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ANDROID TECHNOLOGY

Authors: M. Siva Subramaniyan, M. Imran Khan


III year, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Abstract--Android is a software stack for mobile devices


that includes an operating middleware and key applications. system,

2010 with the Samsung-made Nexus S and in 2011 with the Galaxy Nexus.

Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in a Java -like language that utilizes Google -developed Java libraries, but does not support programs developed in native code. The unveiling of the Android platform on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 34 hardware , software and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. When released in 2008, most of the Android platform will be made available under the Apache free-software and open -source license.

LINUX

OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this paper is to provide resourceful information on android. The paper deals with the importance of android. How and why android would become an important aspect in our day to day life? After complete analysis of this paper one can get a clear view of how android has grown and how it might influence the world by different means. Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux kernel 2.6 and Linux Kernel 3 run Dalvik dex-code (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from Java byte code. The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture. There is support for x86 from the Androidx86 project, and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android. Android's Linux kernel has further architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle. Android does not have a native X Window System by default nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android. But the support of simple C and SDL applications is possible by injection of a

INTRODUCTION
Android is a Linux-based operating system designed for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers developed by Google in conjunction with the open handset alliance. Android Inc was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin. Google acquired Android Inc, on August 17, 2005, making Android Inc, a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. The first commercially available phone to run Android with the HTC Dream, released on October 22, 2008.In early 2010 Google collaborated with HTC to launch its flagship Android device, the Nexus one. This was followed later in

small java shim and usage of the JNI like e.g. in the Jagged Alliance 2 port for Android. Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called wake locks, were rejected by mainline kernel developers, partly because kernel maintainers felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain their own code. Even though Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010.x (Android 4.0 onwards), with middleware, libraries and APIs written in C and application an application software running includes on Java-

2011,

Greg Kroah - Hartman announced the start

of the Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android drivers, patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. further integration being expected for Linux Kernel 3.4. The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as "/system" for the operating system itself and "/data" for user data and app installations. In distributions, contrast Android to desktop owners Linux are not

device

given root access to the operating system for security reasons, and sensitive partitions such as /system are read-only. However, root access on the device can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in within Android, which is used frequently by the open source community to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by malicious parties to

framework which

compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik virtual machine with just-intime compilation to that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux. Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process", because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android. Linux included the auto sleep and wake locks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the traditional suspend that android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known on the desktop). In August 2011, Linus Torvalds said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In December

install viruses and malware.

ANDROID OPEN SOURCE PROJECT

The Android Open Source Project is led by Google, and tasked with the maintenance and development of Android. According to the project "The goal of the Android Open Source Project is to create a successful real-world product that improves the mobile experience for end users. AOSP also maintains the Android Compatibility Program, defining an "Android compatible" device "as one that can run any application written by third-party developers using the Android SDK and NDK", to prevent incompatible Android implementations. The compatibility program is optional and free of

charge, with the Compatibility Test Suite also free and open-source.

Android devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers,

UPDATES
Android has a rapid release cycle, with new major versions being released every six to nine months. Updates are typically incremental in nature, gradually improving the software on a regular schedule, rather than completely overhauling the system every two to three years which is common for desktop operating systems such as Windows. Between each major release, minor interim releases are made available as often as necessary to fix security issues and other software bugs. Most Android smart phones and tablets are capable of receiving updates "over-the-air" which allows the device to download and install updates without having to be connected to a PC.

hosted on Google Play. As of June 2012, there were more than 600,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of applications downloaded from the Play Store exceeded 20 billion. The operating system itself is installed on 400 million total devices.

APPLICATIONS
Applications are usually using developed in

the Java language

the Android

Software

Development Kit, but other development tools are available, including a Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall and access the Play Store. The app filters the list of available applications to those that are compatible Applications can be acquired by end-users either through a store such as Google Play or the Amazon App store, or by downloading and installing the application's APK file from a third-party site. Google offers many free applications in the Play with the user's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons.

programmers and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks.

GOOGLE PLAY
Google Play is an online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Play Store" is preinstalled on most

Store including Google Voice, Google Goggles, Gesture Search, Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen and My Tracks. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android", which allows

users to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice.

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