GV: L Vn Long D: 0915714848 Trng THPT L Li

Chng ta bit rng t nm 2007 tr li y, B chuyn i hnh thc thi mn vt l

t t lun sang trc nghim. Vi cch thi nh vy i hi cc em c rt nhiu k nng: k
nng phn tch, d on, loi tr, v c bit l k nng gii nhanh cc bi ton. Trong k
thi tuyn sinh 2012, Thy thy a s cc em u than thi gian qu ngn (so vi kin thc
trong ) nn bi lm cha tht tt lm. Trong phm vi kin thc ca mnh, Thy xin gii
thiu vi cc em cc cch gii khc nhau ca mt s bi in hnh trong thi i hc 2012.
Sau y l mt s v d.
C th c cc cch gii nh sau:
Cch 1: Gia s cos Asin x A t v t .
* Ti t: cos A t = 5.
* Ti t + T/4:
Asin Acos Acos 50
2
v t t v t

_
+

,

10 / 1 . rad s m kg
Cch 2: Hai v tr cch nhau T/4 => Hai v tr lch pha nhau gc /2. Theo ng trn
lng gic:
A
v
A
x

=> =
x
v
= 10rad/s. M kg m
m
k
0 , 1 > (hnh th 1).
Cch 3: Ta c:
1
2 2 2
1 2
2
:
2
.
4 2 :
4
t x
T
x x A
T
T t x

+
'
+

. Mt khc
2
2 2
2
2
v
x A

_
+

,

nn
2
2
2
1
0 1
v
x m kg

_


,
(hnh th 2).
Cch 4: Ta c
1 1
2 2
: ,
: ,
4
t x v
T
t x v

'
+

. Do khong thi gian l

4
T
nn gc qut
2

. p dng
2 1
10 / 1 . v x rad s m kg t
* Nhn xt: Theo kin ca c nhn th thy cch 3 gii kh hay (v kin thc ny theo mch
t duy ca cc em). Cch 1: c v di hn v yu cu cc em nm kin thc lng gic
(chuyn t sin sang cos). Tuy nhin, ty s trng ca mnh m cc em c th chn cho mnh
cch gii ph hp.
NHNG CCH GII HAY TRONG VT
Cu 1 (m 958 ): Mt con lc l xo gm l xo nh c cng 100N/m v vt nh khi
lng m. Con lc dao ng theo phng ngang vi chu k T. Bit thi im t vt c ly
5cm, thi im
4
T
t +
vt c vn tc 50cm/s. Gi tr m bng
A. 0,5kg. B. 1,2kg. C. 0,8kg. D. 1,0kg.
x
x
1
x
2
GV: L Vn Long D: 0915714848 Trng THPT L Li
C th c cch gii sau:
Cch 1: Do M, N l hai vn sng v trn MN c 10 vn ti => c 10 khong vn => i
1
=
2mm. Mt khc:
3
10
5
3
2
2
1
2
1
> i
i
i

mm => trn MN c

2
i
MN
6 khong vn =>
c 7 vn sng.
Cch 2:
* Khi
1

: Do M, N l v tr ca 2 vn sng v trn on MN = 20mm c 10 vn ti nn

1
1
1
2( )
10 10. 20 .
D D mm
MN i mm
a a

* Khi
2 1
2
1
5 2 10
: . . . .
3 3
s
D
x k k k mm
a

. M l mt vn giao thoa, ta co th cho n M O
, vi v y s vn sng trn on OM bng s vn sng trn on MN. Do s vn sang c n tim
la
10
0 . 20 0 6 7
3
k k N (co th cho n
10
10 . 10
3
k ).
Cch 3:
* Khi
1

: C 10 vn ti, m M v N l hai vn sng

c 11 vn sng

c 10 khong vn

i
1
= 2mm.
* Khi
2

: Do
2 1 2 1
5 5
3 3
i i
(i t l vi

c 6 khong vn

c 7 vn sng.
Cch 4: Ta c
1
2 i mm
(l lun nh trn). Do i t l nn
2
10
3
i mm . Ti M l vn
sng nn s vn sng trong khong MN l
2
20
1 7
s
N
i
+
.
Cch 5: Ta c
1
2 i mm
(l lun nh trn)
1
1
2
( )
i a a
mm
D D

. M
1 2
2 2
5 10 10
( ) ( )
3 3 3
D a
mm i mm
D a


s vn sng cn tm:
2
6
MN
n
i

s
vn sng 7.
Nhn xt: Nhn chung cc cch gii u na n nh nhau. Ty s trng ca em m
chn cho mnh cch gii ph hp nht.
Cu 4 (m 958 ): Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, ngun sng pht ra nh
sng n sc c bc sng
1

. Trn mn quan st, trn on thng MN di 20 mm (MN

vung gc vi h vn giao thoa) c 10 vn ti, M v N l v tr ca hai vn sng. Thay nh
sng trn bng nh sng n sc c bc sng
1
2
5
3

th ti M l v tr ca mt vn giao
thoa, s vn sng trn on MN lc ny l
A.7. B. 5. C. 8. D. 6.
GV: L Vn Long D: 0915714848 Trng THPT L Li
C th c cc cch gii sau:
Cch 1 (phng php loi tr): Ta c R =
100 3
; Z
C
= 200.
* Nu Z
L
> Z
C
. iu kin tn ti:
AM
> /3

Z
L
> 300

p n A v B loi.
* Z
L
= Z
c

Hin tng cng hng

0
49 tan >
R
Z
C

Loi p n D

p n
ng l A.
Cch 2: Ta c:
3
AM


3
1 .
AM
AM
tg tg
tg tg

+
3(1 . )
AM AM
tg tg tg tg +
3 1 .
L C L C L L
Z Z Z Z Z Z
R R R R

_ _
+

, ,
( )
2
2 4
10 0 100 0
L L C L
Z Z Z Z +
1
100 .
L
Z L

Cch 3 (dng gin vct): Ta co
3 3
2 2
C R C
R Z U U AM
OUU
c ng cao
3
2
R AM
OU U U

AM
OUU
u

tan
6
L R
U U

1
.
3
L
R
Z L

* Nhn xt: Cch gii 1 c v nhanh hn cch 2, tuy nhin khng phi
bo no cng loi tr c. Cch 2 l cch gii c bn, d hi di.
Cch 3 yu cu cc em nm chc gin vct v phi nhanh trong
vic nhn xt
3
2
R C
U U .
C th c cc cch gii sau:
Cu 7 (m 958 ): t in p u = U
0
cos100t (V) vo hai u on mch AB gm hai
on mch AM v MB mc ni tip. on mch AM gm in tr thun 100 3 mc ni
tip vi cun cm thun c t cm L. on mch MB ch c t in c in dung
4
10
2
F

.
Bit in p gia hai u on mch AM lch pha
3

so vi in p gia hai u on mch

AB. Gi tr ca L bng
A.
3
H

. B.
2
H

. C.
1
H

. D.
2
H

.
Cu 11 (m 958 ): Hai dao ng cng phng ln lt c phng trnh x
1
=
1
cos( )
6
A t

+
(cm) v x
2
=
6cos( )
2
t


(cm). Dao ng tng hp ca hai dao ng ny c
phng trnh
cos( ) x A t +
(cm). Thay i A
1
cho n khi bin A t gi tr cc tiu
th
A. .
6
rad

B.
. rad
C. .
3
rad

D.
0 . rad
GV: L Vn Long D: 0915714848 Trng THPT L Li
Cch 1 (dng cng thc): Ta c
1 1
cos( )
6
x A t cm

+
;
2
6cos( )
2
x t cm

. Bin dao ng tng hp

( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 1
2
2 os 6 36 3 27 27
3
A A A A A c A A A

_
+ + + +

,

min 1
3 A A A
. Khi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
3sin / 6 6sin / 2
sin sin
tan 3 .
os os 3 os / 6 6 os / 2 3
A A
Ac A c c c




+
+

+ +
Cch 2 (dng nh l sin): p dng nh l sin cho OA
1
A:
1 2 1
6
os
sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin( ) sin( )
2 6 3 6 3
A A A A A
c

+ +
3 3
sin( )
6
A

+
min
: sin( ) 1
6 3
A A

+ . Do

di trc nn
3

.
* Nhn xt: Cch 2 gii nhanh hn nhng yu cu ca c em nm c nh l sin v v c
gin vct.
C th c cc cch gii sau:
Cch 1: V tr vn c mu ging vn trung tm ti c s trngca 2 vn sng:

1 2 1 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 12 1 12 12 12 12
4 5 20 5 5 5
Min
D D D D
x x k k k k k k k x k x
a a a a



Trong khong 2 vn cng mu vn trung tm:
1 1
1 12min
1 1
2 1 2 2
2 12min
0 5.
0 5 1, 2, 3, 4
0 4 1, 2, 3
0 5.
D D
k x
k k
a a
D D k k
k x
a a

< <

< <

' ' '
< <

< <

C 4 vn sng
1

; 3 vn sng
2

1
A
r
2
A
r
A
r
/ 6

OO
U
0
Cu 18 (m 958 ): Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, ngun sng pht ng
thi hai nh sng n sc
1
,
2
c bc sng ln lt l 0,48 m v 0,60 m. Trn mn
quan st, trong khong gia hai vn sng gn nhau nht v cng mu vi vn sng vi vn
sng trung tm c
A. 4 vn sng
1
v 3 vn sng
2
. B. 5 vn sng
1
v 4vn sng
2
.
C. 4 vn sng
1
v 5vn sng
2
. D. 3 vn sng
1
v 4vn sng
2
.
GV: L Vn Long D: 0915714848 Trng THPT L Li
Cch 2: Mun ti v tr no c mu cng vi mu ca vn trung tm th ti phi l
v tr trng nhau ca 2 vn sng ca 2 bc x. Do
1 2
1 1 2 2
2 1
5
4
k
k k
k

. Do
gia vn trung tm v v tr trng nhau o khng con vn sng no trng nhau na nn
trong khong c 4 vn sng ca
1
v 3 vn sng
2
.
* Nhn xt : Cch 2 l cch gii hay (nhanh, t tnh ton, n gin).
Gi cch gii
Nhn xt: Cng sut nh my P v in tr ng dy R khng i.
Gi P
0
l cng sut tin th ca mt h dn. Ta c
2
0
2
2
0 1
2
2
0 2 0
2
2
2 0 3
0
2
120
:120
2 :144 144
4
4 :
16
P
P R P
U
U P RI P
P
U P RI P P R P
U
U nP RI P
P
nP R P
U

+

+ +
' '

+

2
0
2
2
0
2
3
24
4
150.
15
( 120)
16
RP
P
U
n
RP
n P
U

'

C cch gii khc nhng thy thy cch ny ngn nn thy ch chn cch ny.
C th c cc cch gii sau:
Cch 1
* Sau thi gian
1
400 4
u
t s t

. Trn ng trn
ln ng
u
M
.
* Gi tr i = 0 , ang gim, trn ng trn nh ng vi
i
M
.
Cu 24 (m 958 ): in nng t mt trm pht in c a n mt khu ti nh c
bng ng dy truyn ti mt pha. Cho bit, nu in p ti u truyn i tng t U ln 2U
th s h dn c trm cung cp in nng tng t 120 ln 144. Cho rng chi tnh n
hao ph trn ng dy, cng sut tiu th in ca cc h dn u nh nhau, cng sut ca
trm pht khng i v h s cng sut trong cc trng hp u bng nhau. Nu in p
truyn i l 4U th trm pht huy ny cung cp in nng cho
A. 168 h dn. B. 150 h dn. C. 504 h dn. D. 192 h dn.
Cu 29 (m 958 ): t in p u = 400cos100t (u tnh bng V, t tnh bng s) vo hai u
on mch AB gm in tr thun 50 mc ni tip vi on mch X. Cng dng
in hiu dng qua on mch l 2 A. Bit thi im t, in p tc thi gia hai u AB
c gi tr 400 V; thi im
1
400
t + (s), cng dng in tc thi qua on mch bng
khng v ang gim. Cng sut tiu th in ca on mch X l
A. 400 W. B. 200 W. C. 160 W. D. 100 W.
U
0
GV: L Vn Long D: 0915714848 Trng THPT L Li
* Nhn vo ng trn i sm pha hn u l
4

nn
100 2 os(100 )
4
2 2 os(100 )
4
R
X
u c t
i i c t

'

.
Do
0
316, 2cos(100 18, 43 )
X AB R
u u u t . Vy cng sut tiu th mch X:
0 0
316, 2
2.( ). os( 18, 43 45 ) 200
2
X
P c W
.
Cch 2: Ta c
: 400
: . 220 2
8 8 4
t u V
T T
t u V

'
+

.
Mun i = 0 th i phi nhanh pha hn u mt gc
4

. Do o h s cng sut cu a ma ch
2
os =
2
c . Vy cng sut tiu th trn mch X l
2
os 200
X R
P P P UIc RI W
.
* Nhn xt : Cch 2 l cch gii hay (nhanh, t tnh ton, n gin).
C th c cc cch gii sau:
Cch 1: Bin dao ng tng hp
M N
A A A
r r r
. Do A
M
=
6cm, A
N
= 8cm, A = 10cm nn tam gic c 3 cnh A
M
, A
N
,
A l tam gic vung.
* Khi
1 2
M tM 1 2
W W
4 4
2 2
M N
A A
x x


.
* Ty s ng nng
2
2
1
1 2 2 2
M 1
2 2 2 2
N 2
2
2
2
W 9
2
= .
W 16
2
M M
N N
A
A
v A x
v A x
A
A
_

,
Ca ch 2: Khoa ng ca ch gi a hai ch t im M, N:
U
00
U
0
O
Cu 3 1 (m 958 ): Hai cht im M v N c cng khi lng, dao ng iu ha cng tn
s dc theo hai ng thng song song k nhau v song song vi trc ta Ox. V tr cn
bng ca M v ca N u trn mt ng thng qua gc ta v vung gc vi Ox. Bin
ca M l 6 cm, ca N l 8 cm. Trong qu trnh dao ng, khong cch ln nht gia M v
N theo phng Ox l 10 cm. Mc th nng ti v tr cn bng. thi im m M c ng
nng bng th nng, t s ng nng ca M v ng nng ca N l
A.
4
3
. B.
3
4
. C.
9
16
. D.
16
9
.
O
M
x
N
x
M
A
N
A
GV: L Vn Long D: 0915714848 Trng THPT L Li
6 cos( ) 8cos( ) 6cos( ) 8cos( ) cos( )
M N M N M N
d x x t t t t A t + + + + + + +
;
M N
x x
vung pha, do o
2 2
1
N M
M N
x x
A A
_ _
+

, ,
. M t kha c:
2
M
M tM M
A
W W x t
, do o
2
1
2
N
N
x
A
_

2
N
N
A
x t
. Khi o
2
2
1
1 2 2 2
M 1
2 2 2 2
N 2
2
2
2
W 9
2
= .
W 16
2
M M
N N
A
A
v A x
v A x
A
A
_

,
* Nhn xet: Ca ch gia i 1 ng n va d hi u hn.
Gi y cach giai
lch pha cua 2 song
2 2
3
d

, do hai to a i xng
nhau nn
3
3 2 3
2
A
A cm .
* Nhn xet: Ca ch gia i na y nhanh, phu h p cho gia i tr c nghi m,
(co n cach gia i b ng ca ch vi t phng tri nh so ng ta i M va N r i
d a va o ba i gia i ra bin , ca c em th tim hi u xem).
Trn y la nhng ba i in hi nh trong va th y cu ng chi tri nh bay nh ng cach gia i c
ban, co th cac em co nhi u ca ch gia i hay, ng n go n hn. Th y rt vui khi ca c em tim ra cac
ca ch gia i hay kha c. Th y hy vo ng nhng iu trn co i ch vi em. Thn ai.
Cu 35 (m 958 ): Hai im M, N cng nm trn mt hng truyn sng v cch nhau mt
phn ba bc sng. Bin sng khng i trong qu trnh truyn. Ti mt thi im, khi li
dao ng ca phn t ti M l 3cm th li dao ng ca phn t ti N l -3cm. Bin
sng bng
A. 6cm. B. 3cm. C. 2 3 cm. D.
3 2
cm.