Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr Farid Khan
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Types of flow
Steady flow Unsteady flow Uniform flow Non-Uniform flow Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Steady flow
A steady flow is one in which the characteristics (velocity, pressure and temperature) may differ from point to point but DO NOT change with time The rate of change of these characteristics is zero e.g. dV 0 dt
A A
A
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Unsteady flow
In unsteady flow the characteristics (velocity, pressure and temperature) change with time The rate of change of these characteristics is not zero e.g.
dV 0 dt
A A
A
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Q1
Q1
Uniform flow
Is one in which the velocity is the same in both magnitude and direction at a given instant at every point in the fluid
Ideal flow
Real flow
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Non-uniform flow
Is one in which the velocity is not same in both magnitude and direction at a given instant at every point in the fluid
Ideal flow
Real flow
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Laminar flow
Also known as streamline flow Fluid appears to move by the sliding of laminations of infinitesimal thickness relative to adjacent layers Particles move in definite and observable paths or streamlines Path of individual particles do not cross each other
Laminar flow
Also known as streamline flow Fluid appears to move by the sliding of laminations of infinitesimal thickness relative to adjacent layers Particles move in definite and observable paths or streamlines Path of individual particles do not cross each other
Turbulent flow
Path of individual particles are irregular curves crossing each other
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Q AV
A = Area of flow V = Average velocity of flowing fluids (at section)
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Continuity equation
Based on the principle of conservation of mass In case of steady flow: Mass of fluid passing section 1-1 per unit time = mass of fluid passing section 2-2 per unit time
m1 m2
1Q1 2Q 2
For incompressible fluids
1 2
Q1 Q 2 A v1 A2 v2 1
2 1
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Continuity equation
Based on the principle of conservation of mass In case of steady flow: Mass of fluid passing section 1-1 per unit time = mass of fluid passing section 2-2 per unit time
A v1 A2 v2 1
v1 A2 v2 A1
1 2
1 v A
1
2
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Continuity equation
Q1 Q 2 Q 3
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A v1 A2 v2 A3 v3 1
1
2 1
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Project
Dead weight tester Differential manometer Venturimeter Pitot tube Hydraulic jack (demonstration model) Hydraulic turbine (demonstration model) Submersible propulsion system Submersible robot (meso scale) Artificial fish etc
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Project
Main features Low cost Development from scrape Reliability Efficiency performance
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