Fluid Mechanics

1
Dr Farid Khan
Flow nozzle
2
Is used for the measurement of discharge in pipes
3
Flow nozzle
4
Flow nozzle
Flow nozzle
5
Is used for the measurement of discharge in pipes
6
g
V p
g
V p
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
+ = +

2 2 1 1
V a V a =
2
1
2
1
V
a
a
V =
H
g
V a a V
=

2
) (
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
Flow nozzle
H
p p
g
V
g
V
= =

2 1
2
1
2
2
2 2
H
g
V V
=

2
2
1
2
2
d
1
d
2

1
2
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + = + +

H
g
V V
=

2
2
1
2
2
Flow nozzle
7
H h >
H = Theoretical pressure head difference
h = Actual pressure head difference
Due to losses
C = Coefficient of Flow nozzle = 0.6 to 0.75
2
1 2
2
) ( 1
2
a a
gH
V

=
2
1 2
2
) ( 1
2
a a
gh
C V

=
H
g
V V
=

2
2
1
2
2
d
1
d
2

1
2
H
g
V a a V
=

2
) (
2
2
2
1 2
2
2
Flow nozzle
8
2 2
V a Q =
2
1 2
2
) ( 1
2
a a
gh
Ca Q

=
H
g
V V
=

2
2
1
2
2
d
1
d
2

1
2
1 ) (
2
2
2 1
1

=
a a
gh
Ca Q
h
a a
g a
C Q
1 ) (
2
2
2 1
1

=
k
d d
g d
a a
g a
=

=
1 ) (
2
1 ) (
2
4
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
Constant for a given
Flow nozzle
Flow nozzle
9
h Ck Q =
k
d d
g d
a a
g a
=

=
1 ) (
2
1 ) (
2
4
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
Constant for a given Orifice meter
h = Pressure head difference in term of liquid flowing in pipe
H
g
V V
=

2
2
1
2
2
d
1
d
2

1
2
10
Flow nozzle
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
2 1
l
Hg
l
X
p p

h
p p
l
=

2 1
0
2 1
= + P X X P
Hg l

) 1 ( 1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= r X X h
l
Hg

(meters of liquid in orifice meter)

Note: Use the same procedure for venturimeter/pitot tube, when
differential manometer is connected to it
When differencial manometer is used for measuring pressure
difference across nozzle
11
Flow nozzle
) 1 ( 1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= r X X h
l
Hg

Note: Use the same procedure for venturimeter/pitot tube, when

differential manometer is connected to it
) 1 ( = r X Ck Q
k
d d
g d
a a
g a
=

=
1 ) (
2
1 ) (
2
4
2 1
2
2
2 1
1
1
l
Hg
l
Hg
l
Hg
S
S
r
p
p

= = =
H
g
V V
=

2
2
1
2
2
d
1
d
2

1
2
12
Discharge through a sharp-edged orifice
1 < =
a
a
C
C
C
C
C
= Coefficient of contraction
a
C
= Area of jet at venacontracta
a = Area of orifice
1
2
g
V
z
p
g
V
z
p
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
+ + = + +

h z z =
2 1
0
2 1
= = =
atm
P P P
0
1
~ V
13
Discharge through a sharp-edged orifice
C
C
= Coefficient of contraction
a
C
= Area of jet at venacontracta
a = Area of orifice
1
2
h z z
g
V
= =
2 1
2
2
2
act C C C act
V a V a Q = =
th
V gh V = = 2
2
1 < =
th
act
V
V
V
C
gh C V C V
V th V act
2 = =
( ) gh C a C Q
V C act
2 =
gh a C C Q
V C act
2 =
14
Discharge through a sharp-edged orifice
C
C
= Coefficient of contraction
C
V
= Coefficient of velocity
C
d
= Coefficient of discharge
1
2
gh a C C Q
V C act
2 =
gh a Q
th
2 =
1 < = =
th
act
V C d
Q
Q
C C C
th V C act
Q C C Q =
th d act
Q C Q =
gh a C Q
d act
2 =
Coefficients for orifices
15
Coefficients for orifices
16
Discharge through vertical rectangular orifice
17
h
1

h
2

h
Front
view
dh
b
gh C
V C V
V
th V act
2 =
=
( ) gh C da dQ
V VC act
2 =
( ) gh C da C dQ
V C act
2 =
act act act
V da dQ =
V C d
C C C =
bdh da =
gh bdh C dQ
d act
2 =
Discharge through vertical rectangular orifice
18
h
1

h
2

h
Front
view
dh
b
gh bdh C dQ
d act
2 =

=
2
1
2
h
h
d act
dh h g b C Q
2
1
2
3
3
2
2
h
h
d act
h g b C Q =
( )
2
3
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
h h g b C Q
d act
=
Discharge through vertical rectangular orifice
19
gh C V C V
V th V act
2 = =
( ) gh C a Q
V VC act
2 =
( ) gh C a C Q
V C act
2 =
act act act
V a Q =
V C d
C C C =
gh a C Q
d act
2 =
h
Discharge through vertical rectangular orifice
20
bt a =
gh a C Q
d act
2 =
h
2
4
d a
t
=
2
b a =

60 sin
2
2
b
a =
d
b t
b
b
b b
C
d
will be different for
different orifice
Projects
21
Update?