Fluid Mechanics

1
Dr Farid Khan
Flow through pipes
2
Pipes uses?

Flow through pipes
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Pipes are used for:


Transportation
- Oil
- Gas
- Water
- steam

Power transmission through pipes


Flow through pipes
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Pipes
materials?

Flow through pipes
5
Pipe Material:
- Mild steel/ stainless steel
- Copper/ brass
- Glass
- PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
- Rubber
- Concrete (reinforced concrete)
Head Loses in pipes
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Major loss
- Head loss due to friction

Minor losses
-Head loss due to sudden enlargement
-Head loss due to sudden contraction
-Head loss at the entry
-Head loss at the exit
-Head loss due to obstruction
-Head loss at bends
-Head loss at fittings
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Darcys equation
g
V
D
L
f h
f
2
2
=
f = friction factor (dimensionless parameter)
L = Length of the pipe
D = Diameter of the pipe
V = Velocity of fluid in the pipe
L h
f

D
h
f
1

2
2
2
V h
g
V
h
f f

Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Darcys equation
g
V
D
L
f h
f
2
2
=
f = friction factor (dimensionless parameter)
L = Length of the pipe
D = Diameter of the pipe
V = Velocity of fluid in the pipe
Wetted perimeter (P)
Perimeter of conduit wetted by the water


Area of flow (A)
Area of cross-section of the flow



Hydraulic radius (R)
Ratio of the area of flow to the wetted perimeter

Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Definitions for pipes
D P t = For pipe running full
2
4
D A
t
=
For pipe running full
4
D
P
A
R = =
For pipe running full
A general formula for the loss of head due to friction in a pipe
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Empirical formula-General form

Empirical formula is based on the experiments conducted on the flow of
water through pipes
b
a
f
V
D
L
K h
1
=
K, a1 and b are constants
L = Length of the pipe
D = Diameter of the pipe
V = Velocity of fluid in the pipe
General formula can be written in terms of hydraulic radius R
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Empirical formula-General form
b
a
f
V
R
L
K h
1
=
K
1
, a and b are constants
L = Length of the pipe
D = Diameter of the pipe
V = Velocity of fluid in the pipe
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
h
R K V
f a b
2
(2)
Eq. (2) may be transformed as
S R K V
a b
2
=
b b
a
S R K V
1
3
=
y x
S KR V =
S = slope of the energy gradient line
K, x and y are constants
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Empirical formula-General form
y x
S KR V =
K, x and y are constants
General formula for the loss of head in pipes

Several investigators experimentally determine values of k, x and y
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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(a) Chezys formula
RS C V =
C = Chezys coeffiecient
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
14
Relation b/w chezys coefficient and Darcys friction factor
R D 4 =
g
V
D
L
f h
f
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
h
D
f
g
V
f
2
2
RS
f
g
V
8
2
=
S
L
h
f
=
RS C RS
f
g
V = =
8
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Relation b/w chezys coefficient and Darcys friction factor
RS C RS
f
g
V = =
8
f
g
C
8
=
f is a dimensionless parameter, however C in not a dimensionless
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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(b) Ganguillet-Kutters formula
R
N
S
S N
C
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ +
=
00155 . 0
23 1
00155 . 0 1
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Determine an expression for Chezys C
N is the coefficient depending on the nature of the surface of the
pipe
N = values same as Mannings coefficient
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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(c) Mannings formula
N is the coefficient depending on the nature of the surface of the
pipe
N = Mannings coefficient
2 1 3 2
1
S R
N
V =
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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(c) Mannings formula
Relation b/w Mannings N and Chezys C
2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2
1
S CR S R
N
V = =
N
R
C
6 1
=
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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(d) Hazen-Williams formula
C
hw
is the coefficient depending on the nature of the surface of the
pipe
54 . 0 63 . 0
85 . 0 S R C V
hw
=
Head loss due to friction in the pipe
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Conclusions
The range of empirical formulae are limited, since they are based
on a limited experimental results

As such no formula is correct for general use

Chezy and Manning formulae are commonly use due to their
simplicity

The Darcy equation is more popular
Projects
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Update?