Fluid Mechanics

1
Dr Farid Khan
Viscosity
Resistance to flow

Resistance to shear stresses

Viscosity is due to:
1. Cohesion between atoms/molecules, and
2. Interaction between atoms/molecules

Cohesion = Attraction force b/w similar atoms/molecules
Interaction = Collision b/w atoms or molecules




2
Viscosity
Viscosity depends on the temperature of the fluid

In liquids viscosity is merely due to cohesion

In gases interaction between atoms/molecules is dominant for
viscosity




3
Viscosity
When Temperature T

Cohesion and interaction b/w molecules

For liquids, when T , viscosity

For gases, when T , viscosity




4
Viscosity
No slip condition:
Particles of fluid in contact
with the plate would stick
to the surface






Stationary plate
V
Y
V
P
Moving plate
Velocity profile
Y
AV
P
Y
AV
P =
= coefficient of viscosity or coefficient of dynamic viscosity
5
Viscosity




Stationary plate
V
Y
V
P
Moving plate
dy
v
dv
y
y
v
A
Y
AV
P
d
d
= =
y
v
Y
V
d
d
=
y
v
A
P
d
d
t = =
By similar triangles
Shearing stress
y
v
d
d
Ratio is known as velocity gradient
6
Viscosity




y
v
A
P
d
d
t = =
is known as Newtons equation of viscosity

Newtonian fluids: Those fluids which obey equation (1)

Non-Newtonian fluids: Those fluids which do not obey equation (1)


The discussion in this course would be limited to Newtonian fluids
only
...............(1)
7
Units of Viscosity in SI




y
v
A
P
d
d
t = =
m
s m
m
N /
2
=
( )
s m
kg
m
s s m kg
Also
m
s N

=

=

=
2
2
2
/

8
Units of Viscosity in CGS




y
v
A
P
d
d
t = =
2
2
1 . 0 1
10 1
m
s N
poise
poise
m
s N

=
=

( )
sec
/
1
sec
2
2
2

=

=
=

=
cm
g
cm
s s cm g
poise
cm
dyne

cm
cm
cm
dyne sec /
2
=
9
Kinematic Viscosity

v =
=
density mass
viscosity dynamic
viscosity kinematic
Units

SI = m
2
/sec
CGS = cm
2
/sec = stoke
10
Surface Tension




Liquids have properties of cohesion and adhesion

Cohesion = C = Attraction b/w the molecules of same substance

Adhesion = A = Attraction b/w the molecules of different substances
A C
11
Surface Tension




Cohesion causes a liquid to resist small amount of tensile stresses

Adhesion causes liquid to stick (adhere) to another body (surface)

Surface tension is due to cohesion between particles at the free
surface

12
Compressibility




All fluids are compressible

Compressibility of gases is far more than that of liquids

Compressibility of liquids is so small that it can be ignored

Generally we assume that liquids are incompressible
13
Hydrostatics
Fluid is at rest
No relative motion b/w the layers of fluid
Velocity gradient is zero
No shear stress in the fluid
Force exerted by the fluid
on the surface is always
normal to the surface


14
F
Hydrostatic
Pressure: Force acting on a unit area





Units: N/m
2
15
F
dA
dF
dp =
A
F
P =
Pressure measurement
P
atm
@ mean sea level = 101.3 kN/m
2
= 1.013 bar
= 760 mm of Hg
= 10.3 m of H
2
O