Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam Trng i Hc Tn c Thng Khoa Khoa Hc ng dng NGNH CNG NGH SINH HC

CNG NGH BO QUN SAU THU HOCH

ti:

CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH C PH

GVHD: Ths. Bi Anh V

Lp: 09060301 Sinh vin: Trung Hiu Phm N Sn Giang H Ngc Hong Kim 60903030 609031.. 609031..

Nguyn Quang Nguyn 60903060

Nm hc: 2012 2013 TP HCM, 10-2012

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Mc Lc
Ni dung I. Tng quan, c im sinh hc, tnh hnh sn xut, nng sut, ng dng 1. Tng quan .......................................................................................................... 3 2. c im sinh hc .............................................................................................. 5 3. Tnh hnh sn xut ............................................................................................ 10 4. Nng sut ......................................................................................................... 12 5. ng dng ......................................................................................................... 13 II. K thut thu hoch v bo qun sau thu hoch 1. K thut thu hoch ........................................................................................... 14 2. Bo qun sau thu hoch ................................................................................... 17 III. K thut ch bin sau thu hoch 1. Phng php ch bin t ............................................................................... 18 2. Phng php ch bin kh ............................................................................... 31 3. Bo qun c ph nhn ...................................................................................... 34 IV. Tnh hnh chung v tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn Vit Nam. Nguyn nhn v hng gii quyt. 1. Tnh hnh v tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn Vit Nam ..................... 35 2. Nguyn nhn v hng gii quyt ................................................................... 36 V. Ti liu tham kho. ............................................................................................... 38 Trang

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH C PH

I. Tng quan, c im sinh hc, tnh hnh sn xut, nng sut, ng dng 1. Tng quan C ph l tn mt chi thc vt thuc h Thin tho (Rubiaceae). H ny bao gm khong 500 chi khc nhau vi trn 6.000 loi cy nhit i. Chi c ph bao gm nhiu loi cy lu nin khc nhau,tuy nhin khng phi loi no cng cha caffein trong ht, mt s loi khng ging vi nhng cy c ph ta thng thy. Ch c hai loi c ph c ngha kinh t l c ph ch (tn khoa hc: Coffea arabica), chim khong 61% cc sn phm c ph trn th gii, loi th hai l c ph vi (tn khoa hc: Coffea canephora hay Coffea robusta), chim gn 39% cc sn phm c ph. Ngoi ra cn c Coffea liberica v chari ( Vit Nam gi l c ph mt) nhng sn lng khng ng k. C khong 70 loi c ph khc nhau, nhng ch c khong 10 loi c gi tr kinh t v trng trt. Hin nay thng trng 3 loi chnh: Ging Arabica. Ging Robusta. Ging Chari. Ba ging ny c thi v xen k nhau to iu kin thun li cho vic trng trt v thu hoch. a. C ph Arabica. Tn khoa hc: Coffee Arabica Thng c gi l c ph Arabica, chim khong 61% cc sn phm c ph trn th gii. C ngun gc t cao nguyn Ethiopia. Arabica cao t 3 7 m ty iu kin t ai, kh hu, c mt thn hoc nhiu thn, l nh hnh oval hoc li mc, cnh nh mnh khnh t phn nhnh, tn nh, qu hnh bu dc i khi hnh trn, qu chn c ging mu vng c ging mu ti, ng knh 1015 mm, thng c hai nhn, him khi c ba nhn, cung qu khi chn rt mm d rng, nt khi tri ma. Thi gian nui qu 6 7 thng, c ph Arabica min bc chn
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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

r vo thng 12 1 nm sau tc mun hn 2 3 thng so vi Ty Nguyn. Khong 8001200 qu/kg, c 2,5 3 kg qu cho ra 1 kg nhn, nhn c mu xm xanh, xanh lc,xanh nht, Tu theo phng php ch bin lng caffein trong nhn khong 1 3%.

Hnh 1.1 : C ph Arabica ti Cu t, Lt. b. C ph Robusta Tn khoa hc: Coffea canephora hay Coffea robusta Thng c gi l c ph Robusta, chim gn 39% cc sn phm c ph. C ngun gc t lu vc sng Congo v min ni thp Ty Phi. Robusta cao 5 7 m, c mt hoc nhiu thn, cnh kh ln phn nhiu nhnh, tn rng, l trung bnh, mt l g gh. c bit, hoa Robusta khng bao gi ra li v tr c vo nhng nm sau, qu chn mu sm, ng knh 10 13 mm, hnh bu dc hoc trn c hai nhn i khi mt nhn, v qu cng v cung dai hn Arabica. C khong 3 kg qu cho ra 1 kg nhn, nhn hnh bu dc hi trn c mu xm xanh, xanh bc, vng m g,Tu thuc vo cch ch bin lng caffein c khong 1,5 3%.

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Hnh 1.2 : C ph Robusta ang n hoa. c. C ph Chari Tn khoa hc: Coffea chari. Vit Nam thng c gi l c ph Chari. C ngun gc x Ubangui Chari thuc Bin H gn xa mc Xahara, du nhp vo Vit Nam nm 1905, cy ln cao 6 15 m l to hnh trng hoc hnh li mc, gn l ni ln mt di, cnh ln tn rng. Qu hnh bu dc, nm to v li, ty iu kin kh hu vng t qu s chn sm hn hoc cng lc vi thi im cy ra hoa, c ph Chari c c im ra hoa ti v tr c vo v k tip nn vo v thu hoch (thng 5 n thng 7) trn ti mt t cnh c th c cng lc qu xanh, qu chn, n, hoa. y l yu t bt li cho thu hoch v gim nng sut. Hoa ca ba loi c ph trn thng n ng lot, thnh chm mu trng mut, hng thm ngo ngt. Hoa ch n trong 3 4 ngy, thi gian th phn khong 2 3 gi. Mt cy c ph trng thnh c t 30.000 40.000 hoa. 2. c im sinh hc a. iu kin ngoi cnh t ai: C ph c th trng trn nhiu loi t khc nhau, trong t ba-zan l mt trong nhng loi t l tng trng c ph, v cc c im l ha tnh tt, c tng t dy. t trng c ph phi c tng t dy t 70 cm tr ln, c thot nc tt. Cc loi t thng thy Vit Nam trn cc vng cao nh granit, sa phin thch, ph sa
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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

c, vi,... u trng c c ph. c ph vn c kh nng trng c c ni c l u, nhng ni t dc vn trng c c ph nu lm tt cng trnh chng xi mn. Nhit : Trong phm vi nhit t 50C n 320C cy c ph vn c kh nng tn ti, sinh trng v pht trin. Song phm vi nhit ph hp i vi tng ging c ph c khc nhau. C ph Arabica a ni mt v hi lnh. Phm vi thch hp t 180C - 250C, thch hp nht t 20 - 220C. Do yu cu v nhit nh vy nn c ph Arabica thng c trng min ni c cao t 600 - 2.500 m (nguyn qun c ph Arabica l Ethiopie ni c cao trn di 2.000 m). Cc nc trng c ph Arabica c phm v thm ngon nh: Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopie, Colombia thng c trng ni c cao t 800 m tr ln. C ph Robusta thch ni nng m. Phm vi nhit thch hp t 22 - 260C, song gii hn nhit thch hp nht t 24 - 260C. Nhit gim xung ti 00C lm thui chy cc t non, nu ko di lm chy c l gi c bit l vng hay xut hin sng mui. Lng ma: Lng ma cn thit i vi cy c ph Arabica thng 1.300-1.900 mm, cn i vi c ph Robusta cn t 1.300 - 2.500 mm. Lng ma c phn b tng i u trong nm v c mt ma kh hn ngn vo cui v sau v thu hoch, nhit thp th thun li cho qu trnh phn ha mm hoa ca cy c ph. i vi c ph Chari c yu cu v nhit v lng ma tng t nh c ph Robusta. Song cy c ph Chari c b r n su, v vy c th trng nhng ni c lng ma t hn. m: m ca khng kh phi trn 70% mi thun li cho sinh trng v pht trin ca cy c ph. c bit l giai on c ph n hoa cn phi c m cao, m qu thp cng vi iu kin kh hn, nhit cao dn ti cc mm, n hoa b thui, qu non b rng. nh sng: C ph Arabica l loi cy thch nh sng tn x (ngun gc mc trong rng tha ti chu Phi), nh sng trc x lm cho cy b kch thch ra hoa qu dn ti hin tng kh cnh, kh qu, vn cy suy tn nhanh. nh sng tn x c tc dng
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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

iu ha s ra hoa, ph hp vi c ch quang hp to thnh v tch ly cht hu c c li cho cy c ph, gi cho vn cy lu bn, nng sut n nh. C ph Robusta l cy thch nh sng trc x yu (nguyn qun c ph Robusta mc ri rc ven ba rng chu Phi). nhng ni c nh sng trc x vi cng mnh th cy c ph Robusta cn c cy che bng iu ha nh sng, iu ha qu trnh quang hp ca vn cy. Gi: Gi lnh, gi nng, gi kh u c hi n sinh trng ca cy c ph. Gi qu mnh lm cho l b rch, rng l, cc l non b thui en, gi nng lm cho l b kh ho. Gi lm tng nhanh qu trnh bc thot hi nc ca cy v t c bit l trong ma kh. b. c im sinh l thc vt ca cy c ph R: r cc di t 0,3-0,5 m, mc t thn chnh. Nhim v gi thn trnh ng. R nhnh mc ra t r cc, c th n su 1,2- 1,5 m. R nhnh cng n su, kh nng ht nc v chu hn cng tt. Cc r bn mc t r nhnh thnh h thng r con. S pht trin ca r con ph thuc vo dy ca tng t canh tc, ging c ph, ch bn phn, ti nc, canh tc. H thng r ny hu ht tp trung tng t mt (t 0-30 cm). Nhim v ch yu l ht cht dinh dng v nui cy. L: i vi c ph Robusta, l c tui th t 7 10 thng. Thi tit , dinh dng khng tt c th lm l rng sm . Cnh v l c tng quan cht ch vi nng sut c ph. L, cnh v thn c ph l ni d tr dinh dng to hoa v nui qu. Tinh bt trong quang hp s tch ly trong l v h thng m ca cy, nu lng ny suy gim s dn n hin tng rng hoa, qu v cho ht nh, nng sut thp. Hoa: hoa mc ra cc chi nch l ca cnh s cp v cnh th cp. Hoa thng n v m v n ht khong 4-5 gi sng. C ph Robusta th phn cho l ch yu, c tnh ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo gi v cn trng, v vy vic nui ong mt trong vn cy c ph cng l bin php tng t l u qu ca c ph. C ph Robusta khng ra hoa li nhng on cnh (hoc nch l) ra hoa nm trc.
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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Qu: qu c ph bao gm cc phn nh sau: Lp v qu, lp nht, lp v tru, lp v la, nhn.

Hnh 1.3 : Cu to qu c ph Lp v qu: L lp v ngoi cng, c mu , sm hoc vng ty ging, mm, c ph Arabica mm hn c ph Robusta v c ph Chari. Lp v tht (lp nht): nm di lp v, mm, nht. V tht c ph Robusta v c ph Arabica mm, ngt, mng, d bong trc khi xay xt hn c ph Chari. V tru: L mt lp v cng bao bc nhn, cu to ch yu l cellulose. V tru c ph Arabica mng hn, d v hn c ph Robusta v c ph Chari. V la: Nm di lp v tru, mng, mm, c mu sc ty thuc tng ging. Nhn c ph: Lp t bo phn ngoi ca nhn cng, c nhng t bo nh, trong c cha nhng cht du. Pha trong c nhng t bo ln v mm hn. Mt qu c ph c t 1 nhn (Biculi) n 2 hoc 3 nhn, thng thng ch c 2 nhn (Arabica, Robusta, Chari). Trong nhn c phi mm.

c. Cc c tnh nh hng n mi v, mu sc c trng ca c ph Hydratcarbon: Hm lng hydratcarbon trong c ph kh khong 60%. Phn ln l cc polysaccharide ha tan hoc khng ha tan trong nc v mt phn nh l cc
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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

ng saccharose, glucose, Trong qu trnh rang cc hydratcarbon bin i nhiu, chng c th phn hy thnh cc hp cht khc nhau hoc bin mt hu nh hon ton nh cc cht ng ni trn. Cc ng kh tham gia mt s phn ng to mu v mi cho c ph rang. Cc polysaccharide khng ha tan trong nc, chng to nn nhng thnh t bo ca ht c ph v sau khi pha tr thnh b c ph. Cc cht bo: Trong c ph nhn tng hm lng cht bo chim khong 13%. Trong qu trnh rang cc hp cht bo mt i 1 2%. Cc cht bo ch yu to thnh du c ph l trigliceride v diterpene, l dng este ca acid bo ha, nht l panmitic, behenic, arachidic. Cc diterpene ny rt nhy vi acid, nhit v nh sng. Hm lng diterpene gim i trong qu trnh bo qun cng nh qu trnh rang c th l do to thnh cc terpnene bay hi, naphtalene v quinoline. Cc acid: i din quan trng nht ca nhm acid l cc loi acid chlorogenic. y l nhng loi acid c trng i vi c ph. Trong qu trnh rang chng b phn hy 30 70%, sau khi rang c s hnh thnh mt s acid d bay hi. Tt c cc acid ny u gp phn to v chua ca c ph. Cc loi protein: Hu nh khng c mt trong c ph rang, do rang nht cao nn mt phn b phn hy, phn cn li kt hp vi hydratcarbon v cc acid chlorogenic to thnh nhng cht mu nu. Bng phng php thy phn, ngi ta thy trong thnh phn protein ca c ph c nhng acid amin sau: cysteine, alanine, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, lysine, . Cc acid amin ny t thy trng thi t do, chng thng dng lin kt. Khi gia nhit, cc mch polypeptide b phn ct, cc acid amin c gii phng ra tc dng vi nhau hoc tc dng vi nhng cht to mi v v cho c ph rang. Trong s cc acid amin k trn ng ch nht l nhng acid amin c cha lu hunh nh cystein, methionine v proline, chng gp phn to nn hng v c trng ca c ph sau khi rang. c bit, methionine v proline c tc dng lm gim tc oxi ha cc cht thm, lm cho c ph rang gi c mi v khi bo qun. Trong qu trnh ch bin ch c mt phn protein b phn gii thnh acid amin, cn phn ln b bin thnh hp cht khng tan. Cc loi alkaloid: Trong qu trnh rang, hm lng caffein hu nh khng thay i. Trigoneline gim khong 75%, to thnh cc sn phm gm acid nicotinic (niacin),
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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

nicitinamide v cc cht thm bay hi nh pyrine v pyrol. Trong ng ch nht l niacin, trong c th con ngi c tc dng nh mt loi vitamine. Cc cht thm: Trong thnh phn ca cc hp cht thm c khong 50% aldehyde, 20% ketone, 8% ester, 7% heterocylic, 2% dimethylsulfide, mt lng t hn l cc sulfide hu c khc, cn c mt lng nh nitrile, alcohol hoc cc hydrocarbon bo ha v cha bo ha c trng lng phn t thp nh isoprene. Cc cht khong: Hm lng cht khong trong c ph khong 3 5%, ch yu l kali, nit magie, photpho, clo. Ngoi ra cn thy nhm, st, ng, iod, lu hunh, nhng cht ny nh hng khng tt n mi v c ph. Cht lng c ph cao khi hm lng cht khong cng thp v ngc li. 3. Tnh hnh sn xut C ph l mt mt hng thng mi quan trng trn th trng quc t. Trn th gii hin nay c 80 nc trng c ph vi tng din tch trn 10 triu ha v gi tr hng ho xut khu hng nm trn 10 t USD. Trong vng 10 nm tr li y, ngnh c ph Vit Nam tin nhng bc di ngon mc: c ph l mt hng nng sn xut khu ng th 2 sau la go, ng thi Vit Nam ng th 2 trong 10 nc xut khu c ph ln nht th gii (t thng 3/2012 n nay tm thi vn ln v tr th nht), sn lng xut khu t 800.000 tn /nm, kim ngch xut khu t gn na t USD chim 25 - 27% kim ngch xut khu nng sn v 4-5% kim ngch xut khu ca c nc, vn ra trn 60 th trng tiu th.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Bng 1 : Mt s quc gia xut khu c ph ln trn th gii.

Bn cnh vn cn tn ti nhiu hn ch cn khc phc to bc tin mnh m trong thi gian ti. Do ngnh cha c mt quy hoch pht trin ton din nn hin tng tng din tch t pht khng kim sot c gy thit hi kinh t - x hi nghim trng; c cu cy trng cha hp l, hn 90% din tch l c ph Robusta c gi tr thp v bin ng gi ln; cng nghip ch bin yu km Nhng nguyn nhn ch quan

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

trn cng vi bin ng ca th trng c ph th gii khin gi c ph lin tc rt gi t 2.900 USD/tn (94- 95) xung 427 USD/tn (01- 02). y mnh xut khu c ph Vit Nam cn thc hin mt s gii php sau: chuyn dch c cu cy trng, tng din tch Arabica, nng cao cht lng c ph, u t hn na vo khu ch bin, to s a dng v mt hng xut khu; y mnh tiu th trong nc, m rng th trng, khi phc th trng Lin X v ng u. Kh khn cn nhiu nhng ngnh c ph s tng bc tho g mang li ngun kinh t ln cho quc gia v cuc sng n nh cho ngi trng c ph. 4. Nng sut Din tch trng c ph mim Nam trc ngy gii phng ch yu l ging c ph Robusta, mt din tch nh c ph Arabica c trng Lm ng. Nng sut c ph Robusta trong thi k ny thng t trn di 1 tn/ha, mt s n in c quy m va v nh cng t nng sut t 2 - 3 tn/ha. Nng sut bnh qun trn din tch c ph kinh doanh t trn 1,2 tn/ha, nhiu nng trng c quy m t 400 - 1500 ha t nng sut bnh qun t 2,5 - 3 tn/ha. Nhiu vng lin khonh rng ti vi trm hecta, nhiu ch h nhn khon, nhiu vn c ph t nhn t c nng sut t 4 6 tn/ha, c bit c mt s in hnh t t 8 - 10 tn/ha. Trong thi gian gn y cy c ph Arabica c pht trin m rng mt s tnh min ni pha Bc vi tng din tch khong 7.000 ha bao gm: Sn La, Tuyn Quang, Bc Thi, Vnh Ph, Lai Chu, Lng Sn, Ha Bnh, Yn Bi v.v... , mt s in hnh cho nng sut t t 1 - 2 tn/ha.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Bng 2 : Din tch v sn lng c ph ca Vit Nam giai on 1995-2006 Nm Tng din tch (ha) Nng sut trung bnh (tn/ha) Tng sn lng 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 >500.000 205.000 285.000 385.000 485.000 529.000 533.000 535.000 500.000 450.000 1,81 2,00 2,57 2,00 1,75 1,87 1,86 2,00 1,71 245.000 280.000 400.000 410.000 500.000 720.000 900.000 750.000 720.000 900.000 910.000 930.000

5. ng dng Gi tr dinh dng ca c ph cng kh phong ph. Theo phn tch, c ph cha 10 14% cht bo, 5 - 8% protein (cht m), 1,2 - 1,8% cafein, ng, mui v c v nhiu loi vitamin. Tc dng ln nht ca c ph l lm tinh thn phn chn, tnh to. Khi mi mt ung mt ly c ph s hng phn tinh thn, ung sau khi n s tr gip cho tiu ho, ma h nng bc ung mt ly c ph lnh cng c tc dng gii kht, phng cm nng. Nhng nu ung qu nhiu c ph s c nh hng xu.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Theo kt qu thc nghim, tinh c ph trong 3 ly c ph c tc dng ngang vi mt mi kch thch. Hai gi ng h sau khi ung nhp tim tng nhanh, huyt p tng cao. V vy ngi mc bnh cao huyt p, bnh tim khng nn dng c ph. Ngi sau khi ung c ph cm thy d dy kh chu th nn ngng ung. C ph en, c s khin dch v tit rt nhiu nn cng phi thn trng hn. Dng c ph gi vng tinh thn, min cng lm vic s khin c th mau b lo ho. II. K thut thu hoch v bo qun sau thu hoch 1. K thut thu hoch. C ph thng c thu hi bng tay, trong qu trnh thu hi cn phi ch nhng im sau: Phi thu hi c ph khi qu c ph va chn ti ( 2/3 din tch c qu mu ), khng c qu qu chn, qu s b rng v tn hao cht d tr trong qu. Khng thu hi nhng qu cn xanh, v lc cht d tr cha y , trong qu trnh ch bin v la bm cht vo nhn rt kh bc v ht s nhn nheo. Trong qu trnh thu hi phi bo v cnh, l trnh nh hng ti v sau. Gi v sinh trong qu trnh thu hi, khng tp cht ln vo qu, khng lm dp nt qu to iu kin cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin gy thi ra. C ph hi xong phi ch bin ngay, khng qu 24 gi. Khng ng c ph trnh c ph b ln men.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Cc bc thu hi c ph theo phng php th cng:

Hnh 2.1: Tri bt di tn cy c ph v tin hnh thu hi

Hnh 2.2 : Loi bt tp cht ln trong c ph : cnh, l.

Hnh 2.3 : Thu gom c ph loi bt tp cht v dn bao.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Phng php thu hi bng tay cho php la chn c nhng tri chin, c cht lng tt. Tuy nhin phng php ny tn nhiu thi gian v cng lao ng do phi thu hi nhiu ln. rt ngn thi gian thu hoch, hin nay ngi ta a vo x dng nhiu loi my mc trong qu trnh thu hoch. Mt s phng php thu hi c ph vi s h tr ca my mc:

Hnh 2.4 : Thu hoch c ph bng my DQ-290S.

Hnh 2.5 : Thu hoch c ph bng my hi cng nghip nc ngoi.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

2. Bo qun sau thu hoch. C ph nguyn liu sau khi thu hoch phi c bo qun tt, tuyt i khng c ph di nn t bn v ng ngoi nng. Chiu dy lp c ph ri trn sn nh khng dy qu 40 cm, nhit trung bnh trong khi c ph khng qu 300C, thi gian t khi thu hoch ti khi st ti khng qu 36 gi i vi c ph Arabica, 48 gi i vi c ph Robusta v c ph Chari.

Hnh 2.6 : C ph sau khi thu hi v c tri trn nn gch. C ph sau khi thu hoch s c ch bin theo phng php ch bin t hoc phng php ch bin kh thu c c ph nhn hoc c ph thc.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

III. K thut ch bin sau thu hoch 1. Phng php ch bin t.

Thu nhn nguyn liu Bo qun nguyn liu Phn loi kch thc qu Phn loi trong b Siphon Cp nc Xt c ph qu ti Ngm Ra nht Lm ro nc Phi sy Sng tp cht Xt c ph thc kh nh bng Phn loi kch thc nhn Phn loi trng lng Phn loi mu sc Pha trn theo tiu chun Cn, ng gi, bo qun Tp cht nng, nh V thc c ph V la c ph Tp cht Tp cht nng, nh V qu v nc thi Nc thi Nc thi Nc thi

S quy trnh phng php ch bin t.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

a. Nguyn liu C ph qu hi v phi m bo ng chn, c ph xanh, c ph chm, c ph kh, tp cht khng vt qu mc quy nh. Bng 3: Yu cu k thut i vi c ph nguyn liu Tp cht ti a (%) 0.5-1 0.5-1 1-2 3-5

Cp nguyn liu I II III IV

T l qu chn ti thiu (%) 95 90 80 70

T l qu xanh, kh, chm ti a (%) 1-4 5-9 10-15 15-20

T l qu lp ti a (%) 0-3 0-3 1-5 5-10

b. X l nguyn liu. C ph trc khi em xt ti nn sng ring cc loi to nh khc nhau v tch bt tp cht sau ngm lm mm v ra sch qu. Ty loi my xt ti m thi gian ngm khc nhau. Chng hn nu dng my da hoc my Gosdon th ngm 6-12 gi, nu dng my Raoeng th ngm t hn hoc khng cn ngm. Ngm c ph trong b Siphon y nc. nc y b sau mi cho c ph vo, thng xuyn vt qu ni v tp cht.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Hnh 3.1 : C ph nguyn liu c sng loi tp cht v tri ni. c. K thut xt ti. S dng my xt ti c ph cn phi tun th theo quy trnh, trnh lm dp nt, hng sn phm. Sau khi xt mt v qu th phi ln men ngm tch sch lp v nht bm ngoi lp v thc ca c ph. Cc my xt ti phi p ng cc ch s k thut v t l c ph thc b bc v tru, b dp v c ph khng c bc v.

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Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Hnh 3.2 : C ph thc thu c sau khi xt ti. Bng 4: Yu cu k thut i vi my xt ti. T l v cn ln trong Loi my khi ht (%) Arabica Xt a Hanxa Xt tr Gosdon Xt lin hon Raoeng 5-6 10-15 5-10 Robusta, Chari 20 20 15 T l c ph thc b bc v tru v b dp (%) 0-1 0-3 0-5

T l c ph khng c bc v (%) 5-10 5-10 0-5

d. Ngm , ra nht Ngm nhm mc ch tch lp v nht bm ngoi v la phi sy nhanh hn. Nu dng my xt a v xt tr th nht thit phi qua ngm c ra nht. C hai phng php ngm : hiu kh ( kh) v ym kh ( t). Thng thng ngi ta chn phng php hiu kh. C ph sau khi xt ti a vo ngm . Chiu dy lp c ph trong cc b phi dy ti thiu l 0,5m, thi gian t 10-12 gi i vi c ph Arabica, 14-16 gi i vi c ph Robusta v Chari. Nhit phi m bo 36-39oC.

21

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Trong thi gian phi o trn u khi c ph mt ln. Cc b c ph cn phi c mi che. Khi cng c che kn cng tt, tuyt i khng c phi nng ng . Ra nht l cng on lm sch cc cht keo bm ngoi v thc b phn hy. C th ra nht bng phng php th cng hay c gii. Ra nht bng nc sch ti thiu l hai ln cho n khi ht c ph thc nhm da l c. Nc dng ra phi sch, trong qu trnh ra nn vt ring c ph lp phi sy ring.

Hnh 3.3 : C ph thc sau khi ra nht. e. Phi sy Phi sy gm c hai phn l phi sy s b (lm ro nc) v phi sy kh c ph. Phi s b: lm ro lng nc d bm vo xung quanh ht c ph, lng nc ny s ko theo cc cht keo cn st li lm cho c ph phi, sy nhanh kh hn. C th dng li sng, tn c l, v tre, lip hoc dng my ly tm lm ro s b ri mi em phi sy. Phi: l qu trnh lm cho khi c ph kh, thy phn cn li l 10-12%, c th kt v hp phi vi sy. C ph thc trc khi phi cn phi kh v sch. Ngy u c ph thc cn t cn phi phi mng, dy c ph 3-5cm, nhng ngy sau c ph kh th phi dy hn 4-6cm trnh lm c ph nt v thc. Nhng vng m t, hay ma th sau mi ngy phi cn vun lung nh v che y trnh ma, sng.
22

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

C ph cng m th vun lung cng nh trnh bc nng bn trong lung. Dng c che y phi thong, trnh lm nc ngng t ri li xung c ph. Co o trn sn: C ph phi trn sn cn phi co o nhiu ln trong ngy. Nu o th cng th cch 2 gi co o 1 ln. Nu co o c gii th tt hn v s ln co o c tng ln nhng ch dng xe nh co o c ph khng b v v thc.

Hnh 3.4 : Vun c ph thc thnh lung trn sn phi. Sy: c th sy th cng hoc sy c gii Sy th cng: thng sy theo kiu l Java, chiu dy c ph tri trn sn li 4-9cm, cn lm ro nc c ph thc trc khi a vo l. Ch sy p dng cho c ph c thy phn t 45-50%. Bng 5: Ch sy i vi l sy th cng. Giai on 1 2 3 4 Thi gian (h) 4-6 3-4 14-15 2-3 S ln co 2-3 2 6 1 S ln o 1 1 3 Nhit (0C) Arabica 40-45 65-70 60 50 Robusta, Chari 40-45 70-75 65 50

23

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Khi sy giai on 1 phi o nhit ca khng kh nng trc khi tip xc vo nguyn liu.Thi gian sy ca giai on 3 ph thuc vo t l thy phn ca c ph ban u mang sy. Phi thng xuyn theo di nhit iu chnh ng m ca thot m, ca gi cho thch hp, hi nc khng ngng t trn tng l, trn l v nhit trong l sy c u Giai on cui ly mu kim tra thy phn bng phng php nhanh. Sau khi c ph ra l cn phi li t 6-8 gi cho u khi ht mi chuyn sang kho bo qun hoc xay xt kh thu c ph nhn. Sy c gii: i vi l sy quay v l sy thp c ph a vo sy phi ra sch, ro v hoc phi mt vi nng. Mi ln sy t 4-5 tn c ph thc nguyn liu. Tuyt i khng sy c ph c thy phn khc nhau trong cng mt ln sy. Bng 6: Ch sy i vi l sy c gii i vi c ph c thy phn 40-45% Giai on 1 2 3 4 Thi gian sy (h) 4-5 3 14-15 2-3 Nhit (0C) Arabica 55-60 70-75 65-70 55-60 Robusta, Chari 4-5 80-85 70-75 55-60

Giai on cui c 30 pht ly mu 1 ln kim tra thy phn, khi c ph kh m ca tho c ph xung phu a ra ngoi. Khng c ph trong phu cha khi a nguyn liu vo sy m sau. f. Xt kh c ph. C ph thc trc khi a vo my xt kh phi qua phn loi tp cht tch bt bn, kim loi, si ,khi nguyn liu. thy phn 10-12%, nhit ca khi c ph khng qu 300C

24

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Bng 7: Ch s k thut ca cc my xt kh. T l c ph Loi my sng cn nguyn qu (%) Mt Hanxa Cc my khc 5 5 T l c ph b v (%) 2 5-6 T l c ph cn ln nhn (%) 1,5 2 1 1 T l c ph v, lp b qut ra ngoi (%)

g. nh bng nh bng l cng on nhm tch v la ra khi c ph nhn m my xt kh cha lm c, lm cho c ph nhn sng, bng, p tng tinh khit c cm quan ca c ph. Dng my nh bng 1 trc hoc 2 trc nh bng c ph, nhng phn cui phi bng ng, c ph a vo my nh bng c v la khng c qu 5%. Nhit c ph ra khi my nh bng khng c qu 550C.

Hnh 3.5: My nh bng c ph.

25

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Bng 8: Ch s k thut v sch v la sau khi nh bng sch v la tnh bng % tng s trng lng 90 70 70

Loi c ph Arabica Robusta Chari

Ghi ch Ht c na din tch bc v la tr ln coi nh l ht sch v la.

h. Phn loi c ph nhn. C ph nhn sau khi ra khi my nh bng cn ln tp cht, c ph qu, c ph tm, c ph en,c ht khng ng u nn cn phi phn loi t c yu cu cc ch tiu cht lng ca c ph thng phm. Bng 9 : T l ln c ph khc loi cho php trong cc hng c ph Loi c ph Hng c bit v hng 1 Khng c ln R v C c ln C: 0,5% c ln C: 0,5% Robusta c ln A: 3% Ghi ch: A: C ph Arabica R: C ph Robusta C: C ph Chari Phn loi kch thc: l ph ring cc c ht to nh, tm vn, tp cht to cho khi ht ng u gip vic phn loi trng lng c chnh xc. C th phn loi kch thc bng my sng hoc sng th cng.
26

Hng 2 c ln R: 1%

Hng 3 v hng 4 c ln R: 5% c ln C: 1% c ln C: 5% c ln A: 5%

Arabica

c ln C: 1% c ln A: 5%

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Bng 10: Ch sang l trn vi kch thc l sng. C sng N010 N012 N012 1/2 N014 N015 Kch thc l sng (mm) 4,00 4,75 5,00 5,60 6,00 C sng N016 N017 N018 N019 N020 Kch thc l sng (mm) 6,30 6,70 7,10 7,50 8,00

Phn loi theo trng lng ring: l phn ring cc loi nng nh, tp cht,ra khi khi c ph nhn x vic phn loi mu sc thun li hn. Nht thit phi qua phn loi kch thc ri mi phn loi trng lng, c nh vy my mi lm vic chnh xc. C th dng my thi c ngng (cadato), qut hm hoc sng sy th cng phn loi theo trng lng ring. Phn loi mu sc: hay c th gi l phn loi phm cp theo tiu chun. C th dng my phn loi mu sc hoc dng mt thng phn loi th cng trn bng chuyn, trn bn c nh, Phn loi mu sc lm cho khi c ph ng u v mu sc, loi b nhng ht b li ra khi khi c ph c ph t c ch tiu cht lng ca tiu chun.

27

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Hnh 3.6 : Phn loi th cng c ph xut khu. C ph sau khi phn loi phm cp phi qua kim tra cht lng t tiu chun cha v nhp kho. Bng 11: Tr s li quy nh cho mi loi khuyt tt Loi khuyt tt 1 nhn en 1 nhn nu m 1 qu c ph kh 1 nhn cn v tru 1 nhn b ln men*) 1 nhn b ln mc*) 1 nhn na en 1 nhn xanh non 1 nhn kh trn cy 1 nhn trng xp 1 nhn rng rut (tai) 1 nhn b su c 1 l 1 nhn b su c t 2 l tr ln 1 nhn b lm m 1 nhn v (kch thc cn t - nhn) 1 mnh v (kch thc nh hn nhn) 1 mnh v qu kh ln ( v) 1 mnh v qu kh trung bnh (t - v) Tr s li (li) 1,0 0,2 1,0 0,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,2 0,5 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,2 1,0 0,5
28

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

1 mnh v qu kh nh (< v) 1 nhn cn dnh ti a 30% v la (i vi nhn ch bin t) 1 v tru ln ( v) 1 v tru nh ( v) 1 mu cnh cy to (di t 2-4cm) 1 mu cnh cy trung bnh (di t 1-2cm) 1 mu cnh cy nh (ngn hn 1 cm) 1 cc t, to (trn sang N020) 1 cc t, loi trung bnh (di sang N020 v trn sang N012) 1 cnh cy hoc cc t, nh (di sng N012) Tp cht khc (ngoi cc loi tp cht nu trn): Di 0,5g T 0,5-1g Trn 1g, c them mi gam tp cht. *) Mc khng ch cho mi mu 300g: khng qu 5 li

0,2 0,05 0,2 0,1 3,0 2,0 1,0 3,0 2,0 1,0

1,0 2,0 3,0

29

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Bng 12: S li cho php trong 300g mu c ph nhn v t l phn trm lng ti thiu ca c ph nhn trn sang l trn. Tng s li ti a cho php trong 300g mu Hng cht lng c ph nhn i vi c ph Arabica Hng c bit Hng 1 Hng 2 Hng 3 Hng 4 15 30 60 120 150 Khng quy nh i vi c ph Robusta 30 60 90 150 250 Khng quy nh C sng* i vi c ph Arabica N018/N016 N016/N014 N012 /N012 N012/N010 N012/N010 N012/N010 N012/N010 i vi c ph Robusta N018/N016 N016/N013 90/10 90/10 90/10 90/10 Khng quy nh Khng quy nh T l (%) T l phn trm khi lng ti thiu c ph nhn trn l sng trn

Hng 5

N 12/N 10

N 12/N 10

30

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

2. Phng php ch bin kh.

Thu nhn nguyn liu Phi sy Sng tp cht Xt c ph qu kh nh bng Phn loi kch thc nhn Phn loi trng lng nhn Phn loi mu sc Pha trn theo tiu chun Cn, ng bao, bo qun Tp cht V qu c ph V la c ph

S quy trnh phng php ch bin kh a. Nguyn liu: C ph qu dng ch bin theo phng php kh cng m bo cc ch s ging nh c ph nguyn liu ca phng php ch bin t. Nu khi lng nguyn liu c trn 50% kh th nn ch bin theo phng php ch bin kh. b. Phi sy c ph c qu. C ph qu c lp v dy, lp nht lm ngn cn tc bc hi nc nn thi gian phi sy ko di.

31

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Phi c ph qu: c ph qu c lp v dy, nhiu nc lu kh, cn phi mng khong 3-5cm trn sn. Nhng ngy u c 3-4 gi o 1 ln. Phi n khi thy phn t 10-12% l t yu cu.

Hnh 3.7 : Co o c ph.

Hnh 3.8 : C ph c phi kh v c ph lc cn ti. Sy c ph qu: khng nn a c ph qu ti vo sy m ch sy c ph qu ro nc, phi khong 4-5 nng tr ln, c thy phn khong 40-45%.

32

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

Bng 13: Ch sy c ph nguyn qu Giai on 1 2 Thi gian sy (h) 18-20 3-4 Nhit (0C) 70-75 50-55 Chi ch Giai on 1 ty thuc thy phn mang sy ban u

C ph qu sau khi phi sy t yu cu s c sng lc tp cht sau qua cc qu trnh xt kh, nh bng v phn loi tng t nh phng php ch bin t.

Hnh 3.9: My xt kh c ph.

Hnh 3.10: C ph nhn v v c ph thu c sau khi xt kh.

33

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

3. Bo qun c ph nhn. C ph sau khi ng bao nu cha xut xng phi cho vo kho bo qun cn thn. Bao xp thnh tng l gn gng trong kho, xp cch tng 0,5m, khng sn phm trc tip di nn kho. Khng cc sn phm c mi thm hoc thi cng kho c ph nhn. Kho phi dng ni cao ro, thong mt, trnh m t, nn v tng kho phi cch m tt, khng dt, kho lm bng vt liu kh chy. Cn c ch thng gi thch hp cho tng ma m bo sn phm tt. Khng dng bao nha cha c ph, cha c ph trong bao khng qu y. Ch a vo bo qun trong kho khi m trong ht khng qu 12,5% c ph khng b ln men mc, khng b mt mi.

Hnh 3.11 Xp cc bao c ph nhn vo kho

Hnh 3.12: Kho cha c ph nhn.

34

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

IV. Tnh hnh chung v tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn Vit Nam. Nguyn nhn v hng gii quyt. 1. Tnh hnh tn tht sau thu hoch chung nc ta. Nguyn nhn v hng gii quyt. a. Tnh hnh tn tht chung. Vit Nam hin c gn 400.000 ha trng rau, sn lng t gn 6 triu tn/nm vi nhiu loi rau, u nhit i v nhit i nh: c chua, ci bp, su ho, sp l, da chut... Din tch trng cy n qu t gn 600.000ha, sn lng 4 triu tn/nm vi nhiu loi cy n qu nhit i v nhit i nh: nhn, vi, xoi, chm chm, su ring, thanh long, bi, l, da... Nhng theo nh gi ca cc nh khoa hc, sn xut v tiu th rau qu Vit Nam vn dng quy m h gia nh, rt t trang tri sn xut rau qu chuyn canh, quy m ln phc v ch bin v xut khu. Phn ln cc sn phm rau qu Vit Nam c s dng di dng ti sng. Nng lc ch bin ch khong 200.000 tn/nm (2% sn lng), ch yu l cc loi rau qu ng hp, nc qu ng ln. Tn tht sau thu hoch i vi nng sn Vit Nam khong hn 25% i vi cc loi qu v hn 30% i vi cc loi rau, 15-20% vi cc loi lng thc khc... Trong khi , t l TTSTH cc nc chu nh n ch l 3-3,5%, Bangladesh 7%, Pakistan 2-10%, Indonesia 6-17%, Nepan 4-22%... Nh vy vi t l tn tht ny, mi nm chng ta b mt khong 3.000 t ng - s tin ln hn tng thu ngn sch trn a bn nhiu tnh. Mt s tn tht c tng kt: i vi la l 11-13%, ng 13-15%, tp trung cc khu thu hoch, phi sy bo qun v xay xt, ch bin. Ngoi tn tht v sn lng cn b st gim ng k v cht lng nng sn, nh aflatoxin i vi ng, achrotoxin A i vi c ph lm gi ht thng phm b gim t 10-20%, rau qu v thy sn nh bt b tn tht trn 20% c v sn lng v cht lngTheo B Nng nghip v PTNT, sn lng la ca Vit Nam t khong 35, 87 triu tn/nm. Ti BSCL, ngoi phn cn i tiu dng ni a, mi nm to ra hn 10 triu tn la hng ha phc v xut khu. Con s ny c th s cao hn nu TTSTH c khc phc. Bi ch cn gim 1% tn tht
35

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

trn sn lng 20 triu tn la trong vng th nng dn khng phi mt hng trm t ng. Chnh ph a ra ngh quyt 48/NQ-CP nhm hn ch ti a tn tht trong v sau thu hoch, nng cao hiu qu ca sn xut, n nh i sng, thu nhp ca nng dn v ch ng ng ph vi nhng din bin ca th trng i vi cc nng sn ch yu, trc mt l lng thc (la, ng), c ph, rau qu v thy sn trong thoai gian ti. C th: i vi la go, gim mc tn tht t 11-13% hin nay xung cn 5-6% vo nm 2020. i vi ng, gim mc tn tht 13-15% hin nay xung cn 8-9% vo nm 2020. Hn ch ti a mc nhim c t aflatoxin, ci thin gi bn thng phm khong 10%. i vi c ph, hn ch ti a mc nhim c t achrotoxin A, ci thin gi bn c ph nhn khong 10%. i vi thy sn, rau qu, gim mc tn tht (c v s lng v cht lng) t 20% hin nay xung di 10% vo nm 2020. b. Nguyn nhn v hng gii quyt: Ngi nng dn cha thc c tm quan trng ca cng ngh sau thu hoch. Ch vi nm gn y, cng ngh sau thu hoch mi c quan tm, nht l khi sn lng nng nghip nc ta p ng cho nhu cu trong nc v c d hng ti xut khu.Ngi nng dn ch ch tm ci thin cc iu kin trng trt m khng ch ti vic gim tn tht sau thu hoch v gi tr nng sn c th c tng ln nu c bo qun v ch bin tt. Nh nc cn c chnh sch ph cp v m cc lp o to k thut bo qun v ch bin sau thu hoch cho nng dn.Cho nng dn thy r li ch ca vic bo qun v ch bin ng cch bng cch th nghim trn chnh nng sn ca h. Do my mc cng ngh ca cc nh my ch bin v ca nng dn cn lc hu.Hu ht c s vt cht phc v s ch, bo qun, ch bin nng sn thc phm thit b v cng ngh cn lc hu, nn gi thnh sn xut cao, cht lng khng bo m.a s nng dn khng iu kin sm sa my mc.My mc,cng ngh km lm gim gi tr thng phm,hao ht nguyn liu u vo v sn phm ch bin t nng sn khng t cht lng nh cc sn phm cng loi nc ngoi,V d nh cng ngh
36

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

sy thc go ca chng ta cha pht trin, thc thng phi trn cc sn t, b tng hay trn ng ri nha dn n rn, gy rt cao (30-40%), bn cnh t l sn, ct vt qua tiu chun cho php nn gi go ca nc ta thng thp hn loi cng phm cp Thi Lan t 20-30 USD/tn, gy thit hi cho nh sn xut mi nm ti 50-60 triu USD. Theo thng k ca Vin Kinh t nng nghip, hu ht cng ngh ca cc doanh nghip (DN) ch bin nng - lm sn qua 3 - 4 th h; 73% s nh xng tm b, chp v; ch 1- 5% sn phm lm ra t cht lng quc t. Chnh ph a ra ngh quyt 48/NQ-CP h tr cc t chc,c nhn,gia nh c vay vay vn vi mc vn vay 100% gi tr hng ha, h tr 100% li sut trong vng 2 nm u, t nm th 3 h tr 50% li sut vn vay mua sm my mc, thit b sn xut trong nc c t l ni a ha trn 60%.Bn cnh , cc loi thu, l ph i vi cc dch v trc tip phc v sn xut nng nghip, gim tn tht sau thu hoch s c min nh: dch v ti, tiu nc; cy, ba t; bo v thc vt; thu hoch; sy, bo qun nng sn. Ngoi ra, s tng kinh ph khuyn nng hng nm cho lnh vc gim tn tht sau thu hoch Qu trnh sau thu hoch c c tt hay khng con ph thuc vo ging, phn bn, cch thc chm sc, v vic s dng thuc bo v thc vt. Khu bo qun sau thu hoch theo ng quy trnh ty thuc rt ln vo nguyn liu u vo. Nu hoa qu khng ti th d cng ngh bo qun c tt n u cng kh m thuyt phc c i tc.Qu trnh sau thu hoch ch nhm mc ch gim tn tht,gi hng v nng sn v ch bin cc sn phm khc t nng sn.Tt c nhng cng vic trn u ph thuc vo nguyn liu u vo c ti,ngon,p hay khng.Nu qu trnh trc thu hoch c thc hin tt theo cc tiu chun th gi tr nng sn s tng ln rt nhiu v c th xut khu vo nhng th trng kh tnh. Hng gii quyt ca vn ny l khuyn khch,vn ng nng dn trng trt theo cc tiu chun quc t c gim st k lng.

37

Nhm 5: Cng ngh sau thu hoch c ph

V. Ti liu tham kho. 10 TCN 98-88 : Quy trnh k thut ch bin c ph. TCVN 4193:2001. C ph nhn. Yu cu k thut. TCVN 4334:2001. C ph v cc sn phm ca c ph. Thut ng v nh ngha. Ti liu t internet:
http://www.ico.org/

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