinh cng nhanh, th tch thit b ti sinh yu
cu cng nh. Cng chy cc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: nhit , p
sut ring phn ca oxy, hm lng cc bm trn xc tc, cht xc tc v.v...
Yu t nhit nh hng ln cng chy cc: Qua nghin cu ta
thy nhit khong 540 6300C tin hnh ti sinh xc tc l tt nht.
Nhit ti sinh ph thuc nhiu vo cht xc tc c dng v loi l
Nguyn Vit Hun
35
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
ti sinh. Mc ti sinh cn phi khng ch cht ch khng ch bo m

hot tnh ca xc tc m cn m bo vn v sinh mi trng, v th khng
nn c mt CO trong kh khi thi. Hn na, qu trnh chy cng khng
xy ra nhit qu cao hay tch nhit cc b dn ti ph hu xc tc. Cn
nu nhit qu thp th tc ti sinh s chm, cc bm trn xc tc chy
khng trit . Sau khi ti sinh, hm lng cc cn li trn xc tc phi l cc
tiu (lng cc cn cn li t 0,1 n 0,3% KL xc tc) khi phc ti a
hot tnh ca xc tc.
Tc ti sinh c th biu din theo phng trnh:
V = K 1 PO2 (1 + K 2 PH 2O )C
E
RT
Trong :
V - tc ti sinh
PO2, PH2O - p sut ring phn ca oxy v hi nc
C - hm lng cc bm trn xc tc
n - bc phn ng theo cacbon
K1, K2 - hng s.
Vy tng tc ti sinh th ta phi tng nhit ti sinh (hiu qu
nht vng ng hc), tng p sut ring phn ca oxy trong khng kh, gim
ng knh cc ht xc tc.
Xc tc c ng knh l xp cng ln v ng u th qu trnh ti sinh
cng nhanh v oxy d khuch tn. Tuy vy iu ny b gii hn bi bn ca
xc tc v mt s tnh cht khc ca n.
Qu trnh ti sinh xc tc bng phng php t cc cha gii quyt
c vic kh cc kim loi nng hp ph trn xc tc. V vy hon thin
qu trnh ti sinh ngi ta tin hnh thm qu trnh trao i ion kh cc
kim loi nng, iu ny gii quyt c s nng cao c hiu qu ca qu
trnh ti sinh xc tc.
Nguyn Vit Hun
36
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
VI. Cc dng hnh hc ca xc tc [1,2,3]
Xc tc dng bi:
Xc tc dng bi c kch thc t 1 n 150 m. Phn ln l cc phn

xc tc c kch thc 40 80 m.
Xc tc dng vi cu:
C kch thc ht t 10 n 150 m. So vi xc tc dng bi, xc tc

dng vi cu trong qu trnh lm vic b mi mn t hn v mt mt xc tc t
hn. Xc tc dng bi v dng vi cu thng c dng trong h thng
cracking xc tc vi lp xc tc gi si.
Xc tc ht cu ht ln:
ng knh cc ht xc tc t 3 n 6 mm. bn c ca loi ny tt,

trong qu trnh lm vic t b mi mn v t b v vn. Xc tc dng ny c
s dng trong h thng vi lp xc tc chuyn ng.
Xc tc dng tr:
C ng knh t 3 n 4 mm, chiu cao t 3 n 5 mm. bn c km.

Trong qu trnh s dng xc tc d b v vn, lm tiu hao xc tc ln. Xc
tc loi ny ch dng trong h thng cracking vi lp xc tc tnh.
Nguyn Vit Hun
37
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
CHng III
NGuyn Liu V Sn PHm
Ca QuTRnh Cracking Xc Tc
I. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh cracking xc tc: [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Nguyn liu c bn cho qu trnh cracking xc tc l phn ct chn

khng ca cn du th khi chng ct kh quyn. Chng thng cha 5 10%
phn on si n 3500C v c nhit si cui ti 520 5400C. Trong nhiu
trng hp, ngi ta cng c th dng c phn on nh ca chng ct kh
quyn, phn on kerosen-gazoil ca cracking nhit hay cc ho v c th c
phn rafinat ca qu trnh kh asphan mazut v gudron trong sn xut du
nhn hoc l phn on mazut ca du t kim loi. Cc c trng quan trng
nht ca nguyn liu c nh hng quyt nh n cc ch tiu ca qu trnh
cracking l thnh phn phn on, hng s c trng K, thnh phn nhm
hydrocacbon, hm lng nha - asphan, hm lng cc tp cht nit, lu
hunh, kim loi v cc ho.
Khi cracking trn xc tc cha zeolit, do c hot tnh cao m nh hng
ca thnh phn phn on ca nguyn liu khng phi l yu t quan trng.
Quy lut thng thng l khi tng phn nh (hay cn gi l nh) ca
nguyn liu, hiu sut hydrocacbon loi C3, C4 v xng u tng ln, cn hiu
sut H2 v cc gim xung. Nu nguyn liu l phn ct chn khng c t
phn on nng (<14 15%) s lm tng tr s octan ca xng cng nh hiu
sut xng. Cn nu tng hm lng nha - asphan v kim loi s lm xu i
cc ch tiu ca qu trnh.
Hng s c trng K c dng phn loi du m v cc phn on
theo thnh phn ho hc. Khi s dng nguyn liu cracking vi K c gi tr
cao s cho php tng cc ch tiu ca cracking xc tc.
Cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon l cc cht c hi cho cracking xc tc,
chng khng ch gy c cho xc tc m cn chuyn vo sn phm, lm gim
Nguyn Vit Hun
38
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
cht lng sn phm. V d s phn b ca hp cht lu hunh vo sn phm

cracking nh sau (% KL so vi nguyn liu): H2S: 20 n 30; xng: 2 n 5;
phn on si trn 1950C: 30 n 60; cc: 5 n 10.
Trong nguyn liu cracking xc tc khng nn c mt cc phn on nh
c nhit si < 2000C v khi phn hu s to nhiu kh lm gim hiu sut
xng v gim c tr s octan ca xng. Nguyn liu khng cho php cha hm
lng ln hydrocacbon thm a vng (v trong qu trnh d ngng t to cc
bm trn b mt xc tc), asphan v cc tp cht cha N v S.
Nguyn liu cng nng cng cha nhiu asphan v kim loi, khi cracking
cn phi qua x l bng hydro ho lm sch nhn c nguyn liu c cht
lng cao cho qu trnh cracking xc tc.
Ni tm li, trc khi a nguyn liu vo qu trnh cracking xc tc,
chng ta phi nghin cu k cht lng ca nguyn liu, loi xc tc dng v
tu theo iu kin k thut, hiu qu ca cc phng php lm sch nguyn
liu yu cu nguyn liu dng m ngi ta quyt nh phng php lm sch
nguyn liu cho thch hp.
Trong cng nghip cracking xc tc, ngi ta c th s dng mt trong
cc nhm nguyn liu sau:
Nhm 1: l nhm nguyn liu nh c tn l phn on kerosen - sola
nhn c t qu trnh chng ct trc tip v c gii hn si t 210 n 3600C.

Chng c t trng trung bnh t 0,860 n 0,830. Trong lng phn t trung
bnh vo khong 190 200. y l nhm nguyn liu tt nht dng sn
xut xng t v xng my bay.
Nhm 2: l nhm nguyn liu ly t phn on gazoil chng ct chn
khng c nhit si t 300 n 5000C (hay 5500C). Nhm ny c cc c

trng l t trng trung bnh t 0,880 n 0,920, trng lng phn t trung bnh
t 280 n 330.
Nguyn Vit Hun
39
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Nhm 3: l nhm nguyn liu c thnh phn rt rng, c gii hn si
t 210 5000C.
Nhm 4: l nhm nguyn liu c nhit si t 300 4500C.
[1-trang 125]
Bng 8:c tnh 4 nhm nguyn liu ca qu trnh cracking xc tc
Ch tiu
Nhm 1
Nhm 2
Nhm 3
Nhm 4
T trng
0,8300,870
0,8300,920
0,8700,885
0,8700,875
t0 si u (0C)
200 215
300 315
225 235
n 250
t0 si 10% (V)
225 240
335 355
290 305
275 300
t0 si 50%
260 270
420 445
390 400
335 375
490 500
385 450
Thnh
phn
phn on
t0 si 80%
t0 si 90%
290 320
520 540
t0 si cui
315 360
540 550
515 520
420 490
(95%)
(95%)
(95%)
0,6 1,8
0,35 0,75
0,5 1,4
0,2 0,9
0,2 0,3
0,05 0,2
Hm lng S
(%) TL
0,2 0,6
cc % TL
Trong s cc nhm nguyn liu k trn th nhm gazoil chn khng l

ph bin nht trong qu trnh cracking xc tc. Trong nhng nm gn y, khi
nguyn liu tt ngy mt cn dn v nht l khi ch to c xc tc cracking
mi v cng ngh mi c hiu qu hn, ngi ta tin ti s dng nguyn liu
ngy cng nng hn, cht lng xu hn m vn cho php nhn c xng vi
nng sut cao v cht lng tt. l xu hng ci tin qu trnh cracking
xc tc trong hin i v trong tng lai.
Nguyn Vit Hun
40
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
II. Cc sn phm ca qu trnh cracking xc tc [1,2,3]
Cht lng ca sn phm cracking xc tc thay i trong mt khong rt

rng v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nguyn liu, loi xc tc v cc thng s
cng ngh ca qu trnh. Trong thc t qu trnh cracking xc tc thng nhn
c cc sn phm sau:
1. Sn phm kh
Hiu sut kh cracking chim khong 10 25% lng nguyn liu em
cracking. Hiu sut ny ph thuc vo iu kin cracking. Thnh phn ca kh

cracking ph thuc vo bn cht ca nguyn liu v bn cht ca xc tc.
Bng 9:
Kh hydrocacbon
% khi lng
C1 C2
10 25
C3
25 30
C4
30 50
C5
10 20
Sn phm kh c a n b phn tch kh. Sau khi phn on, kh kh

c s dng lm nhin liu kh.
Cn phn on propan propylen v butan butylen c dng lm nguyn
liu cho qu trnh alkyl ho hay nguyn liu tng hp ho du v ho hc. Phn
on C5 c pha vo xng. Trong phn on C3, hm lng propylen c th t
ti 70 80%. Trong phn on C4, hm lng buten l 45 55%, hm lng izobutan l 40 60% v hm lng n-butan nh, ch vo khong 10 20%.
2. Xng cracking xc tc
Xng l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh, hiu sut xng cracking xc tc thng
thu c t 30 55% lng nguyn liu em cracking. Hiu sut xng v cht
lng xng ph thuc vo cht lng nguyn liu, xc tc v ch cng ngh.
Nu nguyn liu c hm lng hydrocacbon naphten th cho hiu sut v
cht lng xng cao. Nu nguyn liu c hm lng ln parafin th nhn c
Nguyn Vit Hun
41
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
xng c tr s octan thp. Trong nguyn liu c hm lng lu hunh cao th

xng nhn c c hm lng lu hunh ln, thng chim khong 15%
trng lng lu hunh cha trong nguyn liu.
Xng nhn c t qu trnh c t trng khong 0,72 0,77. Tr s octan
theo phng php nghin cu (RON) khong 87 91.
Thnh phn ho hc ca xng cracking xc tc khc hn vi xng
cracking nhit v xng chng ct trc tip. Xng cracking xc tc c tr s
octan cao hn, c cha 9 10% trng lng hydrocacbon thm. Ni chung
xng cracking xc tc l cu t c bn ch to xng thng phm.
Phn on xng cc dy chuyn cng ngh Lin bang Nga thng c
nhit si cui l 1950C, cn cc nc khc thay i c th l 204 hay
2200C. Chng c tnh cht c trng c trnh by bng sau:[1-trang 126]
Bng 10 : c trng ca xng Cracking xc tc
0,72 0,77
d 20
4
Hm lng S (% KL)
Tr s octan (sch)
RON
MON
Thnh phn hydrocacbon (%)
Hydrocacbon thm
OlefHin
Naphten
Parafin
0,01 0,20
87 95
78 85
25 40
15 30
2 10
35 60
(izo-parafin chim phn chnh)
3. Phn on si cao hn 1950C

Phn on ny c chia thnh:
Phn on 195 3500C v phn cn c nhit cao hn 3500C
Phn on 195 2700C dng ch to nhin liu kerosen
Nguyn Vit Hun
42
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Phn on 195 3500C dng ch to nhin liu diezen

Phn on 270 4200C lm nguyn liu sn xut cacbon k thut.
Phn on ln hn 3500C hay ln hn 4200C c dng lm FO hay
nguyn liu cho qu trnh cc ho.

Thnh phn v tnh cht c trng ca phn on kerosen gazoil c
trnh by bng sau:
Bng 11.
Phn on c nhit si, 0C
Ch tiu
195 270
270 350
350 420
> 420
d 20
4
0,860,95
0,86 0,97 0,960,99
1 11
Nhit ng c, 0C
40 60 20 50 0 5
Tr s xetan
20 35
Tr s it, g/100 g
10 20
5 10
35
Hydrocacbon thm, % V
60 80
50 75
cc ho conradson, % KL
0,05 1,0
5 10
1025
Sn phm c trng cho cc phn on ny l:

* Gazoil nh:
Gazoil nh ca qu trnh c nhit si 175 3500C. So snh vi nhin
liu diezen th n c tr s xetan thp v hm lng lu hunh kh cao.
Vi nguyn liu l phn on xola t du h parafinic th gazoil nh
nhn c tr s xetan cao (45 56). Vi nguyn liu hydrocacbon naphten
thm th gazoil c tr s xetan thp (25 35).
Cht lng gazoil nh khng ch ph thuc vo thnh phn nguyn liu
m cn ph thuc vo cht lng xc tc v ch cng ngh. Gazoil nh
Nguyn Vit Hun
43
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
dng lm cu t pha cho nhin liu diezen, c th lm nguyn liu sn xut b

hng hay lm cu t pha long mazut.
Gazoil nh c c tnh sau:
T trng d 20
4 = 0,83 0,940
Thnh phn ho hc gm:
Lu hunh 1,7 2,4% trng lng
Hydrocacbon olefin 6%
Hydrocacbon thm 30 50%
Cn li l hydrocacbon parafin v naphten.
* Gazoil nng:
L sn phm cn ca qu trnh. Cht lng ca n ph thuc ch cng
ngh, ngun nguyn liu v cht lng gazoil nh.
Gazoil nng c nhit si > 3500C, c t trng d 20
4 = 0,89 0,99, n
cha mt lng ln tp cht c hc. Hm lng lu hunh trong cao hn
khong 1,5 ln so vi nguyn liu ban u.
Dng lm nguyn liu cho cracking nhit v cc ho hoc lm nhin liu
t l. Ngy nay ngi ta cn dng n lm nguyn liu sn xut b hng.
Nguyn Vit Hun
44
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Phn II
Tnh Ton V Thit K Dy Chuyn
Cng Ngh CrackingXc Tc
Chng I.
Cc yu t nh hng n
qu trnh cracking xc tc
nh hng n cc ch tiu lm vic ca qu trnh cracking xc tc
khng ch l nguyn liu v cht xc tc m cn c cc thng s cng ngh

ca qu trnh. Cc thng s cng ngh bao gm: nhit , p sut, tc np
liu khng gian th tch hay trng lng (cn gi l tc np liu ring), bi
s tun hon xc tc v mc bin i hay su chuyn ho.
I. Nhit [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Qu trnh cracking xc tc thng tin hnh nhit 480 5500C. Khi

tin hnh tng nhit , lc u hiu sut xng tng v sau t n cc i
ri gim xung. iu ny l do qu trnh phn hu tng, lm phn hu c cc
cu t xng va c to thnh.
Khi tng nhit , phn ng phn hu tng nhng ng thi cc phn
ng bc 2 nh dehydro cng tng, lm tng hiu sut hydrocacbon thm v
olefin. Khi trong sn phm kh hm lng C1 C3 tng, cn C4 gim, t
trng v tr s octan tng ln.
Nguyn Vit Hun
45
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN

80
10
20
8
6
10
0
Ch s octan
95
NC (sch), %
30
Hiu sut cc, %TL
Hiu sut xng v kh,

%TL
100
90
60
85
50
chuyn ho
80
390 420 450 480 510 540

Nhit cracking, 0C
70
%V
n tt nghip
425
450 475
40
500 5250C
Hnh 6
Bng 12. nh hng ca hydrocacbon n hiu sut v cht lng ca sn
phm vi nguyn liu l phn on xola (du m Lin X)
Nhit trung bnh trong TBP
Cc thng s
415
452
480
513
Hiu sut cc sn phm (%TL)

Kh kh
2,31
Kh bo
5,00
5,13
8,34
18,80
Xng
30,29
7,49
9,41
9,45
Gazoil nh
59,20
30,72
32,45
37,42
53,30
46,30
28,10
Gazoil nng
Cc
3,20
3,30
3,50
6,60
Tng cng
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
40,80
46,70
53,70
71,90
khng c pha ch
84,10
91,70
93,70
94,40
c pha 0,8 ml TEP/ 1lt xng
93,00
98,20
98,20
98,50
0,748
0,748
0,757
su chuyn ho (%TL)
Tr s octan ca xng (RON)
T trng ca xng d15

15
Nguyn Vit Hun
46
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
II. p sut [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
Qu trnh cracking xc tc thng tin hnh p sut d 1,4 1,8 at.

iu kin ny phn ng xy ra pha hi.
Khi tng p sut, hiu sut xng tng ln, hiu sut kh C1 C3 gim,
hm lng olefin v hydrocacbon thm gim, hm lng hydro-cacbon no
tng v do vy cht lng xng gim (tr s octan NO gim).
Vy khi tng p sut s tng hiu sut xng, cn hiu sut kh gim,
nhng qu trnh to cc tng. Vic tng p sut ca qu trnh cracking xc tc
khng c hiu qu kinh t cao. V vy ch tin hnh p sut thng.
Bng 13. chuyn ho C, hiu sut sn phm v thnh phn
Nhit , 0C
C, % KILN
SP tng, %KL
Xng, %KILN
Kh, %KL
Cc, %KL
Cn, %KL
Mt mt, %KL
RH no, %V
RHO, %V
RHa, %V
RH ca xng ph thuc vo nhit phn ng [1-trang130]
400
64,5
81,5
49,2
11,6
3,7
32,3
3,2
66,8
7,7
25,3
420
70,2
76,7
49,7
16,0
4,5
27,0
2,8
61,9
8,5
29,6
435
72,1
74,4
49,1
18,2
4,8
25,3
2,6
56,5
9,6
33,9
450
75,5
69,9
47,5
22,2
5,8
22,4
2,1
50,8
10,8 38,4
470
74,4
61,9
38,6
29,5
6,5
22,5
2,9
39,6
13,9 46,5
485
74,9
59,7
33,2
32,6
7,8
24,7
2,4
28,6
15,0 56,4
500
73,8
52,5
31,3
37,2
7,2
21,0
3,2
28,6
14,8 56,4
Nguyn Vit Hun
47
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
%V
NO
50
95
% xng
90
40
% NO
30
20
85
80
0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 kG/cm2
Hnh 7: nh hng p sut n hiu sut v cht lng xng

III. Mc chuyn ho C
i vi hydrocacbon tinh khit, khi tham gia phn ng, mc chuyn

ho c o bng lng sn phm to thnh theo thi gian. Nhng i vi
phn on phc tp nh phn on du m, trong cracking xc tc ngi ta li
o lng xng l sn phm chnh v sn phm nh kh v cc. Nu gi y l %
th tch ca sn phm vi im si cui cao hn im si cui ca xng, th
chuyn ho C c tnh theo biu thc:
C = 100 y
ng nhin cch xc nh nh vy cha st vi thc t. hiu chnh
theo s bin i ho l trong qu trnh to xng v kh, ngi ta xc nh mc
bin i theo cng thc sau:
C = 100 y(100 z)
y z l % xng c trong nguyn liu.
IV. Tc np liu ring [1]
Tc np liu ring (hay tc khng gian np liu) l t l gia lng

nguyn liu c np trong mt n v thi gian trn lng xc tc trong
reactor (hay t l v th tch ca chng) v c k hiu bng M/H/M hay
V/H/V (V/V/H).
Nguyn Vit Hun
48
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Nu P l p sut trong reactor v c tnh bng (at) th chuyn ho C

c lin quan vi M/H/M theo biu thc:
C
P.K
=
100 C
M/H/M
Phng trnh biu din p dng rt ng vi trng hp xc tc c nh,
y khng xy ra s chuyn ng ri hay s xo trn ca hi nguyn liu v
sn phm. Trong trng hp cracking xc tc vi lp si ca xc tc (FCC),
chuyn ho C l ph hp vi cng thc sau:
C
C
100 1
100
P.K
M/H/M
K l hng s tc tng cng ca qu trnh.

Ta thy rng khi tng tc np liu ring, s lm gim chuyn ho.
Cn khi gim tc np liu ring th chuyn ho tng, v rng tc np
liu l i lng ngc vi thi gian phn ng. Khi s dng xc tc c hot
tnh cao, ta c th tng tc np liu v nh vy s tng c nng sut ca
thit b.
%V
chuyn ho
70
50
% xng
%KL %V
80
10
60
40
20
30
Cc
10
0,2
1,0
chuyn
2,0
3,0
M/H/M
nh hng ca tc np liu ring
%KL
10
% xng
Cc
2
2
10
X/RH
nh hng ca t l X/RH
Hnh 8.
Nguyn Vit Hun
49
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Trong thc t, nu dng xc tc aluminosilicat v nh hnh, tc np

liu th tch ch t t 4 5 h1. Nhng nu dng xc tc cha zeolit, tc
np liu th tch l 80 120 h1 khi tnh trong ng ng ca reactor v t 20
30 h1 khi tnh trong lp si ca reactor.
Khi tng tc np liu, nu ta tng nhit phn ng, s tng tr s
octan ca xng v tng hiu sut olefin trong kh. l phng php chnh
iu khin ch sn phm propylen v buten trong qu trnh cracking xc
tc.
V. T l lng xc tc/nguyn liu (X/RH) hay bi s tun hon
xc tc [1,3]
Khi dng xc tc cha zeolit, cho php gim t l X/RH xung cn 10/1
so vi xc tc v nh hnh l 20/1. Nu khi dng cng ngh xc tc chuyn
ng vi kch thc ht xc tc t 3 5 mm, t l X/RH cn thp hn na, ch
khong 2/1 5/1.
Khi thay i t l X/RH s lm thay i nhit ca reactor, thay i
thi gian lu ca xc tc trong reactor v l ti sinh, ng thi cng lm thay
i c lng cc bm trn xc tc trong mt chu trnh.
Nu ch n nh, tng t l X/RH s lm tng chuyn ho, tng
hiu sut cc/nguyn liu, nhng hm lng cc bm trn xc tc li gim
xung. iu ny c gii thch l do lng cc c dn ra mt lng
xc tc ln hn. Khi gi tc np liu M/H/M l khng i, nu tng t l
X/RH th thi gian tip xc gia xc tc v nguyn liu gim, v nh vy
hot tnh trung bnh ca xc tc tng ln. l l do t hiu qu cao ca qu
trnh vi xc tc lp si (FCC). Nh t hiu qu cao m cho php gim kch
thc ca thit b. Nhng d dng nhn thy rng, nu tng cao qu mc
tun hon xc tc s lm nh hng n qu trnh tch hi bm trn xc tc v
lm nh hng n qu trnh ti sinh l ti sinh v cc trang thit b km
theo.
Nguyn Vit Hun
50
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Ni chung thng s bi s tun hon xc tc rt quan trng trong qu

trnh cracking xc tc, n nh hng khng nhng ln hiu sut v cht lng
sn phm n cc thng s khc m cn nh hng n vic xc nh kch
thc cc thit b chnh ca qu trnh. V vy ta phi chn c thng s ny
mt cch ti u.
VI. Hiu ng nhit
Hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh bng tng hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng

ring bit ca qu trnh, hiu ng nhit ph thuc vo su chuyn ho.
Nguyn Vit Hun
51
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Chng II
I. Lch s pht trin cng ngh cracking xc tc [1,2,3]
Qu trnh cracking xc tc c nghin cu t cui th k 19, nhng

mi n nm 1923, mt k s ngi Php tn l Houdry mi ngh a qu
trnh p dng vo cng nghip. V n nm 1936 nh my cracking xc tc
u tin ca Cng ty Houdry Praess Corporahon c xy dng M. Dy
chuyn cracking xc tc u tin ny c a vo cng ngh ch bin du,
l h thng cracking xc tc trong lp xc tc tnh, h thng lm vic gin
on. V sau ny, h thng loi trn i vo lch s v n c nhng nhc
im sau:
+ Qu trnh lm vic gin on nn nng sut thit b thp
+ Ch lm vic ca h thng khng n nh v vic iu chnh cc
thng s k thut ca h thng kh khn, phc tp trong vn hnh
+ Trong qu trnh lm vic hot tnh ca xc tc thay i lin tc lm
nh hng n cht lng sn phm v cn bng vt cht ca h thng.
Nm 1941, xut hin qu trnh cracking vi lp xc tc chuyn ng
thay th cho qu trnh Houdry. Vic tin hnh cracking v ti sinh xc tc
c thc hin cc thit b ring bit.
+ Thit b phn ng (reactor)
+ Thit b ti sinh (regenerator)
Xc tc t thit b phn ng vo thit b ti sinh v ngc li hoc bng
t chy, hoc bng cng bc. Xc tc lm vic c cha cc chuyn ng
vo l ti sinh, cn xc tc ti sinh vo l phn ng to thnh mt chu trnh
lin tc. Dy chuyn loi ny Nga c tn gi l loi 43-1 v 43-102, cn
nc khc c tn l Thermofor (TCC) hay Houdry Flow. Tuy nhin cc dy
chuyn ny cng v sau cng lin tc c ci tin so vi dy chuyn ban u
khu vn chuyn xc tc ( dng vn chuyn bng hi thay cho vn chuyn
bng c hc).
Nguyn Vit Hun
52
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Nm 1942, dy chuyn cracking xc tc lp si (FCC) u tin c

a vo hot ng vi cng sut 12.000 thng nguyn liu/ngy. Loi dy
chuyn ny c tn l Up Flow (model I). Trong dy chuyn ny, xc tc c
a ra t nh l phn ng v l ti sinh.
Sau , vo nm 1944 ngi ta tng ng knh ca cc thit b phn
ng v ti sinh, qu trnh tch hi sn phm c thc hin ngay trong thit b
phn ng, ti sinh xc tc dng tng si v qu trnh thi cng ngy cng
c ci tin cho xc tc chuyn ng t pha di v ly ra ngoi y
thit b. Dy chuyn c thit b hot ng nh vy mang tn l Dow Flow
model II, v l dng nguyn thu ca thit b phn ng v ti sinh lp si
hin i ngy nay. Tip theo, ngi ta cng ci tin c hnh dng ca xc tc.
Xc tc ph bin l loi c dng hnh vi cu, nn gim c s mt mt xc
tc hay s mi mn thit b, nng cao hiu qu tch ca cc xyclon.
Trong dy chuyn model I, t l xc tc/nguyn liu u (X/RH) ch t
gii hn cc i l 3, nhng model II t l X/RH c th tng ln t 3 10.
n nm 1946, model III l loi cn bng p sut c thit k bi hng
M. W. Kellogg.
Nm 1947, hng UOP thit k loi FCC trong thit b phn ng v
thit b ti sinh chng ln nhau trn cng mt trc. n nm 1951, loi Orthor
Flow u tin ca M. W. Kellogg xut hin. Sau hng Standard Oil thit
k mt loi FCC mi gi l model IV, l ci tin ca model III v dy
chuyn cng ngh model IV u tin p dng trong cng nghip vo nm
1952.
Cng vi thi gian, FCC ngy cng c ci tin c c hiu sut,
cht lng xng cao hn v c th dng nguyn liu ngy cng nng hn, vi
cht lng nguyn liu ngy cng xu hn. [1-trang 132].
II. La chn cng ngh cracking xc tc
Qua lch s pht trin ca qu trnh cracking xc tc, ng thi qua phn
tch nh gi cc yu cu khc nh ch lm vic, nguyn liu xc tc... ta
Nguyn Vit Hun
53
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
thy qu trnh FCC c rt nhiu u im v thun li, h thng ny c s

dng ngy cng ph bin trong cng nghip du m, n c cc hng cng
nghip hng u trong lnh vc ny nh UOP, Kellogg, Shell, IFP, Exxon...
nghin cu hon thin hn nhm mc ich t nng sut hiu qu cao nht,
s dng nguyn liu nng hn, tit kim c xc tc... v phi l kinh t
nht.
Qua thc t dng h thng cracking xc tc lp si s dng xc tc dng
bi hay vi cu, ngi ta thy n c nhiu u im hn h thng cracking xc
tc trong lp xc tc chuyn ng. Nhng u im l:
+ Cc thit b chnh ca qu trnh l thit b phn ng v thit b ti sinh
u c cu to rt n gin, so vi cc dng thit b khc ca qu trnh
cracking thc t chng l hnh rng.
+ S tun hon xc tc t thit b phn ng n thit b ti sinh v ngc
li l nh s vn chuyn lin tc ca hi v kh trong mt gii hn rng.
+ Do s khuy trn mnh m ca xc tc v hi nguyn liu dn n s
ng nht v nhit trong ton b th tch lp xc tc thit b phn ng
cng nh thit b ti sinh, khc phc c hin tng qu nhit cc b.
+ H thng ny c kh nng ch bin cc dng nguyn liu khc nhau,
nh t nguyn liu l phn on kerosen n nguyn liu nng l mazut, lm
tng tnh vn nng ca h thng.
+ H thng ny c cng sut lm vic ln v c thi gian tip xc ngn
(thi gian tip xc gia nguyn liu v xc tc l cc tiu) dn n vic t
c hiu sut xng cc i v olefin nh khng xy ra phn ng ngng t bc
hai m to xng. ng dng phng php ti sinh (chy hon ton CO trong
thit b ti sinh) dn n t hm lng ct cn rt thp trong xc tc.[1v 3]
Qua cc u im ta chn s cng ngh xc tc lp si FCC vi
thi gian tip xc ngn cho qu trnh cracking xc tc.
Nguyn Vit Hun
54
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
III. Dy chuyn FCC vi thi gian tip xc ngn
Trc ht nguyn l ca qu trnh cracking xc tc c th miu t bng

s sau:
Nguyn
liu
Chun b
x l
L
phn ng
Xc tc
lm vic
Sn phm
qua chng tch
Xc tc
ti sinh
L ti sinh
xc tc
Qu trnh cracking xc tc thng c tin hnh iu kin cng ngh

sau:
Nhit 470 5500C
p sut trong vng lng ca l phn ng 0,27 MPa
Tc khng gian th tch truyn nguyn liu tu theo dy chuyn
cng ngh c th t 1 120m3/m3.h
Xc tc l zeolit mang tnh axit.
1. S dy chuyn FCC thi gian tip xc ngn:
Dy chuyn cng ngh FCC gm ba b phn chnh:
Reactor
Ti sinh v vn dng nhit ca kh khi
Phn on phn chia sn phm.
Nguyn Vit Hun
55
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
a) Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh
1.
B cha nguyn liu u
15.
Thit b gia nhit
2.
Bm
16.
ng dn hi sn phm
3.
Van tit lu
17.
Thit b phn ng FCC
4.
L t
18.
Thp ti bay hi
5.
Thit b phn ly tch cn bn
19.
B phn ng ng
6.
B cha sn phm
20.
Xyclon 2 cp
7.
Thit b trao i nhit
21.
Thit b ti sinh xc tc
8.
Thit b lm mt bng khng kh 22.
Van l
9.
Thit b lm lnh bng nc
23.
Bung lng tch
10.
Thp chng tch sn phm
24.
Ni hi tn dng nhit
11.
B lng tch
25.
Thit b tn dng nhit
12.
Thp tch kh
26.
My nn kh
13.
Thp n nh
14.
Thit b phn dng
2. Nguyn l hot ng:

+ B phn Reactor - ng ng:
Nguyn liu mi t b cha nguyn liu (1) c cho qua thit b trao
i nhit ng chm, nguyn liu mi c th c trn vi phn tun hon
(HCO) (6),(l phn on du nng ca qu trnh cracking xc tc ) v cn y
thit b (5), sau cho qua l t nng nguyn liu cracking Nguyn liu
cracking c tip xc vi xc tc nng ti sinh i vo y ca ng
ng(19), khi nguyn liu bay hi cng vi hn hp ca hi nng v xc
tc c i ln pha trn ti nh ca ng ng, ng thi xy ra cc phn ng
cracking xc tc. Hu ht nguyn liu u tham gia phn ng v chuyn ho
trong ng ng, cn reactor c dng nh mt thit b tch xc tc v hi
hydrocacbon.
Nguyn Vit Hun
56
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Mt b phn c thit k c bit, b tr gn van chn, dng hi nc

thi xc tc v du, lm nh vy s hn ch n mc ti a hin tng trn
quay tr li ca xc tc v hi kh lm vic. Vng ng ng v b phn
tch hi ca reactor c thit k cho qu trnh FCC vi thi gian tip xc
ngn gia xc tc v du. Sau khi tch khi xc tc, hi sn phm nng (16)
c chuyn ti ct phn on. Xc tc lm vic (10) c cho qua vng
tch hi (cn gi l b phn ra xc tc) bng cch thi hi nc vo. B phn
ra khng ch lm nhim v ui ht hydrocacbon hp ph trn xc tc m
cn lm ti cc ht xc tc chng khng dnh vo nhau trc khi sang l
ti sinh. Cn iu chnh mt tc hi thch hp cho nhim v ny. Cn thit
phi kim tra cht ch thi gian lu ca xc tc trong b phn ra trnh
phi dng qu nhiu khng kh trong l ti sinh. p sut trong reactor c
khng ch bng b phn iu chnh p sut ca ct phn on.
+ L ti sinh v khi tn dng nhit ca khi l:
Xc tc c cha cc (cc bm trn xc tc) c chuyn qua van iu
khin (23) v khng ch bi b kim tra mc xc tc trong l phn ng, sau
i vo l ti sinh. Xc tc vo l ti sinh theo hng tip tuyn vi thnh
l. Mc ch chnh ca ti sinh l t chy cc bm trn xc tc lm vic
bng oxy ca khng kh, khi to thnh CO, CO2, hi nc, nh vy m
tr li b mt hot tnh cho xc tc. Sau khi nn, khng kh t c cho
vo y l ti sinh, qua li phn phi trn c hiu qu khng kh v xc
tc. S chy cng xy ra trong lp si v t c iu , tc ca
khng kh phi t ln hn 1 m/s. Xc tc ti sinh c chuyn vo ng
ng sau khi ui c sch kh qua mt van l m s hot ng van ny
c khng ch, iu khin t ng nh b phn iu chnh nhit ca
reactor, ri sau xc tc c trn vi nguyn liu cracking v hon thnh
mt chu trnh. ng thi ngi ta tho xc tc bn gi ho ra, b sung xc
tc mi m bo hot tnh n nh ca xc tc theo thi gian lm vic.
Nguyn Vit Hun
57
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Kh ca qu trnh chy cc v cc ht xc tc chuyn ng t pha c

vo pha long nh l ti sinh, qua hai cp xyclon gi li cc ht xc tc
v tch kh. Sau , kh khi c qua bung lng (23) tch tip bi xc
tc, ri qua b phn tn dng nhit( 24), tip theo kh khi c lm sch bi
xc tc bng lc in(26) ri i ra ngoi theo ng khi.
+ B phn phn chia sn phm:
Hi sn phm (16) c np vo ct phn on chnh chia thnh cc
sn phm khc nhau, xng v phn nh hn c cho qua b phn ngng t
ri vo thit b tch kh. Sau khi tch kh, ta nhn c phn on C1,C2( I ),
cc sn phm ny c th c dng lm kh nguyn liu cho dy chuyn.
Phn on C3,C4(II) cha nhiu propylen v buten c dng lm nguyn liu
cho dy chuyn alkyl ho v sn phm tip theo l xng kh butan
T ct phn on chnh, ta cn nhn c cc phn on sn phm nh
naphta nng, LCO v HCO. Phn HCO c th cho tun hon li mt phn , v
cui cng l phn du cn c lm sch khi bn xc tc (5). Mt phn
sn phm nh ca thit b tch bn xc tc cng c cho tun hon cng vi
HCO.
IV. Hng pht trin v ci tin

ca FFC trong lc du
T thp nin 90 tr li y, qu trnh

FFC vn khng ngng c ci tin c v
cng ngh v xc tc to cho FFC trong
tng lai ph hp vi yu cu ca cng
ngh lc - ho du, ng thi cho php s
dng c nguyn liu nng hn, nhim
bn hn, ngha l vi cht lng nguyn
liu ngy cng xu hn. T mc tiu ,
cc nh thit k v cng ngh t ra cc nhim v chnh sau:
Nguyn Vit Hun
58
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
1- Ci tin v cng ngh thch ng vi nguyn liu c cht lng xu

m hiu sut xng hay phn ct vn t cc i, gim lng cc, nng cao
cht lng ca xng.
2- Ch to v ci tin cht xc tc c bn nhit, bn c cao, bn vi
cc c t, c hot tnh cao v n nh, d ti sinh v c thi gian lm vic lu
di hn.
3- Chn la cc thng s lm vic ti u bng cc cng ngh iu khin
v kim tra tin tin, hin i.
4- Ci tin cc trang thit b cng vi cng ngh khng nhng nng
cao cht lng sn phm m cn cho php kt hp sn xut cc nguyn liu
cho tng hp ho du v ho hc. V d nh nhn etylen, propylen, buten...
Ch trong vng vi chc nm tr li y, ngoi vic nng cao, ci tin v
p dng xc tc mi c hiu qu, ngi ta thit k cc dy chuyn FCC
hin i sn xut c khng nhng nhiu xng vi cht lng cao hn m
cn cho php nhn cc nguyn liu cho tng hp ho du. Thnh cng ,
trc ht phi k n qu trnh FCC vi thi gian cracking ngn v siu ngn
(MSCC), hay qu trnh cracking su (DCC).
Nguyn Vit Hun
59
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Tnh Ton thit b chnh

I. S liu ban u
+ Nng sut : 2400.000 kg/m3

Bng 1: T trng v hiu sut ca sn phm
Sn phm
Hiu sut (%TL)
T trngkg/m3
Kh
17
1.22
Xng
48
0.764
Gazoil nh
17
0.933
Gazoil nng
13
0.942
Cc
+thnh phn ha hc ca cc l : C =87%(TL) ;H2=9%(%TL) ;

S=4(%TL)
Khi chy th 90% cacbon bin thnh CO2 v 10% bin thnh CO
+ Nhit lp si ca xc tc trong l phn ng 485 0C
+ Nhit lp si ca xc tc trong l ti sinh 600 0C
+ Nhit cc sn phm crackinh khi i ra t l phn ng 450 0C
+ Nhit phn ng crackinh xc tc 105 kcal/1 kg xng
+ Ti ng vn chuyn ca l phn ng v ti vng kh lp hp ph c
a vo 5% v 3% hi nc (so vi nguyn liu)
+ Hi nc qu nhit a vo l phn ng c nhit l 450 0C
+ p sut lp si trn xc t c 1050 mmHg
Nguyn Vit Hun
60
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
II. Cn bng vt cht
- S ngy lm vic l 350 ngy

- S ngy ngh sa cha l 15 ngy
*nng sut thit b theo nguyn liu l
Gnl=
2400.000 1000
=285714,286 kg/h
350 24
- Lng kh crackinh l
Gk=Gnl 0.17 = 2857140,286 0.17 = 48571.429 kg/h
- Lng xng l
Gx=Gnl 0.48 =285714,286 0.48 =137142,857 kg/h
- Lng gazoil nh l
Gg= Gnl 0.17 =285714,286 0.17 =48571,429 kg/h
- Lng gazoil nng l
Gn= Gnl 0.13 =28571 4,286 0.13 =37142,857 kg/h
- Lng cc l
Gc=Gnl 0.05 =285714,286 0.05 =14285,286 kg/h
Vy tng sn phm l
Gk + Gx + Gg + Gn +Gc = 48571,429 +137142,857 +48571,429
+37142,857 + 14285,714 =285714,286 kg/h
* tng hiu sut xng ca qu trnh th ngi ta cho tun hon mt phn
Gazoil nngv h s tun hon khong 0,3 .Vy lng Gazoil tun han li
l :
Gth = Gn 0.03 =37142,857 0.03 =11142,857 kg/h
- Tiu hao hi nc l
Gn =Gnl ( 0.03 + 0.05) =285714,286 0.08 =22857,143 kg/h
Nguyn Vit Hun
61
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
* Bng 2 : Cn bng vt cht
Sn phm
S lng (kg/h)
*Dng nguyn liu vo

+Nguyn liu
285714,286
+Gazoil tun hon
11142,857
* Tng vo
296857,143
*Dng sn phm ra
+kh
48571,429
+xng
137142,857
+Gazoil nh
48571,429
+Gazoil nng
37142,857
+ Cc
14285,714
+Gazoil tun hon
11142,857
* Tng ra
296857,143
III: Cn Bng Nhit Lng
1. Xc nh nhit chy ca cc
q = a1. qCO2 + a2.qCO + a3.qH2O kcal/kg
Trong :
a1 :l phn cacbon trong cc c t chy thnh CO2
a 2 : l phn cacbon trong cc c t chy thnh CO
a 3 : hm lng hydro trong cc
qCO2 : lng nhit ta ra khi t chy 1kg cc thnh CO2
qCO2=6137 kcal/kg
qCO2 :lng nhit ta ra khi t chy 1kg cc thnh CO
qCO=2450 kcal/kg
qH2o :lng nhit ta ra khi t chy 1kg cc thnh nc
Nguyn Vit Hun
62
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
qH2O = 28905 kcal/kg

_ Theo ti liu thc nghim ta c :
a1 = 0.85 0.9 ; a2= 0.05 0.01 ; a3= 0.046 0.056
+ suy ra:
q =0.86 8137 + 0.1 2450 +0.045 28905 =8543,545 kcal/kg
Nhit lng mang rakhi l phn ng gm
a) do sn phm crackinh v hi nc
Q/1 = Gk.Ck.485 + Gx.qx485 + Gg.qg485 + Gn.qn485 + Gth.qth485 + Gn .qn485
_ Hm nhit ca hi xng ,gazoil nh , gazoil nng v phn hi lu c
tnh theo cng thc sau :
1
(0,403t + 0,000405 t2)
qdt=
Trong :
: t trng ca cc sn phm lng

t : nhit oc
Suy ra :
qx485 =
1
(0,043 .485 + 0,000405 .4852)
0,764
=322,633
qg485=
kcal/kg
1
(0,043.485 + 0,000405 4852)
0,933
= 301 kcal/kg
qn485 =
1
(0,403 .485 + 0,000405 .4852)
0,942
=299,4 kcal/kg
Nguyn Vit Hun
63
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
qth485=
1
( 0,403 .485 + 0,000405 .4852)
0,934
=300,83 kcal/kg
Hm nhit ca hi nc qu nhit 485 0 C l ;:
q H2O485 =833,6 kcal/kg
t nhit ca kh crackinh l Ck=0,38 kcal/kg 0 C
Vy :
Q/1 = 48571,429 . 0,38 . 485 +137142,857 . 332,633
+48571,429 .301 +37142,857 .299,4 + 11142,857 .300,83
+285714,286 .833,6 = 321834060,3 kcal/kg
b) do xc tc lm vic v cc mang ra :
Q/2 = (Gxt.C1 +Gc .C2)t
Trong :
C1 : l t nhit ca xc tc C1 = 0,27 kcal/kg 0 C
C2 : l tt nhit ca cc
C2 = 0,6
kcal/kg 0 C
Gxt : l khi lng xc tc tun hon gia l phn ng v l ti sinh

Ta c: Gxt = n. Gnl
kg/h
Vi n l bi s tun hon
Gxt = 5. 2875714,286 = 1428571,43
kg/h
Vy :
Q/2 = (2785. 0,27 + 14285,714 .0,6)485
=4521838,524 kcal/h
c) do tiu hao cho phn ng crackinh xc tc :
Q/3 =Gx .i kcal/h
Trong :
i : l nhit ca phn ng crackinh xc tc i = 105 kcal/1 kg xng
Gx : lng xng to thnh
Nguyn Vit Hun
64
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Suy ra :
Q/3 = 137142,857 .105 =14399999,99 kcal/h
d) Nhit mt mt vo mi trng ly bng 5% lng nhit cn bng
Q/4 = ( Q/1 + Q/2 + Q/3 ) 0,05 =2673131,59 kcal/h
* Nhit mang vo phn ng gm c
a) Do nguyn liu nng : Q1= Gnl . qnl kcal/h
trong :
Gnl : lng nguyn liu ban u kg/h
Qnl: hm nhit ca nguyn lu
b) Do xc tc ti sinh
Q2 = Gnl .n .C1.t2 kcal /h
Trong :
Gnl : lng nguyu n liu ban u
kg/h
n :bi s tun hon

C1 : t nhit ca xc tc C1 = 0,27 kcal/kg o C
T2 : nhit trong l phn ng t2 = 580 0 C
Suy ra :
Q2 = 285714,286 .5 .0,27 .580 = 226063285,9 kcal/h
c) do hi nc :
Q3= Gn .qn485 = 22857,143 .833,6 = 19053714,4 kcal/h
e) do gazoil tun hon vo thit b l :
Q4 = Gth .. qth290 kcal/h
Trong :
Gth : lng Gazoil tun hon li kg/h
q th290 : hm nhit ca xc tc tun hon li
qth290 =
1
(0,043t2 + 0,000405 t22)
Nguyn Vit Hun
65
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
1
(0,043 .290 + 0,000405 . 2902)
0,934
=156,172 kcal/kg
trong :
t2 : nhit ca xc tc tun hon li
suy ra :
Q4 = 11142,857 .156,172 =1740202,263 kcal/h
Vy lng nhit mang vo l phn ng l
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 +Q4=Q1 + 246857202,6 kcal/h
T phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ca l phn ng ta c
Q1 +Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = Q/1 + Q /2 + Q/3 + Q/4
Q1 = (Q/1 + Q/2 + Q/3 + Q/4) - ( Q2 + Q3 +Q4)

=553835763,4 246857202,6 = 306978560,8 kcal/h
vy hm nhit ca nguyn liu l :
qnl =
Q1 306978560,8
=
= 1074,425
Qnl
285714,268
kcal/kg
III. Tnh ng knh l phn ng
1. Xc nh ng knh l phn ng theo cnh thc sau :
D = 1,128 s
(m)
Trong :
S : l din tch tit din ngang ca l phn ng (m2)
S=
V
3600.
(m2)
V : th tch hi i qua tit din t do ca l phn ng (m3/h)
: tc cho php ca hi trong tit din t do ca l phn ng

(m/s) , theo ti liu : = 0,60 (m/s)
*Xc nh i lng V theo cng thc sau :
Nguyn Vit Hun
66
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
22,4
V=
Gi
(273 + t p )
Mi
273p
Gi
:Lu lng hi trong l phn ng.
Mi
tp :Tc trong l phn ng.

P: p sut tut i bn trn lp gi si ca l phn ng ly bng 0,2at
tnh i lng
Gi
ta phi xc nh dc trng lng phn t
Mi
trung bnh ca kh Cracking:

Mtb =
48571,429
= 33,27
1460
Suy ra:
Vy V =
48571,429 137142 48571,429 37142,857

Gi
=
+
+
+
Mi
105
200
340
33,27
22857,143 11142,857
+
= 4432,91
18
248
Kcal / h
22,4 x 4432,91(273 + 485)

= 137852,13 m3/ h
273x2
Gi tr ca i lng V va tnh c l ln nht v th tch tng cng

ca tt c cc sn phm Cracking s ln hn th tch ca nguyn liu
Suy ra: S =
137852,13
= 63,8 m2
3600 x 0,6
Vy ng knh l phn ng:

D = 1,128 S = 1,128 63,8 = 9,0 m
Nguyn Vit Hun
67
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
2. Chiu cao l phn ng:
Xc nh chiu cao ton b l phn ng theo cng thc:

Hn = h + h1 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 , m
h: chiu cao lp gi si.
h1: chiu cao ca vng chuyn tip t lp gi si n vng tch
h2: chiu cao vng tch;
h2 = 6m
h3: chiu cao vng phn ly; h3 = 6m

h4: chiu cao vng t Xyclon; h4 = 6m
Nguyn Vit Hun
68
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
h5: chiu cao nh l phn ng, nh l phn ng c dng bn cu nn

thng ly n bng 0,5D
h5 = 0,5D = 0,5 .9,0 = 4,5 (m)

* Chiu cao lp gi si ,c tnh theo cng thc sau :
h=
Vp
S
(m)
trong ;
Vp : l th tch ca khnh gian phn ng
Vp =
(m3)
Gk
Trong :
Gk : lng xc tc c trong khong khng gian phn ng ca l phn ng
(kg)
: mt lp gi si ca xc tc , chn = 500 kg/m3

Gk =
Gc
Gc : ti trng ca l phn ng ( nguyn liu mi + phn g azoil tun

hon)
: tc trng lng dn nguyn liu (h-1) .Vi nguyn liu

nng n nm trong khong 1,1 2,3 ( h-1),ta chn = 1,9 (h-1)
suy ra :
Gk =
285714,286 + 11142,857
= 156240,60 ( kg )
1,9
Vp =
156240,60
= 312,48
500
H=
312,48
= 4,9 (m)
63,8
Nguyn Vit Hun
(m3 )
69
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
* Chiu cao vng chuyn tip h1

h1 = h/1 + h/2
h/1 : chiu cao phn hnh tr ca vng chuyn tip : chn h/1 = 4,5 ( m)
h/2 : chiu cao phn hnh nn ca vng chuyn tip nu cho trc ng
knh vng tch = 4,5 (m) v gc to bi phn hnh nn v tha nhn gc
to bi phn hnh nn v thnh thit b l 450
h/2 =
D1 D 2 9 4,5
=
= 2,25 (m)
2
2
h1 = 4,5 + 2,25 = 6,75
(m)
* Vy Hn = 4,9 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6,75 = 34,15 (m)

VI . Tnh l ti sinh
1. Cc s liu ban u
+ lng xc tc tun hon li : Gth = 1428,57 T/h
+ kch thc cc i ca ht xc tc : 150 m

+ mt lp si xc tc
= 500 kg/h
+ nhit xc tc lc ra khi l phn ng :4500 C

+ lng cc a vo l ti sinh cng vi xc tc g = 20 T/h
+ lng cc cn li trn xc tc sau khi ti sinh 0,2% (kl )
+ lng hi nc a vo cng vi xc tc Gh = 4130 kg/h
+ nhit trong l ti sinh : t = 600 0C
+ p sut bn trn lp gi si p = 2,3 at
+ nhit ca kh t = 800C
Nguyn Vit Hun
70
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
2. Tnh ton qu trnh chy cc

Thnh phn nguyn liu ca cc :
Thnh phn
Hm lng ( %)
Cacbon
87
Hydr
Lu hunh
-T l th tch CO2/ CO = 1,85 .Ta tnh lng cacbon trong 1kg cc khi chy
c to thnh CO2 v CO v xc nh lng sn phm c to thnh :
+ 1kg cc cha 0,87 kg cacbon nn:
GCO2 + GCO = 0,87
GCO2 v GCO : tng ng vi lng cacbon to thnh CO2 v CO
Bit rng khi t 1kmol C cn 1 kmol CO2 ( tnh ra kg/kg cc)
mco2 = GCO2 +
Gco
.32 = 3,67 GCO2 (kg/kg)
12
Tng t ta c lng CO :
mco = GCO +
Gco
.1/2 .32 =2,34 GCO (kg/kg)
12
- Th tch ca CO2 v CO iu kin tiu chun s l :
VCO2 =
3,67Gco
.22,4 = 1,87 GCO2 m3/kg
44
VCO =
2,34 Gco
.22,4 =1,87 GCO
28
m3/kg
Vy theo thnh phn trn cho ta c:
Vco 1,87Gco
=
= 1,87
Vco 1,87Gco
ta c h phng trnh sau:
Nguyn Vit Hun
71
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
GCO2 + GCO = 0,87
Gco
= 1,87
Gco
* Gii ra ta c:
V/N 2 = 3,76.V/O 2 = 3,76. 0,13= 0,49 m3/ kg
m /N 2 =
VN
22,4
.28 =
0,49
.28 = 0,61 kg/kg
22,4
Vy th tch ca sn phm chy khi ti sinh xc tc l:
sp
+ VN 2 +V/N 2 + V/O 2
= 2,896 + 7,08 + 0,13 + 0,49 =10,596 m3/kg

msp =
+ mN 2 + m/O 2 + m/N 2
= 3,645 + 8,85 + 0,19 + 0,61 = 13,30
kg/kg
a cc s liu tnh c vo bng v trong bng ta c tnh thnh phn

ca kh ti sinh :
Cc Cu t
Lng kh nhn c khi
Thnh phn ca kh ti
t chy 1kg cc
sinh ( khi lng )
m3/kg
kg/kg
kh
CO2
1,043
2,048
10,59
17,25
CO
0,565
0,707
5,73
5,95
SO2
0,028
0,08
0,28
0,67
N2
7,08
8,85
71,85
74,5
O2
0,13
0,19
1,32
1,6
8,846
11,87
89,77
100,00
1,008
0,81
10,23
9,854
12,65
100,00
Tng cng kh kh
H2O
Tng cng kh m
Nguyn Vit Hun
72
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Xc nh lng khng kh l thuyt tiu hao t chy 1kg cc:

Lo= mO 2 + mN 2 = 2,645 + 8,85 = 11,49 kg/kg
Vo = VO 2 + VN 2 = 1,85 + 7,08 + =8,93 m3/kg
- xc nh lng khng kh thc t tiu hao ti sinh ( tnh theo 1kg cc)
+ Lng O2 thc t dng :
mO 2 + mO 2 = 2,645 + 0,19 = 2,84 kg/kg
VO 2 + V/O 2 = 1,85 + 0,13 = 1,98
m3/kg
+ Lng N2 tng ng l :
mN 2 + m/N 2 = 8,85 + 0,61 =9,46
kg/kg
vN 2 + V/N 2 = 7,08 + 0,49 =7,57
m3/kg
Vy lng khng kh thc t tiu hao l:

L = 2,84 + 9,46 = 12,3 kg/kg
V = 1,98 + 7,57 =9,55 m3/kg
H s d ca khng kh khi ti sinh xc tc l:
L
12,3
=
=1,07
L o 11,49
-Lng cc cn li trn xc tc sau khi ti sinh :
g o = 0,002 . 2785 = 5,57 T/h

- Lng cc c t chy:
g d = g - g o = 20 5,57 = 14,43 kg
- Lng khng kh dng t cc:
Gkk= 12,3 . 14,43 = 1774890 kg/h
- Lng kh ti sinh m:
G a = g d + Gkk= 14430 + 1774890 =1776333 kg/h
Nguyn Vit Hun
73
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
3. Tiu hao hi nc kh hp ph
* Ngi ta dng hi nc qu nhit kh hp ca hi sn phm ti sinh
trn xc tc .Lng hi nc tiu hao khong 5 10 kg cho 1T xc tc

-Nu ta dng 1kg/1T xc tc th lng hi nc phi dng l:
Go= 5 . 1785 = 13925 kg/h
3> Cn Bng Vt Cht L Ti Sinh
* Cn bng vt cht l ti sinh c trnh by trong bng sau :
Thnh phn
K hiu
S lng ( kg/h)
+ xc tc tun hon
Gth
1428571
+ cc
20000
+ khng kh
Gkk
210822
+ hi nc vn chuyn xc
Gh
4130
Go
7142,85
* a vo
tc
+ hi nc kh hp ph
* Cng
1670665,85
* Ly ra
+xc tc
Gth
1428571
+ cc cn li
g 0
2860
+ kh ti sinh m
Ga
227962
+ hi nc vn chuyn xc
Gh
4130
Go
7142,85
tc
+ hi nc kh hp ph
* Cng
1670665,85
4. Cn Bng Nhit Ca L Ti Sinh

* tnh c cn bngnhit ca l ti sinh v cc vng chnh ca n ta
pha bit c nhit hm ca cc thnh phn c trong cn bng nhit

tng ng v bit nhit chy ca cc :
Nguyn Vit Hun
74
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Cu t
Thnh phn (kl )
Nhit hm ( kcal/kg )
Ring
Ring phn
+ CO2
10,59
149,0
15,78
+CO
5,73
155,6
8,92
+SO2
0,28
90,5
0,25
+N2
71,85
154,2
110,79
+O2
1,32
142,3
1,88
+H2O
10,23
287,9
29,45
* Tng cng
1000,0
167,07
Nhit hm ca khng kh m 6000C s bng tng nhit hm ring phn

ca cc cu t c trong n
- Nhit hm ca khng kh 800C
q = 19,24
( kcal/kg)
- Nhit hm ca xc tc v cc c th tnh theo cng thc sau :

qkt = C.t
( kcal/kg)
trong :
C : t nhit ca xc tc hay cc kcal/kg
t : nhit ca cc hay xc tc
Trong tnh ton ngi ta s dng t nhit ca xc tc l 0,27 kcal/kg0C v

ca cc l 0,6 kcal/kgo kg
Xc nh nhit chy ca cc theo cng thc sau :
QHp = 0,558.QCO 2 + 0,302.QCO+ 0,09.QH 2 O + 0,04.QSO 2
*Trong :
QHp : nhit chy thp ca cc
kcal/kg
QCO 2 ,QCO,, QH 2 O, QSO 2 : hiu ng nhit ca phn ng Oxi ha, cacbon ,hydro
v lu hunh
QHp = 0,558.8137 + 0,302.2452,6 + 0,09.28905 + 0,04.2181
= 7969,82
Nguyn Vit Hun
kcal/kg
75
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
t cn bng nhit ca l ti sinh ta s xc nh c lng nhit d cn phi

ly ra khi l ti sinh v ngi ta ly ra bng cch em sn xut hi nc
Cn bng nhit l ti sinh c trnh by trong bng sau :
Thnh phn
S
lng(kg/h)
Nhit
0
(C)
Nhit
hm
(kcal/kg)
Lng nhit
(kcal/kg)
1428571
482
130,3
186142801,3
+ cc
20000
482
289
5780000
+ khng kh
210822
80
19,24
4056215,28
4130
482
824
3403120
7142,85
230
700
4999995
17140
7969,82
136602714,8
* a vo
+ xc tc
+ hi nc vn
chuyn xc tc
+ hi nc kh
hp ph
+nhit chy ca cc
* Tng cng
340984846,4
* Ly ra
+ xc tc
+ cc
+ kh m
+hi nc vn
1428571
600
162,2
231714216,2
2860
600
360
1029600
227962
600
160,6
36473920
4130
600
884
3650920
7142,85
600
884
6314279,4
chuyn xc tc
+ hi nc kh
hp ph
+ mt mt
* Cng
+ Lng nhit d (ly
theo hiu s )
* Tng cng
Nguyn Vit Hun
ly bng
2000000
279182935,6
61801910,2
340984846,4
76
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
5. Cn Bng Vt Cht Ca Cc Vng Chnh Ca L Ti Sinh
Da vo cn bng vt cht cc vng chnh ca l ti sinh xc nh cc

kch thc ca chng :
- Phng trnh cn bng nhit ca vng th nht ( vng m khng
kh v xc tc chuyn ng cng chiu ) c dng sau :
- Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 = Q 1/ + Q 2/ + Q 3/ + Q 4/ + Q 5/
Trong :
* Lng nhit mang vo bi ( kcal/kg)
Q1 : xc tc tun hon
Q2 : cc
Q3 ; khng kh
Q4 : hi nc vn chuyn xc tc
Q5 : nhit chy ca cc
* Lng nhit mang ra bi (kcal/h)
Q 1/ : xc tc
Q 2/ : cc cn li
Q 3/ : kh m
Q 4/ : hi nc vn chuyn xc tc
Q 5/ : mt mt vo mi trng
+ Da vo cn bng nhit xc nh lng cc c t chy tronh vng
th nht , qu trnh c trnh bay trong bng sau :
Nguyn Vit Hun
77
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Nhit
S lng
nhit hm
S lng nhit
0C
kg/h
kcal/kg
kcal/h
+ Q1
482
1428571
130
185714230
+ Q2
480
20000
289
5780000
+ Q3
80
12,3.x
19,24
236,625.x
+ Q4
482
4130
824
3403120
+ Q5
7855
7855.x
Tng cng Qa
+ Q 1/
600
1428571
162,2
231714216,2
+ Q 2/
600
20000 - x
360
3200000 - 360.x
+ Q 3/
600
12,65.x
160,6
2031,59.x
+ Q 4/
600
4130
884
3650920
+ Q 5/
tha
500000
K hiu
* a vo
194897350 + 8091,65.x
* Ly ra
nhn
Tng cng Qb
239065136,2 +
1671,59.x
T bng ta c phng thnh :

194897350 + 8091,65.x = 239065136,2 + 1671,59.x
x = 6879,65
( kg/h )
Trong : x l lng cc c t chy trong vng th nht

Vy lng cc c t chy trong vng th hai l :
17140 - 6879,65 = 10260,35 ( kg/h )
- Lng khng kh cn thit t chy cc trong vng th nht :
12,3.x = 12,3 .6879,65 = 84619,69 ( kg/h )
Nguyn Vit Hun
78
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
- Lng khng kh cn thit t cc trong vng th hai l:

210822 - 84619,69 = 126202,305
( kg/h )
Xc nh lng kh m ti sinh trong tng vng l :

+ vng th nht l :
G 1ts = 12,65.x = 12,65 .6879,65 = 87027,57 ( kg/h )
+ vng th hai l :
G ts2 = 227962 - 87027,57 = 140934,43
( kg/ h )
Da vo cc s liu ta thit lp cn bng vt cht cc vng chnh ca l

ti sinh :
Thnh
Vng 1
phn
- Xc tc
- cc
- khng kh
- hi nc
Vng 2
Vng tch
vo (kg/h)
ra( kg/h)
vo (kg/h)
ra (kg/h)
vo (kg/h)
ra (kg/h)
1428571
1428571
1428571
1428571
1428571
1428571
20000
13120,35
13120,35
2860
2860
2860
84619,69
126202,3
4130
4130
4130
4130
4130
4130
87027,57
140934,4
7142,85
7142,85
1537320,
1532848,
1572023,
1576495,
1442703,
1442703,
vn
chuyn xc
tc
- kh m ti
sinh
- hi nc
kh hp
ph
* Tng
cng
Nguyn Vit Hun
79
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
6. ng Knh L Ti Sinh V Cc Vng Chnh Ca N
- Xc nh tit din ngang ca l ti sinh v cc vng chnh ca n theo

cng thc sau :
S=
v
3600.
m2
- trong :
v : th tch hi v kh i qua tit din cho ca l ti sinh ( trn lp gi
si ) m3/h
: tc cho php ca kh trong tit din t do ( m/s )
- Xc nh th tch hi v kh theo cnh thc sau :

v=
22,4.
G (273 + t p
M
273.P
-Trong :
Nguyn Vit Hun
80
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
G
: lng hn hp kh kmol/h
t p = 6000C ; nhit trong l ti sinh
P = 2.3 at : p sut tuyt i trn lp gi si ca xc tc

- Xc nh s b trng lng phn t ca kh m
M = 22,4.
12,65
= 28,76
9,854
* Khi :
a) i vi l ti sinh
Ga
G
G
227962
7182,45
=
+ 0 =
+
= 8259,79
M
M H2 O
9,854
M
29
kmol/h
b) i vi vng th nht
G1
G
87027,57
= ts =
= 3000,95 kmol/h
M
M
29
c) i vi vng th hai
G 2 140934,43
G
= ts =
= 4859,81 kmol/h
M
M
29
d) i vi vng tch ( kh hp ph )
G
G
7182,45
=
=
= 399,03
M
M H 2O
18
kmol/h
Tc cho php ca kh trong tit din t do ca l ti sinh c th t

0,8 m/s .Tha nhn tr s tc ca kh trong cc tit din khc ca l ti
sinh .Thay cc s c vo cng thc trn ta c th xc nh c th
tch kh trong tit din ca l ti sinh v cc vng chnh ca n .Kt qu
tnh ton trnh by trong bng sau :
m3/h
m/s
s ( m2 )
- L ti sinh
257241,5
0,55
129,92
- Vng 1
93461
0,55
47,20
- Vng 2
151353
0,55
76,44
- Vng tch
12427,32
0,80
4,32
Tit din
Nguyn Vit Hun
81
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
+ trc tin ta xc nh ng knh vng tch :

4S
D1=
4.4,32
= 2,35 (m)
3,14
+ ng knh vng th hai s l :

D2 =
4.S 2 + .D12
+ 2.d =
4.76,44 + 3,14.2,35 2
+ 2.0,06 = 10,26 (m)
3,14
- ng knh l ti sinh bng ng knh vng th nht ,khi xc nh

n phi tnh c chiu day c tm ngn hnh tr ,hnh tr c chiu dy
= 20 mm .Khi ng knh l ti sinh s l :
4.S1 + .D22
Dl = D1 =
+ 2. =
4.47,20 + 3,14.10,26 2
+ 2. 0,02
3,14
=12,9 ( m)
7. Chiu Cao L Ti Sinh V Cc Vng Ca N
a) chiu cao vng th nht bng chiu cao lp gi si ca xc tc :
V1
S1
h1 =
( m)
- trong :
V1 : th tch lp gi si ( m3)
S1 : tit din ngang ca vng th nht ( m2 )
+ Xc nh lp gi si theo ng thc sau :
V1 =
G1
(m3)
trong :
G1 : lng xc tc c trong vng th nht
( kg/h )
: t trng ca lp gi si
( kg/m3 )
- Xc nh lng G1:
G1 =
x : lng cc c t chy trong vng th nht (kg/h)

Nguyn Vit Hun
82
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
: tc ring ti sinh 1T xc tc ( kg/T.h)
Theo ti liu cng nghip th tc ring xc tc = 50 - 115 kg/h v tr

s tc ring vng th nht nh hn vng th hai .Nu ly tc ring
ti sinh xc tc
vng th nht bng 55kg/T.h v vung th hai l 70 kg/T.h th :
G1 =
6879,65
= 125,085 T = 125085 kg
55
V1 =
146576
= 250,17 ( m3)
500
h1 =
250,17
= 5,3
47,20
( m)
b) chiu cao vng th hai bng chiu cao ca tm ngn hnh tr .Xc nh
chiu cao vng th hai tng t nh xc nh chiu cao vng th nht :
G2 =
10260,35
= 146,576 T = 146576 kg
70
V2 =
146576
= 293,15 ( m3 )
500
h2 =
293,15
= 3,84
76,76,44
( m)
c) chiu cao lp gi si ca xc tc nm trn vng th hai :

h3 = h1 - h2 = 5,3 - 3,84 = 1,46
( m)
- th tch ca lp ny :
Vc = h3 .S 2 = 1,46.76,44 = 111,6 (m3)
- lng xc tc gi si trong lp ny
Gc = Vc. c = 111,6.500 = 5580,2 kg
d) chiu cao h4 di li phn phi : ta ly h4 = 5 ( m)
e) chiu cao vng tch h5 = 8( m) ( tinh c chiu cao t xyclon )
Vy chiu cao chung ca l ti sinh l ;
Hts= h1 +h4 + h5 = 5,3 + 5 + 8 = 18,3 (m)
Nguyn Vit Hun
83
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Phn IV
xy dng
I. Chn a im xy dng
1. Nhng c s xc nh a im xy dng
Do phn xng cracking xc tc l mt phn ca nh my lc du, v vy
vic chn a im xy dng nh my lc du c ngha l c chn xy

dng phn xng cracking. Vic chn a im xy dng l vn ht sc
quan trng, kh khn vi cng vic thit k, i hi nhng nh thit k v
qun l u phi tm hiu v kt hp nhng s liu, nhng thng s k thut
ca nhiu ngnh, nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: a cht, thu vn, kinh t,
cng nghip, xy dng... Vic xy dng mt nh my lc du c lin quan
n chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi ca mt vng, mt t nc. V vy
vic la chn a im xy dng cn c xem xt v cn nhc k lng. a
im xy dng phi tho mn nhng yu cu sau:
+ V mt quy hoch:
a im xy dng phi ph hp vi quy hoch chung ca c vng v c
th m rng hn l cc cm kinh t, cng nghip ca c nc.
+ V iu kin t chc:
- Thun li cho vic cung cp nguyn liu.
- Thun li cho vic tiu th sn phm.
- Gn ngun cung cp nng lng in, hi t, nhin liu...
+ V iu kin k thut h tng:
- a im xy dng h thng phi gn ng giao thng quc gia, quc
t nh: ng b, ng st, ng thu v ng khng.
- Thun li v thng tin lin lc.
+ V iu kin xy lp v vn hnh nh my:
- a im xy dng phi m bo vn cung cp nguyn vt liu, vt
t xy dng.
Nguyn Vit Hun
84
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
- C kh nng cung cp nhn cng trong qu trnh xy dng nh my

trong vn hnh sau ny.
+ V iu kin chnh tr, x hi
a im c chn phi thuc vng c iu kin chnh tr x hi n
nh.
* Chnh ph ta ang xy dng nh my lc du s 1 ti Dung Qut Qung Ngi, v th em chn a im xy dng ti Dung Qut chc hn s
tho mn cc yu cu trn.
2. c im ca a im xy dng
a im xy dng nh my lc du ti Dung Qut - Qung Ngi. Phn
xng cracking xc tc c xy dng trong nh my lc du.

+ c im ca khu vc Qung Ngi:
- Nn kinh t nhn chung cha pht trin, cc ngnh dch v, thng mi
cha mnh.
- Kh hu: mt nm thng c hai ma l ma ma v ma kh. Kh hu
ni chung khng n ho.
- a hnh: dc nh hn 1%, khng nm trn cc m khong sn, c
chu nn tt.
+ u im: Dung Qut ni ring v Qung Ngi ni chung nm trong
vng trng im pht trin kinh t ca Chnh ph vi d n pht trin khu
cng ngh cao. Thun li v giao thng ng b, ng thu v ng hng
khng.
+ Nhc im: Xa ngun nguyn liu, kh hu khc nghit, thng c
bo, l.
* Kt lun:
Mc d cn nhiu im cha ph hp khi chn Dung Qut lm a im

xy dng nh my lc du. Tuy nhin, nu xt mt cch tng th th cng c
nhiu thun li nh: nm trong khu quy hoch pht trin khu cng nghip, c
cng nc su, sn bay...
Nguyn Vit Hun
85
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
II. Cc nguyn tc khi thit k xy dng
Vic xy dng cn phi tun theo nhng nguyn tc sau:

+ Vic b tr cc hng mc chnh trong dy chuyn mt cch thch hp
m bo cc hng mc hot ng thun tin v hp l nht.
+ Khi b tr cc cng trnh trn mt bng cn phi d kin trc hng
mc s xy dng giai on sau to iu kin thun li cho vic m rng sn
xut. Trnh gy nh hng n sn xut khi cn m rng v khng t cc
ng ng i qu xa.
+ Cc cng trnh ph tr cn t gn cc cng trnh chnh gim chi
ph vn chuyn.
+ Cc cng trnh c hi nn b tr ring bit, xa cc cng trnh chnh v
cui hng gi, t ngi qua li.
+ Trm bin th in nn t gn ni s dng in nhiu nht nh my
bm, my nn.
+ ng giao thng trong nh my phi m bo chiu cao, chiu rng
xe t v con ngi lu thng.
+ m bo m quan nh my.
III. B tr mt bng
Trn khu t chn xy dng, b tr cc cng trnh chnh, cc cng

trnh ph v cc cng trnh phc v. Ngoi ra cn b tr h thng ng ng,
chiu sng. Tt c cc hng mc ca cng trnh cn c b tr hp l, m
bo iu kin k thut v m quan cng trnh.
1. c im ca dy chuyn sn xut
+ Qu trnh hot ng ca dy chuyn l lin tc.
+ Trong khi vn hnh c th thi kh c v nc nhim.

+ Ton b dy chuyn u l thin.
+ Xng cracking xc tc l mt phn ca nh my lc du do qu
trnh hot ng khng th tch ring c.
Nguyn Vit Hun
86
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
2. Mt bng phn xng

Tng din tch thit k: 11,5ha, trong din tch dnh cho sn xut l
50%, din tch dnh cho d tr 30%, cn li dnh cho trng cy xanh v b tr
cc hng mc khc.
S nguyn tc dy chuyn ca phn xng:
Nguyn tc:
Nguyn liu
L phn ng
L ti sinh xc tc
Thp tch chnh
Thp tch kh
Thp tch xng
Thp tch LCO
Thp tch HCO
Cn
Nguyn Vit Hun
87
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
3. Tnh ton cc ch tiu k thut c bn

- Chiu di phn xng:
460 m
- Chiu rng phn xng:
250 m
F = 115.000 m2
- Tng din tch phn xng (F):
- Din tch chim t ca nh v cng trnh (A): A = 27.820 m2

B = 10.000 m2
- Din tch sn btng (B):
- Din tch chim t ca ng giao thng, ca h thng ng ng vn

chuyn vt cht, rnh thot nc, va h v t d tr C = 27.000 m2
- Xc nh h s xy dng (Kxd): Kxd =
Kxd =
27.820 + 10.000
100 = 32,9%
115.000
- Xc nh h s s dng (Ksd): Ksd =

Ksd =
A+B
100
F
A+B+C
100
F
27.820 + 10.000 + 27.000

100 = 56,4%
115.000
Theo tiu chun Vit Nam th cc ch tiu kinh t k thut xy dng Kxd
v Ksd ca phn xng cracking xc tc hon ton tho mn v m bo yu
cu quy nh.
Do qu trnh sn xut hu ht c tin hnh trong cc thit b kn, kch
thc thit b rt cao v to, vn chuyn bng ng ng, cc qu trnh c c
kh ho t ng ho ton b, vic iu khin c tin hnh trong phng iu
khin trung tm. Do thit k nh sn xut l thin - bn l thin.
- Nh sn xut l thin - bn l thin c thit k bng khung thp. Bn
trong c nh iu khin trung tm v t cc thit b ph tr cho qu trnh sn
xut nh thit b lm lnh ni hi, bm, cc thit b chnh nh thit b phn
ng, thit b ti sinh, thit b tch sn phm c t ngoi tri.
+ Nhp nh L1 = 6 m, L2 = 6 m.
+ Bc ct B = 6 m.
+ Chiu cao nh: H = 6 m.
Nguyn Vit Hun
88
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
- Nh c hai mi dc hai pha thng gi t nhin trong nh do i lu

khng kh.
- Nn nh l loi nn xi mng v b tng, loi nn ny chu c khong
cht, hp cht v c v kim yu.
- Ct nh bng thp dng mng n di ct. Loi mng ny c t
trn mt lp lt mng dy 100 mm. Nu t kh cng c th dng lp lt
bng dm, nu t t dng b tng gch v hoc b tng mc 50.
- Ct c kch thc 400 mm, dm chnh chy dc theo chiu dc nh c
kch thc 300 mm, c 3 m s c mt dm ph theo chiu ngang dy 200 mm.
Hai bn thit b s c dm ph chu lc v gi thit b ng vng. Dm
chnh c gn vo ct nh bt bulng qua gi ta, dm ph gn vo dm
chnh bng bulng.
- Mi nh dng loi mi 30% v gc nghing va h l 150.
- ng giao thng trong phn xng ch yu l ng b, ng t.
ng t c bng b tng nha c hai ln xe, mi ln 3 m mt u ni
vi ng chnh trong khu lin hp mt u ni vi ng ph xung quanh
phn xng. ng giao thng l loi ng cp 3, va h i b c chiu rng
1,5 m.
Trong phn xng c ng ni lin cc khu vi nhau bo m mt
giao thng vn chuyn cc vt t nguyn liu c d dng v thun tin. Hai
bn ng trng cy cnh v cc vn hoa m bo cnh quan cho mi trng
phn xng. Cc ng ng chnh trong phn xng nh ng ng cp nc
phc v sn xut, sinh hot, ng ng nc thi, cc ng ng dn nguyn
liu lng, kh t trn mt t v ngm di mt t.
Nguyn Vit Hun
89
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Phn V
Nguyn Vit Hun
90
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Phn IV: Tnh ton kinh t

I. Mc ch
Tnh ton kinh t l phn quan trng trong thit k phng n xy dng
nh my. N quyt nh phng n thit k c a vo sn xut hay khng.
Mt phng n c thit k ti u nht phi m bo v trnh m
thut, sn xut, cht lng sn phm ng thi em li hiu qu kinh t cho
nh sn xut.
Tnh ton kinh t l tnh hiu qu kinh t ca phng n thit k. Nu
vn kinh t c tho mn th bn thit k c a vo sn xut, khi ta
s bit c vn u t cho nh my, bit c li nhun m nh my thu
c hng nm v thi gian thu hi vn ca d n.
II. Ch cng tc ca phn xng
S ngy lm vic trong nm l 335 ngy hay 8040 h, cn li 30 ngy l

thi gian bo dng v sa cha thit b.
Lng sn phm thu c trong nm tnh theo n v thng (1 thng =
150 lt).
Ta tnh cc h s quy i gia thng v tn nh sau:
* i vi sn phm kh:
Da theo sn phm gas ang lu hnh ngoi th trng, mt bnh gas 20
lt s cha c 12 kg gas.
Vy d 20
4 kh =
12
= 0,6
20
1 thng 150 lt s cha c: 150 0,6 = 90 (kg kh)

1000 kg kh s cha c trong:
1.000
= 11,1 (thng)
90
Vy 390514,28 tn kh s cha c trong:

390514,28 11,1 = 4334708,5(thng)
Nguyn Vit Hun
91
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
* i vi sn phm xng: d 20
4 = 0,75
1 thng 150 lt s cha c: 150 0,75 = 112,5 (kg xng)
1 tn xng s cha c trong:
1.000
= 8,89 (thng)
112,5
Vy 110268,5 tn xng s cha c trong:

110268,5 8,89 = 980286,96(thng)
* i vi sn phm gazoil nh: d 20
4 = 0,93
1 thng 150 lt s cha c: 150 0,93 = 139,5 (kg)
1 tn gazoil nh s cha c trong:
1000
= 7,169 (thng)
139,5
Vy 390514,28 tn gazoil nh s cha c trong:

390514,28 7,169 = 2799596,8(thng)
* i vi sn phm gazoil nng: d 20
4 = 0,94
1 thng 150 lt s cha c: 150 0,94= 141 (kg)
1 tn gazoil nng s cha c trong:
1000
= 7,092(thng)
141
Vy 298628,57 tn gazoil nng s cha c trong:

298628,57 7,092 = 2117873,8(thng)
Da vo cc s liu tnh ton trn ta c c bng sau
Tn sn phm
Tn/nm
Thng/nm
Thng/gi
Kh
390514,28
4334708,59
539,143
Xng
110268,5
80286,96
9,986
Gazoil nh
390514,28
2799596,8
384,209
Gazoil nng
298628,57
2117873,8
263,417
Cc
114858,29
Tng
1304783,9
Nguyn Vit Hun
14,286( T/h)
9332466
92
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
III. Nhu cu v nguyn liu v nng lng
Ch ph nguyn liu v nng lng cho mt tn sn phm:

1. Nguyn liu
Ta c nguyn liu l phn ct chn khng d 20

4 = 0,86
1 thng 150 lt s cha c: 150 0,86 = 129 (kg nguyn liu)
1 tn nguyn liu s cha c trong:
1.000
= 7,75 (thng)
129
Vy 2.400.000 tn/nm s cha c trong:

2.400.000 7,75 = 18.600.000(thng)
Cn du: 2.121 (thng/gi) = 17052840(thng/nm)
H s tiu hao nguyn liu cho 1 thng sn phm l 1,003
Hi nc: 4,5 m3/thng sn phm = 42.122.085m3/nm
Nc: 0,8 m3/thng sn phm =7.488.370,7m3/nm.
2. Nhu cu v nng lng
in: 0,9 kWh/thng sn phm = 8399219,4kWh/nm
Nhin liu t: 0,01 tn/thng sn phm = 93324,66tn/nm.

Bng tnh chi ph cho nguyn liu v nng lng
STT Tn nguyn liu n v H s tiu hao cho 1 n gi Thnh
thng sn phm
(USD)
(USD)
17
17,051
Cn du
thng
1,003
Hi nc
m3
4,5
0,35
1,575
Nc
m3
0,8
0,07
0,056
in
kWh
0,9
0,8
0,72
Nng lng
tn
0,01
10
tin
0,1
Tng chi ph nguyn liu v nng lng cho 1 thng sn phm 19,502
Nguyn Vit Hun
93
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
IV. Xc nh nhu cu cng nhn cho phn xng
Cng nhn phc v cho phn xng:

Th in
3 ngi
Th c kh
3 ngi
Cng nhn trn dy chuyn
24 ngi (gm 3 ca 4 kp)
S cn b qun l phn xng:

Hnh chnh
2 ngi
Cn b k thut
2 ngi
Qun c
1 ngi
Ph qun c
1 ngi
Tng s lao ng trong phn xng:
36 ngi
Bng tnh tin lng cho nhn cng

STT Ni lm vic
S ngi Lng 1 thng Lng ton

USD
Lng 1
nm
Bm + my nn
150
900
10.800
Thit b nhit
150
900
10.800
Cc thit b chnh
12
150
1.800
21.600
Th in
180
540
6.480
Th c kh
180
540
6.480
Hnh chnh
160
320
3.840
K thut
210
420
5.040
Qun c
225
225
2.700
Ph qun c
220
220
2.640
10
Tng chi ph tin lng cho lao ng
70.380
Nh my sn xut lin tc 24 h/ngy, v vy tng chi ph tin lng cho

lao ng l:
70.380 3 = 211.140 (USD/nm)
Ngoi ra cn trch theo qu lng 19% cho bo him x hi l:
Nguyn Vit Hun
94
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
211.140 0,19 = 40.116,6 (USD/nm)

Tng s tin tr cho cng nhn:
211.140 + 40.116,6 = 251.256,6 (USD/nm)
Chi ph tin lng cho cng nhn trn 1 thng sn phm l:
251.256,6
= 0,013 (USD/thng sn phm)
18.741.376
V. Tnh khu hao cho phn xng
- Vn u t cho xy dng: Vxd = 50.000.000 USD

- Vn u t cho thit b: Vtb = 300.000.000 USD
- Cc chi ph khc ly bng 5% tng vn u t:
Vt = Vxd + Vtb + 0,05Vt
Vt =
Vxd + Vtb
50.000.000 + 300.000.000
=
1 0,05
0,95
= 368.421.052,6 (USD)
- Tnh khu hao ph c bn:
+ Nh sn xut c thi gian khu hao l 20 nm, do mc khu hao
theo ti sn l:
50.000.000
= 2.500.000 (USD/nm)
20
+ Thit b c thi gian lm vic chung l 20 nm, do mc khu hao
trong 1 nm l:
300.000.000
= 15.000.000 (USD/nm)
20
+ Khu hao sa cha ly 5% khu hao c bn:
0,05 (2.500.000 + 15.000.000) = 875.000 (USD/nm)
Tng mc khu hao trong mt nm l:
2.500.000 + 15.000.000 + 875.000 = 18.375.000 (USD/nm)
Mc khu hao trn 1 thng sn phm l:
Nguyn Vit Hun
95
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip

18.375.000
18.741.376
VI. Cc chi ph khc cho mt thng sn phm
- Chi ph khc cho phn xng ly 2% chi ph sn xut (CPSX)

CPSX = 0,02CPSX + K.hao + T.lng + TCP N.liu v N.lng
CPSX = 0,02CPSX + 0,98 + 0,013 + 19,502
CPSX =
0,98 + 0,013 + 19,502

1 0,02
Vy cc chi ph khc l: 20,91 0,02 = 0,418 (USD/thng sn phm).

- Chi ph cho qun l doanh nghip v chi ph bn hng 2% gi thnh
ton b (GTTB):
GTTB = 0,02GTTB + CPSX
GTTB =
CPSX
20,91
=
1 0,02
0,98
Vy chi ph cho qun l doanh nghip v bn hng l:

CPQLDN & BH = 0,02 21,34 = 0,43 (USD/thng sn phm)
Bng tnh cc khon chi ph cho mt thng sn phm
STT Khon mc
Chi ph cho 1 thng sn phm (USD)
Nguyn liu + Nng lng
19,502
Chi ph cho nhn cng
0,013
Khu hao
0,98
Chi ph khc
0,418
Chi ph sn xut
20,91
Chi ph qun l doanh nghip v bn hng
0,43
Tng cc chi ph cho 1 thng sn phm
21,34
Tng chi ph trong mt nm sn xut ca phn xng l:

21,34 18.741.376 = 399.904.963,8 (USD/nm)
Nguyn Vit Hun
96
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
VII. Xc nh hiu qu kinh t
nc ta, t trc n nay cc sn phm xng du u nhp t nc

ngoi v, ngoi tin cng vn chuyn cn c thu nhp khu, chnh v vy gi
thnh ca sn phm rt cao. Nu ta sn xut c th gi thnh ca sn phm
xng du s h rt thp v c th chp nhn lu thng ngoi th trng.
Bng quy nh gi bn cc sn phm ca phn xng
STT
Tn sn
phm
n gi cho 1 Lng sn phm thu

thng sn phm
c trong 1 nm
(USD)
(thng)
Doanh thu trong

1 nm (USD)
Kh
15
3.496.501
52.477.515
Xng
30
8.001.000
240.030.000
Gazoil nh
25
2.710.125
67.753.125
Gazoil nng 20
4.533.750
90.675.000
Cc
90.000 (tn/nm)
9.000.000
100 (USD/tn)
Tng doanh thu phn xng trong 1 nm
459.905.640
- Li nhun phn xng:

li nhun phn xng (LN) = doanh thu (DT) tng chi ph (TCP) thu (T)
trong thu ly 5% gi tr sn phm (GB)
LN = DT TCP 0,05GB
LN = 459.905.640 399.940.963,8 0,05 459.905.640
= 36.969.394,2 (USD/nm)
- Doanh li ca vn u t:
DL =
LN
Vsx
Vsx = TCP + Vt = 399.940.963,8 + 368.421.052,6

= 768.362.016,4 (USD/nm)
Nguyn Vit Hun
97
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
Vy
DL =
36.969.394,2
= 0,048
768.362.016,4
- Thi gian thu hi vn:

T=
=
Vsx
LN + KH
768.362.016,4
= 13,8
36.969.394,2 + 0,98 18.741.376
Vy thi gian thu hi vn ca phng n l 13 nm 8 thng.

VIII. Kt lun
Vi phng n ny th thi gian thu hi vn l 13 nm 8 thng v doanh

thu ca ng vn 4,8%. Vy v kinh t c kh thi.
Nguyn Vit Hun
98
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
PhN VII: an ton

Trong cc nh my cng nghip, an ton l mt vn ht sc quan
trng v vy khi thit k mt nh my cn ch n vn an ton.
* Yu t v sinh mt bng.
* Giao thng trong nh my.
* Phng chng chy n.
* Nhng yu cu khc.
1. Yu cu v sinh i vi mt bng nh my
Mt bng ca nh my phi m bo iu kin thi cc cht c thun

li nh vy th mt bng phi cao mi tiu nc d dng v trnh hin
tng ngm nc t ngoi vo.
Mt bng phi ch n hng gi v hng mt tri.
Cc b phn sn xut c bi, kh c, c ting n cn b tr cui hng
gi.
B tr hng nh my theo hng mt tri sao cho chng nng tt nhng
iu kin chiu sng t nhin l tt nht, khong cch chiu sng t nhin
gia cc nh c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
B = 1/2 (H + h); m
B: Khong cch gia cc nh
H, h: Chiu cao ca cc to nh ng cnh nhau.
Khi xy dng nh my kiu ch U hay ch E th khong cch
gia cc nhnh nh s = 1/2 tng chiu cao nhng khng c di 15 m;
B > 15 m.
2. Yu cu v phng chng chy n trong nh my
Phng chy n l mt vn ht sc quan trng ca ngnh du m, v

trong cc nh my ch bin du m c rt nhiu ngun nhin liu d gy ra
chy n. Do vy, trong nh my cn ch cc bin php phng chng chy
Nguyn Vit Hun
99
Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN
n tt nghip
n nhm t hiu qu cao nht khi c s c xy ra. Khi b tr cc nh kho b

cha cn ch cc yu cu v phng chy n nh sau:
Kho ngm th khong cch gia chng gim i:
1/2 theo yu cu:
- 5 m (chu la tt)
- 10 m (chu la km)
Nhng kho cha na chm na ni th khong cch gim i:

1/4 theo yu cu:
- 1,5 m (chu la tt)

- 15 m (chu la km)
Cc bin php phng chy trong nh my:
Phi c cc thit b phng
chy t c nh trn cc b cha xng du, khi c s c v chy n xy ra n

t ng lm vic v cc thit b lu ng nhm h tr vi cc thit b c nh
nhm dp tt ngay sau khi c chy n xy ra.
i vi cc nh my ho cht th phi c nh cu ho v b phn cu
ho thng trc. Nh cu ho l ni ct gi cc phng tin, dng c phng
v cha chy. Nh cu ho phi t v tr thun tin s dng nhanh nht
khi c s c xy ra.
Thit b trong phn xng lm vic iu kin p sut cao, sn phm
ch yu l xng d gy ra chy n. Do vy phi c khong cch gia cc nh
xng thch hp nhm m bo an ton cho ngi thi hnh cng vic cng
nh m bo hn ch nh hng n cc thit b khc. Nh xng phi
thong, cn ch n hng gi.
Cn phi c cc cng tc bo h lao ng v c bit l phng chy n.
An ton lao ng: i vi cc thng, b cha, phi c kim tra nh k
cc thit b an ton nhm khc phc nhng hng hc kp thi.
i vi mi ngi khi ra vo nh my phi xut trnh giy t v khng
c mang cht gy n, cht d chy vo nh my v phi c s ng ca
ban bo v mi c vo khu vc nh my, nhng ngi khng c nhim v
khng c vo khu vc nh my.
Nguyn Vit Hun
100 Ho Du K44-QN HBK HN

n tt nghip
i vi cng nhn vin, phi thc hin ng quy nh v an ton lao

ng, cng nhn phi hc tp o to v an ton chy n trc khi vo nh
my. Phi kim tra nh k v kin thc an ton hc hi thm kin thc cho
cng nhn vin trong nh my.
Trong nh my khng dng ngun la h, khng ht thuc l trong khi
lm vic, khng i li bng giy inh v d gy ra chp la dn n chy n.
Khng mang theo cc vt liu chy n vo ni lm vic nhm m bo cho ti
a an ton v chy n.
3. Cc yu cu v an ton giao thng trong nh my
Trong nh my c rt nhiu ng giao thng v vy vic b tr cho

ng i li phi m bo khoa hc khng xy ra tai nn, m bo cho vic
i li khi c s c chy n xy ra. Mun t tt iu cn b tr ng i li
trong nh my cho hp l.
ng t phi c l ng v va h dnh cho ngi i b;
ng mt chiu phi c chiu rng ti thiu l 3,5 m;
ng hai chiu phi c chiu rng ti thiu l 6 m.
m bo cha chy tt th ng phi dn v bt k phn xng no
c hai pha. Nh my cn b tr xe cha chy c th ra vo bn pha, ca
ti thiu cho xe l 6 m. Nu nh ng ct th phi c bi quay xe, mi b
rng l 12 m.
4. Nhng yu cu khc
a. Chng c hi cho cng nhn
Kim tra sc kho nh k cho cng nhn kp thi pht hin v iu

tr, thay i mi trng lm vic cho cng nhn.
Thc hin ng nhng quy nh v sc kho cho cn b cng nhn vin.
Khi lm vic cng nhn phi mang cc thit b phng c nh: mt n,
gng tay, qun o bo h, ng trnh nhim c.
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
b. Bin php an ton chung i vi cc thit b
Khi thit k phi tho mn iu kin an ton thun li v nh nhng. Khi

thao tc phi ph hp vi th lc, thn kinh v cc c im c bn ca ngi
s dng.
c. An ton v in
Khi s dng cn phi dng dng in an ton, cch ly dy dn, che chn
c hc, cc thit b in u phi c dy ni t, phi s dng gng v ng
bng cao su.
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
Kt lun
Sau hn 4 thng thc hin ti cng vi s c gng ca bn thn cng
nh tm ti ti liu v s hng dn ca thy c, n nay bn n ca em
hon thnh.
Qua bn n ny gip em hiu c vic a mt thnh qu ca vic
p dng nghin cu vo sn xut l mt qu trnh ht sc phc tp, n i hi
phi c s lin quan n qu trnh sn xut. V phn l thuyt cn phi nm
c cc tnh cht ca nguyn liu v sn phm, nm c yu cu v xc tc,
hiu c c ch phn ng cng nh cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh. Da
trn c s l thuyt kt hp vi cc ti liu v thit k cho ta phng hng
la chn cng ngh thch hp.
Hin nay trn th gii, vic nghin cu cc phng php sn xut
xng c tr s octan cao v cht lng tt vn l vn quan trng. Nhiu
hng cho ra cc dng cng ngh khc nhau. ng thi trn th trng tiu
th xng ngy cng tng, sn phm xng c ng dng rng ri trong kinh
t, an ninh quc phng. Do nhu cu s dng xng ngy cng tng cho nn vic
sn xut xng l mt yu cu quan trng, khng ch cho ra loi xng thng
m phi sn xut ra loi xng c tr s octan cao v cht lng tt. cng l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn m nc ta quyt nh xy dng nh my
lc du Dung Qut Qung Ngi v s 2 Nghi Sn Thanh Ho.
Bn n ny c hon thnh nhng v iu kin cng nh ti liu
tham kho cn hn ch, hn na Vit Nam ngnh ho du l mt trong
nhng ngnh mi v v bc u lm quen vi cng tc thit k phn xng
cho nn chc hn cn thiu st l iu khng th trnh khi. Vy em rt mong
c s ch bo cng nhng kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn ng
nghip bn n c hon thin hn.
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
Cui cng em xin chn thnh by t lng bit n ti cc thy c gio

trong B mn Cng ngh Ho du - Hu c v cc bn. c bit l thy gio
TS. Nguyn Hu Trnh tn tnh gip em hon thnh bn n ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
H Ni, thng 6 nm 2004
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
Ti liu tham kho

1. L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du m; Nh xut bn KH v KT- H
Ni 2000.
2. PGS. TS. inh Th Ng. Ho hc du m; Nh xut bn KH v KT- H
Ni 2001.
3. B mn Nhin liu. Cng ngh ch bin du m v kh; Trng i hc
Bch khoa H Ni; 1983.
4. V Th Lin, L Vn Hiu. Cng ngh ch bin du kh. Trng i hc
5. Trn Mnh Tr. Ho hc v cng ngh ch bin du m. Trng i hc
6. Trn Mnh Tr. Du kh v du kh Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Khoa hc
v K thut H Ni; 1996.
7.Trn Quc Sn .Mt s phn ng ca hp cht hu c. nh xut bn Gio
Dc , nm 2001
8.on thin tch. Du kh Vit Nam ; nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia
TPHCM 2001
9.B mn Nhin liu. Gio trnh tnh ton cng ngh cc qu trnh ch bin
du m; Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni; 1972.
10. B mn nhin liu .Hng dn thit k cc qu trnh ch bin du m ;
Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni; 1972.
11. Tp th tc gi . S tay Qu Trnh Cng Ngh Ha Cht ,tp 1; Nh xut
bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni; 1992.
12. Tp ch Hydrocacbon Processing; November; 2000.
13.H-Minamil , Curent FCC Technologies , nm 1993.
14.Ch.Marcilly , Catalytic Cracking , nm 1991.
15. W. L. Nelsson. Petroleum rafinery engineering. New York; 1998.
16. D. Michael. Winfield the UOP processing guide; 1994.
17. H. Mianmi Current FCC technologies. Chiyoda Co., November, 1993.
18. Robert A. Mevus. Handbook petroleum Refining processes; 1986.
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
Mc lc
Trang
M u
....................................................................................................................... 1
Phn I: Tng quan l thuyt qu trnh cracking xc tc ............ 2

Chng I: Mc ch v ngha Bn Cht Ha Hc vc ch phn
ng ................................................................................................................. 3
I. Mc ch v ngha ca qu trnh cracking xc tc ........................... 3

II. C ch phn ng ..................................................................................... 3
1. Phn ng phn hu cc mch CC, phn ng cracking ......................... 4

2. Phn ng ng phn ho (izome ho) .................................................... 4
3. Phn ng chuyn di hydro di tc dng ca xc tc .......................... 4
4. Phn ng trng hp ................................................................................ 4
5. Phn ng alkyl ho v kh alkyl ho ..................................................... 5
6. Phn ng ngng t to cc ..................................................................... 5
III. ng hc cho qu trnh cracking xc tc ......................................... 10
IV. Cracking xc tc cc hp cht hydrocacbon ring l. ..................... 11
1. S bin i cc hydrocacbon parafin ................................................... 11

2. S bin i ca hydrocacbon olefin ..................................................... 15
3. S bin i cc hydrocacbon naphtenic: .............................................. 17
4. S bin i ca hydrocacbon thm ..................................................... 18
V. Cracking phn on du m ............................................................... 21
chng II: xc tc ca qu trnh Cracking .......................................... 23
I. Vai tr ca xc tc trong qu trnh cracking ...................................... 24

II. Nhng yu cu cn thit i vi xc tc ............................................. 24
1. Hot tnh xc tc phi cao .................................................................... 24

2. chn lc xc tc phi cao ............................................................... 25
3. n nh phi ln .............................................................................. 26
4. m bo bn c v bn nhit .......................................................... 26
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
6. Xc tc phi m bo thun nht cao ............................................. 26

7. Xc tc phi bn vi cc cht lm ng c xc tc ............................. 27
8. Xc tc phi c kh nng ti sinh ........................................................ 27
9. Xc tc phi d sn xut v r tin:...................................................... 27
III. Zeolit v xc tc cha Zeolit .............................................................. 27
1.
Xc tc Zeolit ................................................................................... 27
2. Zeolit v xc tc cha Zeolit dng cho qu trnh cracking .................. 30

III. Nhng thay i tnh cht ca xc tc khi lm vic .......................... 33
V. Ti sinh xc tc ..................................................................................... 35
VI. Cc dng hnh hc ca xc tc........................................................... 37
CHng III : NGuyn Liu V Sn PHm Ca QuTRnh Cracking
Xc Tc...................................................................................................... 38
I. Nguyn liu ca qu trnh cracking xc tc ........................................ 38

II. Cc sn phm ca qu trnh cracking xc tc .................................. 41
1. Sn phm kh ........................................................................................ 41
2. Xng cracking xc tc .......................................................................... 41
3. Phn on si cao hn 1950C ............................................................... 42
Phn II: Tnh Ton V Thit K Dy Chuyn Cng Ngh
CrackingXc Tc ............................................................................... 45
Chng I. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh cracking xc
tc ............................................................................................................... 45
I. Nhit ................................................................................................... 45
II. p sut ................................................................................................... 47
III. Mc chuyn ho C ......................................................................... 48
IV. Tc np liu ring ......................................................................... 48
V. T l lng xc tc/nguyn liu (X/RH) hay bi s tun hon xc tc
..................................................................................................................... 50
VI. Hiu ng nhit ..................................................................................... 51
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
Chng II ..................................................................................................................... 52
I. Lch s pht trin cng ngh cracking xc tc.................................... 52

II. La chn cng ngh cracking xc tc................................................. 53
III. Dy chuyn FCC vi thi gian tip xc ngn ................................... 55
1. S dy chuyn FCC thi gian tip xc ngn: .................................. 55

2. Nguyn l hot ng: ........................................................................... 56
IV. Hng pht trin v ci tin ca FFC trong lc du ...................... 58
Tnh Ton thit b chnh ..................................................................................... 60
I. S liu ban u ....................................................................................... 60

II. Cn bng vt cht ................................................................................. 61
III: Cn Bng Nhit Lng....................................................................... 62
1. Xc nh nhit chy ca cc ................................................................ 62

III. Tnh ng knh l phn ng ............................................................ 66
1. Xc nh ng knh l phn ng theo cnh thc sau : ....................... 66

2. Chiu cao l phn ng: ......................................................................... 68
VI . Tnh l ti sinh .................................................................................... 70
1. Cc s liu ban u .............................................................................. 70

2. Tnh ton qu trnh chy cc ................................................................ 71
3. Tiu hao hi nc kh hp ph ....................................................... 74
4. Cn Bng Nhit Ca L Ti Sinh ......................................................... 74
5. Cn Bng Vt Cht Ca Cc Vng Chnh Ca L Ti Sinh................ 77
6. ng Knh L Ti Sinh V Cc Vng Chnh Ca N ....................... 80
7. Chiu Cao L Ti Sinh V Cc Vng Ca N ..................................... 82
Phn III: xy dng.................................................................................................... 84
I. Chn a im xy dng ........................................................................ 84
1. Nhng c s xc nh a im xy dng ....................................... 84

2. c im ca a im xy dng ......................................................... 85
II. Cc nguyn tc khi thit k xy dng................................................. 86
Nguyn Vit Hun

n tt nghip
III. B tr mt bng ................................................................................... 86
1. c im ca dy chuyn sn xut ...................................................... 86

2. Mt bng phn xng ........................................................................... 87
3. Tnh ton cc ch tiu k thut c bn ................................................. 88
Phn IV: Tnh ton kinh t ................................................................................. 91
I. Mc ch.................................................................................................. 91
II. Ch cng tc ca phn xng......................................................... 91
III. Nhu cu v nguyn liu v nng lng ............................................. 93
1. Nguyn liu .......................................................................................... 93

2. Nhu cu v nng lng ......................................................................... 93
IV. Xc nh nhu cu cng nhn cho phn xng ................................. 94
V. Tnh khu hao cho phn xng ........................................................... 95
VI. Cc chi ph khc cho mt thng sn phm ....................................... 96
VII. Xc nh hiu qu kinh t ................................................................. 97
VIII. Kt lun ............................................................................................. 98
PhN V: an ton ......................................................................................................... 99
1. Yu cu v sinh i vi mt bng nh my ......................................... 99

2. Yu cu v phng chng chy n trong nh my ............................... 99
3. Cc yu cu v an ton giao thng trong nh my........................... 101
4. Nhng yu cu khc ............................................................................ 101
Kt lun
................................................................................................................... 103
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................... 105
Nguyn Vit Hun


Thiet Ke Phan Xuong Cracking Xuc Tac

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n tt nghip

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

Nguyn Vit Hun

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

Cracking xc tc chim mt v tr c bit quan trng trong cng

Trong iu kin m chng ta tin hnh qu trnh cracking xc tc, mt

Nguyn Vit Hun

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

1. Phn ng phn hu cc mch CC, phn ng cracking

+ B gy mch olefin to olefin nh hn

+ Hydrocacbon thm c nhnh bn b b gy to thnh parafin v

+ Naphten b b gy m vng to cc olefin (tr vng hexan)

C6H12 + CmH2m + CpH2p (n = m + p+ 6)

2. Phn ng ng phn ho (izome ho)

3. Phn ng chuyn di hydro di tc dng ca xc tc

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

5. Phn ng alkyl ho v kh alkyl ho

Phn ng kh alkyl ho ngc vi phn ng alkyl ho, xy ra nhit

S to cc trong qu trnh cracking xc tc l khng mong mun, v cc

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

hydrocacbon ca nguyn liu tc dng vi tm axit ca xc tc.Theo thuyt

in tch dng khng bao gi nhn c cacbon bc mt.

Ngoi ra , Parafin cng c th b hp th trn nhng tm axit Bronsted :

- Olefin: y l thnh phn khng c trong nguyn liu ban u ca qu

Ion cacboni to thnh do s tc dng ca olefin vi tm axit Lewis ca

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

CH3 CH2 CH CH2

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2

Khi olefin c lin kt i cacbon bc 3 th ion cacboni bc 3 d to

CH3 CH2 C CH3

Cc hydrocacbon thm c mch bn di th s to thnh ion cacboni

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

Thi gian sng ca cc ion cacboni c to ra dao ng t phn triu

n nh ca ion cacboni theo bc l gim dn nh sau :

- Ion cacboni tc dng vi phn t trung ho to thnh ion cacboni mi

Phn ng cracking: Cc ion cacboni c s nguyn t cacbon ln xy ra

Nguyn Vit Hun

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

Nu ba lin kt CC v tr th lin kt CC v tr [A] l c xc sut

i vi ion cacboni l ng ng ca benzen, v d nu p dng quy tc

v tr bnh thng th v tr rt bn vng. Chnh v vy m ngi ta cho

Nh vy trong hydrocacbon thm hiu ng tch in nhn thm l

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

c. Giai on dng phn ng

V ng hc, cracking xc tc l mt th d in hnh v xc tc d th.

Nguyn Vit Hun

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

Tc ca phn ng cracking xc tc, trong a s cc trng hp c

1. S bin i cc hydrocacbon parafin

CmH2m+2 + CpH2p (p, m < n)

Nu mch parafin cng di th s phn hy xy ra ng

Nguyn Vit Hun

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

V d: i vi butan C4H10 nhit 5000C; v0 = 1 h1 ch c 1 % trng

Khi trng lng phn t ca parafin tng ln th kh nng phn hy v

V vy khi cracking, mch hydrocacbon parafin cng di, cng d b b

Nguyn Vit Hun

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc

Cho nn cc parafin c trng lng phn t ln khi phn hu to thnh

Cc parafin c cu trc mch nhnh tham gia phn ng phn hy vi tc

S phn nhnh v s lng nhnh ca parafin c vai tr rt quan trng

Nguyn Vit Hun

Thit k phn xng Cracking xc tc