SERBIAN STUDIES

JounNlr- oF THE NoRTH ArusmclN Socrnrv pon SsnsrRN Srunrcs

s9,

EE

JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR SERBIAN STUDIES

YoL22

2008

No.

Assoc.

vsofirovic@urruni.eu y. s otirovi c@p m df,v d u. It

?ttp, t 1y,s orirorilL o;rre. httpi I / ovsiste.w;# *o

Prof ylndislav B, $oflrcvic mrurl eu,,,,,

Editors

Ljutica D. Popovic h, Vanderbilt (Jniversity,Co-Editor f-ilien F. Robinso t, George washington (Iniversity, co-Editor
vasa D. Mihailovich, university of Nonh carolina, chapel Hill,Book Review Editor Ruiica Popovitch-Krekii, st. Mary's co I lege, Newsletter Editor

Editorial Board
Radmila Jovanovid-Goilp, Columbia (Jniversity Jelena Bogdanovi 6, East carolina (Jniversity Svetlana Tomi6, (Jniversity of Novi sad Gojko Vudkovid, Los Angeles School District Gordana Pesakovii, Argosy (Jniversie Dorde Jovanovii, World Bank Marina Belovi6-Hodge, Library of congress

North American society for serbian studies

A
S

Membership

ht

The

NorthArcrrt;:i

Officers
President: Milica Baki6-Hayden, (Jniversity of Pittsburgh vice President: Nada Petkovid, (Jniversity' of"chicago Treasurer: Sonja Kotlica

Executive Council
Ljubica D. Popovich, vanderbilt universie
RuZica Popovitch-Krekii, Mount st. Mary,s college Du5an Koiai ,.Georgetown (Jniversity and Marymount College Lilien Filipovitch-Robinso n, George Washingirn (Jniversity Drina Raji6, TSM Global consultints, LLC Radmila J. Gorup, columbia (Jniversity Slobodanka Vladiv-Glove r, Monash (Jniversity, Australia Milica Baki6-Hayden, (Jniversie of pittsburgh Nada Petkovi6-Dordevid, univirsiTy of chicago Slobodan Pes i6, American public universie Sonja Kotlica

bo*r $fi PoPovich and t ;lh ffid, in gensraL # Formatting SmIilh

materials, and

published the Smh disciplinary pffiffii pertaining to Smtir and disciplinem" ft

Manuscrip,h

andphotog@foh

subscription txrkffi institutions, Sls-m I Serbia and f.ffiffi I

$30.00 per

Serbion Srrnfierfi Society. Membcrm, ,*

yeilArticles subr*

should be sent to

LI

Past Presidents Alex N. Dragnich, vanderbitt (Jniversity Vasa D. Mihailovich, (Jniversity of North Carolina, Chapet Hitt George Vid Tomashevich , New York State (Jniversity, Buffalo Sgivii-Simsii, (Jniversity of lllinois at chirlgo t978-80 980-82 1982-84 I 984-86 1 986-88 1 988-90 1990-92 1992-94 1994-96 1996-98
I

Art History, Goryntr DC 20052 (ttregu.c tsethesdq MD nfi will be subjecf,ton Book ffirismil f,
Mihailoviclu
and advertising fii Delaware Ave- S,m-#

Pllju."a DimitrU. Dj ordjevic, (Jnivers ity of Catifurnia, Santa-B arbara Sofija Skorid, Toronto (lniversity Jelisaveta Stanojevich Alle n, Dumbarton oatcs Ljubica D. Popovich, vanderbitt (Jniversity Thomas A. Emmert, Gustavus Adotphus College Radmila Jovanovii-Gorup, columbi, university Julian Schust er, Hamline (Jniversity Du5an Kora6, Catholic Universie Lilien Filipovitch-Robinson, George Washington University $lrlica Popovitch-Krekid, Mount St. Mary's Coltege Ida Sinkevil, Lafayette College

Atl comit
The

ll0k

opinim iry

Serbian Smdi,w
publishers

roil offuim

Serbian,,Srrder n

1998--2000

20a0-a2 2002-04
2AA4-06

of the NASSS- fldr

Treasurer of NASffi&i

2006-08

ili,fuIr,/

l!]urrili11]Inr

rbian Studies
Membership in the NASSS and Subscriptions to Serbian Studies

The North American Society for Serbian Studies was founded in 1978 and has

sh

College

*xiA
Iia

published the Society's journal, Serbian Studies, since 1980. An interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal, it invites scholarly articles on subjects pertaining to Serbian culture and society, past and present, and across fields and disciplines. The journal also welcomes archival docurhents, source materials, and book reviews. Manuscripts should be submitted by e-mail to co-editors, Ljubica D. Popovich and Lilien F. Robinson at lfr@gwu.edu. Articles must be in English and, in general, should not exceed 8,000 words, excluding footnotes. Forrratting should be consistent with the Chicago Manual of Style. Graphic and photographic images should be in jpeg format. Serbian Studies is published twice yearly and is sent to all members of the Society. Members also receive the Nl,S^S^l Newsletter. Membership including subscription to Serbian Studies, is $40.00 per year for individuals, $50.00 for institutions, $15.00 for students and retirees, and $10.00 for individuals in Serbia and former Yugoslav lands. Subscription without membership is
$30.00 per year.

ryelmll Walo
wbara

1978-80 980-82 1982-84 1 984-86 1 986-88 1 988-90

1

Articles submitted and all correspondence concerning editorial matters should be sent to Lilien F. Robinson, Co-Editor, Department of Fine Arts and Art History, George Washington University, 801 22nd. St. NW, Washington DC 20052 (lfrogwu.edu) or Ljubica Popovich, Co-Editor, 5805 Osceola Rd., Bethesda, MD 20816. All articles considered to have potential for publication will be subject to anonymous peer review by scholars in the field. Book reviews should be sent to the Book Revie,iv Editor, Vasa D. Mihailovich, 110 Hemlock Drive, Stamford, CT 06902.

l,gga-92 t992-94 t994-96 r996-98

1,999--2000

All communications regarding membership, subscriptions, back issues and advertising should be addressed to the Treasurer, Sonja Kotlica, 1301 Delaware Ave. SW. #12, Washington, DC 20024 (sonjakot@yahoo.com). The opinions expressed in the articles and book reviews, published in Serbian Studies are those ofthe authors and not necessarily ofthe editors or publishers of the journal. Serbian Studies accepts advertising that is of interest to the membership
of the NASSS. Advertising information and rates are available from the
Treasurer of NASSS, Sonja Kotlica (sonjakot@yahoo.com).

rrity

2000-02 2002-04 2044-06 2006-08

tr,

Literature

Itutherine HolL Enlisting Sfords fr6r

Copyright
@

Coh#

2010 by Serbian Studies: ISSN 0742-3330

SvetlanaTomid, tJfinimi
The Comrrihufomrd

permission is granted to reprint any article in this issue, provided appropriate credit is given and two copies of the. reprinted material are sent to serbian sudies. Technical Editors: Samantha Bartley, Melissa Sokolski

Devel@otrftl

ll. Artsald fuilhru

LitienFilipovitffi&fr Paja lonmov'ifid{

(trtustmti(mffifrh
lll.
Politics

Oepjelr
Serbian Sudies is produced and distributed by Slavica Publishers. Individuals should ^rather than subscribing directly to the journal. Libraries and tfre NASSS

fribi6mrifr'ry

Serbia-FromAff
Yladislav B- Sotfoiwil&I

ioin "institutions

should order Serbiqn Studies from Slavica; the instihrtional subscription rate is $5O/year (trvo issues) beginning with vol. 14 (2000).

Serbia'sDfoftr*l
Alliance,

lt6l{lt*

Glus,tratlmseh
IY. Book

Rcuiru

Vasa@Wt
(MimtI-ttmtin-

Andrej lvflittovifi, f,anH

(IetemW
Slavica Publishers lndiana University 2611 E. 1oth st.

ltoll-freel 1 -877 -SLAVICA

(7

s2-8422\

Bloomington, IN 47408-2603
USA

lTel.l 1-81 2-856-4186 lFaxl 1-81 2-8564187 tEmaill slavica@indiana.edu

IWWW http://www.slavica.com/

Contents

l. Literature
Katherine Holt, Columbia University Enlisting Words Against Words: Danilo Kis,s Enumeration ...................
Svetlana Tomi6, University of Novi Sad
appropriate credit is ian Studies.

The Contributions of Svetolik Rankovid to the Structural Development of the Serbian ....................................

Novel.....

l7

ll. Arts and Culture

Lilien Filipovitch-Robinson, George Washington University Paja Jovanovii and the Imaging of War and peace... (Illustrations follow p. 52)

........... 35

lll.

Politics

Ognjen Pribi6evi6, Institute of Social Sciences, Belgrade Serbia-From Authoritarian Regime to Democracy................................... 53

vladislav B. Sotirovii, Mykolas Romeris university, vilnius, Lithuania Serbia's Diplomatic Preparations for the creation of the First Balkan
(Illustrations follow p. 82)
!V. Book Reviews Vasa Mihailovich, tuty Life

(Mira N. Matari6)..... Andrej Mitrovi6, Serbia's Great War (Jelena Milojkovi6-Djurid) .......

83

8s

V. Sources and Documents

Nicholas Groves, Joe Buley Memorial Library,New Gra6ani6a Monastery Joe Buley Library: A unique Resource for the study of serbian History
and

tdtuttoi;t

ffi

Culture

"""""""""

87

(Illushation follows P. 90) A Letter to the President of the Ministry Council and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Belgrade, February lt,1902
(Translated by Dragana P.

0!t
91

McFadden)

"""""""

Serbian Studies: A Bibliography of Published Documents

Danilo KiS sias a lisfi-rmnlrffi:

(Compiledby Svetlana
Vl- ln Memorium

Tomi6)

""" gg

Ljubica D. Popovich, Vanderbilt University

, iild His 1969 sto'r}' mith a thirtggrr:itrm [ilsfr offfr Ome's CounB: is Gl'mims-h *stood om the side of lifr- fu r ffie Crreat Kitchen of [dud

*[hs

A Tribute to Alex

Dragni6.......

""'

125

Borgesialu emunmleraftiid 0-f

ome

f,'

ImM" it is Psssfbile tn fimd r I

of KiS's terts" Ths dgmlr
Afieksamdslr

He,m cffifiil lte

to 'Kil.S, t\retr a nmaser of fiiffin-And I'efi" dcspim Ki#'s *

mremts

wtth ffiEm hflryB mffi m bocernsc he qnas eskgd im u ilt tilom as a denriloe'- md hil$ q srubjecrs I quote ilt im foilk
i Dmr&o Kis' *Thc luilsoilroilffi- fi!

'Ch

rt@,,
3

MmfiL h,fficfurd

llumyIilfih
0mg-m

Dmilo Ki$,

To Dk

ffir

&

M 3 fulh Kit a,t

filirmmeer"

U'mfui'Egffiiry' Punum;

U$ffi

ryMir$. ThE f,ilrPf,nunnrd

Frmbm 14,oo- tr o1$$'{x li3S-$S-

r Hemnm' 5mfus&l sie m imrufu*tntmrm, ffitrC

4mld' M
hs.fu
hEM

luffi]

u r-ir-

5,t*

lryma \rufisis foil$

o'egmUmg hfum

nrn'fficdf

tm- $ffidmJgffidffirh trwimr: 3965L 3-.

Se!!:nli@rfl'

flhflft

5m;6mffi

ltralrurrimarr,{'nf,

il'tne l{t*oilffih"/

ir triitr

it
1ffi

I citizens of Serbia ,a$ a positive sign

:it

*
ffi
f,l

iliroction. Also in nterim Agreement ry of the Stabilizaniring the status of

oilrposirrg Serbia's ili6. This argument

rff

Serbia,s Diplomatic Preparations for the creation of the First Balkan Alliance, 1 861-64
Vladislav B. Sotirovid Mykolas Romeris University, vilnius, Lithuania

tr
i{lil

in mind that Serand that it had alhbodan Milo5evii, rclice generals and [owever, the other forms in the public
c

lntroduction

ladii. Without conrmccupied with its

rpribicevic@ id n.org. rs

ii

th

of the diplomatic preparations My aim in this'article is to investigate the case (1866-68) ry1inst the Ottoman for the creation of tne iirst Balkin Alliance the years r-,r* by the principalitv of Serbia in its initial stage which coversstates and the Balkan of 1861-64 in the figii Lf territorial requirements of and political power of the nations at the expens]e of the decreasing military ottomanauthoritiesandtheterritorialintegrationofthglulti-ethnicottoman question of the territorial division Empire. one of trre -ain focuses is on thi Greece, and Bulgaria' of Albanian intratitJ tands by serbia, Montenegro, the territories of Albania proper' Therefore, crucial attention is directed on Epirus,Macedonia,andKosovoandMetohija'Methodolo-gitultv'theinvestimaterial the use gf th: pti-uty archival-historical gation is based pri*Ji, "" coming from the official from different Serbiln-'*O i*"*utional archivis of diplomatic preparations for the state institutions involved in the process creation of the First Balkan Alliance' /Outline of Serbian'Creek Convention from 1861", for the establishment of the First The sources indicate that the pivotal impetus I Obrenovi6 whose preBalkan Alliance came from Serbia's Prince Mihailo

r*

*
I

fit
.

ffi

ff
, I

dominatepoliticaltaskinSerbianforeignpolicywaltocreateaunitedSouth would be composed of all south Sravic state under s"Ji* leadership, *t i"r,

SlavicterritorieswithintheottomanEmpire.Forthispurposeheneeded states and people as serbia was close cooperatio, *itrr otrter Balkan christian notstrongenoughtoalonedefeattheottomanEmpireonthebattlefield.Consequently,themostreasonablesolutionwastocreateajointBalkanmtlitppoliticaloer"nsi,e-offensivecoalition,whichwouldmilitarilydefeatTurkey

Serbian Studies:lournal

of the North American

Society

for Serbian Studies 22(1): 65-82, 2008.

66

Vladislav B. Sotirovi6

qut into effect during the First Balkan war (1912-13) against the ottoman Empire was actually to a great extent arevitalization of thi First Balkan Alliance (1866-68).

and expel ottoman authorities from the Balkans as a fundamental precondition for the creation of the united south sravic state in the Balkans. It has to be said that the Second Barkan Alliance (lgl2-13), which was

I
r!l

i!:

4)

as a good

suing trGi

'iil'
,i;i

5) the fact I
who

i$,
I

sti[

as indepu

6) both of
be

il

bian political unification into a single naiional staieFto make a politicalmilitary pact with the Kingdom of Greece. To be more precise,Ilija Garasanin submitted in early March of 1861 a secret memo to serbia,s prince Mihailo obrenovii (1825-68), prince from 1839 to lg42 and from 1g60 to lg6g, in which the author urged the prince that Serbiari national interest called for a pact with Greecel that would be a foundation for a wider Balkan pact against the ottoman authority. This memo was based on Garasanin,s previous proposal on the Balkan coalition in which he dealt with the Albanian question and relations with the Habsburg Monarchy.2 The memo provided detailed instruction for the Serbian deputy to the Gree! court to nigotiate with Athens about the creation of bilateral Serbian-Greek military-political alliance that was directed against the ottoman Empire. The deputy was obliged to investigate the inner political and military situation of Greece with special attention t1!h9 of 1) what was the main task of Greek national policy, and2) ryeslions which foreign power had the predominant role in Greek foreign poiicy. rni deputy was authorizedto inform the Greek king that the serbian prince hoped that Greece was willing to conclude apactwith serbia for the common christian interest in the Balkans. According to the memo, there were crucial reasons for the alliance, firstly between Serbia and Greece and, later on, among all other Balkan christians interested in the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire:
1) the common Christian faith of the Serbs and Greeks; the common necessity and desire for freedom; 3) the creation of united national independent states of the serbs and
Greeks;

The nucleus of both of these Balkan Alliances for the general Balkan war against the ottoman Empire can be found in the 1g61 project of the Serbian prime minister and minister of foreign affairs from 1g61 tso7, Ilija Gara_ Sanin (181214;gt" author of Naiertaniie lg44 (a secret program of Ser-

prwtr ers coffi

tt

enough t son thd I

Greeks ili

7) the crcn
practicu

il

on the dl

cabin@ 8) the

"Ed

themse$n

The initial t

2)

which would bc ance for the pu Serbian and ft pire. Howeve,q: ment of the Oil signatories of fl Ottoman territu great Europem Christian stater, Serbia and Gmt against the Offi the memo and il create the Batkr In the ffirrE ment as a depd lem of the pnfl
3

"Agreement with the Greeks" in Garasanin's manuscript without date. Diplomatic Archives of s:rY., fu:hiyes of Ilija Garaianin, Belgrade. The author wrote on the margin ,.submitted to the Prince Mihailo in 1861."
2

Archives du

ooMission de

M-

fuffi &

consul in BelgradB

to 1860 and mintoil

14; Archives

Diplonatic Archives of Serbia, Archives of Ilija Garasanin, Belgrade.

dW

Serbia's Di lomatic Pr

arations for The First Balkan

Allialce

rmental precondirlkans.

!-13), which was rinst the Ottoman

First Balkan

4)asagoodexamplefortherestoftheBalkanChristiannationspur' ' suing their own national liberation from the Ottoman yoke; their brothers 5) the Iact that if Greece and Serbia did not liberate whostilllivedinTurkey,bothGreeceandSerbiawoulddisappear
as indePendent states;

Alli-

meral Balkan war

rct of the Serbian

1867
:

,Ilija

Gara-

program of Sermake a politicalrc, Ilij a GaruSanin

os

6)bothofthesecountriescouldlosetheirindependence,whichcould great European powbe prevented by their alliance, otherwise the not mature ers could conclude that the Greeks and Serbs were enoughtoenjoytheirownindependentnationalstatesforthereaof the serbs and son that at the iime of the memo only a minority Greekslivedwithinthebordersoftheirownnationalstates;

7)thecreationofaGreek-Serbpactwoulddisruptthebeliefand
practicethatthedestinyoftheSerbsandGreeksmainlydepended onthedecisionsofthegreatEuropeanpowersintheirdiplomatic
Balkan peoples 8) the "Eastern Question" had to be.resolved by the ' themselves, not O, ,1" great European powers'
a joint cooperation, The initial aim of the Greek-Serb pact was to form justifiable political-military alliwhich would be recognized by Europe as a requirements based on ance for the purpose"of rca1,La,g.o. of their national of the ottoman EmSerbian and Greek ethno-historic rights at the expense pi,* rro*.uer, the fundamental aim of.this pact was territori{ dismemberwould be divided by the ment of the ottoman European possessrons, which prevent European support of signatories of the pact- The signatories had to of Turkey among the ottoman territorial irtegratity,-or partition of the lands regional Balkan great Europ"* po*"rJ wiihout the participation of the Ottoman Empire' Finally, both Christian states whose compatriots lived in thi Turkey to rise in a:rts Serbia and Greece had to assist their brothers from accepted the ideas from against the ottoman yoke. serbia's Prince Mihailo foreign policy was to the memo and from that time the main task of serbia's create the Balkan political-military alliance'

Prince Mihailo

1860

to

1868, in

[srest called

for

cabinets; and

rlkan pact against n's previous pro-

llbanian question
qrided detailed in-

fiiate with Athens tical alliance that obliged to invesI special attention ,nat policy, and 2) ,reign policy. The bian prince hoped te common Chrisi

alliance, firstly Balkan Christians

rtll,

#r
,1,'

the Serbs and

discuss a delicate probment as a deputy to flle Sullime Porte in Istanbul to of Serbia'3 Gara5anin lem of the position of the Muslims in the Principality
3

Inthesameyeax(1s61)Gara5aninwasappointedbytheSerbiangovern-

liplomatic Archives of mrsin "submitted to

rfi

vol. Turque, Belgrade, the report on the Archives du Ministire des Affaires Etrangdres,Paris, ,Mission de M. Garach*in",l f AOf . Repirt written by Luis Doson (1822-90), French vice.1hourenetlttta-oo), French ambassador in Istanbul from 1855 consul in Belgrade, to sou;d on 2 and 5 April 1861. No. 13 and to lg60 and minister of foieign affairs from 1g60 to lg63 14;Archivesdiplomatiques,r;.rv,paris, 1g61, l4g;DiplomaticArchivesofserbia,Archives

,ilt
1,,

't*"

6B

Vladislav B. Sotirovii

Serbli

ner political condlitions within the ottoman Empire and to establish many contacts with the foreign ambassadors in the ottoman capital. surely, the big_ gest achievements of Garasanin's diplomatic activity in tstanbul were the very sucessful negotiations between him and Marco Renieris-the Greek representative in Istanbul (1861-63) on the creation of the serbian-Greek alliance.a The Greek motive for these negotiations was the desire to reestablish the Byz_ antlqe (lost to the Turks in 1453 but always considered by the creeks lmpire as the Greek national state), while the serbian vision was the remaking of the serbian Empire of the mid-l4th century and state unification of all Serbs who had been living within the ottoman Empire. The Greek diplomatic contacts with the serbs in regard to the creation of the anti-ottoman-political-military alliance dated back to the beginning of the 19th century, i.e. ^from the time oi the existence of the Greek national secret society-pft iiikt Hetarria(..Friendly Society").5 However, the main dispute in Greek-serbian relations and negotiations have been the questions of Macedonia and Albania for the reason that both sides pretended to include major parts of these two ottoman provinces into their own united national states according to their ethnic and historical rights.6 For instance, the whole portion of geographical Macedonia (from Mt.
of Ilija Garasanin, "Ilija Garaianin to Filip Hristi6,. Istanbul, 3, 5, g, 26 April 1861, ro_ 1,2,3, and 7, concepts; Ibid, I May 186l; "Ilija Garasanin to Ali-pasha,,' concept upon Russian influence- in Serbia. Filip lkisti6 (1819-1905) was the prime minister ara ministir of foreign affairs of Serbia from 1860 to 1861 and the state councilor from t86l io 1g70. Ali-Mehmed Pasha (1815-71) was five time grand vizier and several times ottoman minister of foreign affairs from I 856 to I 87 I .
Atanasi.le Nikoli6, 'Description of the work about general agreemeNrt for uprising and unification," Diplomatic Archives of yugoslavia, Archives of liinistry of Foreign Affairs (befo1 l94l), manuscrip! Belgrade, 20 April 1876. Atanasije Nitoiie (1803-82) was a member and secretary of Serbia's Council from 1861 to 1868; Drplomatic A)chives of Serbia, *Ilija Garaianin Archives of Ilija Garasanin, to Filip rkisti6,,, Istanbul, I May lg6l, and..Ilija
a

used this diplomatic mission in Istanbul to become more familiar with the in-

Olympus to Nft garia (south ftotr were claimed by construction ofd

For the pwl "Albanian QuBd territory of Macr

influence: 1) the Serbfo Albanian nian citiex
and

2) the Crred
Kaprja"

Berat aud

Therefore,

fl

cedonia would h southern Greekthe Greek diplon

line of Serbiail
between Gremc, later becanne th6
68.

According to
1861," the Princi

Garaianin to Jovan Risti6," Belgrade, 16 March 1g67. Jovan Risti6 (ig3l-99) was a head of Serbia's ministry of foreign affairs from 1858 to 186l and Serbia's ieprese,ntative in Istanbul

from 1861 ta1867.

5

(1830-39) (cpucxa axa4err,ruja ,ay*a

ucropujcrcr.rx Hayra,
6

G. curt"ll*, History of the Balkans:.From Mohammed the conqueror to stalin(New york: East European Monographs, 1992),253-55; F. Jaruruh, J. B. Byuxorr,rh, cnomua norntmuka cpfuje sa 6nade rcuesa Muxauila. Irpeu 6anxancrcu caeez (Lrcropujr*trr.*rJo, 1963),72; crojan.reauh 8., Mwtout o6penoeuh u rbeeoao do6a (Eiorpag., 1990), 67*7r. About Serbia's struggle for national unification in the 1g30s see: Jbylrzh p.., Kueaceeuua

1) increase il 2) organiza i 3) supply wi govina" a[ tion") agp The preciso

s.".p*

tween the Batrkn

Knrra 12, Eeorp44, 19g6), 3gl_94. Archives du Ministdre des-Affaires Etrangdres,paris, vol. Grdce, .Montero to walewsky,,,4 March 1859, Athens, 78. count Alexander walewsky (lgl0--6ti) was a French minister of foreign affairs from 1855 to 1860.

t )rMer,ocrr, rroce6lra ,riu*r,

cp1uja xrurra DLXX, o.qeJber'e

fixed in the *Su

states that:

Serbia's Diplomatic

arations for The First Balkan

Al[elgq

ilmiliar with the into establish many hl. Surely, the bigmbul were the very --{he Greek reprelm-Greek alli artce. roestablish the Byzhmed by the Greeks the remaking of the on of all Serbs who iliplomatic contacts m political-military .e. from the time of I.{etairia ("Friendly lffions and negotiafor the reason that Ottoman provinces thnic and historical hcedonia (from Mt.
April 1861 , oo. l, 2, 3, ' concept upon Russian rrd minister of fureign I to 1870. Ali-Mehmed mn minister of foreign
i
:

Olympus to

g#u ir"r"

BulSara and from Ohrid Lake to Mt' Rhodope)' southern and all of rhrace (*ortn from the Balkan Mountain),. southern Albania

Mt.

"tui-"d construction of the Byzantine (Greek) Empire' and the For the purpose of resolving both the "Macedonian Question"
..Albanian
influence:

for reby the Greek champions of "Megali Idea" who fought

that the geo-lyaphical Question' Garaianinlroposed to Renieris and Greek spheres of territory of ilacedonia and Albania ti Oiriaed into Serb

of 1) the Serbian influence was to be established in the districts MacedoAlbanian cities of Durrs and Elbasan and the districts of Stip, Kratovg' and Kyustendil' nian cities of Ohrid, Prilep, Veles,
the

districts of 2) the Greek influence would dominate in the Albanian Bitola, Demir Berat and Korg and in the Macedonian districts of
Kapija, Radovi6, and Razlog'

and

of Albania and MaTherefore, according to this proposal, the territories Serbian and cedonia would be sharei into two .pL".", of influence--northern in the same year by southern Greek. This GaraBanin's proposal was accepted do-cuments: the "Outthe Greek diplomacy and it becami a key point of two of contract line of Serbian-Greek convention from 1861', and the "outline betweenGreece,Romania,serbia,andMontenegrofromts6li:'Bothofthem Alliance in 1866later became the basid for the crsation of the First Balkan
68.

mcnt for uprising

and

tr,, of Foreign Affairs bti6 (1803-82) was a

1{&: Archives of Serbia, , I May 1861, and "Ilija It3l-99) was a head of

to: 186L," the Principality of Serbia assumed obligations

According to Article

of the

*outline of Serbian-Greek convention from

ilresntative in Istanbul

w to Stalin (New York:

1) increase its regular (standing) army to 12,000 soldiers; Zi orgaorze in thl best way its people's (territorial) army; and fi' s,rlpty with arms and ammunition the peoples from Bosnia'Hetze' ('orevolugooirru, and Bulgaria for the purpose of arrned struggle tion") against the Ottoman Empire'
possessions beThe precise territorial division of the ottoman Balkan political outlook was tween the Balkan states and reconstruction of Balkan .,supplement to the Article III" of the same document which fixed in the
states that:

ffi, Cnonuo noilumuKa m EITCTI{TyT, EeOrpag,

rrura DLXX,
oAeJberLe

qu" 1990), 67-71. About Y- KueercenuHa Cpfiuja

tmtffo to Walewslgr," 4 E a French minister of

70

Vladislav B. Sotirovi6

Serh

1) the Kingdom of Greece will annex Thessaly, Epirus (including and the northern Epirus what is today southern Albania), Macedonia,
Thrace, and the Aegean Islands; 2) the Kingdom of Serbia will be established by unification of (a! that time) the Principality of Serbiq Bosnia, Herzegovina, Upper (present day northern) Albania, and Montenegro (only if the Montenegrin authorities accepted unification with Serbia; if not, Montenegro would be a separate and independent state); 3) the Kingdom of Bulgaria will be established and its borders fixed later; and' 4) the Principality of walachia and the principality of Moldavia will become united into a single Kingdbm of Dacia. Garasanin's proposal on the division of serbian-Greek spheres of influence in Albania and Macedonia becarne a part of the "supplement to the Arti-

The "Outlfo Balkan declar,ili

1)

making
peoplcs

linguinti 2) "the Ba[ 3) self-dffi

states;

4)
5)

indepd non-iffi

However, h
and the ethnic

cle III" of the "outline of Serbian-Greek convention from 1861" as well. However, in the same convention it was anticipated that if Bulgaria did not join the Balkan alliance and Greece did not occupy Thrace with constantinople Qstanbul), the central portion of Albania would become part of the Greek sphere of influence as territorial compensation for the loss of rhrace and Istanbul, but at the same time Serbia would annex north-western Bulgaria (from the Timok River to the Isker River) in order to keep the balance of power in the region. Finally, the convention ended with the belief that this SerbianGreek-Bulgarian-Albanian alliance ryould prevent partition of the Balkans by Russia and the Habsburg Monarchy.T Therefore, the "outline of SerbianGreek convention from 1861" became the foundation for the "outline of contract between Greece, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro from 1g61."8 The ultimate purpose of both documents was to create the Balkan politicalmilitary "allianie" on the basis of the ancient historical rights of the Balkan nations and principles ofjustice and ethnic rights for the ultimate goal to bring happiness and security to the Balkan peoples."e

cial reasons. Fh did not exist (Ii

state of Mace&

tablished. SGw
separate

Albd

an independeil not be creatsd enough" to be I

pendent state. I cedonia and Al Albania and m southern pofiitr

Serbian and

run from Durffi Macedonia's R Mt. Balkan.lo m Serbia, Grmor; nian and Maffi 191,2. On ths o nian Slavs hd
states. The AmhI

Diplomatic Archives

of serbia, Archives of

Jovan Risti6, "oufline

Convention from 1861."

8

of

Serbian-Greek

Diplomatic Archives of Serbia, Archives of Jovan Risti6, 'Outline of Conffact between

Diplomatic Archives of Serbia, Archives

Greece, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from I861.,'

9

Renieris,,, 20 November 1861, Athens. At that time Konduriotis was Greek minister of foreign affairs. About the Greek-Serbian alliance from the 1860s see: S. Th. Lascaris, 'T-a premidre Alliance entre la Grdce et laSerbie," Le Monde slave,Paris, 1926, no. 9.

of Jovan Risti6, "Konduriotis to

ro

Diplrmatic Ard March 1867, Bt 11o, the Aftd

16

(Regensburg,

l9SI

Serbia's Di lomatic Pr

arations for The First Balkan Alliance

71

mcluding and n Macedonia, ion of (at that , Upper (prethe Montenerot, Montene-

principles of: Balkan declaration of national rights drafted on the

states 1) making single and free nationally homogenous

The..outlineofSerbian-GreekConventionfrom186l,,wasakindof of Balkan

peoplesinsteadofthemulti-national,multi-religious,andmultiiiogoirti" heterogeneous and oppressive Ottoman Empire; 2) 'lieBalkans to the Balkan peoples"; 3j seH_determination of small nations who lived in multi-national
states;

borders fixed

4) independent self-administration of each nation;

tloldavia will

sj

and great European powers in Balkan affairs. non_interference of the

spheres

Ement to the

of influArti-

and principles because of two cruand the ethnic Albanians from these rights Macedonian ethno-nationality cial reasons. Firstly, for both of them a separate

However,bothSerbiaandGreeceexcludedthepeoplesfromMacedonia

1861" as well. : Bulgarta did not with Constantini part of the Greek of Thace and Is;rn Bulgaria (from trance of power in that this Serbianof the Balkans by rtline of Serbianr the "Outline of ,gro from 1861."8 ; Balkan politicalSts of the Balkan mate goal to bring

an independent did not exist (like mr sutgarian, u, *.19 and consequently could not be es"Macedonians" state of Macedonia as a naiional state of the a serbia and Greece recognized the existence of tablished. secondly, while separateAlbanianethnoJinguisticnationalrtytheycamgtg-the.conclusionthat siate of Albanians, also could an independent state of Alb'ania, as a national were not "mature not be created for the simple reason that the Albanians their own indeenough,, to be given ,"'po,'mirity for the self.government -of divide the territory of Mapendent state. Therefor., "tt besi solution" was to " Serbia and Greece: Serbia would rule northern cedonia and Albania beiw"er, AlbaniaandnorthernMacedonia,whileGreecewoulddothesamewiththe A demarcation line between southern portions of these two Balkan provinces. and Macedonia would Serbian and Greek-administered portions of Atrbania Albania,s Elbasan, between run from DurrEs on Albanian littoral, south from to the western sl0pes of Macedonia,s eritep, nitola, Razl0g, and Kyustendil

nG

of

Serbian-Greek between

allied states of Montenegro' tut . gult*.roIt has'to be stressed that the Balkan same attitude in regard to the AlbaSerbia, Greece, *a n"rg-ia adopted the of the Balkan Alliance in nian and Macedonian u:,i".rio", d*i"g the creation Albanians nor the Macedo1912. On the other hand, at that time neither the of their own national nian Slavs had any ideas urro plans for the creation in 1878'11 states. The Albanians did it for tire first time only

of Conffact

ro

iotis to Renieris,"
I

2A

foreigu affairs. About miere Alliance entre la

"Ilija Garasanin to Filip Hristi6"' Diplomatic Archives of Serbia,Archives of Ilija Garasanin, 16 March 1867, Belgrade. ll On th. Albanian case see: Peter Bartl, Albanien: Yom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwat't'

@egensburg, 1995).

72

Vladislav B. Sotirovi6

mid-August

soon after reaching an agreement with Greece about a joint action against the Ottoman Empire Serbia started to arm its military force"s and to reforrr the army. For that purpose the serbian authorities obtained several loans, but the main problem was with the transportation"of annaments and ammunition to serbia through the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy (from France) or the ottoman vassal principalities of walachia and Moldavia(from Russia).r2 In

of

passed a new law establishing the people's army of 50,000 soldiers. However, this decision was-strongly oppos-ed by both the ottoman Sublime porte and Austria as a violation of the sultan's decrees (Hatti sheriffs)from 1g29, 1g30, and 1833 regarding serbia's autonomy withinthe ottoman

1861 Serbia's people's Assembly (the national,parliament)

and representt instance, the B haved very wr colleagues in r Colleague hffi Fortress duriil[

sular Body, f him."l6 This n Turks to leaYe

the proble,m
habitants of

bmpire.r3

ft

Bombing Belgrade, the Crisis

ol lg62,and the ltalian

euestion

tion of the dsil Serbia'* -F

they agreed

deterioration of bilateral Serbian-ottoman political relations at that time is evidenced by the following case. [n May 1862, the French consul in Belgrade reported to his government that the Turks were ready to bomb the serbian capital from Bel_ grade's citadel (Kalemegdan), which was still under Turkish control according the Hatti sherffi.ra unforhrnately, the Turkish threat to bomb the lower !o (civil) districts of Belgrade was accomplished on L7 June 1g62 *n"o Turkish artillery for almost five hours continuously and heavily bombed the serbian capital from the citadel (upper Town or upp", Belgrade) regardless of the fact that at the time serbia was not at war with the ottoman Emfire. All foreign consuls in Belgrade, except for the Austrian one, placed responsibility for this incident on the personality of Belgrade,s pash^a-a commander of Belgrade's citadel (located on the confluence"of the Sava and Danube Rivers)

The ottoman authorities prepared a counter-attack on Montenegro and.serbia in the event of their proclamation of the war against Turkey. Th-e

Russian and m and French @l

fu

tt.

1) the S6f 2) the mrm 3) the 0fi stroy@ 4) the Tid

15

Archives du N

Thouve,nel,"'
16

tBHl

Publi" Rewd

John Russell,17

lt,

B. crcjaarcr
18W7N
Archives du ffi

Thouvenel," 3 May lSl},Belgrade, no. 79,14.

by Aushian consulate in Belgrade," 24 January taoz, neftrade, no. 4. count Ludolf was an officer in Austrian embassy in Istanbul. count Johan von Rechberg-Rothenl0wen (1g06_99) was an Aushian foreign minister from 1859 to 1g64. 14 Archives du Ministdre des Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, vol. Turquie, Belgrade, .oTastu
to

II (Eeorpan, lggl), 177 . 13 osteneichisches staatsarchiv, Haus-, Hof- und staatsarchiv, wien, Raports votr Konstantinopel, "Ludolf to Rechberg,'27 September rg6r, no. gr; Ibid.,..oral protest

uooujeea epettena, vol.

Archives du Ministdre paris, vol. Turquie, Belgrade, ..Tastu to !7s atra*es Etrangires, Thouvenel," 13 August 186r, Belgrad", no. 32, 13; Ibid., .,rhouverlel-to Tistu,- 2l August 1861, Paris; Ibid., '"Tastu to Thouvenel," 16 November rg6r, Belgrade, no. 54. Tastu was a French general consul in Belgrade lg6l-62. Eduard Thouvenel (Igl'g-{6) was a French ambassador in Istanbul from 1855 io 1960. see also: J. pncruh, cniaunu od,owaju
cpfuuje

12

KoHzpeca
18

1862, Belgradc; i Cowesponduw n the House of Ca version of this & Houses af Paflfor

lec. A. Hmrr
BeKa,"

XD(

Bry lW

Affaires Etrarryirlr no. 56, and lt I

(Dpanqycxe u

u Typcxa od IEflI
Cpduju sa

spwl

ioint action against s and to reform the reral loans, but the md arnmunition to i,om France) or the [from Russia).t'In rtional parliament)
soldiers. However,

For and representative of the Ottoman sultan in Serbia as Serbia's suzerain'rs has beinstance, the British consul reported to his foreign minister: "..'Pasha to join my haved very wrong and in coflsequence [I have] no altemative bt}t my Austrian colleagues in refusing to treat with him again. The conduct of Admits he was two hours in the has left a riost painful impression.

Sublime Porte and

) from 1829,
Empire.13
ion

1830,

tenegro and Serbia r. The deterioration is evidenced by the rde reported to his

Colleigue conFortreJs during the Time of Bombardment and yet as he informed...the sular Body, fasha desisted from Bombardment as soon as 'he requested require all him.,,r6 ftris inciaent was used by Prince Mihailo of Serbia to other words, he internationalized Turks to leave the territory of Serbia. In the inthe problem of the presence of both the Ottoman authorities and Muslim queshabiiants oflhe territory of the Principality of Serbia and launched the tion of the destruction oi Ottu-* military fortresses in Serbia.rT to the serbia,s .prince offrcially raised this question in several appeals of the Russian on 28 June 1862.18 The answer Russian and French "-p"roi, was positive. In their "Memorandum from 8 July 1862" diplomats
and French they agreed that

capital from Belish control accordto bomb the lower n 1862 when the
n

1) the Serbian military had to be improved; 2) thenumber of Serbia's soldiers increased;

:; tt'" ottoman military fortresses in the inner Serbia had to be destroyed; and 4) the iurkish military presence in Belgrade has to be restricted.re

eavily bombed the

elgrade) regardless Itoman Empire. All aced responsibility :-8 cofitmander Of nd Danube Rivers)
15

Belgrade' '"Tastu to Archiyes du Ministdre des Affaires Etangdres, Paris, vol. Turquie,

Thouvenel," telegmm, l8 June 1862, no.83, 14. to 16 publi" Record Office, Foreign Ofice Records, F O 78-Turkey, London, "Longworth 1862, Belgrade,telegran,16T2' Iohn Russell," 18 June 17 B. C*j*renuh ed., Ilcmopuja cpncKoz napoda. Od llpeoz yqtTa,t^a do Eepruncrcoe KoH4)eca I 80,t-7 8, vol. I @eograd, l98l), 295'
to Napoleon"'28 June Archives du Ministdre des Affaires EfiangAres,Paris, '?rince Michael no' to Tastu's report no' 88, 14; The British 'blue book" 1862,. Belgrade, appendix submitted in 1863 to Correspondence riliting to the Bornbardment of Belgrade, in June /862 British Parliament, no' 23' The printed the House of Commons and House of Lords of the Presented to both version of this document is: correspondence respecting Affairs in semia,
rg

E"
1

Belgrade, "Tasfu to

to TasttJ,"

e,

io.

August 54. Tastu was a

2l

tl8-,66) was a French

rrrbu odruouaju Cpfluje

Houses of Parliament by Command of Her

Majesty,Lotdon, 1867'

von [bid.,. "Oral protest by

tt Ludolf was an officer men (1806-99) was an

Wien, Raports

in i"tflor"iar"t paris, vol. Constantinople, "Thouvenel to de Moustier," 4 luly 1862, Paris, ,i. s6, and ta Ju[ 1g62, 354. About this problem see mors in: B. flonosrh, Ilonimura
(DpanqycxeuAycmpujeua.EamanyyepeueHanoaeonalll,Eeorpaa,|925;H.flonor,Cp6uja

60-x ro.uon C. A. Hurr.rrux (and others), "Erponeficxar AurIJIoMarn, n Cep64r B IrarraJle i,Mocrra, 1962,pp.80,92,95;Aichiues du Ministdre des XIX rera,,,Bo npor* u"*opui,'oo
19

Belgrade, "Tasfu to

u'fypi*o oa fiOt'
Cphiju ,o rp^re

npeua 1867. zoduue, EeorpaA, 1879; A'uerccuh !b'' Cmae @paur|ycxe dpyee anade Munouto u Muxajna (1558-68)' Eeorpa'u' 1957'

io

-..

-----lr',r,r.-:r

--.m Utfit$fi

74

Vladislav B. Sotirovii

Serfr

Nevertheless, the Turkish bombardment of the lower districts of Belgrade, when two-thirds of Belgrade's citizens,left the city, became justification for serbian military preparation and agitation among Balkan christians against the Ottoman government.2o

To the foreign diplomats it was obvious that Serbia was preparing for the final.struggle against Turkey even before June 1862. For instance, in the spring of 1862 the British foreign minister, Earl John Russel, informed the Austrian foreign minister, count Johan von Rechberg-Rothenldwen, that the principal aim of Serbian military reform was the dissolution of the ottoman Empire and division of its territorial possessions in the Balkans.2l These military preparations and political agi-ation became even more intensive after the bombardment when serbia continued to work on establishing the Balkan coalition against Turkey. The turning point in this action was when f'rance sided with the Balkan states and revolutionalry Balkan movements. The French policy towards the o'Eastern Qubstion" underwent significant changes in the Fall of 1861. In previous years the French had opposed any revolutionary action of the Balkan states or peoples against the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire. However, in October and November of 1861, Edouard Thouvenel, the French minister of foreign affairs in 1860, for the first time expressed French sympathies towards the idea of joint activities of Serbia, Walachia, Moldavia, Montenegro, and Greece against the Sublime. Porte.22 The real cause of such change in French Balkan policy was the decision of the French emperor Napoleon III (alsb known as Charles Louis Napoldon Bonaparte 1808-73; emperor 1SSZ-ZO; "to resolve the Italian
du Ministdre des Affaires Etrangdres, Paris,'"Thouvenel to de Moustier,'r June 20th, 1862, Paris, vol. Constantinople, 354; Ibid., "Tastu to Thouvenel," 2l June 1862, vbl Turquie, Belgrade, no. 84, 14; T. W. Riker, 'Michael of Serbia and the Turkish Occupation," The Slavonic and East European Review, vol. XII, no. 34; Osteneichisches Staatsarchiy, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchtv, Wien, "Rechberg-Rothe'n16wen to Prokesch-Osten," 22 June 1862, vol. Konstantioopel, varia; Pucuh J. (anonymous), Eou6apdoearue Eeozpada (1862. eod), Eeorpaa, 1872 n R. Perovi6's collection; The British 'blue book" Correspondence relating to the Bombardment of Belgrade, in June 1862 submitted in 1863 to the House of
Commons and House of Lords of the British Parlianrcnt,no.22.

Question in tfu Christians agail lution was to I Europe. In the t m supportd d Habsburg Mm province of Vo Italian nationrti leon III woukl French empm integration iffi Petri or Stato d CtW," and fu ence of the Pry Several Fn

policy with its tion was begfo Montenegrln tr and king 19lS October 1861 eastern Heraq fighting for n Nikola I dem
recognize:

2oArchives

1) the

eit

2) Montnr 3) the om
23 2a

Boorgeois li'n f,

xpucrrh

h,I-

25

Th. pdod.f,r

d'Italia."

Ahd

1steneichisches staatsarchiv, Haus-, Hof- ind staatsarchi% wien,'Rechberg-Rothenlowerl to Vasi6," 17 April I 862, Wien/Vienna, no. 9; Ibid., '?rokesch-Osten to Vasi6," 23 Apil 1862, Istanbul, vol. Konstantinopel XII/75; Public Record Ofice, Foreign Office Records, F O 78Turkey, London, 'Tohn Russell to Longworth," 8 April 1862, London, no. 1671. Vasi6 was Austian vice-consul in Belgrade from 1862 to 1864. Baron A. Prokesch-Osten was Ausfrian representative in Istanbul from 1855 to 1871. 22Archives du Ministdre des Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, vol. Constantinople, "Thouvenel,to Lallemand," 4 October 1861, no. 91,352; Ibid., "Thouvorel to Tastu," 13 November 1861, Paris, telegram, 13; Ibid., "Tastu to Thouvenel," 16 November 1861, Belgrade, no. 53.

21

York Cohmhirl
Press, l99ah n-

(London: Rodu Conflic, (Cmhi

1981); H.

HEd $t Untfication affu 26 Archives & N

The Origins
1861, Pera, ttl,|H

Serbia's Di lomatic

arations for The First

g@
of
the

tricts of Belgrade, re justification for Christians against

i preparing for the instance, in the wel, informed the lenlowen, that the

Question

in the

ihristiun. this part of lution was to tretp Napoteon realize his political ambitions--in in the Balkans, Napoleon Europe. In the cours" oith" anti-Ottoman revolution be ceded to the iri-rrppo.t"d the idea that Bosnia and Herzegovina would for the Austrian dominated Habsburg Monarchy as territorial compensation

East."23 Napoleon's plan was to support revolution Europe' The revoagainst the Ottom^an authorilies in Southeastern

pr*i".J"f

ln of the Ottoman rans.2l These miliintensive after the rg the Balkan coarhen France sided
lerwent significant had opposed any

t the territorial inlovember of 1861, s in 1860, for the tjoint activities of

ainst the Sublime lticy was the decias Charles Louis esolve the Italian
[o de Moustier," June L- 21 June t862, vol. ; Turkish Occupation,"
chisches Staatsarchiv, resch-Osten," 22 June Kw Eeozpada (1862.

Thus, both VenicelVenezia) which would be united with Italy'2a would be satisfied, while NapoItalian nationalists and Austrian imperialists politics. But above all, the leon III would play the leading role in European who demanded the French emperof was convinceJthat the Italian nationalists, Papal state (Patrimonium integration into Italy of the whole territory of the -iiiii, and the Vatican Stato della-Chiesa,established in754-56), including politicaf independfor City,r, and the French Caihotic rightists who fought plan' be reconciled by the realization of this ence of the Papal state would Napoleon',s new Balkan Several French diplomatic reports indicate that problem of national unificapolicy with its ultimate aim of soiving the Italian 1861' For instance' tion was beginning to be realized at the end of september MontenegrinprinceNikolalPetrovid-Njego3(1844_1921),prince1860-1910 decided.in septemberand king 1910-18) with French diplomatic support christian rebels in october 1861 to give military support to the orthodox government Herzegovina who rose in arms against the Ottoman

"Jr* fightingforseparationfromtheottomanstate.AtthesametimePrince
Nf=toU

f demanded

powers' that French authorities, along with other great

recognize: fr<im Turkey; . 1) the deiureMontenegrin independence Adriatic seashore; and ' zj uor,terr"grin occupalion of part of the :i tt " .o.r"rtion of the Montenegrin-Ottoman border'26
23 2o

Bourgeois

E .,

rook" Correspondence 1863 to the House of

lechberg-Rothenlowen Vasii," 23 April 1862,

25

xprn"rrn u history as "Il risorgimento e l'unit6 The period from 1859 to 1870 is known in Italian Italy from Napoleon to Mussolini Q{ew d,Italia.,, About Italian unification see: A. C. F(erle,

(Paris, 1924\,638' Manuel Historique de Politique Etrangdre,vol. (EeorpaA' 1910)' 126' . @., Cp1uja u Enznecxa ilpe nona aera

[I

York:Columbi"Uoir.t*ityf,.,"1SOZ),D'M'Smith'Mazzini(NewHaven:YaleUniversity unification, press, lgg4); R. Lucy, ihe Iralian Risorgimento: stdte, society and National

EceRecords,FOTSt no. 167I. Vasii was ch{sten was Austrian

tinople, "Thouvenel to : 13 November 1861,
rgrade, no. 53.

(London:Routledge,1994);R.Lttcy,CovourandGaibaldi'1860:AStudyinPolitical the UniJication of Italy Q'otdot' f StS); O. Bealei, The Risorgimertto and
Conflict(Cambridge,

1981);H.Hearder,halyin'theAgeoftheRisorgimento'1790-70(London'1983);F'Coppa (London' 1992); C' F' Delzell' ed" The The Origins of the ltalian Wi of na"pendence (New York' 1 965)' Unil"oion ofialy, 1 8 5 9-61 : Covoi', Mazzini or Garibaldi? "Lallemand to Thowenel"'2 October 26 Archives du Ministdre des Affaira Etrangdres,Paris, g1,352.;Ibid.,'?rince Nicholas to the members lg6l, pera, telegram, ror.-iorr'i*tinople, n-o.

76

Vladislav B. Sotirovi6

against the Tlr

At the same time as a part of Napoleon's plan, in which Italian volunteers led by Guisepe Garibaldi (1807-82) and Hungarian revolutionaries would participate as well, one Italian vessel tried unsuccessfully to reach Albanian littoral carrying 3,000 rifles ard 4 cannons in November 1861. Simultaneously, the Italian government prepared diversionary actions in Albania and Dalmatia against both the Ottoman and Habsburg authorities.2T The French government was at that time directly involved in the process of brming the Balkan states. In mid-September 1861, Greece received 20,000 rifles from France, while the serbian. government was promised by Paris armament from France either through the ottoman territory or via the Russian sea port of odessa.28 At the same time, the Balkan states had been receiving arms from the other European Great Powers. For example, the'serbian deputy in Bucharest, Kosta Magazinovi6-, reported to his government on 20 March 1862 that the Romanian prince Alexaridru Ioan Cuza (1820J3), Romanian prince from 1859 to 1866, would permit free passage via Romania of the Russian arms being sent to Serbia.2e Further, the Serbian government in April 1862 was negotiating with one British company for transport of arrnaments to the Serbian border.30 French major Hippolite Mondain was from 1861 to 1865 Serbia's minister of military affairs helping in the reorganization and modernization of Serbia's new people's territorial army. In the spring of 1862 the Greek government received from the French diplomats a strong confirmation that Paris would pursue a policy of neutrality in the upcoming Balkan war which was a clear sign to Athens that France supported the Balkan action
of the European Commission in Dubrovnik," without date, as, appendix to the 'R.eport by
Lallemand to Thouvsnel," 2 October 1861, Per4 no. 145; Ibid., "Lallemand to Thouvenel," 29 October 1 861, Pera, no. 1 5 1.
27

a loan to Sent On this ocaf,i Petrontjevic" i Russian alilfo

northern

AIbil At that tir

secretly negot the g3ftans r

The mediatm In the spring I volunteers in.

this detachm Epirus nearfu invasion sra baldi's vohrd get in touch r
cross the

bod

Howeven,

}{apoleon Gm

1) finmrci statcs I

2) disptil 3) Brifint
I-ondxr

fions fi

Archives du Ministdre des Affaires Etrangires. Paris, vol. Grdce, "Bour6e to Thorivenel," 26 November 1861, Athens, no. 57, 82; I Docamenti Diplomatici ltaliani, Prima serie 1861-70,

vol. I (8 ge,r:naio-31 dicembre l86l), Roma, 1952,no.50,271,363,450.N. Bour6e (l8ll-86) was French ambassador in Athens from 1859 to 1866, and ambassador in Istanbul from 1866 to
1879.
28

Archivw fu t April 1862, AL 32 B. Jonanoud

31

Archives du Ministdre des Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, vol. Grdce, "Bour6e to Thouvenel," 13 September 1861, Athe,ns, no. 4lo p. 82; Ibid. '"Tastu to Thouvenel," 5 December 1861, Belgrade, vol. Turquie, Belgade, no. 59; I Documenti Diplomatici haliani, Prima serie 186170, vol. I (8 gennaio-31 dicembre l86l), Roma, 1952,to.369.
29

sajau
33

Krerem

Ar"hivw &, t March md l0.tl

Diplomatic Archives of Serbia, Archives of Ilija Gara5anin, Belgrade, Gara5anin,s "Instuctions to the deputy to prince Cuza," concept, February 1862, Belgrade; Ibid.'Kosta Magazinovi6 to Ilija Gara5anin," concq)t, 8 March 1862, Durtlevo; Archives of Jovan Ristii,m family possession, Belgrade, "Ilij a Garaianin to Jovan Risti6 ," 28 May I 862, Belgrade. 30 Archives du Ministire des Affaires Etrangdres, Paris, vol. Turquie, Belgrade, '"Tustu to
Thouvenel," 3 May l862,Belgrade, no. 7 9, 14.

Y lhouvml

t*

Empire (Puint
Consmtinopfub ffice, Foru@n Decmber [t6[, Russell

Istmbul from l;

{l$Xr:l

Serbia's Di lomatic Pr

galkan Alli arations for The f irst

77

rlian volunteers

ionaries would neach Albanian

161. Simultane-

signed a contract with Russia for against the Turks.3l The Serbian government 29 frarch 1862 in St. Petersburg.32 a loan to serbia for military purposes on signed this contract-Milan on this occasion s".ui" .;"ri"ry in Russia, who justice-revealed to , the of. Petronijevi6, an assistamt to s",uiu,. minister

in Albania

and

t in the process
received 20,000

RussianauthoritiestheserbianplantobringBosnia'Herzegovina'and influence' northern Albania into Serbia's sphere of king from 1832 to 1862, At that time the cr."t kini, otto I (1815-67), joint Greco-Italian action in J,f, Oi*t"p"p. CariUaiai for a
secretly negotiated of an uprising of ottoman Christian subjects' the Balkans and the the committee of the Ionian Islands. The mediato, i, tn"r"-n"gotiations was

";;;;#

led by Paris ab via the Russian I been receiving Serbian deputy

Inthespringofls62,Caribaldiwaspreparingonemilitarydetachmentofhis the-Balkans' According to his plan' volunteers in Naples for the diversion in in the area of Preveza in southern this detachment woulJstart military action

rt on 20 March 13), Romanian

ania of the Rusrnment in April of armaments to
rm 1861

Epirusnearbyrfr",o"i*S"u'Theotheroptionfortheplaceofmilitary Nevertheless, Gari-

Herzegovina. invasion was either northern Albania or as possible after landing on Balkanierritory as soon baldi,s volunteers would -wt ite the Greek irregular troops would get in touch with ,t. tuto.,,"rr"grins guerilla warfare '33 cross the border into Turkey *u!it'g

to 1865

ntion and modring of 1 862 the

urg confirmation

N"p"r"""

However,Garibaldi,smilitarypreparationswerenotrealizedbecause feasons: his Balkan plan in mid-1862 for the following

cancelled

ring Balkan war

e Balkan action
, to the 'oReport by d to Thouvenel," 29
rc

of preparation of the Balkan 1) financial, diplomatic and military lack states for war against the Ottoman empire; rebels;, 2) disputes *orrfth" leaders of Herzegovinian authorities against Montenegro and 3) British suppoJof the ottoman because of their preparaLondon's protest to Belgrade and Athens tions for the action'34

to Thoriven el," 26
1r

rima serie 1861-70, r{. Bourde (181 1-86) gmbul from 1866 to

vol. Grdce, "Bour6e to Thouvenel"', 10 Archives du Ministdre des Affaires Effangdres,Paris,

h to Thouvenel,"

'5 December

13

April 1862, Athens,83. "flpnu 328. JosaHosuh, Epa cmpanux sajuoea y cp9!j" (EeorpaA' 1?-06),-1: JI' I{nujeuh' I30-l34' ."pt rr. .""" ipo':"," iDuuaicuja'vol' 4 (Eeorpa.a '1957)'
33

1861,

Prima serie 1861-

vol. Grdce, "Bour6e to Thouvenel"' 10 Archives du MinxtDre des Affaires Etangares,Paris, March and 10 APril 1862, Athens, 83' to Benedettio" 25 Januarv 1862 n Pages

]*"r"*t' ;ffi;;;. "rii#"ff7,,!,",#;;";;;*A*;';;;';"*".*f

;lgrade, Gara5anin's
es of

;Igrade; Ibid, o'Kosta

Jovan Ristit, in

i2, Belgrade.

Belgrade, "Tusfu' to

1:'::::' *::?:l *o::!*'Y^7':::::.^;,,:,7';.)* :Tiff*[fit*ilJ,# ;1; ;;;;,; 1 + n3uryr 19.61':: 1-1r,':: i :'::::?ii '"trY;;::,';;;;;';;;''-;otu-r"'tw:"-:11?l;il"X,ij::*:S"l:"ff ffi .i: Y:h;:'i:{;t'Ya:";;.i;ffi i'I,'*ia'r'noustrer(titz<'r::'-IY',n"PT:t'?:;: r*",g' arann mm 1866 to 1868' Earl rohn

ilffflriftil,'# ffi#ffi;r"* of "i affairs from 185e L- 1865 ^-,{ tlra Drime 'rJo* to 1oz< and the Prime foreign minister
ilffi:ii'(il;'r-^) *l',

7B

Vladislav B. Sotirovi6

Because of these three reasons Napoleon III was compelled to reject the plan of Sardinian-Italian king Vittorio Emanuele II (1820-1878), king of Sardinia and Italy from 1849 to 1878, that simrrltaneously with the Balkan uprising, Hungarian revolutionaries would rise against the Habsburg Monarchy and that the Italian army would invade the Austrian province of Venice.35 More precisely, according to the plan of Vittorio Emanuele [I, Italian and Hungarian revolutionaries, led by Hungarian dissident and emigrant general Istv6n Tiirr (1825-1908), who was in the service of the Italian king as his adjutant officer, would invade Turkey with 8,000 soldiers in May 1862 followed by Garibaldi's invasion of the Austrian Adriatic littoral nearby Senj or Bakar in northern Dalmatia with four divisions of the Italian volunteers. Simultanegusly, when General Tiirr was to invade Turkey either nearby Bar on the present day Montenegrin littoral or Durres on the Albanian littoral, Montenegrin troops were to attack the city of Scodra (old Montenegrin capital) in northem
Albania.36

would also i refused to p tians" dmfud By stryr minister d, of Italian dil

1)

tod
as

nfr4

2)

Hm
Orfu

su

Bothdr
against Scdil zegovina ml

The Italian king and Giuseppe Garibaldi especially cha:npioned the socalled "Adriatic plan" of joint Italian, South Slavic, Greek, and Albanian military action in the Balkans against Austria. During their conversation in Turin in May of 1866 Vittolio Emanuele II and Garibaldi developed a plan for . the participation of 30,000 Italian volunteers in a joint action with the South Slavic frontiersmen from the Austrian Military Border. After the conversation Garibaldi reestablished neglected relations with the peoples on the eastern Adriatic seashore.3T According to General Tiirr, the Montenegqin prince tiitotu I reached an agreement with Giuseppe Garibaldi for military action against Turkey3s that
Minister from 1865 to 1867. Longworth was British general consul in Belgrade from 1860 to
1873.

be the mL played a HU "GaribaldilI Marco Affi ment rEM

bian-Italirj
The

frcnGll

The Polish r leon Itr b r would hffiG

3sL. Thourerel, Pages de l'Histoire du Second Empire @aris, 1903), 342;

Diplomatici ltaliani, Prima serie 186l-70, vol.

I Docamenti (8 gennaio-3l dicembre 186l), Rom4 1952,

mentatim- I the Austnir

new

polith

no.271,363,450,468. 36"Isw6n Tiirr to prince Nikola," 3l December 1861, Turin/Torino, and'Major Adam Vrane5evi6 to prince Nikola," 24 Jnuary 1862, Kotor/Cattaro published by Dr. Milan Predlog
in Rijed, Zagreh,4 April 1931, no. 13.

3eDiplffi,
miFGmef*

37C. C*ibutdi,'?ro-memoria al generale Cialdini," 2 June 1866,-Caprer4 according to Clemobroto, "Il piano di guerra nel '66 tra Vittorio Emanuele II e Garibaldi," Il Ternpo,Rome,
3

Nfutr;rlrotufr

April 19I8.
"Report

@
Beigrade, conffipq,

38

generale

by general Tiirr" published in article: Cleombroto "Una missione segreta del Ttirr durante la guerra de 1866," Il Tempo,3 April 1918, Roma; I Docamenti

Diplonatici haliani, Prima serie 186l-70, vol. no. 9, 33, 227,271,363.

(8 gennaio-31 dicerrbre 186l), Roma, 1952,

ftil, (I830{7}r

fgdrio,

Affin

l
:l

ilil{e*

t:ili.11,

-:-

Serbia's Diplomatic Preparationq for The First Balka

pelled to reject the -1878), king of Sar-

ft the Balkan uprislabsburg Monarchy uvince of Venice.35

govemment would also include the Greek king otto L However, the serbian plan of "liberation of the Balkan chrisrefused to participate in the Italian tians" drafted in 1861-62. prime By supporting the Balkan uprising against the ottomans as serbiais main goal minister and minister of foreign affairs, Ilija Garasanin saw as the of Italian diplomacy in the Balkans: 1) to make use of Balkan rebels to complete Italian unification by annexation of Venice; and 2) as compensation to Vienna, to allow Austria to occupy Bosnia and Herzegtvina (settled primarily by the ethno-linguistic serbs ,of

uele f[, Italian and

d emigrant general
ilian kirrg as his adIlilay L862 followed @y Senj or Bakar
lunteers. Simultaneuby Bar on the pre-

'

'

Orthodox, Catholic, and Muslim faith)'

ittoral, Montenegrin capital) in northern

nhampioned the so-

lmh

and Albanian hsir conversation in

ilH/eloped a plan for frion with the South h the conversation

Both of these two points (especially the second) were in his view directed Bosnia and Heragainst Serbian national interest, i.e. to prevent unification of igouiruwith serbia. Finally, he predicted that the Balkan christians would -the plan was realized. Russian diplomacy also be the main losers in case with played a great role in the Serbian decision not to establish relations ;C*itutai Hungarians, and Poles."3e Thus, the mission of Garibaldi's deputy, governMarco Antonio Canini, failed in Belgrade for the reason that Serbian the Serment refused to negotiate with the Italian representative rbgarding bian-Italian joint cooperation in the Balkan uprising'4o
The French-Balkan Policy in the Years of 1863-64

ples on the eastern

l-{ikola

reached

arL

qmnst Turkey3s that

I Belgrade

from 1860 to

NapoThe Polish uprising against the Russian authorities in 1863 influenced borders which plan for redrawing European national leon III to create u for Balkan affairs in the case of its implewould have great "onr"io.rr"es mentation. More preciseiy, in March of 1863, the French emperor informed

ri,

mE), 342;

Documenti

tbrc 1861), Roma,1952,

idea of a the Austrian ambassador in P.it, Count Metternich, regarding his new political maP of EuroPe:

ho, and "Major Adam ,il Uv Dr. Milan Predlog

5 C,4rerq according to iho&di," Il Tempo, Rome,

t9

n missione segreta del lt, Roma; I Documenti

frre
1861), Roma, 1952,

Petronijevid to Diplomatic Archiyes of Serbia,Archives of Ilija Gara.Sanin, Belgrade, "Milan Ilija Garalanin,' April 1 862, Belgrade. 'Vasi6 to Rechberg40 Osterreichisches Staatsarchiv, Hous-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Wien, Jovan Ristit, it family possession, Rothenl0wen,,, 4 August 1862, .,,o. 44; )rchives of ..nija GaraSanin to Jovan Risti6," 27 Jlulry 1862, Belgrade; Diplomatic Archives of Belgrade, August, Paris, S"iir, nntiues of Ilija Gara5anin, 'Miloje Le5janin to Ilija Gara5anin," 29Miloje LeSjanin 1862. 29 August cotrcept; Ibid.,,,Marco Antonio cannini to Ilija Garasanin," t:O-i1 o,* at that time the head of Serbia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs'
1t

!i
I

il
,ll,
,il$

BO

Vladislav B. Sotirovi6

Silesia and Serbia; 5) France would mnex the,region of the Mine; 6) Prussia would, as territorial compensation, annex the Kingdom of Saxony and the Kingdom of Hanover; and finally 7) the European possessions ofthe ottoman Empire would be divided between the Balkan states.

1) the historical Kingdom of poland would be reestablished within the borders which Poland had before its First partition in1772; 2) the reestablished united Kingdom of porand (including and Grand Duchy of Lithuania)would be govemed by one Habsburg archduke; 3) Italy would gain the province of Venice from Austria; 4) Austria would be territorially compensated by annexation of

1) Seililr

Sfft&
2) Sefi*r
temiffi

3) Sertfrr wiftm

However, Franz Joseph I (1830-1916), the emperor of Austria and the king of Hungary from 1848 to 1916, rejected this plan b""uuse the British diplomats saw in this plan Napoleon's intention to reestablish French supremacy in Europe.al At the same time, the serbian govemment became acquainted with Napoleon's new plan to cede serbia to Austria in July 1g63 through Italian deputy in parliament, vegezzi-Ruscal.az As a consequence of these events serbia lost all confidence in France's Balkan policy. As a kind of political answer Belgrade intensified its own propaganda among the south Slavs and developed a network of agencies ror ihe preparation of an anti-ottoman revolution, especially in Bo-snia and Herzegovina. The fundamental tqsk for intensification of the serbian national *ork- in th" ottoman province of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the so-called pashalik of Bosnia that also included the territory of Rashka/sanjak) at the time of the polish uprising of 1863-64 was Garasanin's intention to impede the realization of Napoleon's idea of ceding this Turkish province to Austria as compensation for Austrian evacuation of venezia Giulia-an idea that was contrary to serbian national interests. For this reason, Serbian national propaganda and other activities in the Pashalik of Bosnia were developed to suih ixLnt that in February 1864 the governor of this province, osman-pasha, warned the Sublime Porte in Istanbul that Belgrade had already completed preparing the Bosnian Serbs for the uprising:

By thery Balkan rcmf forces alq Bosnia. As r Porte instiffi cording to k wards the Ail dal lords (!q
Tatars and

fr

protective m 150,000 Thilr Crimean W'n lim settlers, c as frontismu

less, the

Trd

thwarted omtl Conclusian

A potitical ro

negotiatim{ the Ottomr.

for its fimntr m tiator of ills r tiations to m

provincEs

ofl

#opumt
o'*, ,.
Russimcmdi
seton-watson, "Les relations de I'Autriche-Hongrie et de la Serbie enfre lg6g. et

Russim

Entrangdre, vol. III @aris, 1924),369.

1874," Le Monde slave,no. 2 @aris, 1926),433;E. Bourgeois, Manuel Historique de

politique

(trmslarcd

#
as

lffi fia hI Bi

4 Diplo*rti, Archives of s*bia, Archives of Ilija

Ruscal," concept, 27 August 1863, Belgrade.

H. Poufron" m

Garasanin,

.llija

Garasanin to yegezn-

Arrhiiw

deLhuys,"

Serbia's Diplomatic Preparations for The First Balkan

Alliance

8l

stablished within

1) Serbia had armed them with weapons and ammunition produced in

Serbia;

tion in 1772;
tuding and Grand rbsburg archduke;

2) Serbia had established a revolutionary network within the whole

territory of the province; and 3) Serbia had concentrated its own military forces along its border with Bosnia. By the spring of 1864 the Ottoman authorities were so convinced that the Balkan revolution would soon break that they started concentrating their forces along the Serbian and Romanian borders in Bulgaria, Rumelia, and Bosnia. As a part of military preparations against Serbia and Romania the Porte instituted obligatory military service in both Bosnia and Albania. According to Russian diplomatic reports from Albania, the Ottoman pillicy towards the Albanian tribal aristocracy became softer and many Albanian feudal lords (beys\ returned to state offices.a3 A new number of the Muslim Tatars and the Cherkezs were settled in Bqlgaria along the Serbian border as a protective measure against Serbian aggression on Turkey in addition to 150,000 Tatars and Muslim Circassians living in Bulgarian territory after the Crimean War (1853-561.44 The Ottoman military plan was to have these Muslim settlers, expelled by the Russian authorities from the Caircasus area, serve as frontiersmen along the Ottoman military frontier in the Balkans. Nevertheless, the Turkish military intervention against Serbia and Romania was finally thwarted only because of French diplomatic intervention in Istanbul in 1864.45
Conclusion

tria;

Y flnnslation of
:the Kingdom of
would be divided

r of Austria

and the

l because the British

hlish French suprem-

rnment became acAnstria in July 1863 As a consequence of

policy. its own propaganda wies for the preparaia and Herzegovina. national work in the [cd Pashalik of Boshe time of the Polish de the realization of trra as compensation was contrary to SerEopaganda and other

ft

extent that in FebTmmed the Sublime ruparing the Bosnian

A political role of the Principality of Serbia during the process of diplomatic negotiations for the creation of the military-political Balkan Alliance against the Ottoman Empire during the years of 1861-64 was of crucial importance for its final rcalization between 1866 and 1868. Serbia was not only the initiator of the alliance but the most interested participant in the complex negotiations to create it with the final political aim of annexing all Serb-settled
provinces of the Ottoman Empire after the war and subsequent Turkish defeat.
a3

lr

t Historique de Politique

Serbie entre 1868. et

Diplomatic Archives of Serbia, Archives of Ilija Garasanin, Belgrade, 'A copy of report of cenfal Albania to the director of the Asiatic Departrnent of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs," Bitola (Monastir), 15 and 27 March 1864, no. 77
Russian consul in Rumelia and (translated from Russian).

r Garaianin to Yegezzi-

4s

H. Poulton, The Ballwns. Minorlties and States in Contlict S-ondon, 1994),117 . Archives du Ministire des Affaires Effangires, Paris, vol. Turquie, Belgrade, "Botrnillian to de Lhuys," 23 August 1864, Belgrade, no. 85.

82

Vladislav B. Sotirovid

However, for reasons of intemal and extemal negative impact on Balkan affairs this plan was not realized until l9l2-13, but the way was prepared through diplomatic efforts from 1861{o 1864.a6

vsotirovic@mrun i.lt

This article is written as a part of the COST Action IS0803: ,,R.emaking Eastern Borders in Europe: A Network Exploring Social, Moral and Material Relocations of Europe's Eastem Peripheries". The research on the topic and writing the text are financed by the COST Action.

a6

rc rmpact on Balkan af-

the way was prepared

vsotirovic@mru

i.lt

icmaking Eastern Borders in cntions of Europe's Eastern red by the COST Action.

Figure

GI

a0 .I

fi

e)

fr

;;0r ffi
' t' '-t'*

i r

6Ir,i3, I
.|,q

5q3 r '"*q4
t{

itrtr !8 liir

',

e6ry, #ryurfws,gqf ?ilr. ffi,W WaTWLL t{uwmw iltffirrut;funfurdeu- l"wnd*ru,

ffiryww, , "wi.

%1W*WW
i" %l
trxqw.
,ry

{
\*

N
e)

bhrtffiYry}$,4l

a0 .fr
*{t
f

f{

fu*ry1#e

.tn,rf*1 o*' ? ', -t, ,*') *-r.

4,

Vt

iffi**E#i,trl

fI

i
1

'1"",
"1...

%\**6niw '.'" 1 ,Aa*rur1

i
1,-"

4
t.

T*rb*3* rt

*nx
A u

-_ _i

i \ttV?wtLlutt* %*m.*ci
frh144**A

9il*rffi

i
z,

i 1*
i

fuwn**

'*wdqt

Figure 3

i tii ri,
t]r'

lh ,flr

Vasa Mihailovich.
pa8es.

Professor emeritus \fr study and representatfo

Figure 4

Figure 5

through his poetry, il opus ensuring him a I lasting value. He hm X family and friends so { story of his life in siq external events that sL world during the Sem He was 14 uthcn Movement, "Z},or, (-l Eagles). He states ^td Communism which I promoted at the timc, I a Slovene missionrtr civilians" in the Botd revelations and rfur They were interndful believed in God d I liked the slogan,'tod home." Mihailovich r the head of the fanfrll sacrifice the familY I individual, but thc ( individual. "They ffiEt( that. He was "irqlrCr *n{ speaket..." and
Serbian Studies: Jounwl

dl