Hng dn s dng MatLab trong mn Gii tch

Matlab l mt h tnh ton ln v mnh, c dng ph bin trong ging

dy, nghin cu v lm vic thc t. Tuy nhin phn mm ny c bn
quyn, tng i cng knh, c th ln ti hng gigabybes
Ti liu hng dn ch yu l phn Help ca chng trnh. Ngoi ra c th
tm c quyn sch Jeffery Cooper, A Matlab companion for multivariable
calculus, Harcourt, 2001.
Thng bo bin x, y l mt bin k hiu (symbolic)
syms x y
Nhp vo hm f, v d f(x)=x2-3x+1
f=x^2-3*x+1
Tnh gi tr ca f ti mt im , chng hn ti x=2
subs(f,x,2)
Tnh gii hn khi x dn n hng s a
limit(f,x,a)
Tnh gii hn khi x dn n hng s a bn tri hoc phi
limit(f,x,a,left)
limit(f,x,a,right)
Tnh gii hn khi x dn n +v cng hoc v cng
limit(f,x,Inf)
limit(f,x,-Inf)
Tnh o hm
Tnh o hm ca hm f theo bin x
diff(f,x)

Khai trin Taylor hm f ti im c th x0 ti cp c th n

taylor(f,x0,n)

V th hm mt bin
V th hm f, chng hn vi x t 1 ti 2
ezplot(f,1,2)
Tch phn ca hm mt bin
Tnh tch phn khng xc nh ca hm f theo bin x
int(f,x)
Tnh tch phn xc nh ca hm f theo bin x, vi x t 1 ti 2
int(f,x,1,2)
Nhp hm nhiu bin dng k hiu
Nhp vo mt hm nhiu bin
syms x y
f=x^2*y^3-3*x*y^2
Tnh gi tr ca hm hai bin
Tnh gi tr ca f ti mt im, chng hn ti x=2, y=3
subs(subs(f,x,2),y,3)
Tnh o hm ring
Tnh o hm ring ca f theo bin y
diff(f,y)
V th hm hai bin
V th hm f trn khong x t 1 ti 2, y t 3 ti 4
ezsurf(f,[1,2,3,4])
Tnh tch phn bi
Tnh tch phn ca f trn hnh hp ch nht x t 1 ti 2, y t 3 ti 4:
a v tch phn lp:
int(int(f,x,1,2),y,3,4)
V mt cho bi phng trnh tham s
V d v mt cu x=sin(u)cos(v), y=sin(u)sin(v), z=cos(u), u t 0 ti pi, v t
0 ti 2pi:
syms u v

ezsurf(sin(u)*cos(v),sin(u)*sin(v),cos(u),[0 pi 0 2*pi])
mu lnh tng qut l
ezsurf(x,y,z,[a b c d])
tham s th nht bin thin t a ti b, tham s th hai bin thin t c ti d.
Tnh xp x tch phn
Tnh xp x tch phn ca hm f (x) vi x t a ti b:
V y khng cn l php ton k hiu na m l php ton s (numerical),
nn cn chuyn f thnh mt dng hm khc, gi l inline.
V d tch tch phn f(x)=e^(x^2) t 0 ti 1:
Nhp hm f dng inline
f=inline('exp(x.^2)')
Ch c du chm trc ton t ^ (Matlab dng n tnh ton trn
ma trn).
Tnh xp x tnh phn ca f:
quad(f,0,1)
V trng vect 2 chiu
V d: V trng (P(x,y),Q(x,y)) vi P(x,y)=2x+3y, Q(x,y)=3x^2-y^5 trn
hnh ch nht x t -1 ti 1, y t -2 ti 2.
Nhp vo trng:
P=inline('2*x+3*y','x','y')
Q=inline('3*x^2-y^5','x','y')
Cho bin x chy t -1 ti 1, ly 10 im chia; cho bin y chy t -2 ti 2, ly
10 im chia:
x=linspace(-1,1,10)
y=linspace(-2,2,10)
To mt li cc im ng vi cc im chia trn:
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y)
Tnh gi tr ca trng ti cc im chia ny:
p=P(X,Y)
q=Q(X,Y)
V cc vect ca trng ti cc im ny:
quiver(X,Y,p,q)
%%% vector
%% cc cch to mt vecto

x = 0:0.1:1; % vecto gm tt c cc phn t t 0 n 1cch u nhau 0.1

y = linspace(1,10,20); % vecto to bi 20 phn t cch u nhau t 1 n 10
z = rand(10,1); % vecto ngu nhin gm 10 phn t
%% cho vecto A = [5 7 9 7 4 3]
A = [5 7 9 7 4 3];
B1 = A(3); % ly gi tr th 3
B2 = A(1:5); % ly gi tr t 1 n 5
B3 = A(1:end); % ly gi tr t 1 n cui cng
B4 = A(1:end-1); % ly gi tr t 1 n cui cng - 1
B5 = A(6:-2:1); % ly gi tr t gim dn 2 n v t 6 xung 1
B6 = A(1:2:6); % ly gi tr t tng dn 2 n v t 1 ln 6
B7 = sum(A); % tnh tng tt c cc phn t
%%% ma trn
A = [2 7 9 7;3 1 5 6;8 1 2 5]; % ma trn A
B1 = size(A); % kch thc ma trn
B2 = A(2,3); % ly phn t hng 2 ct 3
B3 = A'; % ma trn chuyn v ca A
B4 = A(:,[1 4]); % ly ct 1 v ct 4
B5 = A(:,1:4); % ly cc ct t 1 n 4
B6 = A([1 3],:); % ly hng 1 v 3
B7 = A(1:3,:); % ly cc hng t 1 n 3
B8 = A([2 3],[3 1]); % ly hng 2 v 3; ct 3,1
B9 = A(:); % vit li cc phn t thnh 1 ct
H10 = [A;A(end,:)];% ma trn to bi A v hng cui ca A
B11 = [A;A(1:2,:)]; % ma trn to bi A v ma trn congm hng 1, 2
B12 = sum(A); % ma trn to bi tng tt c cc phn t trong cc ct ca A
B13 = sum(A,2); % ma trn to bi tng tt c cc phn t trong cc hng ca A
B14 = reshape(A,2,6); % vit li ma trn thnh 2 hng 6 ct
B15 = [A;2 5 7 9]; % ma trn to bi A v ma trn [2 5 7 9]
B16 = inv(B16); % ma trn nghch o ca A
B17 = det(B16); % nh thc ca A
B18 = rank(B16); % hng ca ma trn A
%%% a thc
A = [1 3 5 6]; % cho a thc A bc 3
n1 = roots(A); % nghim ca phng trnh A = 0
n2 = polyval(A,2); % gi tr ca A ti 2
B = [1 5 7 5]; % cho a thc B bc 3
n3 = conv(A,B); % nhn 2 a thc
n4 = poly(A); % tm a thc c cc nghim l cc phn t ca A
n5 = poly2sym(n4); % chuyn ma trn n4 v dng a thc
n6 = poly2sym(A); % chuyn ma trn A v dng a thc
C = sym2poly(n6); % chuyn a thc n6 v dng ma trn C
pretty(n5); % hin th dng vit tay ca a thc n5
%%% cc cng c tnh ton trong toolbox symbolic

%% tnh o hm (hm diff)

% tnh o hm ca hm y = sin(a*x^3)
syms a x; % khai bo a,x l bin kiu symbolic,y l iu bt buc
y = sin(a*x^3); % cho hm y
y1 = diff(y); % o hm hm y theo x (mc nh), hoc vit diff(y,x)
pretty(y1); % vit kt qu di dng vit tay
y2 = diff(y,a); % o hm hm y theo a
pretty(y2); % vit kt qu di dng vit tay
y3 = diff(y,2); % o hm bc 2 hm y theo x (mc nh), hoc vit diff(y,x,2)
pretty(y3); % vit kt qu di dng vit tay
%% tnh tch phn (hm int)
% tnh tch phn ca hm z = x*sin(x)
sym x; % khai bo x l bin kiu symbolic
z = x*sin(x); % cho hm z
z1 = int(z); % tch phn ca z theo x (mc nh) hoc vit int(z,x)
pretty(z1); % vit kt qu di dng vit tay
z2 = int(z,0,1); % tch phn xc nh t 0 n 1% hoc vit int(f,x,0,1)
%% tnh gii hn (hm limit)
% tnh gii hn hm w = (1+x/n)^n, vi n tin ra v cng
syms n,x; % khai bo n, x l bin kiu symbolic,y l iu bt buc
w = (1+x/n)^n; % cho hm z
limit(w,n,inf); % gii hn ca w khi n tin ra v cng
% cc v d
l1 = limit(1/x); % gii hn ca 1/x vi x mc nh tin ti 0
l2 = limit(1/x,x,0,'left'); % gii hn ca 1/x vi x chy ti 0-)
l3 = limit(1/x,x,0,'right'); % gii hn ca 1/x vi x chy ti 0+)
%% gii phng trnh v h phng trnh
syms x y; % khai bo x, y l bin kiu symbolic,y l iu bt buc
x = solve('x^3+x^2+x+1'); % gii phng trnh vi bin x
x = solve('x^2*y^2+x*y+1','x'); % gii phng trnh vi bin x
y = solve('x^2*y^2+x*y+1','y'); % gii phng trnh vi bin y
[x y] = solve('x^2+y^2=0','x*y=1'); % gii h phng trnh
% cc phng trnh, h phng trnh dng khc gii tng t
%% tnh tng ca dy s
% tnh tng ca s = 1+2+3+...+n
syms n; % khai bo x, y l bin kiu symbolic
s1 = symsum(n+1); % tng symbolic theo bin n chy t 0 ti n (mc nh) hoc
s1 = symsum(n,1,n); % tng symbolic theo bin n chy t 1 ti n
% tnh tng ca s2 = 1+x+x^2+x^3+...+x^n
s2 = symsum(x^n,n,0,n); % tng symbolic theo bin n chy t 0 ti n
%% tm hm ngc
% tm hm ngc ca hm u = sin(x) v cos(xy)
syms x y; % khai bo x, y l bin kiu symbolic
finverse(sin(x)); % hm ngc vi bin mc nh x
finverse(cos(x*y),y); % hm ngc vi bin y
%% bin i Laplace (hm t, hm bin i s)

syms t x s a b; % khai bo cc bin kiu symbolic

F1 = laplace(t); % bin i Laplace vi bin mc nh t v kt qu l 1 hm ca s
F2 = laplace(exp(-a*t),x); % bin i Laplace cho hm nh l mt hm ca x thay th s
%% bin i Laplace ngc
F3 = ilaplace(1/((s+a)*(s+b))); % bin i Laplace ngc tr v hm ca t
F4 = ilaplace(1/(s*(s+a)),x); % bin i Laplace ngc tr v hm ca x
% ta cn c 2 dng sau
% laplace(f,y,x): bin i Laplace ca 1 hm bin y (thay th mc nh t),
% tr v 1 hm bin x (thay th mc nh s)
% ilpalace(f,y,x): tng t nh trn
%% bin i fourier (hm x, hm bin i w)
syms x u w; % khai bo cc bin kiu symbolic
F5 = fourier(exp(-x/2)); % bin i fourier cho kt qu l 1 hm bin w (mc nh)
F6 = fourier(exp(abs(-x)),u); % bin i fourier cho kt qu l 1 hm bin u (thay th
cho w)
%% bin i fourier ngc
F7 = ifourier(sin(x)*cos(2*x)); % bin i fourier ngc cho kt qu l 1 hm ca x (mc
nh)
F8 = ifourier(x^2-x-1,u); % bin i fourier ngc cho kt qu l 1 hm ca u
% ta cn c 2 dng sau
% fourier(f,u,v): bin i fourier ca hm f theo bin u (thay th mc nh l x),
% tr v 1 hm bin v (thay th mc nh w)
% ifourier(f,u,v): tng t nh trn
%% khai trin taylor
syms x y; % khai bo cc bin kiu symbolic
F9 = taylor(sin(x)); % khai trin taylor theo bin x
F10 = taylor(cos(x*y^2),x); % khai trin taylor theo bin x
F11 = taylor(x^4+x^2+1,4,2); % khai trin taylor 4 s hng u tin <> 0, xung quanh
im x0 = 2
F12 = taylor(x^3*y^2+x*y+1,5,y,1); % khai trin taylor 5 s hng u tin <> 0 theo bin
y, xq im x0 = 1
%% cc hm lm n gin ha biu thc
% 1 - hm collect: gom s hng, bin
syms x y; % khai bo cc bin kiu symbolic
F1 = collect((x^3+x+1)*(x*sin(x))); % gom cc s hng theo bin x (mc nh)
F2 = collect(x*y*(x+y^2+sin(x)),x); % gom cc s hng theo bin x
% 2 - hm expand: khai trin biu thc
F3 = expand((x+4)*(x^7+x^3+6)+sin(2*x));
% 3 - hm factor: phn tch biu thc thnh tha s
F4 = factor(x^8-y^8);
F5 = factor(sym('143654645350'));
% 4 - hm horner: phn tch a thc ra dng tha s
F6 = horner(6+x+2*x^2+x^4);
F7 = horner([x^2+2*x+6;9+y^2+y^3]);
% 5 - hm numden: ly t s v mu s
[n d] = numden((x+3)/(x*y+4));

% 6 - hm simplify va simple: lm ti gin ho biu thc

F8 = simplify([(x^2+3*x+1)/(x+1),sqrt(16)]);
F9 = simple([(x^2+3*x+1)/(x+1),sqrt(16)])
Xut nghim:
>>A=2
A=
2
>>T=[X= num2str(A)];
>>disp(T)
X=2
>> setdiff(A,B)
ans=
1
3
5
7
9
>> setxor(A,B)
ans=
-9
8

%cc phn t ging nhau ca A B

%cc phn t khc nhau

Ve:
set(ezplot(t),'Color','green','LineWidth',1)
V th ng thng:
t=linspace(0,10*pi);
Plot3(t,t+6,5-t);