Fluid Mechanics

1
Dr Farid Khan
Bernoullis equation
2
Bernoullis eq.

constant
2
2
= + +
g
V
z
p

Assumptions made:

1. The fluid is ideal and incompressible

2. The flow is steady and continuous

3. The flow is along steam line i.e. one dimensional

4. The velocity is uniform over the section and is equal to the mean velocity

5. The only forces acting on the fluid are the gravity forces and the pressure
forces
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + = + +

Bernoullis equation for real fluids
3
H
L
= Head (energy) loss between section 1 and 2 due to friction
L
H
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
+ + + = + +
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

1
1
2
Considering the energy loss due to friction
Bernoullis equation for real fluids
4
H
L
= Head (energy) loss between section 1 and 2 due to friction
= Kinetic energy correction factor
L
H
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
+ + + = + +
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
1
o

Considering the energy loss due to friction and non-uniform

velocity over the section
1
1 Ideal flow
1
1
Real flow
Bernoullis equation for real fluids
5
= Kinetic energy correction factor
= Actual K.E at the section/K.E based on mean velocity
L
H
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
+ + + = + +
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
1
o

1 Ideal flow
1
V = mean velocity
V = mean velocity = V
max
/2
1
1
Real flow
V
max

10 . 1 1.01
2
1
=
=
>
o
o
o
For laminar flow in pipes
For turbulent flow in pipes
Bernoullis equation for real fluids
6
= Kinetic energy correction factor
= Actual K.E at the section/K.E based on mean velocity
dA
V
v
A AV
dA v
KE
KE
ideal
act

|
.
|

\
|
= = =
3
3
3
1
)
)
o
g
V
VA KE
ideal
2
) ( )
2
=
g
v
vdA KE
actual
2
) ( )
2
=

= dA v
g
KE
actual
3
2
)

1
1
Real flow
V
max

dA
v
Bernoullis equation for real fluids
7
1
1
2 2 Pump
Bernoullis equation for real fluids
8
1
1
2 2 Pump
L Pump
H
g
V
z
p
E
g
V
z
p
+ + + = + + +
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
1
o

Bernoullis equation for real fluids

9
1
1
2 2
Turbine
Bernoullis equation for real fluids
10
1
1
2 2
Turbine
L turbine
H
g
V
z
p
E
g
V
z
p
+ + + = + +
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1 1
1
o

Bernoullis equation
11
Datum line
Elevation line
Pressure head line
Total head
z
1 z
2
z
3
P
1
/
P
2
/
P
3
/
(V
1
)
2
/2g
(V
2
)
2
/2g
(V
3
)
2
/2g
Energy gradient line
Hydraulic gradient line
Pitot tube
12
P
s
/

Tip
V
o
P
o
/

h

g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
s
s
s o
o
o
2 2
2 2
+ + = + +


s o o
p
g
V p
= +
2
2
h
p p
g
V
o s o
= =
2
2
gh V
o
2 =
Is used to measure the local
velocity of flowing liquid
Pitot tube
13
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + = + +


2
2
1 1
2
p
g
V p
= +
1 2
1 2
2
1
2
h h
p p
g
V
= =

( )
1 2
2 h h g V
o
=
Is used to measure the local
velocity of flowing liquid
Project
Dead weight tester
Differential manometer
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Hydraulic jack (demonstration model)
Hydraulic turbine (demonstration model)
Submersible propulsion system
Submersible robot (meso scale)
Artificial fish
etc

14
Project
Main features
- Low cost
- Development from scrape
- Reliability
- Efficiency
- performance




15