Baigiang VKT

Tp bi ging V K thut
ng L Trm Hng - BM HH & VKT - HBK TpHCM -1-

CHNG I TIU CHUN V TRNH BY BN V

1.1 KHI NIM V TIU CHUN
Tiu chun l nhng quy nh trong mt lnh vc no m ngi hot ng trong lnh
vc phi tun theo.
Cc tiu chun thng gp:
- Tiu chun nh nc Vit Nam: TCVN
- Tiu chun vng: TCV
- Tiu chun ngnh: TCN
- Tiu chun c s: TC
- Tiu chun quc t: ISO
V d: TCVN 8-20:2002
1.2 KH GIY (TCVN 7285:2003)
1.2.1 Kh giy theo dy ISO-A
Bn v c thc hin trn kh giy nh nht, m bo s r rng v chnh xc cn
thit.
Cc kh giy trong dy ISO-A gm kh ln nht A0 c din tch 1m
2
v cc kh khc
c c bng cch chia i cnh di ca kh giy trc.

1.2.2 Kh giy ko di
Cc kh giy ko di l loi kh giy kt hp cnh ngn thuc kh nh v cnh di
thuc kh ln trong dy ISO-A.
V d: A3.1 (l kh giy kt hp cnh ngn ca kh A3 v cnh di ca kh A1)
Tp bi ging V K thut

1.3 QUY CCH TRNH BY BN V (TCVN 7285:2003)

Tp bi ging V K thut

1.3.1 L v khung bn v
Tt c cc kh giy phi c l. L tri rng 20 mm, l ny thng dng ng bn v
thnh tp. Cc l khc rng 10 mm.
Khung bn v gii hn vng v c v bng nt lin c chiu rng nt 0,7 mm.
1.3.2 Du nh tm
d dng nh v bn v khi sao chp, mi bn v phi c 4 du nh tm. Cc du ny
t hai trc i xng ca t giy xn vi dung sai i xng l 1 mm. Du nh tm v
bng nt lin c chiu rng nt 0,7 mm bt u mp ngoi ca li ta v ko di 10
mm vt qua khung bn v.
1.3.3 Li ta (h thng tham chiu li)
T giy phi c chia thnh cc min, Mi min c tham chiu bng cc ch ci
vit hoa t trn xung di (khng dng ch I v O) v cc ch s vit t tri qua phi, t
c hai cnh ca t giy. i vi t A4 ch t cnh pha trn v bn phi. Chiu cao cc
ch ci v ch s l 3,5 mm. Chiu di mi min l 50 mm bt u t trc i xng ca t
giy xn (du nh tm). Li ta v bng nt lin c chiu rng 0,35 mm.
1.3.4 Du xn
tin xn giy, phi c du xn t bn gc t giy. Cc du ny c dng hai hnh
ch nht chng ln nhau vi kch thc 10 mm x 5 mm.
1.3.5 Khung tn
V tr ca khung tn i vi kh giy t A0 n A3 c t gc phi pha di ca
vng v. Cc kh giy ny c trnh by ngang.
Kh A4, bn v c trnh by ng, khung tn t cnh ngn hn ca vng v.
Hng c bn v trng vi hng c ca khung tn.
Mu khung tn s dng cho cc bi tp ca mn hc quy nh nh sau:
Tp bi ging V K thut

Ch s ghi trong khung tn dng ch thng, theo quy nh ca TCVN v ch v ch
s trn bn v k thut. Ring ghi <TN BI TP> dng ch hoa, kh ch phi ln cc
khc.
V d cho 1 khung tn:

1.4 T L (TCVN 7286:2003)
T l l t s gia kch thc di ca mt phn t thuc vt th biu din trong bn v
gc v kch thc thc ca chnh phn t .
C 3 loi t l c s dng trn bn v k thut:
- T l nguyn hnh: 1:1
- T l thu nh:
1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:20; 1:50; 1: 100; 1:200; 1: 500; 1:1000; 1:2000; 1: 5000; 1:10000
- T l phng to:
2:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 50:1
K hiu gm ch T L v tip theo l t s, v d T L 1:2. Nu khng gy hiu
nhm c th khng ghi t T L.
Khi cn dng nhiu t l khc nhau trn mt bn v, t l chnh c ghi trong khung
tn, cc t l khc c ghi bn cnh ch dn ca phn t tng ng.
1.5 NT V (TCVN 8-20:2002)
Ty thuc vo lai v kch thc ca bn v, chiu rng d ca tt c cc nt v phi
chn theo dy s sau:
0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4; 2 (mm)
Chiu rng cc nt mnh, m, v rt m tun theo t l 1:2:4
Chiu rng nt ca bt k ng no phi nh nhau trn sut chiu di ca ng .
Cc nt ca cng mt loi phi thng nht chiu rng trn cng mt bn v.
Di y l mt s loi ng nt thng dng trn bn v. Sinh vin cn tham kho
thm ti liu cho cc loi ng nt khc.
Tp bi ging V K thut

Chiu di cc phn t trong cc nt v khng lin tc, tng ng vi chiu rng (d) ca
nt v:

Cc nt v ct nhau th tt nht ct nhau bng nt gch.
Khong cch ti thiu gia cc ng song song l 0.7 mm
Th t u tin ca ng nt:
ng bao thy, cnh thy
ng bao khut, cnh khut
Nt ct
ng trc, ng tm
ng dng.
Tp bi ging V K thut

1.6 Ch v ch s (TCVN 7284:2003)
1.6.1 Kh ch danh ngha
L chiu cao h ca ng bao ngoi ca ch ci vit hoa.
h= (0.13); 1.8; 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20 (mm)

1.6.2 Kiu ch
L loi nt trn, khng chn, c vit thng ng hoc nghing (gc nghing 75 so
vi phng dng ch. Chiu rng d ca tt c cc nt ch u bng nhau, d = 1/10 h.
u tin cho kiu ch ng
Cc kch thc:

Tp bi ging V K thut

1.6.3 Cu to ch

Kiu ch ng

Kiu ch nghing
1.6.4 Cch vit ch
Khi vit ch cn phi k ng dn. Khi vit ch hoa hay kiu ch s th k 2 dng
song song nhau v cch nhau bng kh ch. Khi vit ch thng th k 3 dng: 2 dng song
song nhau v cch nhau bng kh ch v dng th 3 cch dng di 7/10 kh ch.
Lu cc ng k ny phi tht nht (ch vit ch) trnh lm bn bn v.

Tp bi ging V K thut

1.7 Ghi kch thc (TCVN 7583-1:2006)
1.7.1 Quy nh chung
Kch thc ghi trn bn v l kch thc tht ca vt th, khng ph thuc vo t l ca
cc hnh biu din.
Thng tin v kch thc phi y v ghi trc tip trn bn v.
Mi kch thc ch c ghi mt ln.
Cc kch thc nn t v tr sao cho n th hin r rng nht cc yu t c lin quan.
Cc kch thc c lin quan nn nhm li mt cch tch bit d c.
n v o:
Cc kch thc ch c ghi cng mt n v o
Khi c nhiu n v o kch thc c dng trong mt ti liu, phi ghi mt
cch r rng n v.
Dng , pht, giy lm n v o gc (V d 302010)

1.7.2 Cc yu t ca mt khu kch thc
Mi mt kch thc gi l mt khu kch thc. Mt khu kch thc gm 3 yu t:
ng dng, ng kch thc v con s kch thc.
v ng kch thc
L yu t xc nh phn t cn ghi kch thc
ng kch thc c v bng nt lin mnh.
Tp bi ging V K thut

ng kch thc phi c v trong cc trng hp sau:
Kch thc di song song vi on cn ghi kch thc.
Kch thc gc hoc kch thc ca mt cung.
Cc kch thc xut pht t tm hnh hc ca bn knh.

Khi khng ch, ng kch thc c th ko di v o chiu mi tn.
Khi mt b phn b ct la, ng kch thc phi v nh khng b ct
Nn trnh khng cho ng kch thc giao nhau vi bt k ng no khc nhng nu
khng trnh c, ng kch thc phi v lin tc.

Cc ng kch thc c th khng v y khi:
V cc ng kch thc cho ng knh v ch v cho mt phn ca yu t i
xng trong hnh chiu hoc hnh ct.
Mt na l hnh chiu v mt na l hnh ct.

ng kch thc phi kt thc bng mt du kt thc (mi tn, vch xin, chm)
thng nht trn cng bn v
Tp bi ging V K thut

Nu khng ch c th thay cc mi tn i nhau bng mt chm hay vch xin

v ng dng
ng dng c v bng nt lin mnh v vt qu ng kch thc mt khong xp
x 8 ln chiu rng nt.
ng dng nn v vung gc vi di cn ghi kch thc.
ng dng c th v nghing nhng chng phi song song vi nhau
ch c vt gc hay c cung ln, ng dng c v t giao im cc ng bao.
ng ko di ca cc ng bao phi vt qu giao im mt khong xp x 8 ln chiu
rng nt.

Tp bi ging V K thut

ng dng c th b ngt qung nu khi v lin tc s gy mp m kh hiu.

v Gi tr kch thc
Cc gi tr kch thc phi t song song vi ng kch thc, gn im gia ng
kch thc v pha trn ng kch thc mt cht.
Khng cho bt k ng no ct hoc tch i gi tr kch thc.
Cc gi tr kch thc phi c hng ghi theo hng c bn v theo hnh sau:

Nu khng ch ghi, gi tr kch thc c th t trn phn ko di ca ng kch
thc hoc ghi trn ng ch dn.

1.7.3 Ghi kch thc c bit
v ng knh
K hiu phi t trc gi tr kch thc. Khi mt ng knh c th minh ha bi
mt u mi tn th ng kch thc phi vt qua tm.
Cho php ghi kch thc tit din vt th trn xoay trn hnh chiu song song vi trc
trn xoay.
Tp bi ging V K thut

v Bn knh
C k hiu R trc gi tr bn knh. Khi ghi cc kch thc bn knh, ch c dng mt
u mi tn, u mi tn t vo giao im ca ng kch thc vi cung.
Khi tm ca bn knh vt ra ngoi phm vi v, ng kch thc phi v hoc l b ct
bt hoc l b ngt vung gc ty theo vic c cn hay khng cn thit phi xc nh tm.

v Hnh cu
c ghi kch thc theo ng knh hoc bn knh v c ch S trc gi tr kch
thc.
v Cung, dy cung v gc

v Hnh vung
C k hiu trc gi tr kch thc nu hnh vung ch c ghi kch
thc trn mt cnh.
Tp bi ging V K thut

v Cc yu t lp li v cch u nhau
Cc yu t c cng gi tr kch thc c th ghi kch thc bng cch ch r s lng
nhn x vi gi tr kch thc

v Cc chi tit i xng
Cc kch thc ca cc yu t phn b i xng ch phi ghi mt ln.

Tp bi ging V K thut

CHNG II V HNH HC

2.1 DNG HNH
2.1.1 Dng cc ng thng song song hoc vung gc vi nhau
Dng thc T hay eke v.

2.1.2 Chia on thng thnh nhiu phn bng nhau
Dng phng php t l
Qua A v ng Ax bt k
Trn Ax t n on bng nhau bng cc im
1,2..,n
Ni n vi B, t 1, 2... v song song vi nB ta
c cc im chia trn on thng
2.1.3 Chia ng trn thnh nhiu phn bng nhau
v Chia 3, 6, 12
- Chia vng trn (O, R) lm 3 phn bng nhau
Dng ng knh AB
Dng (A, R)
M, N = (A, R) (O, R)
B, M, N l cc im chia
- Chia 6
Dng (B, R)
P, Q = (B, R) (O, R)
- Chia 12 tng t.
Tp bi ging V K thut

v Chia 5
Chia gn ng vng trn (O, R) lm 5 phn bng nhau
Dng ng knh AB v CD vung gc
Dng (C, R)
P, Q = (C, R) (O, R)
M = PQ CD
N = (M, MA) CD
AN l cnh ng gic u ni tip

v Chia 7
Chia gn ng vng trn (O, R) lm 7 phn bng nhau
Dng ng knh AB
Dng (B, R)
M, N = (A, R) (O, R)
P = MN AB
MP l di cnh ca tht gic u ni tip

2.1.4 V a gic u
c sch tham kho
2.1.5 V dc v cn
v dc
dc i ca ng thng AC i vi ng thng
AB l i = tang(CAB) = tg
K hiu: hoc
V d v cch v dc

Tp bi ging V K thut

v cn
cn ca nn ct trn xoay

(D d)
k 2i
L
-
= =

vi i l dc ca ng sinh so vi trc.
K hiu: hoc
K hiu v gi tr cn c ghi trn ng ch dn hoc c ghi dc trc (nu
ch)
V d:

2.2 V NI TIP
2.2.1 V tip tuyn
2.2.2 V cung ni tip
V cung ni tip l v mt cung trn ni ng thng vi ng thng, ng
thng vi cung trn hoc cung trn vi cung trn sao cho c s chuyn tip lin tc.
Cung trn phi v ni tip vi nhng ng thng hay nhng cung trn c gi l cung
ni tip.
Cung trn hay ng thng c trn bn v gi l cc yu t bit.
Thng thng, ngi ta cho bit hay chn trc bn knh cung ni tip. v c
cung ni tip ta cn xc nh tm cung ni tip.
Nguyn tc xc nh tm cung ni tip l ta cn tm giao im ca 2 ng qu
tch tm
C 3 dng qu tch tm ph thuc vo yu t bit:
v Nu yu t bit l ng thng

Tp bi ging V K thut

Kt lun: Tm cung ni tip s nm trn ng thng song song vi ng thng
bit, v cch n mt khong bng bn knh cung ni tip.
v Nu yu t bit l cung trn

- Tip xc ngoi
Kt lun: tm cung ni tip s nm trn cung trn,
cung trn ny c tm l tm cung trn bit, v c bn
knh bng TNG hai bn knh.

- Tip xc trong
Kt lun: Tm cung ni tip s nm trn cung trn,
cung trn ny c tm l tm cung trn bit, v c bn
knh bng HIU hai bn knh.

v V d

Tp bi ging V K thut

CHNG III PHNG PHP HNH CHIU VUNG GC

3.1 CC PHP CHIU
3.1.1 Php chiu xuyn tm
- L php chiu c cc tia chiu lun ng quy ti mt im. im ng quy gi l
tm chiu.
- Hnh chiu xuyn tm ca mt ng thng khng qua tm chiu l mt ng
thng.
- Tnh cht bo ton s lin thuc: nu im thuc ng thng th hnh chiu ca
im cng phi thuc hnh chiu ca ng thng.
P
A

A

3.1.2 Php chiu song song
L php chiu xuyn tm c tm chiu S l im v tn. Nh vy php chiu song
song c cc tia chiu lun song song vi nhau v song song vi hng chiu l.
Cc tnh cht
- Php chiu song song bo ton s song song AB//CD AB//CD.

P
C
D
A
B
l
A'
C'
B'
D'

Tp bi ging V K thut

- Php chiu song song bo ton t s n ca 2 on thng song song

- Php chiu song song bo ton t s n ca 3 im thng hng

3.1.3 Php chiu vung gc
- L php chiu song song c hng chiu l vung gc vi mt phng chiu P.
P
A
A

Tp bi ging V K thut

3.2 PHNG PHP HNH CHIU VUNG GC
3.2.1 Biu din im
3.2.1.1 H thng hai mt phng hnh chiu
Ly 2 mt phng
- Mt phng P
1
thng ng
- Mt phng P
2
nm ngang
- P
1
P
2
= x
- (P
1
, P
2
): h thng 2 mt phng hnh chiu.
Biu din im A
- Chiu vung gc A ln P
1
c im A
1

2
c im A
2

- Xoay P
2
quanh x (theo chiu mi tn) cho n trng P
1

A
2
s n thuc P
1

Nhn xt
- A
1
A
x
A
2
thng hng v vung gc vi x
Tn gi
- P
1
: mt phng hnh chiu ng
- P
2
: mt phng hnh chiu bng
- x: trc hnh chiu
- A
1
: hnh chiu ng ca im A
- A
2
: hnh chiu bng ca im A
Hai mt phng P
1
v P
2
chia khng gian lm 4 phn, mi phn c gi l mt gc
t khng gian v c nh s th t nh hnh v.
3.2.1.2 H thng ba mt phng hnh chiu
B sung mt phng P
3

- P
3
^ P
1
, P
3
P
1
= z
- P
3
^ P
2
, P
3
P
2
= y
Hnh chiu cnh ca im A
3
c im A
3

- Xoay P
3
quanh z (theo chiu mi tn) cho
n trng P
1
A
3
s n thuc P
1

P2
A
A
2 x
A
1
x
A
2
P1
x
P2
Ax
II I
III IV
A
2
x Ax
A
1
x
A
3
P1
P2
x
P3
P1
P2
x
A
1
P3
y
z
y
A
3
Az
Ax
A
2
A
P3
A
2
Tp bi ging V K thut

Nhn xt
- A
1
A
z
A
3
thng hng v vung gc vi z
- A
z
A
3
= A
x
A
2

Tn gi
- P
3
: mt phng hnh chiu cnh
- A
3
: hnh chiu cnh ca im A

3.2.2 ng thng
3.2.2.1 Biu din
ng thng c xc nh bng hai im phn bit thuc ng thng.

3.2.2.2 Cc ng thng c bit
v ng thng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu

ng bng
nh ngha: // P
2

Tnh cht:
- A
1
B
1
// x (tnh cht c trng)
- A
2
B
2
=AB

x y
y
A
2
A
1
x
z
y
y
Az
Ax
A
3
Tp bi ging V K thut

ng mt
nh ngha: // P
1

Tnh cht:
- A
2
B
2
// x (tnh cht c trng)
- A
1
B
1
=AB

ng cnh
nh ngha: // P
3

Tnh cht:
- A
1
B
1
v A
2
B
2
^ x
(tnh cht c trng)
- A
3
B
3
=AB

v ng thng vung gc vi mt phng hnh chiu
ng thng chiu bng
nh ngha: ^ P
2

Tnh cht:
- A
2
B
2
v

A
1
B
1
^ x
(tnh cht c trng)
- A
1
B
1
=AB= A
2
B
2

ng thng chiu ng
nh ngha: ^ P
1

Tnh cht:
- A
1
B
1
v

A
2
B
2
^ x
(tnh cht c trng)
- A
2
B
2
=AB= A
2
B
2

Tp bi ging V K thut

ng thng chiu cnh
nh ngha: ^ P
3

Tnh cht:
- A
1
B
1
// A
2
B
2
// x
(tnh cht c trng)
- A
1
B
1
= AB = A
2
B
2

- A
3
B
3

3.2.3 Mt phng
3.2.3.1 Biu din
Mt phng c biu din bng cc yu t xc nh mt phng
- Ba im khng thng hng
- Mt im v mt ng thng khng cha im
- Hai ng thng ct nhau
- Hai ng thng song song
A
A
A
A

A
A
A
A

Tp bi ging V K thut

3.2.3.2 Cc mt phng c bit
v Mt phng vung gc vi mp hnh chiu

Mt phng chiu ng
nh ngha: ^ P
1

Tnh cht: Hnh chiu ng suy bin thnh ng thng
(c trng)

Mt phng chiu bng
nh ngha: ^ P
2

Tnh cht: Hnh chiu bng suy bin thnh ng thng
(c trng)

Mt phng chiu cnh
nh ngha: ^ P
3

Tnh cht:
- Cha t nht mt ng thng chiu cnh (c
trng)
- Hnh chiu bng suy bin thnh ng thng

v Mt phng song song vi mp hnh chiu
Mt phng bng
nh ngha: // P
2

Tnh cht:
- Hnh chiu ng suy bin thnh ng thng
song song vi x (c trng)
- Hnh chiu bng ca mt hnh phng c hnh
dng v ln bng tht
Tp bi ging V K thut

Mt phng mt
nh ngha: // P
1

Tnh cht:
- Hnh chiu bng suy bin thnh ng thng
song song vi x (c trng)
- Hnh chiu ng ca mt hnh phng c hnh
dng v ln bng tht
Mt phng cnh
nh ngha: // P
3

Tnh cht:
- Hnh chiu ng v bng suy bin thnh ng
thng vung gc vi x (c trng)
- Hnh chiu cnhca mt hnh phng c hnh
dng v ln bng tht

3.2.4 a din
3.2.4.1 Khi nim
a din l mt hnh c to thnh t cc a gic phng. Cc a gic ny tng i
mt c cnh chung
- nh ca a gic: nh a din
- Cnh ca a gic: cnh a din
- Cc a gic: mt ca a din
a din c xc nh bng nh v cnh ca a din

Tp bi ging V K thut

3.2.4.2 Biu din
a din c biu din bng cc yu t xc nh a din: nh v cnh ca a din

Xt thy khut
- ng bao ngoi: lun lun thy
- ng cho: xt
Hnh chiu th ba
Tm cc yu t xc nh a din l nh v cnh ca a din
im thuc a din
- Khi n thuc mt mt ca a din
- Xc nh im thuc a din: gn im vo mt ng thng thuc mt ca a
din
V d: Cho im M thuc a din, bit M
1
tm M
2
v M
3
.
Tp bi ging V K thut

CHNG IV HNH CHIU VUNG GC
4.1 QUY NH CHUNG
Cc hnh chiu vung gc nhn c bng php chiu thng gc v thu c cc hnh
chiu hai chiu trn mt phng v chng c b tr mt cch c h thng so vi nhau.
biu din y mt vt th c th cn ti 6 hnh chiu theo cc hng a, b, c, d, e, f, v
th t cc hng cng l trnh t u tin.

4.2 PHNG PHP BIU DIN
4.2.1 Phng php chiu gc th nht
Phng php chiu gc th nht l mt cch biu din bng php chiu vung gc trong
i tng cn biu din c t gia ngi quan st v mt phng ta trn i
tng c chiu vung gc.
V tr cc hnh chiu khc so vi
hnh chiu chnh c xc nh bng
cch quay cc mt phng chiu ca
chng quanh cc ng thng trng
(hoc song song) vi cc trc ta
n v tr nm trn mt phng ta
(b mt bn v), trn hnh chiu
ng (hnh chiu chnh, hnh chiu t
trc A) c chiu ln.
Tp bi ging V K thut

Nh vy trn bn v cn c vo hnh chiu chnh A cc hnh chiu khc c b tr
nh sau:
Hnh chiu B: hnh chiu t trn t ngay bn di.
Hnh chiu E: hnh chiu t di t ngay bn trn.
Hnh chiu C: hnh chiu t tri t ngay bn phi.
Hnh chiu D: hnh chiu t phi t ngay bn tri.
Hnh chiu F: hnh chiu t sau t bn phi hoc bn tri.

4.2.2 Phng php chiu gc th ba
Phng php chiu gc th ba l mt cch biu din bng php chiu vung gc trong
i tng cn biu din, khi nhn t pha ngi quan st, c t pha sau mt phng
ta m trn i tng c chiu vung gc. Trn mi mt phng chiu, i tng
c biu din nh l c chiu vung gc t xa v tn ln cc mt phng chiu trong
sut.
V tr cc hnh chiu khc so vi hnh chiu chnh c xc nh bng cch quay cc
mt phng chiu ca chng quanh cc ng thng trng (hoc song song) vi cc trc ta
Tp bi ging V K thut

n v tr nm trn mt phng ta (b mt bn v), trn hnh chiu ng (hnh
chiu chnh, hnh chiu t trc A) c chiu ln.

Nh vy trn bn v cn c vo hnh chiu chnh A cc hnh chiu khc c b tr nh
sau:

Tp bi ging V K thut

4.2.3 B tr mi tn tham chiu
Trong trng hp khng th b tr v tr ca cc hnh chiu theo ng cc quy nh
nghim ngt ca phng php gc chiu th nht hoc th ba, vic dng phng php mi
tn tham chiu cho php b tr cc hnh chiu v tr bt k.
Ngoi tr hnh chiu chnh, mi hnh chiu c th c nh danh bng mt ch ci ph
hp (vi hnh 1) . Trn hnh chiu chnh dng mt ch in thng ch r hng quan st
ca cc hnh chiu khc. Cc hnh chiu ny c nh danh bng mt ch in hoa tng
ng v c t pha trn bn tri hnh chiu .
Cc hnh chiu c nh danh ny c th t v tr bt k so vi hnh chiu chnh. Bt
k hng quan st th no, cc ch ci in hoa nh danh cho cc hnh chiu phi c vit
theo hng d nhn ca bn v.
4.2.4 Biu din bng hnh chiu vung gc qua gng
Hnh chiu vung gc qua gng l mt cch biu din bng hnh chiu thng gc,
trong vt th cn biu din c t pha bn trn mt gng phng, gng ny t
song song vi mt phng nm ngang ca vt th, mt gng hng ln trn; hnh nh ca
vt th qua gng chnh l hnh chiu vung gc qua gng.
Hnh chiu loi ny c th c ch dn bi mt ch in hoa k hiu cho hnh chiu ny
(ngha l Hnh chiu E).

4.3 CHN HNH CHIU
Hnh chiu cha nhiu thng tin nht ca i tng thng c gi l hnh chiu chnh
(hnh chiu t trc). Hnh chiu chnh thng biu din i tng v tr lm vic, hoc v
tr ang ch to hoc v tr ang lp rp. V tr cc hnh chiu khc cn c theo v tr hnh
chiu chnh v ph thuc vo phng php chiu chn (gc th nht, gc th ba, b tr
mi tn tham chiu). Trong thc t thng khng cn phi dng ti 6 hnh chiu. Khi cn
dng cc hnh chiu khc vi hnh chiu chnh th cc hnh ny phi chn sao cho:
Tp bi ging V K thut

S lng cc hnh chiu phi t nht nhng biu din y i tng m
khng gy mp m kh hiu.
Trnh s lp li khng cn thit ca cc chi tit.
Trnh c vic phi dng ng bao khut v cnh khut
Bi tp p dng:

Tp bi ging V K thut

CHNG V HNH CT V MT CT

5.1 KHI NIM
biu din cu to bn trong ca vt th ta tng tng c mt mt phng i qua phn
t bn trong cn kho st. Mt phng ny s chia vt th thnh hai phn. Ly i phn vt th
nm gia ngi quan st v mt phng tng tng. Hnh biu din thu c gi l hnh
ct.

Mt phng tng tng gi l mt phng ct
Phn vt th thuc mt phng ct gi l mt ct thuc hnh ct
Hnh biu din ch th hin cc ng bao ngoi ca vt th nm trn mt phng ct gi
l mt ct
Nh vy hnh ct l mt ct c bao gm c nhng ng bao pha sau mt phng
ct.

Tp bi ging V K thut

V d 1

V d 2

Tp bi ging V K thut

5.2 K HIU VT LIU TRN MT CT (TCVN 7-93)
5.2.1 K hiu
K hiu chung ca cc vt liu, khng ph thuc loi vt liu (s dng khi khng
xc nh vt liu)
Tp bi ging V K thut

Nu cn ch r vt liu c dng th s dng cc k hiu tng ng trong bng sau:

K hiu t thin nhin ch v ng bao quanh ca mt ct.
Nu trn bn v cn th hin nhng vt liu m k hiu cha c quy nh trong
tiu chun ny th cho php dng k hiu ph nhng phi ch thch.
5.3.2 Cc quy tc v k hiu vt liu trn mt ct
Cc ng gch gch ca k hiu vt liu c v bng nt mnh nghing mt gc
thch hp, tt nht l 45
o
so vi ng bao quanh chnh hoc vi trc i xng ca mt
ct.

Nu ng gch gch nghing trng vi phng ng bao mt ct th gc thch
hp l 30
o
hoc 60
o
.
Khong cch gia cc ng gch gch chn ty thuc vo ln ca min cn
gch vt liu v t l bn v nhng khng nh hn 2 ln chiu rng ca nt m v
khng nh hn 0.7mm. Thng thng khong cch ny nn l chn 23mm i vi
bn v A3.
Nu vng gch qu rng cho php ch gch vng bin.
Cho php t en cc mt ct hp c b rng nh hn 2mm.
Tp bi ging V K thut

Nhng mt ct k nhau ca cc chi tit khc nhau th phi gch khc nhau
(phng hoc khong cch) hoc so le nhau.

t khong trng khng nh hn 0.7mm gia cc mt ct hp k nhau.

5.3 QUY NH CHUNG
Cc quy tc chung b tr hnh chiu cng p dng cho hnh ct v mt ct.
Mi mt phng ct v hnh ct phi c t tn r rng bng mt cp ch vit hoa,
t bn cnh cc mi tn ch hng chiu i vi mt ct hoc hnh ct tng ng. Cc ch
ny phi t theo hng c ca bn v.

Cc mi tn v bng nt lin m. Gc nh mi tn c th bng 30
o
hoc 90
o

Hnh ct v mt ct c th t v tr khng tng ng vi hng chiu trong mt
phng ct xc nh. Cp ch ci nh tn ca hnh ct v mt ct phi dt ngay pha trn
ca hnh biu din tng ng.
V tr mt phng ct c v bng nt gch di chm m, gi l nt ct, v c v
vi mt di thch hp cho d c
Nu mt phng ct i hng, nt ct ch cn v cc ch cui ca mt phng ct, ni
m mt phng ct i hng.
V nguyn tc, gn , chi tit sit, trc, nan hoa ca bnh rng v cc chi tit tng t
khng b ct dc, ngha l khng v ng gch gch vo mt ct trong trng hp ny.
Tp bi ging V K thut

5.4 PHN LOI HNH CT
5.4.1 Theo s lng mt phng ct
5.4.1.1 Hnh ct s dng mt mt phng ct
5.4.1.2 Hnh ct s dng hai mt phng ct song song nhau (hnh ct bc)

5.4.1.3 Hnh ct s dng ba mt phng ct lin tip

Tp bi ging V K thut

5.4.1.4 Hnh ct s dng hai mt phng ct giao nhau (hnh ct xoay)
Trong trng hp ny, mt mt phng ct c xoay ti v tr song song vi mt
phng nhn hnh chiu.

5.4.2 Theo phm vi ct
5.4.2.1 Hnh ct bn phn
Cc chi tit c th v mt na l hnh chiu cn mt na l hnh ct. ng
phn chia hnh chiu v hnh ct l trc i xng.

Tp bi ging V K thut

Tp bi ging V K thut

5.4.2.2 Hnh ct cc b
Khi xt thy khng cn thit phi v hnh
ct ton b hoc bn phn th c th v hnh ct
cc b (hnh ct mt phn ca vt th). ng
phn cch phi v bng nt dic dc hoc l nt
ln sng.
Ch :
- Nu hnh biu din khng i xng th
c p dng hnh ct cc b

- Nu hnh biu din i xng nhng c nt lin m trng vi trc i xng th
khng c s dng hnh ct bn phn m ch c p dng hnh ct cc b

Bi tp p dng

Bi 1
HNH CHIU ( bi) HNH CT (bi lm)

Tp bi ging V K thut

Bi 2

Bi 3

Bi 4
Tp bi ging V K thut


Bi 5

Tp bi ging V K thut

CHNG VI CC LOI HNH BIU DIN KHC
6.1 MT CT
6.1.1 Mt ct ri
Mt ct c v ra pha ngoi hnh chiu, phi t n gn vi hnh chiu v c lin h
vi hnh chiu bng nt gch di chm mnh.

Khi c nhiu mt phng ct lin tip c th b tr theo cc cch sau:

Tp bi ging V K thut

6.1.2 Mt ct chp
Nu khng gy kh hiu, mt ct c th c xoay ngay trn hnh chiu tng ng. Khi
, ng bao ca mt ct phi v bng nt lin mnh.

6.2 HNH CHIU RING PHN (TCVN 8-30:2002)
6.2.1 Quy nh chung
Khi cn minh ha y v r rng cc b phn ca vt th cha c biu din r trn
hnh chiu ton b, c th dng hnh chiu ring phn. Hnh chiu ring phn c gii hn
bng nt dch dc (hoc nt ln sng) v c b tr theo mi tn tham chiu.
Tp bi ging V K thut

6.2.2 V tr c bit ca hnh chiu
Khi cn, cho php v hnh chiu ring phn v tr khc so vi v tr xc nh bi mi
tn ch hng chiu. Hnh chiu ring phn loi ny phi c ch r bi mi tn cong cho
bit hng xoay. C th ch r gc xoay, khi phi ghi treo trnh t: Ch ci trn hnh
chiu mi tn cong gc xoay.

Tp bi ging V K thut

Quy cch v mi tn cong:

6.2.3 Hnh chiu ring phn ca chi tit i xng
tit kim thi gian v din tch v, cc vt th i xng c th v mt na thay cho
v ton b.
ng trc c nh du ti hai u bng hai nt mnh, ngn, song song nhau v v
vung gc vi trc i xng.

6.3 HNH CHIU CC B (TCVN 8-34:2002)
Cho php dng hnh chiu cc b thay cho hnh
chiu ton b, min l hnh chiu phi r rng.
Hnh chiu cc b phi v gc chiu th ba bt k
bn v chnh s dng gc chiu no biu din.
Hnh chiu cc b c v bng nt lin m v ni vi
hnh chiu c bn bng nt gch di chm mnh.

Tp bi ging V K thut

6.4 HINH CHCH
L hnh biu din c trch ra t mt hnh
biu din c trn bn v. Hnh trch c
gii hn bng nt ln sng v thng c
phng to.

Tp bi ging V K thut

CHNG VII BIU DIN VT TH
Thng thng mt bn v k thut bao gm cc thnh phn:
- Hnh biu din v cc k hiu c lin quan
- Kch thc v cc k hiu c lin quan
- Cc yu cu v k thut (k hiu, vn bn)
- Khung bn v, khung tn (mt s loi bn v c th c thm bng k, bng thng
k).
Phn ny ch cp dn vic xc nh cc hnh biu din cn thit cho mt vt th hnh hc
v ghi kch thc xc nh ln ca vt th hnh hc.
7.1 HNH BIU DIN
Bao gm tt c cc loi hnh biu din c quy nh theo TCVN v bn v k thut:
- Hnh chiu vung gc
- Hnh chiu ring phn
- Hnh chiu cc b.
- Hnh ct v mt ct
- Hnh trch
xc nh nn s dng loi hnh biu din no, cn hiu r mc ch s dng ca cc
loi hnh biu din.
S lng hnh biu din s dng nn hn ch n mc ti thiu cn thit, nhng phi
m t y v r rng hnh dng vt th. Khi chn hnh biu din trnh vic phi dng
cc ng bao khut v cnh khut, trnh vic lp li khng cn thit cc b phn thuc vt
th.
7.2 CHN HNG CHIU CHNH
Hng chiu chnh c chn sao cho hnh biu din chnh th hin c hnh dng
tng qut ca i tng ng thi phi th hin c nhiu nht v r rng nht nu c th
c cc b phn hnh hc thuc v vt th. Hnh biu din chnh thng biu din i
tng v tr lm vic hoc v tr ang lm vic hoc v tr lp rp.
Chn c hnh biu din chnh hp l s gip gim s lng hnh biu din cn
din t i tng, bn v d c v nh vy d c thit lp chnh xc hn.
7.3 CHN LOI HNH BIU DIN V S LNG HNH BIU DIN
Ty theo vt th v phng n biu din, s lng hnh biu din c th l 1,2,3 hay
nhiu hn. Ch rng mt s k hiu (k hiu ng knh, b dy, chiu di) c s
dng khi ghi kch thc s gip lm gim s lng hnh biu din cn dng din t vt
th.
Tp bi ging V K thut

7.3.1 Vt th dng trn xoay
Ni chung ch cn mt hnh biu din chiu trn mt phng song song vi trc trn
xoay
V d:
1/ So snh gia hai hnh biu din 1a vi 1b, 2a vi 2b, hnh biu din no xc
nh mt vt th? Cho bit l vt th g?
Hnh 1a/ Hnh 1b/

Hnh 2a/ Hnh 2b/

2/ So snh hai hnh biu din di y, hnh biu din no c th din t y , r rng
mt vt th? Ti sao?.
Hnh 3a/ Hnh 3b/

7.3.2 Vt th dng tm hay thanh
Ni chung cn hai hnh biu din, trong phi c mt hnh (hnh chiu, mt ct) din
t hnh dng hay tit din tm hay thanh. Trong mt s trng hp ch cn mt hnh biu
din din t hnh dng hay tit din v k hiu kch thc b dy hay chiu di.
Tp bi ging V K thut

V d: biu din mt thanh thp hnh (loi thp gc, hay cn gi l thp L)

7.3.3 Vt th dng hnh hp
Thng thng cn ba hnh biu din theo ba hng chiu vung gc nhau (c th nhiu
hn).
V d: Hnh biu din bn y xc nh hnh dng mt vt th hay cha? Ti
sao?

Tp bi ging V K thut

7.3.4 Vt th c thng tin cn din t trn mt nghing
Thng thng khi biu din vt th, u tin s dng cc hnh biu din theo cc hng
chiu c bn. Tuy nhin trng hp vt th c thng tin cn din t theo cc hng chiu
khng vung gc nhau, cn phi p dng cc hnh biu din theo cc hng chiu ph
(hng chiu khng song song vi cc hng chiu c bn).
V d: Hy xc nh cc hng chiu cn thit biu din y , r rng cho vt th
di y:

Tp bi ging V K thut

7.4 PHN B CC HNH BIU DIN
Ni chung cc hnh biu din nn t ng v tr lin h chiu trc tip gia chng vi
nhau. y l v tr tt nht gip cho vic phn tch c bn v cng nh vic thit lp bn v
c thun tin. Cc hnh biu din din t cng mt b phn hnh hc nn c t gn
nhau.
Trong mt s trng hp v d khng th b tr hnh ng lin h hiu v chng ln vi
cc hnh biu din khc hoc nu t ng lin h chiu phi dng mt kh giy ln hn th
c th t hnh v tr bt k (nn dt gn ch k hiu hng chiu v ch nh danh).
Cng c th xoay cc hnh chiu ring phn, hnh ct hay mt ct nghing nu khng gy
kh khn cho vic c v thit lp bn v.
Nh vy c mt phn b hnh hp l phi phn tch c c mt phng n biu
din hp l trc khi v.
7.5 GHI KCH THC
Mi b phn hnh hc phi c ghi cc kch thc nh v v nh dng. Mi kch
thc ch c ghi mt ln. Trng hp kch thc xc nh mt phn t c th ghi trn
nhiu hnh biu din khc nhau th nn ghi trn hnh biu din no th hin phn t r
nht.
Cc kch thc c lin quan n cng mt b phn hnh hc nn nhm li mt cch tch
bit v ghi trn hnh biu din no th hin b phn hnh hc r nht.
Khng nn ghi kch thc cho cc ng bao hay cnh khut.
Thng thng kch thc nn ghi bn ngoi hnh biu din d ghi, d c. Trng
hp ng dng kch thc ct qua mt vng phc tp hoc trng vi nhng ng nt
biu din khc c th cn nhc ghi bn trong hnh biu din.

Baigiang VKT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Baigiang VKT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tp bi ging V K thut

ng L Trm Hng - BM HH & VKT - HBK TpHCM -1-

You might also like