Gio trnh: cng ngh c

- Lm co: L nhng l rng hnh nn hnh thnh trn b mt vt c. Nguyn nhn l do lp ngoi ng c trc lp trong. kh, nc trong kim loi thot ra ngoi. - R co: L nhng l rng nh nm bn trong vt c, nm dc trc thi c v nm di lm co.
P P

8.4-Tnh ho tan kh : Tnh ha tan kh l s ho tan cc kh: O2, H2, N2, CO, CO2, CH4
B B B B B B B B B B B B

vo kim loi lng gy nn r kh.

chng 9

c gang xm
Gang c nhiu loi, nh gang trng, gang do, gang bin tnh, gang cu, song trong k thut c ngi ta ch yu s dng gang xm.
9.1. KhI nim v gang xm

a/ k hiu: Gx. v d: Gx15-28

B

b/ Thnh phn ho hc: 2,53,5% C; 0,83% Si; 0,61,3% Mn; 0,21% P; <0,12%S. Trong C trng thi t do gi l graft.
B

c/ Tnh c ca gang xm: - Tnh chy long: V c C cao nn gang xm c tnh chy long cao. - co: co ca gang xm thp (1%). - Tnh ho tan kh: Cc kh ho tan trong gang xm: O2; N2; H2 v hi nc. - Tnh thin tch: Lng cha C; P; S v chiu dy thnh vt c ln th thin tch cng nhiu.
B B B B B B B B B B

9.2. Nu chy gang xm 9.2.1. Vt liu nu v m liu

Khi nu gang xm phi dng nhng nguyn nhin liu sau: nguyn liu: kim loi; nhin liu cung cp nhit; tr dung to x; trong sn xut c gi l vt liu nu. Mun nu ra loi gang c thnh phn ho hc ng yu cu, c nhit cao, vn hnh l d dng cn phi tnh ton phi liu cho mt m nu gi l m liu. a/ Nguyn liu (khi lng kim loi) : Nguyn liu dng trong mt m liu: - Gang c (thi gang ch to l cao): 30 50% - Gang vn (cc loi gang ph liu) : 20 30% - Vt liu v l (ph liu t l c) : 30 35% - Thp vn : 0 10%
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Gio trnh: cng ngh c

- Fer hp kim (FeSi; FeMn...) : 1 2% Vt liu trc khi a vo l phi c ly theo mt t l nht nh; phi lm sch g v cc cht bn. b/ Nhin liu Than lt l v than m trong l c phi chu tc dng ca c ct liu rt nng nn than phi c bn c hc v bn nhit cao. Kh nng phn ng ca than gi l hot tnh. Than dng tt cho l c l than c hot tnh thp v d chy hon ton (to thnh CO2 nhiu v CO t), to ra nhiu nhit lng, gang lng c nhit cao; m v lng lu hunh trong than cng t cng tt. Hin nay thng dng cc loi than c sau: - Than cc: (1016)% khi lng kim loi/ M liu. - Than gy (than c mc cc bon ho cao): nc ta thng dng than gy ng triu, Mo kh, trc khi s dng cn nhit luyn: nung chm than gy trong l thiu khng kh 90010000C trong 14 gi sau lm ngui chm trong vng 68 gi. Sau khi nhit luyn than gy c t lu hunh hn c kh nng phn ng thp v c bn cao. Trong thc t thng dng: 20 22% khi lng kim loi/ M liu. - Than : t dng v nhit tr thp, bn c hc khng cao.
B B P P

c/ Cht tr dung Dng lm long x v kh tp cht. Thng dng vi (45% khi lng kim loi/M liu); hunh thch (cha CaF2): (<8% khi lng kim loi/M liu) hoc x l Mctanh c thnh phn: 25% SiO2, 40% (CaO+MnO), 20% (FeO+MnO).
B B B B

9.2.2. L nu gang Thng dng l ng, l ch, l in. Nhng ch yu l dng l ng v l ch. L ng c s dng rng ri v cu to n gin, tiu hao nhin liu t, vn u t thp, d thao tc, cng sut cao (50025.000 kG gang lng/ gi). Song nhit gang ra l khng cao (14500C), thnh phn ho hc ca gang khng n nh. Cc gang hp kim cn cht lng cao thng c nu bng l in hoc l ni.
P P

a/ L ng nu gang Cu to l ng: L l loi l ng, hnh tr gm cc b phn ch yu l: b phn l, thn l, thit b tip liu v thit b gi nng, h thng gi v thit b lm ngui, ng khi c thit b dp la, l tin v ng dn gang v.v.. L c t trn ct chng (1) ca b phn l. Thn l gm c v ngoi (2) lm bng thp tm dy 810 mm, pha trong xy gch chu la (3) (gch samt, gch dint hoc l gch nung gi). B phn tip liu a than cc (5) v kim loi (6) vo l qua ca tip liu. L c 1,2 hoc 3 hng l mt gi c cp gi t qut gi (19) qua ng gi (9) nm trn ni l. Tn nh ng khi (10) l thit b dp la (11).

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Gio trnh: cng ngh c

Phn ni l l phn khng gian t y l (12) ti ng gi (9). y l c ph mt lp vt liu chu la nn cht. X c tho ra ngoi bng ming (18). Ton b l c g trn 3 tr bng thp.

H.9.1. S cu to ca l ng nu gang Kch thc l: - ng knh trong ca l: D =

Q. L. K 4,71. L1

(m).

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Gio trnh: cng ngh c

Trong : Q cng sut l (6 8 tn/gi); L- S m3 gi dng cho 1 kg nhin liu (6,56,8 m3/kg); L1- S m3 gi dng cho 1m2 tit din l trong 1 pht. K - T l than trong m liu (%) - Chiu cao l: l c nh: Ho = (35)D m; l c ln: Ho= (2,54)D (m). - Chiu cao ni l (l khong cch t tm mt gi chnh xung y l: Hn = 500700 mm.
P P P P B B P P P P B B B B B B

- H thng mt gi: T l mt gi
P P

Fgio Flo

=
P

1 1 ; dc ca mt gi: mt gi chnh 4 9
P

c dc 10150, mt gi ph c dc 15300; l thng c 3 hng mt gi cch nhau 200 mm, hng mt gi chnh chim 75% Fgi.
B B

Qu trnh nu: Sau mi ln nu phi sa l: sa tng l, l ra gang, ra x, p y l ri cht ci t sy l trong 24 gi, khi ci to chy, dn than lt xung cho n khi cao hn mt gi chnh 1,21,5 m. Sau cht vt liu vo theo tng m liu mt theo th t: kim loi (thp vn, gang thi, gang vn v fr) - nhin liu - cht tr dung c lp i lp li nh th cho n y l. Ch 2040 pht cho vt liu nng ri thi gi vo. Thc cht ca qu trnh nu: Qu trnh xy ho nhin liu v tp cht pht nhit v qu trnh trao i nhit gia kh nng v vt liu nu. b/ L ch nu gang Hin nay cc xng c nh u dng l ch nu gang. u im c bn l cu trc rt n gin d ch to, vn u t rt t. Nhin liu d kim, ch cn than c nh 2030 mm, c th nu bng nhiu loi than . Song l ch c nng sut thp v thnh phn ho hc ca gang khng n nh. L ch ch ph hp cho cc xng c nh, mt hng c c nh (<60 kG), iu kin c kh ho thp. L ch thp hn l ng, khng c b phn dp la lng bi. Thn l chia lm 2 hoc 3 on d dng nng h v tho lp. L ch c 2 loi: quay nghing v c nh.

H D

nghing l ra gang

Mt gi

Hp gi L x L ra gang

H.9.2. S l ch nu gang
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Gio trnh: cng ngh c

L c cc thng s k thut sau: - ng knh trong ca l: 400500 mm. - Chiu cao ca l: H/D = 23 l hp l. - Mt gi: gi vo l 110120 m3/m2.pht l c. - Trng lng m liu < 60 kG; t l than/gang khong 2030%.
P P P P

chng10

c kim loi mu
10.1. c im v cng ngh c ng 10.1.1. c im - Hp kim ng c nhit chy thp (10730c), tnh chy long cao c th c c nhng vt c phc tp, r nt. Hn hp lm khun, li nh mn, cn sn bt grafit chng chy ct. - V c tnh chy long tt nn c th phn b nhiu vt c vo mt hm khun c chung mt h thng rt, c c cc vt mng. - V c co ln nn u ngt phi ln v t nhng ch tp trung kim loi. - ng d b xy ho, ng thanh d b thin tch nn dng kim loi rt vo khun phi thp v nhanh, chy m v lin tc nn ng rt thng hnh rn, nhiu tng.
P P

10.1.2. Cng ngh c ng a/ Vt liu nu - Vt liu chnh: Gm ng k thut, ng thanh v ng thau, hi liu. - Hp kim ph: Hp kim ng + 1 nguyn t kim loi khc (50%Cu + 50%Al hoc 80%Cu + 20%Mn) - Cht kh xy: Dng hon nguyn xyt kim loi trong hp kim (90%Cu + 10%P) v: 5Cu20 + 2P = 10Cu + P205; P205 to thnh x ni ln.
B B B B B B B B B B

- Cht tr dung: Dng chng hin tng ht kh v kim loi lng khi b xy ho ng thi tch tp cht ra thnh x. Thng dng: Than ci hoc thu tinh lng, thch cao, mui n.v.v... b/ L nu ng Thng dng l ni, l ngn la, l h quang v l cm ng. nc ta hin nay thng nu ng bng ni grafit t bng than. Ni grafit xp, kh d xm nhp vo kim

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Gio trnh: cng ngh c

loi lng v c bn khng cao nn phi thn trng khi vn chuyn. Trc khi nu phi sy ni bng ci sau cho thm than tng dn ln 6000C mi cht liu.
P P

Nu ng : Sy l n 90010000C, cht mt lp than ci vo y ni v ph

P P

mt lp than ci ln trn. Tip tc nung cho n khi Cu nng chy. Sau khi Cu nng chy, cho dn Cu + P vo kh xy. Kh xong rt ly mu, ngui em b mu. Nu mu b nt chng t trong ng vn cn xy nn tip tc kh ht xy ri mi rt. Nu ng thanh thic: Sy l 6007000c ri cht liu theo th t: u tin cht ng thi nguyn cht, nu cho chy ht ri cho ng cc vo. Sau khi ng nng chy lp tc cho than ci kh ln b mt bo v cho ng khng b xy ho. Tt nht l dng cht tr dung lng (4147% SiO2 + 2532% MnO + 1015% Na2O3 + 1114% Al2O3).
P P B B B B B B B B B B P

Np l

Lp cch nhit Gch chu la Nhin liu Ni l

Khi

Khng kh

H.10.1. Nu ng bng l ni nhin liu mazt

P

Khi kim loi t n nhit 12000C, cho hp kim Cu+P vo kh xy. Sau khuy u tch x ra khi kim loi. Hp kim ph trc khi cho vo l phi c sy nng 110 - 1500C, Km v thic c b thnh khi. Khi nhit hp kim t n 1160 - 12000C th cho km v thic vo, n nhit 1250 - 12800C, gi nhit khong 5 - 10 pht ri ly mu th.
P P P P P P

Nu ng thanh nhm: Nguyn liu nu nh nu ng thanh thic, cn c thm Mangan kim loi, st mm, nhm, hp kim ph, hi liu, cht kh xy. u tin cht ng thi v st vo l, ph than ci v cht tr dung c cha 90% thu tinh vn v 10% trng thch. Khi nhit t 12000C, cho Cu-P vo kh xy, sau cho hp kim ph Cu-Mn hoc Mn nguyn cht vo v hp kim Cu-Al cho vo sau cng. Khi nhit t 1200 - 12500C th a rt.
P P P P

Nu ng thau silic: Vt liu nu gm: ng thau silic ch to sn, hi liu, phoi ng thau c thnh thi, km v silic tinh th. Cch chun b cng nh th t cht liu vo l nh nu ng thanh thic nhng km d bc hi nn ph liu c cha km v cc cht d chy sau cng. Nhit rt ca hp kim khong 980 - 10800C, nhit rt mu th 1000 - 10200C.
P P P P

10.2. c im v cng ngh c nhm

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