Fluid Mechanics

1
Dr Farid Khan
Eulers equation
Applying Newtons second law
2
a m F =

( ) ( )
t
a dsdA dsdA dA ds
ds
dp
P PdA p u =
|
.
|

\
|
+ cos
1
Datum line
2
Stream line
Z
P
P+(dP/ds)ds
dw = dSdA
dS

on liquid differential element
along the stream line
a
t
= Tangential acceleration

Eulers equation
3
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
ds
dv
v dsdA
ds
dz
dsdA dsdA
ds
dp
p
a
t
= Tangential acceleration is given by

ds
dv
v
ds
dv
dt
ds
dt
dv
a
t
= = =
1
Datum line
2
Stream line
Z
P
P+(dP/ds)ds
dw = dSdA
dS

dz
ds
dz
= u cos
( ) ( )
t
a dsdA dsdA dA ds
ds
dp
P PdA p u =
|
.
|

\
|
+ cos
Eulers equation
4
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
ds
dv
v dsdA
ds
dz
dsdA dsdA
ds
dp
p
|
.
|

\
|
=
ds
dv
v
ds
dz
ds
dp
p
0 = + +
ds
dv
v
ds
dz
g
ds
dp
p
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
v
ds
d
ds
dv
v
0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
v
ds
d
ds
dz
g
ds
dp
p
0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
v
ds
d
ds
dz
g
ds
dp
p
0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
g
v
ds
d
ds
dz
ds
dp

Eulers eq. of one-dimensional flow

Bernoullis equation from Eulers eq.
5
0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
g
v
ds
d
ds
dz
ds
dp

Bernoullis eq.

0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
g
v
d dz
dp

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + 0
2
2
g
v
d dz
dp

constant
2
2
= + +
g
v
z
p

Sum of energies of flow fluid remains constant

Bernoullis equation represent law of conservation of energy
Bernoullis equation from Eulers eq.
6
0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
g
v
ds
d
ds
dz
ds
dp

Bernoullis eq.

0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
g
v
d dz
dp

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + 0
2
2
g
v
d dz
dp

constant
2
2
= + +
g
v
z
p

Sum of energies of flow fluid remains constant

Bernoullis equation represent law of conservation of energy
Bernoullis equation
7
Bernoullis eq.

constant
2
2
= + +
g
v
z
p

Assumptions made:

1. The fluid is ideal and incompressible

2. The flow is steady and continuous

3. The flow is along steam line i.e. one dimensional

4. The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to the
mean velocity

5. The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity forces and
the pressure forces
Bernoullis equation
8
constant
2
2
= + +
g
v
z
p

Datum line
Elevation line
Pressure head line
Total head
z
1 z
2
z
3
P
1
/
P
2
/
P
3
/
(V
1
)
2
/2g
(V
2
)
2
/2g
(V
3
)
2
/2g
const.
2 2 2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
= + + = + + = + +
g
v
z
p
g
v
z
p
g
v
z
p

Relation b/w V,P and A
9
2 2 1 1
v A v A =
1
2
2
1
A
A
v
v
=
A
v
1

g
v
z
p
g
v
z
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + = + +

constant
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
= + = +
g
v p
g
v p

constant
2
2
1 1
= +
g
v p

2 1
z z =
A P
A
v
P v A
P v A


| | |
| | |
1
P
v
1

Assignment 2
Problems:
3.3, 3.5, 3.8, 3.9,3.10, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15

Examples:
3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.8, 3.9

Submission date:
16 April
10
Assignment 3
Problems:
4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.16,
4.17, 4.23, 4.24, 4.25

Examples:
4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 4.15, 4.16,
4.18, 4.22, 4.23

Submission date:
23 April
11
Project
Dead weight tester
Differential manometer
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Hydraulic jack (demonstration model)
Hydraulic turbine (demonstration model)
Submersible propulsion system
Submersible robot (meso scale)
Artificial fish
etc

12
Project
Main features
- Low cost
- Development from scrape
- Reliability
- Efficiency
- performance




13