PAGE 690-ADVANTAGE-POINT 1 AND 4 DISADVANTAGE-POINT 2 AND 4 TWO TYPES:1.FUSION WELDING-It uses heat to melt the base metal.

Filler metal can be used. If filler metal is not used then the process is called as autogenous weld. Types:i)ARC WELDING-In this process heating of the metal is brought about by the means of electric arc. Pressure can also be applied and filler metal is extensively used. ii)RESISTANCE WELDING iii)OXYFUEL WELDING-In this process, oxyfuel gas, such as the mixture of oxygen and acetylene, is used to produce hot flame that melts the base metal. 2.SOLID-STATE WELDING-(PAGE 692-ENTIRE PARAGRAPH)Types:i)DIFFUSION WELDING ii)FRICTION WELDING iii)ULTRASONIC WELDING ARC WELDING In arc welding process, filler metal is added to increase the volume and the strenght of the welded joint. ELECTRODE-The two types of electrodes used in this process are consumable and nonconsumable elctrodes. In case of consumable electrode, it acts as the source of filler metal to the weld joint. It gets consumed gradually and needs replacement. The two principal forms of it are rod and wire. Non-consumable electrode are made of tungsten, which resists melting by electric arc. However, it depletes due to vaporization. Filler metal is provided by the means of seperate wire, which is fed into the weld pool. ARC SHIELDING-Arc shielding is accomplished by covering the electrode tip, arc and molten metal pool with the blanket of gas or flux or both to inhibit the exposure of the weld pool to air. The shielding gases used are helium and argon. Flux is the substance used to prevent the formation of oxides and other unwanted contaminants or to dissolve them and facilitate their removal. Some of the other functions performed by flux are stabilization of arc and reduce spattering. Various flux application methods are pouring the granular flux onto the welding operation, use of stick electrode that has the coating of flux that gets melted away into the molten pool during welding and use of tubular electrode in which the flux is contained in the core that gets released as the electrode gets consumed. POWER SOURCE IN ARC WELDING-Both the direct and alternating currents are used in welding operation. A C machines are used for welding of ferrous metals. SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING S M A W is an A W process that uses consumable electrode, which consists of filler metal rod and is coated with a chemical to provide flux and shielding. The coating consists of powdered cellulose mixed with oxide, carbonate and other ingredients which are held together by the silicate binder. Some function performed by coating is stabilization of the arc and regulation of the rate at which the electrode melts.

Some of the applications of S M A W are construction, pipeline, machinery structure, shipbuilding and repair work. One of the advantage of S M A W is the equipment is low cost and portable which makes S M A W highly versatile. The operation is not used or seldom used for aluminium and it's alloys, copper alloys and titanimum. Disadvantage-(LAST PARAGRAPH UPTO THIRD LAST LINE) ELECTROGAS WELDING Electrogas welding is an A W process that uses continuous consumable electrode and molding shoes to contain the molten metal. The process is primarily applied to vertical butt welding. When flux cored electrode wire is used then no external gas is supplied and the process is considered to be the special application of self-shielded F C A W. When bare electrode wire is used then shielding gas is supplied from a source and it is considered to be the special case of G M A W. The molding shoes is water cooled to prevent their add to the weld pool. The application of welding operation are steels in the construction of large storage tanks and in ship building. SUBMERGED ARC WELDING Submerged arc welding is an A W process that uses continuous consumable bare wire electrode and arc shielding is done by the cover of granulated flux. The electrode wire is fed automatically from a coil into the arc. The blanket of granulated flux completely submerges the welding operation preventing spark, spatter and radiation that are so harmful in other A W processes. The portion of the flux closest to arc is melted and mixes with the molten metal weld to remove impurities and solidifies at the top of the weld joint to form glass like slag. The slag and unfused flux granules at the top provides good protection from the atmosphere and good thermal insulation to the weld area resulting in relatively slow cooling and high quality weld joint, noted for it's toughness and ductility. The application of S M A W is steel frabrication for stuctural shapes and longitudnal and circumferential seams for large diameter pipes, tanks and pressure vessels. PLASMA ARC WELDING (1st PARAGRAPH) P A W is used in applications such as automobile sub-assemblies, metal cabinets and door and window frames. Advantage of P A W is that almost any metal can be welded including tungsten. Disadvantage of P A W is the high equipment cost and larger torch size compared to other A W processes that tends to restrict access in some joint configurations. FORGE WELDING Forge welding is the welding process in which the components to be joined are heated to the hot working temperature and are forged together by hammer or other means.