CNG NGH NANO-NHM 18

TRNG I HC NGN HNG THNH PH H CH MINH KHOA QUN TR KINH DOANH

MN MI TRNG KINH DOANH CNG NGH NANO LP T02- NHM 18 GVHD: TS. TRNH QUC TRUNG

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

NHM THC HNH: L TH THU GIANG NHM TH THANH HO L BO MINH (NHM TRNG) TH HUYN TRANG PHM HNG THU

030325090249 030325090415 030325090306 030325090372 030325090360

TP. H CH MINH THNG 11 NM 2011 ***** -0MI TRNG KINH DOANH Page - 0 -

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MC LC LI M U 2 I. Mt s khi nim v cng ngh nano 3 1. Cng ngh nano 3 2. Vt liu nano 4 3. Ti sao vt liu nano c tnh cht th v? 5 4. Ch to vt liu nano nh th no? 5 5. Trn th trng vt liu nano phn b nh th no? 7 ng dng 7 1. y dc 7 2. ho cht v vt liu cao cp 10 3. cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng 11 4. hng khng v tr 14 5. dt may 15 6. cng nghip 16 Tim nng 18 1. Y dc 18 2. Ho cht v vt liu cao cp 19 3. Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng 19 4. Hng khng v tr 19 5. Dt may 20 6. Cng nghip 20 7. Cc tim nng khc 21 Nguy c v cuc chy ua cng ngh nano 22

II.

III.

IV.

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LI M U Th k 21, cuc sng con ngi cng hin i hn. Mi th tr nn nh nhng v n gin hn bng vic my mc ha vi cc cng ngh, k thut hin i. Cng ngh nano v vt liu nano ( nano materials ) l mt trong nhng lnh vc nghin cu nh cao si ng nht trong thi gian gn y. iu c th hin bng s cc cng trnh khoa hc, s cc bng pht minh sng ch , s cc cng ty c lin quan n khoa hc, cng ngh nano gia tng theo cp s m. Con s c tnh v s tin u t vo lnh vc ny ln n 8,6 t la vo nm 2004 . Vy th ti sao vt liu nano li thu ht c nhiu u t v ti chnh v nhn lc n vy????? Khi ta ni n nano l ni n mt phn t ca ci g , v d, mt nano giy l mt khong thi gian bng mt phn t ca mt giy. Cn nano m chng ta dng y c ngha l nano mt, mt phn t ca mt mt. Ni mt cch r hn l vt liu cht rn c kch thc nm v yu t quan trng nht m chng ta s lm vic l vt liu trng thi rn. Vt liu nano l mt thut ng rt ph bin, tuy vy khng phi ai cng c mt khi nim r rng v thut ng . Trong cuc sng, hn bn tng nghe n my nghe nhc IPOD nano, hay khu trang phng chng cm H5N1 s dng si tm nano bc, hay my lc nc s dng cng ngh nanov..v..v Vy bn c thc mc cng ngh nano l g khng??? Bn c thy kh hiu ti sao ch c 1 con chip nh b c ch to bng cng ngh nano li c th cha ng mt lng thng tin khng l nh vy khng?? Khng phi ai tng s dng cc sn phm ng dng cng ngh nano cng hiu nano l g? L nh th no? Chnh v vy nhm em quyt nh chn ti Cng ngh nano _ ng dng v tim nng . V tp trung nghin cu v cc ng dng ca cng ngh nano v u im vt tri ca cc sn phm ng dng cng ngh nano.

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I.

Mt vi khi nim v cng ngh nano. 1. Cng ngh nano :

Ch nano, gc Hy Lp, c gn vo trc cc n v o to ra n v c gim i 1 t ln(10-9). V d : nanogam = 1 phn t ca gam ; nanomet = 1 phn t mt. Cng ngh nano l cng ngh x l vt cht mc nanomet. Cng ngh nano tm cch ly phn t n nguyn t nh lp rp ra nhng vt to kch c bnh thng s dng, y l cch lm t nh n to khc vi cch lm thng thng t trn xung di, t to n nh. tng c bn v cng ngh nano c a ra bi nh vt l hc ngi M Richard Feynman vo nm 1959, ng cho rng khoa hc i vo chiu su ca cu trc vt cht n tng phn t, nguyn t vo su hn na. Nhng thut ng cng ngh nano mi bt u c s dng vo nm 1974 do Nario Taniguchi mt nh nghin cu ti trng i hc Tokyo s dng cp kh nng ch to cu trc vi hnh ca mch vi in t. Vt liu thang o nano bao gm cc l nano, si v ng nano, ht nano c iu ch bng nhiu cch khc nhau. cp nano, vt liu s c nhng tnh nng c bit m vt liu truyn thng khng c c l do s thu nh kch thc v vic tng din tch mt ngoi ca loi vt liu ny. Cng ngh nano bao gm vic thit k, ch to v ng dng cc cu trc, thit b hay h thng kch thc nanomet (1nm = 10-9m). Vt liu nanocomposite l loi vt liu nano c ng dng rng ri c trong k thut v dn dng. Nanocomposite bao gm c ba loi nn kim lai, nn gm v nn polymer. y, ta ch cp ch yu n nanocomposite trn c s cht nn l polymer. Vt liu nanocomposite polymer : l loi vt liu composite-polymer vi hm lng cht gia cng thp ( 1-7%) v cht gia cng ny phi kch thc nanomet. Pha gia cng kch thc nanomet c s dng trong lnh vc nanocomposite thng l ht nano v ng carbon (carbon nanotube). Cc phng php c s dng ph bin hin nay ch to vt liu nanocomposite polymer l phng php insitu, nng chy, nh tng v phng php dung dch.
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2. Vt liu nano : a. Khi nim Vt liu Nano c th c nh ngha mt cch khi qut l loi vt liu m trong cu trc ca cc thnh phn cu to nn n t nht phi c mt chiu kch thc nanomet. Khi ta ni n nano l ni n mt phn t ca ci g , v d, mt nano giy l mt khong thi gian bng mt phn t ca mt giy. Cn nano m chng ta dng y c ngha l nano mt, mt phn t ca mt mt. Ni mt cch r hn l vt liu cht rn c kch thc nm v yu t quan trng nht m chng ta s lm vic l vt liu trng thi rn. Vt liu nano l mt thut ng rt ph bin, tuy vy khng phi ai cng c mt khi nim r rng v thut ng . hiu r khi nim vt liu nano, chng ta cn bit hai khi nim c lin quan l khoa hc nano ( nanoscience ) v cng ngh nano ( nanotechnology ). Theo Vin hn lm hong gia Anh quc th : Khoa hc nano l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu v cc hin tng v s can thip (manipulation) vo vt liu ti cc quy m nguyn t, phn t v i phn t. Ti cc quy m , tnh cht ca vt liu khc hn vi tnh cht ca chng ti cc quy m ln hn. Cng ngh nano l vic thit k, phn tch c trng, ch to v ng dng cc cu trc, thit b, v h thng bng vic iu khin hnh dng v kch thc trn quy m nano mt. Vt liu nano l i tng ca hai lnh vc l khoa hc nano v cng ngh nano, n lin kt hai lnh vc trn vi nhau. Kch thc ca vt liu nano tri mt khong kh rng, t vi nm n vi trm nm. c mt con s d hnh dung, nu ta c mt qu cu c bn knh bng qu bng bn th th tch lm ra rt nhiu ht nano c kch thc 10 nm, nu ta xp cc ht thnh mt hng di k tip nhau th di ca chng bng mt ngn ln chu vi ca tri t. b. Phn loi Vt liu nano l vt liu trong t nht mt chiu c kch thc nano mt. V trng thi ca vt liu, ngi ta phn chia thnh ba trng thi, rn, lng v kh. Vt liu nano c tp trung nghin cu hin nay, ch yu l vt liu rn, sau mi n cht lng v kh. V hnh dng vt liu, ngi ta phn ra thnh cc loi sau:
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Vt liu nano khng chiu (c ba chiu u c kch thc nano, khng cn chiu t do no cho in t), v d, m nano, ht nano... Vt liu nano mt chiu l vt liu trong hai chiu c kch thc nano, in t c t do trn mt chiu (hai chiu cm t), v d, dy nano, ng nano,... Vt liu nano hai chiu l vt liu trong mt chiu c kch thc nano, hai chiu t do, v d, mng mng,... Ngoi ra cn c vt liu c cu trc nano hay nanocomposite trong ch c mt phn ca vt liu c kch thc nm, hoc cu trc ca n c nano khng chiu, mt chiu, hai chiu an xen ln nhau. 3. Ti sao vt liu nano li c cc tnh cht th v ? -Cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca cc vt liu u c mt gii hn v kch thc. Nu vt liu m nh hn kch thc ny th tnh cht ca n hon ton b thay i. Ngi ta gi l kch thc ti hn. Vt liu nano c tnh cht c bit l do kch thc ca n c th so snh c vi kch thc ti hn ca cc tnh cht ca vt liu. -Khi vt liu c kch thc nm, cc s nguyn t nm trn b mt s chim t l ng k so vi tng s nguyn t. Chnh v vy cc hiu ng c lin quan n b mt, gi tt l hiu ng b mt s tr nn quan trng lm cho tnh cht ca vt liu c kch thc nanomet khc bit so vi vt liu dng khi 4. Ch to vt liu nano nh th no? Vt liu nano c ch to bng hai phng php: phng php t trn xung (top-down) v phng php t di ln (bottom-up). Phng php t trn xung l phng php to ht kch thc nano t cc ht c kch thc ln hn; phng php t di ln l phng php hnh thnh ht nano t cc nguyn t.

a. Phng php t trn xung Nguyn l: dng k thut nghin v bin dng bin vt liu th khi vi t chc ht th thnh c ht kch thc nano. y l cc phng php n gin, r tin

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nhng rt hiu qu, c th tin hnh cho nhiu loi vt liu vi kch thc kh ln (ng dng lm vt liu kt cu): -Trong phng php nghin, vt liu dng bt c trn ln vi nhng vin bi c lm t cc vt liu rt cng v t trong mt ci ci. My nghin c th l nghin lc, nghin rung hoc nghin quay (cn gi l nghin kiu hnh tinh). Cc vin bi cng va chm vo nhau v ph v bt n kch thc nano. Kt qu thu c l vt liu nano khng chiu (cc ht nano). -Phng php bin dng c s dng vi cc k thut c bit nhm to ra s bin dng c ln(c th >10) m khng lm ph hu vt liu, l cc phng php SPD in hnh. Nhit c th c iu chnh ty thuc vo tng trng hp c th. Nu nhit gia cng ln hn nhit kt tinh li th c gi l bin dng nng, cn ngc li th c gi l bin dng ngui. Kt qu thu c l cc vt liu nano mt chiu (dy nano) hoc hai chiu (lp c chiu dy nm). Ngoi ra, hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc phng php quang khc to ra cc cu trc nano. b. Phng php t di ln Nguyn l: hnh thnh vt liu nano t cc nguyn t hoc ion. Phng php t di ln c pht trin rt mnh m v tnh linh ng v cht lng ca sn phm cui cng. Phn ln cc vt liu nano m chng ta dng hin nay c ch to t phng php ny. Phng php t di ln c th l phng php vt l, ha hc hoc kt hp c hai phng php ha-l. Phng php vt l: l phng php to vt liu nano t nguyn t hoc chuyn pha. Nguyn t hnh thnh vt liu nano c to ra t phng php vt l: bc bay nhit (t,phn x, phng in h quang). Phng php chuyn pha: vt liu c nung nng ri cho ngui vi tc nhanh thu c trng thi v nh hnh, x l nhit xy ra chuyn pha v nh hnh - tinh th (kt tinh) (phng php ngui nhanh). Phng php vt l thng c dng to cc ht nano, mng nano, v d: cng my tnh. Phng php ha hc: l phng php to vt liu nano t cc ion. Phng php ha hc c c im l rt a dng v ty thuc vo vt liu c th m ngi ta phi thay i k thut ch to cho ph hp. Tuy nhin, chng ta vn c th phn loi cc phng php ha hc thnh hai loi: hnh thnh vt liu nano t pha lng (phng php kt ta, sol-gel,...) v t pha kh (nhit phn,...).
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Phng php ny c th to cc ht nano, dy nano, ng nano, mng nano, bt nano,... Phng php kt hp: l phng php to vt liu nano da trn cc nguyn tc vt l v ha hc nh: in phn, ngng t t pha kh,... Phng php ny c th to cc ht nano, dy nano, ng nano, mng nano, bt nano,... 5. Trn th trng vt liu nano phn b th no ? Y dc l th trng ln nht tiu th vt liu nano, cc ng dng ht nano dn truyn thuc ( drug delivery ) n mt v tr no trn c th l mt trong nhng v d v ng dng ca ht nano. Trong ng dng ny, thuc c lin kt vi ht nano c tnh cht t, bng cch iu khin t trng ht nano c nh mt v tr trong mt thi gian di thuc c th khuych tn vo cc c quan mong mun. - Y dc : Ht nano . - Ha cht v vt liu cao cp : ng nano . - Cng ngh thng tin, vin thng : Vt liu xp nano . - Nng lng : Lng nano . - T ng ha : Chm lng t . - Hng khng v tr : Vt liu cu trc nano . - Dt : Si nano . - Nng nghip : Ht cha ht nano (capsule) II. ng dng

1. Y dc Vt liu nano c kh nng ng dng trong sinh hc v kch thc ca nano so snh c vi kch thc ca t bo ( 10-100 nm ), virus ( 20-450 nm ), protein ( 5-50 nm ), gen ( 2 nm rng v 10-100 nm chiu di ). Vi kch thc nh b, cng vi vic ngy trang ging nh cc thc th sinh hc khc v c th thm nhp vo cc t bo hoc virus. a. iu tr ung th Mt trong nhng nhc im quan trng nht ca ha tr liu l tnh khng c hiu. Khi vo trong c th, thuc cha bnh s phn b khng tp trung nn cc t
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bo mnh khe b nh hng do tc dng ph ca thuc. Chnh v th vic dng cc ht t tnh nano nh l ht mang thuc n v tr cn thit trn c th (thng thng dng iu tr cc khi u ung th) c nghin cu t nhng nm 1970, nhng ng dng ny c gi l dn truyn thuc bng ht t tnh. C hai li ch c bn l: (i) thu hp phm vi phn b ca cc thuc trong c th nn lm gim tc dng ph ca thuc; v (ii) gim lng thuc iu tr.

My thm d nano vi hnh dng san h, vi mt mt lm bng vng v mt kia bng polyme s tin thng ti t bo ung th truyn thuc cha tr.

Ht nano bao gm: phn t c nhn xt st ph mt lp polymer (ng vai tr nam chm cc nh) ni vi ui DNA (phn t vi sinh) bng cu ni hydro v thuc chng ung th cng ni vi ui DNA bng cu ni hydro nh vy v c th ni mt lc nhiu thuc phi hp. T bo vch ca mch mu i vo m lnh c s lin kt rt cht ch, khc vi t bo vch ca mch mu i vo khi ung th thng c nhng k h c kch thc ln hn 4 v nh hn 400nm. Nh th, khi cho ht nano c kch c ph hp ny vo mu th chng lch vo khi ung th, nhng khng th r vo m lnh c. Dng nng lng xung bc x in t kch thch, lm cho phn t xt st nng ln, ph v cu hydro, gii phng ra phn t xt st v phng thch thuc vo khi ung th. Theo di phn t st xt
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bng my cng hng t (MRI) s bit c tc vn chuyn v iu chnh cng xung bc x in t s hiu chnh c liu lng thuc. L th ca k thut trn l dng ht nano nh mt chic xe ti 3 trong 1 a mt thuc hay phi hp nhiu thuc ti ch, theo liu lng va ; khng gy hi cho t bo lnh; khc phc c tr ngi m ha tr liu trc .

b. Phn tch t bo Trong sinh dc hc , i khi ngi ta cn phi phn tch mt loi t bo c bit no ra khi cc t bo khc. Ht t nano c tnh tng hp sinh hc c dng lm iu . Qu trnh ny gm hai giai on: dn nhn cho t bo (labelling) bng cc ht nano t; v phn tch cc t bo c dn nhn bng cc dng c phn tch. Cc ht nano t c ph bi mt loi ha cht, thng c dng l cht hot ha b mt ( surfactant ) lm tng tng hp sinh hc v lm tng kh nng n nh trong dung dch ca ht nano. C ch dn nhn t bo ging nh c ch m cc khng th nhn ra cc khng nguyn trong c th. V d nu ta ph mt lp ha cht min dch c hiu bn ngoi ht nano th chng c th bm vo cc t bo mu, cc t bo ung th, vi khun hoc cc th golgi. phn tch cc t bo c nh du , ngi ta dng mt dng c to ra gradient t trng bng cch t mt thanh nam chm chng hn ht cc ht nano t ang lin kt vi cc t bo v bng cch , cc t bo c tch khi cc t bo khc khng c nh du.

c. iu tr tn thng tim Khi c th b mt tn thng th theo phn x s c mt lng ln yu t tng trng quy t v, to ra th th, y mnh vic phn bo (tng hp DNA) vng tn thng, gip cho tn thng hi phc. Khi tim vo c th cc phn t peptide amphiphiles. Cc phn t ny t kt li vi nhau thnh cc si th nano (kch thc nh hn 100nm), mng, di tri ra trn vng b tn thng. Thm vo 8 acid-amin cho php si th nano kt thnh mt protein. Protein ny sau s kt hp vi cc cht khc to thnh yu t tng trng, kch thch mch mu pht trin, hi phc cc tn thng, ging nh s hi phc t nhin nhng nhanh hn nhiu. iu k diu ca k thut ny l ch dng si nano to ra mng li cc t bo mi an vo thnh tm thm mi thay cho tm thm c b h hng. D nhin, ng dng lm sng ca n khng ch ng khung trong tn thng tim m cho bt c mi tn thng no khc.
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2. Ha cht v vt liu cao cp a. ng nano carbon- vt liu mi cho pin mt tri Cc pin quang in cn phi c lp dn in cho php nh sng i vo pin v in nng i ra. V th, cht dn cn phi dn in v trong sut. Theo cc nh khoa hc M, cht dn trong sut lm t cc ng nano carbon - vt liu mi dng lm pin mt tri c th to ra mt cuc cch mng trong vic hp th nng lng mtri. N c th l mt s thay th hp l v linh hot cho cng ngh hin ti, bi vt liu ang s dng hin nay tng i gin v phi ph thuc vo mt loi khong cht kh him. khc phc iu ny, nhm nghin cu ti Northwestern to ra mt vt liu thay th. l cc ng nano carbon n vch, hnh tr rng, c ng knh ch bng 1 nanomet.

Cc nh nghin cu ti i hc Northwestern cho bit tnh linh hot c hc ca vt liu ny c th cho php tch hp pin mt tri vo cc loi vi v qun o, to ra ngun nng lng di ng cho tt c mi th, t in t c nhn cho ti hot ng qun s. Pht hin ny c th m u cho cc ng dng mi trong lnh vc pin mt tri nh lu qun s kt hp pin mt tri linh hot cung cp nng lng trc tip cho cc quan i ngay ti mt trn, hoc pin mt tri tch hp vo qun o, ba l hoc v. b. Mt s ngnh khc
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Trong phu thut thm m, ang hnh thnh ngnh Cosmetic Nano Surgery (tm dch Nano phu thut thm m). Cc ng dng cng ngh nano ang pht trin trong vi phu thut thm m bc m tha, cng da, xa np nhn, i mu tc... Cc loi kem bi da cha ht nano gip thay i mu da hay ngn chn tia t ngoi d gy ung th da. Ngnh cng ngh mi c tn Nano-bio (tm dch l Sinh hc nano) ang hnh thnh, s to ra nhng vt liu mi to m xng, cc b phn thay th y sinh hc dng cho con ngi nh da, bng thng minh... Ngnh phng sinh hc nano hng n vic ch to nhng vt liu m phng cc kh nng c bit ca cc loi ng thc vt trong t nhin. V d hin tng l sen lun sch s v khng bao gi t l do cu trc b mt c cc ct nh c nanomet, cch nhau khong vi micromet to nn b mt khng thm nc. T cc nh khoa hc sn xut ra vt liu polyme m phng cu trc ca l sen, c kh nng khng thm nc, mang li nhiu ng dng trong y t v i sng. 3. Cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng: a. Cng ngh thng tin Cng ngh Nano ang to ra nhiu iu k diu n ni ngi ta xem n nh mt cuc cch mng trong Th k 21

Bng cng ngh nano, ngi ta c th "nht" tt c thng tin ca 27 cun T in Bch khoa ton th ca Anh nm gn trong mt thit b ch bng si tc. Ngi ta cng c th ch to ra nhng con robot m mt thng khng nhn thy c. V, cn v s iu k l khc m con ngi c th khai thc nh vo cng ngh nano. Nhiu phng th nghim ang bt tay vo nghin cu th h my tnh nano, my tnh c cc chi tit c thit k bng vic sp xp nhng nguyn t mi c kh nng lu gi ( cha c nhiu terabyte thng tin ), x l thng tin vi tc ln hn hin nay rt nhiu ln v c bit l gi thnh r.

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Cc ng nano cng c th lm si tc thp sng bng n, do vy m chng ang c pht trin thay th cc bng in, cc bng hin th thng tin, mn hnh my tnh, in thoi di ng

-Chut apple khng dy c thit k thi trang v c o khng ging ai, ch c apple mi s hu. S dng cng ngh Nano khng dy cho php s dng trong phm vi ln ti 10m. -Cc nh khoa hc Israel va cho bit h tm ra cch ghi li cc ni dung vn bn c vo mt con chip nh hn c u inh ghim (nh hn 1/1.000 inch). Khm ph ny c thc hin da trn nhng tin b ca cng ngh nano. Dng ch c ghi li bng my pht chum tia ion to thnh nhng chm nh ht ion Gali trn b mt bng vng ph ln trn mt lp silicon, qu trnh ghi mt vn bn s mt khong 90 pht. Cng ngh mi ny s gip lu tr thng tin lu di v khng tn nhiu thi gian.

b. Truyn thng: Cc hng sn xut in thoi lin tc nghin cu v a ra nhng mu concept mi, cng ngh mi vi nhng tnh nng vt tri cnh tranh ginh git th phn trn th trng nhiu mu m ny. Vy cng ngh no s c s dng trong cc mu in thoi di ng trong tng lai?

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Cc chuyn gia d on cng ngh siu nh (Nano) s tr thnh cng ngh trong tng lai ca in thoi di ng v s gy ra c sc ln cho bt c ai nhn thy chng. Nhng khi no ngi dng mi c th nhn thy nhng chic in thoi s dng cng ngh ny. -Nm 2005, Nokia tung ra mu thit k concept ca chic phone Communicator 888 c pin dng lng c dn trn theo thn my. Sn phm hon ton mm do v c th un cong ty . Khi c trnh din ln u tin, Communicator 888 cho thy li th vt tri ca cng ngh nano. Concept in thoi s dng cng ngh Nano c th un cong, thay i hnh dng, pht trin, c th t lm sch,... Concept in thoi s dng cng ngh Nano c mn hnh cm ng n hi rt rng v b mt v ngoi un do theo mun. Pin ca thit b ny l dng pin lng nn c th dn mng ra khp thit b v chu s thay i hnh dng bt c lc no. Vi cng ngh nano ny, nhng chic in thoi khng ch c kch thc siu nh, mm do, thay i hnh dng ty , c ch t lm sch m i khi c th un to thnh mn trang sc thi thng nh vng tay, dy eo,... Nhng theo tin trnh pht trin ca cng ngh, liu nano c th tr thnh cng ngh k tip lm nn cuc cch mng ln trong ngnh cng nghip in thoi di ng? -Cng ngh mi pht trin rt nhanh. Cch y khng lu, in thoi mn hnh cm ng mi ch n thun l mt gic m, nhng by gi s lng in thoi s dng mn hnh cm ng chim 20% trong th trng TD vi s tham gia ca cc hng ln nh Apple, Nokia,... iu l minh chng cho thy, cng ngh c kh nng lm thay i b mt ngnh cng nghip ch trong mt thi gian rt ngn. Theo Nokia, mn hnh cm ng cng vi kh nng h tr mng tc cao 3G, c th xem video, hnh nh cng nh nh v GPS l nhng th tm thng so vi nhng g m Nokia s to ra trn sn phm ca mnh. Vit Nam, vic tip cn, nghin cu, ng dng cng ngh nano tuy cn mi m nhng c ngha rt quan trng, c bit trong cng ngh ch to bn dn v vi mch in t. y l iu tt yu pht trin, tng tnh t ch cng ngh trong cc ngnh cng ngh cao nh in t - Vin thng v Cng ngh thng tin.
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Mun vy, chng ta phi la chn cng ngh nano thch hp, xy dng i ng nghin cu cng vi phng th nghim c trang b thit b tin tin, hin i. 4. Hng khng v tr v t a. Hng khng v tr Cng ngh Nano cng c p dng trong ngnh t Hng khng v tr. Ngi ta nghin cu ch to cc ng nano cc k vng chc, c sc mnh gp mi ln thp v c bit l khng nhit, iu ny c th gip con ngi sn xut ra hng lot thit b cho ngnh sn xut xe hi, my bay v tu v tr. Cc tp on ang tham gia lnh vc ny l Hewlet Parkard, IBM, Intel, NanoProprietary, Natero, NVE, Samsung, Zettacore, General Motors v Ford. Nh hn 10 ln song li bn gp 250 ln thp, l mng nano cacbon do cc nh nghin cu thuc H Florida va ch to. Tim nng ng dng ca loi vt liu ny rt ln, trong hng khng, v tr, qun s cng nh cuc sng thng ngy. Theo GS.Ben Wang, trng nhm nghin cu, mng nano ni trn c lm t cc ng nano cacbon - cc si cc bn c ng knh bng 1/50.000 si tc ngi v c pht trin ln u tin vo u thp nin 90 ca th k 20. Vt liu to nn loi mng ny l cacbon 60, mt loi phn t cacbon hnh cu, cng gp hai ln kim cng. Nu nhim in, mng Nano cacbon c th c s dng ri sang mn hnh my tnh v v tuyn, to ra sang ng u hn so vi cng ngh tia cathode hin nay v cng ngh mn hnh tinh th lng. L vt liu dn in tt nht, mng Nano rt thch hp ch to nhng b tn nhit, gip my tnh v cc thit b in t khc tn nhit hiu qu hn so vi hin nay. V theo thi gian, mng Nano s gip con ngi thu nh kch c ca cc thit b in t. Do c kh nng mang dng in cc ln nn mt tm mng Nano cacbon c th c gn bn ngoi my bay. Khi , st nh s di chuyn quanh my bay v tiu tan v khng gy thit hi g. Mng cn c th bo v cc vi mch v thit b in t trong my bay khi hin tng nhiu lon in t. Nhiu lon in t c th lm hng thit b. Ngoi ra, mng cho php my bay qun s chn cc tn hiu in t ca chng, lm cho radar khng th d thy my bay. Mng Nano cacbon nm trong FAC2T, d n pht trin cc loi vt liu composite mi cng nh cng ngh sn xut chng. Qun i M hin rt quan tm ti nhng ng dng qun s ca mng Nano. Thc t, phng th nghim qun i gn y u t 2,5 triu USD v Vn phng nghin cu khoa hc ca
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Khng qun M chi 1,2 triu USD nghin cu nhng ng dng ca loi vt liu mi ny. b. t: Khng to tt nh nhng chic my bay qun s hay tu chin, cng ngh Nano cng c ng dng cho nhng chic t, xe bus, hoc bt k vt liu c s dng sn trong i sng thng nht. "Nano Paint-PPS"c ng dng trn tu v tr, my bay, tu chin, xe qun s, xe bus, xe my, t lnh, laptop, tivi, cc vt liu c s dng sn... Vi nhng tnh nng c bit"Nano Paint-PPS"c kh nng bo v lu di cho chic xe ca bn chng li s khc nghit ca thi tit nh sc nng mt tri, s phn hy ca tia cc tm cng nh nhng ha cht, tp cht trong mi trng tc ng ln b mt sn xe. "Nano Paint - PPS"chuyn dng bo v b mt sn vi nhng c tnh u vit: + Bo v b mt sn chng li cc tc nhn ca thi tit, ha cht, bi bn... + Chng bm nc, d dng chi ra nhng vt bn cng u. + Chng li tia cc tm, hi m, hi nng, chng n mn axit. + Gim 53% nguy c b xc xe so vi cc loi sn truyn thng. + bng tng 15-30% so vi xe lc mi xut xng. + Gi cho mu sn xe lun bng sng nh mi trong thi gian di. + Khi xe b try xc...chng ta d dng sn sa m khng gp bt c kh khn no. + Khng lm thay i tnh cht ca b mt sn... + c bit, c kh nng phc hi tr li v bng p nh mi cho nhng xe c.

5. Dt may Si c tm nano bc : sn phm dng tm Nano bc cho cc lai vi si nhn to, si Micro v cc lai vi si tng hp. Lai sn phm ny bo m tnh cht khng khun lu di. Trong nhng mi trng cn c cc lai vi sch, khng khun tt, th y l mt la chn thch hp, thn thin vi mi trng so vi cc lai sn phm khng khun khc nh Triclosan hoc hp cht chlor. Cc sn phm ny c cht khng khun, b mt ca si c tm bc c kh nng chng li vi sinh, nm v cc lai a t bo khc Cht bc tm trong si l lai bc thun cht. Qu trnh dit vi khun xy ra trong 3 gia an.
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- Gim thiu kh nng bm khun trn b mt, mi trng pht trin khng thun li cho vi khun - Ph hy s trao i cht ca t bo, thay th Kalium vi ion bc - Phn ng ca ion bc vi cc lai amino acid c cha lu hynh m thng ca khng kh phn t bc phn ng vi cc lai vi sinh So snh vi cc cht khng khun khc, phn t bc khng bc hi, phn t bc khng b nhim vo khng kh v khng gy nhim khng kh (theo cc chng ch xc nh) Vi cc sn phm ny, chng ta s c mt h thng khng khun tan din v lu di, so vi cc h thng khng khun t cht liu bc khc, sn phm khng th hin s thai ha di tia UV, c tnh ca sn phm bn lu nh s tn ti ca si .. ng dng thc t ca loi si tm nano bc ta c th gp trong i sng hng ngy nh: - Khn tri ging - Bao trm m - Khn lau chn - Khn mt, khn lau - Qun o lao ng .. - Khu trang phng cm H5N1

6. Nng nghip - 0 ICotz-Green bo hiu s bt u 1 k nguyn mi v ng dng cng ngh Nano trong nng nghip. Thng qua s dng ho cht dng keo, ICotzGreen to ra bc pht trin ng k trong Plant Tonic vi nhng phn t mixen c kch thc chun ho l t 1-4 namomet. Kt qu l to ra hng t phn

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t mixen kch hot vi nhau to ra ci m c th m t tt nht nh l ?o1 cht siu sch? . - Cc phn t siu sch ny cho php xm nhp vo cc t bo thc vt trn l cy, ni tng hp ng nhm tng kh nng quang hp. S quang hp l qu trnh cy s dng nng lng t nh sng mt tri sn sinh ra ng tn ti di dng tinh bt, cenlulo, wax, carbohydrat, du v protein. y l nhng thnh phn c bn to nn s pht trin ca cy trng. Kt qu l, cy trng tng trng mt cch nhanh chng, kho mnh hn v c kh nng chng bnh tt hn. So snh cc thc nghim chng minh rng ht ging s ny mm nhanh hn, cy ra hoa sm hn v cho sn lng cao hn. - Nhn t th hai ng gp vo kt qu thnh cng ny l s xut hin ca cc ion dng trong iCotz-Green. c ng dng x l r trc khi em i gieo trng hoc ngm r, iCotz-Green hot ng nhm kch thch s tng trng v pht trin mi ca cy trng. N gip x l phn NPK t r chuyn ho thnh cc cht dinh dng d hp th. S hp thu ny c tin hnh t cc ion dng th vi trong cu trc ca iCotz-Green. Cc cation kch thch s di chuyn ca phn bn v cc cht dinh dng khc t t ti cy thng qua b r. 1 cation phi l 1 phn t hay 1 nhm cc phn t mang in tch dng. Cation mang in tch dng v c nhiu proton hn electron trong cation ny. Anion mang in tch m b ht v pha cation mang in tch dng, ht chnh n v c hp th vo cy trng. Ni cch khc, cc cation mang in tch dng ny chnh l ngun nui dng trc tip ti cy trng. Ngoi nhng cht lng c nht ny, iu lm cho iCotz-Green to nn cuc cch mng ln nh vy l n c th t c hiu qu nh vy cng vi mc tiu bo v mi trng, l sn phm thc s khng gy nhim mi trng. Sn xut v bo qun theo tiu chun ca FDA EAFUS, iCotz-Green khng cha cc thnh t c hi, nguy him v hon ton m bo v cht lng . nh gi chnh xc hn v nhng tc ng ca iCotz-Green n s tng trng ca cy trng th iu cn thit u tin l phi gii thch c cc thnh t c bn c kh nng tc ng trc tip n s sinh trng ca cy trng. - Cc nh khoa hc n t Arkansas, mt tiu bang ca Hoa K ang nghin cu v tc dng c li ca cc ng nano cacbon (CNTs) trong nng nghip. Kt qu nghin cu d nh s c cng b rng ri trn Tp ch ACS Nano vo tun ti. Qua th nghim, cc nh khoa hc nhn thy rng, cc ht c chua tip xc vi CNTs th t l ny mm nhanh hn v qu pht trin vi kch thc cng nh trng lng nng hn so vi cc ht ging, cy con khc. c th l mt nhn t thc y qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca thc vt. Cc nh khoa hc gi rng, vic sn xut sinh khi (tng trng lng ca sinh vt sng trong sinh quyn hoc s lng sinh vt sng trn mt n v din tch) cho cc loi thc vt cng nh cc sn phm nng nghip khc da trn c
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s ngun nhin liu sinh hc c th em li li ch ng k cho ngnh nng nghip. Mariya Khodakovskaya, Alexandru Biris cng cc ng nghip l cc chuyn gia nghin cu khoa hc ang tin hnh s dng cc ht nano trong nng nghip (nano - agriculture), c kch thc rt nh, ch bng 1/50.000 chiu rng ca mt si tc con ngi. Mc ch chnh ca cc ht nano ng dng trong nng nghip l nhm ci thin nng sut cho cc loi cy lng thc, cy nhin liu cng nh nhiu loi cy v ng dng khc. Cc nh khoa hc a ra nhng bng chng u tin chng minh rng, CNTs xm nhp xuyn qua lp ph cng bn ngoi cc ht ging v c nhng tc ng nh hng c li cho qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin. Cc ht c s tc ng, tip xc thm ca ng nano ny mm nhanh gp hai ln so vi cc ht ging ny mm theo cch thng thng. Mt khc trng lng ca qu c s tc ng ca cng ngh nano cng nng gp hn hai ln so vi qu pht trin t nhin. Cc chuyn gia nghin cu gii thch, nhng nh hng tch cc ny l do ng nano m thng cc mng ngoi ht ging v lm tng kh nng hp th nc, t thc y nhanh qu trnh ny mm v pht trin. Cc nh khoa hc cng nhn mnh thm, hiu qu tch cc ca CNTs trong vic ny mm ca cc ht ging m h quan st thy c ngha c bit quan trng, mang li nhiu li ch kinh t trong ngnh sn xut nng nghip, ngh lm vn cng nh lnh vc nng lng, chng hn nh qu trnh sn xut nhin liu sinh hc. III. Tim nng:

1. Tim nng trong lnh vc Y dc - Kim tra v chn on bnh: - Phng th nghim trn chip. - Cc dy cm ng nano da trn ng nano ccbon. - Cc chm lng t dng chn on bnh. Cc ht nano t tnh dng lm cm bin nano. - Cc lin hp dendrimer (polime tng) khng th iu tr HIV-1 v ung th. - Cc cm bin nano dy nano v ai nano chn on bnh. - Cc ht nano dng lm cht nng cao cht lng chp hnh trong y hc. - Cc h thng cung cp thuc: - Cc vin nang nano, cc liposome (ht m), cc dendrimer, cc qu bng buckyball, cc ht nano sinh hc t tnh v cc loi t st dng cho cc h thng cung cp thuc lu di v t t. - Gim st sc kho: - Cc ng nano v cc ht nano s dng cho cc cm bin ng, CO2 v Cholesterol v cho vic gim st sc kho ti nh. - c tnh ti thuc (drug delivery) n cc t bo v chn bnh trong c th con ngi ca cc loi vt liu y hc c kho st t nhiu nm qua. Trong lnh vc
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ny, ng c nano c tim nng rt ln. ng c cn c iu khin i theo hng c ch nh nh bit cm ng v c kh nng nhn thuc v nh thuc vo t bo nhim bnh mt "a ch" nht nh. ng than nano c dng lm gin gio cho t bo xng pht trin hn cc vt gy nt ca xng. ng than nano c kh nng xuyn thng mn t bo nh cy kim nano, c th l mt cng c ti thuc, vc xin, dc liu chng ung th vo cc t bo nhim bnh. 2. Tim nng trong lnh vc ho cht v vt liu cao cp: - Tng tr, sn xut v chuyn ho nng lng: - Cc h thng tch tr hyr mi da trn cc ng nano ccbon v cc vt liu nano c trng lng nh. - Cc pin quang in v cc thit b pht sng v c da trn cc chm lng t. Cc ng nano ccbon cc lp v mng composit dng cho pin mt tri. - Cc cht xc tc nano sn xut hyr. - Carbon Nano tube ( ng than nano ) l vt liu nano c ch trng nhiu nht v y l vt liu mi cho nhiu kh nng ch to cc dng c vi in tnh v c tnh siu vit, c tim nng ng dng rng ln vo cuc sng. . Tinh th nano (hay l chm lng t, quantum dot) silicon c ch to thnh cng trong phng th nghim. Th xp nano titanium dioxide v chm lng t silicon l nhng cu trc nano c thit k cho pin mt tri tng lai. 3. Tim nng trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin, truyn thng: - Trong tng lai, my tnh v cc thit b in t c th s dng vt liu nano tng kh nng lu tr d liu cng nh ko di thi gian s dng ca pin. Cc phng php lu tr mi da trn nn tng cng ngh nano s cho php lu c nhiu thng tin gp hn 200 ln mt lu tr ca a DVD thng thng. - Tim nng to ra li nhun ca cc ng than Nano cng rt ln: Carbon Nano tube ( ng than nano ) l vt liu nano c ch trng nhiu nht v y l vt liu mi cho nhiu kh nng ch to cc dng c vi in tnh v c tnh siu vit, c tim nng ng dng rng ln vo cuc sng. Tinh th nano (hay l chm lng t, quantum dot) silicon c ch to thnh cng trong phng th nghim. Th xp nano titanium dioxide v chm lng t silicon l nhng cu trc nano c thit k cho pin mt tri tng lai 4. Tim nng trong lnh vc t, hng khng v tr: - Trong tng lai, vt liu nano c th c s dng gim t l hao mn ng c, tng hiu sut s dng pin v nhin liu. S dng xt kim loi dng nano to ra cc phn t nano tinh th ha lm pin lithium-ion c cng sut ln
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CNG NGH NANO-NHM 18

hn 20% dng cho xe chy in. xt xeri, c th dng ch to cht ph gia lm tng hiu sut s dng nhin liu ca ng c diesel, lm qu trnh t nhin liu sch hn,gim c lng kh thi c hi cng nh lng ccbon bm vo thnh xylanh ca ng c so vi s dng cc loi cht ph gia khc. - Trong lnh vc hng khng v tr, cc vt liu cu trc nano c th gip to ra nhng th h my bay bn hn, nh hn, c kh nng chng st v chng chy tt hn. Hin nay, ngi ta sn xut c mt loi vt liu cn nano c bn cao, nh v hp th nng lng tt hn thp, dng ch to my bay. Cc loi polymer cha ht nano bc gip lm sch vi khun trong my bay. Mt cng ty ch to c loi vi v si cha ng nano ccbon c tnh dn in cao dng thay ng sn xut dy dn v cp nh hn cho my bay hoc v tinh. 5. Tim nng trong lnh vc dt: c pht hin vo nm 1991, cc ng nano carbon ch c ng knh mt vi phn t ca mt mt song li siu bn. Trc y, chng c se thnh si. Tuy nhin, lm iu trc tip l rt kh khn. Vi phng php mi, cc chuyn gia ti Vin Cambridge-MIT (CMI) tin thm mt bc na ti vic sn xut si nano carbon trn quy m cng nghip. Nhm nghin cu do GS Alan Windle ti CMI pht trin k thut mi trong su thng qua. ng ni: ""Cc ng nano carbon l cu trc rt th v vi tim nng ng ngc nhin. Chng l mt kha cnh ca cng ngh nano. Gi th mi ngi c th lm cho ng nano tr thnh mt vt g m h c th nhn thy"". Quy trnh se si din ra trong mt l luyn do Khoa Khoa hc Vt liu v Luyn kim, H Cambridge, thit k. Quy trnh ny lin tip to si t mt vng phn ng. Ni theo ngn ng bnh dn, quy trnh trn kh ging vi mt chic my sn xut que ko, trong mt m bng en c to ra ri c cun ln mt trc quay ging nh si ch. ng nano carbon nhanh chng c to ra bng cch phun carbon v cht xc tc st nano vo l luyn nhit 1.200 C. Sau , mt loi ""khi en n hi"", vi tn gi aerogel, hnh thnh v bt u dnh vo thnh mt hn trong l to si. Tip n, mt chic trc quay s cun si aerogel thnh ch vi vn tc vi centimet mi giy. 6. Tim nng trong lnh vc nng nghip: - Nng cao sn lng nng nghip: - Cc zeolit xp nano dng cung cp chm, hiu qu nc v phn bn cho cy trng, cht dinh dng, thuc cho vt nui, - Cc vin nang nano cung cp thuc dit c, - Cc cm bin nano gim st cht lng t v cy trng, - Nam chm nano loi tr cht gy nhim t. - Tch tr v ch bin Thc phm: mng ph do c s dng bao gi thc phm. - Cc nh tng nano chng vi trng s dng cho cc ng dng kh
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c cc dng c thc phm, ng gi thc phm hoc thc phm. - Cc cm bin sinh hc pht hin khng nguyn da trn Cng ngh Nano xc nh c cc cht nhim bnh. 7. Cc tim nng khc: X l v lm sch nc: - Mng nano lm sch nc, kh mui v gii c,Cc cm bin nano pht hin ra cht gy nhim v mm bnh,- Cc zeolit xp nano, cc polime xp nano v cc loi t st dng lm sch nc,- Cc ht nano t tnh dng x l v lm sch nc, - Cc ht TiO2 dng lm thoi ho cc cht gy nhim nc. nhim khng kh v lm trong sch khng kh: - Qu trnh thoi ho xc tc quang hc da trn cc ht nano TiO2 cc cht nhim khng kh cc h thng t lm sch. - Cc cht xc tc nano dng cho cc b bin i xc tc hiu qu hn, r hn v c kim sot hn. - Cc cm bin nano pht hin ra cc cht c v r r cc cht c. - Cc thit b nano tch kh. Xy dng: - Cc cu trc nano phn t to ra nha ng v b tng cng hn chng thm nc. - Cc vt liu nano chu nhit ngn nga tia cc tm v bc x hng ngoi. - Cc vt liu nano lm v bc bn v r hn, cc b mt, cc lp bc, cc loi keo, b tng v cht ngn nh sng, nhit. - Cc b mt t lm sch ( v d nh ca s, gng, toa-lt ) vi cc lp ph hot tnh sinh hc. Kim sot v pht hin sinh vt gy hi: - Cc cm bin nano pht hin sinh vt gy hi. - Cc ht nano s dng cho cc loi thuc tr su b, cn trng gy hi. Hin nay, trn th gii cc vt liu v thit b nano bt u c sn xut vi s lng ngy cng nhiu v c nh gi l s c tim nng thng mi cao, mang li nhng khon li nhun khng l. Theo d bo ca Qu Khoa hc Quc gia, M, gi tr thng mi hng nm giai on 2011-2015 ca tt c cc sn phm lin quan ti Cng ngh Nano ( bao gm c cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng ) l khong 1000 t USD. Cc xit kim loi, nh titan ixit, km xit, silic xit, nhm xit, ziriconi v st xit, l cc loi ht nano thng mi quan trng nht. Cc vt liu ny c sn dng bt kh hoc huyn ph lng. S lng vt liu c s dng trong lnh vc th trng chm sc da ( titan ixit, v.v ) trn th gii l khong 1000 - 2000 tn/nm, vi vt liu cu phn nano tr gi khong 10 USD n 100000 USD/tn

IV.

Nguy c v cuc chy ua thc s trong thi i cng ngh nano

Vt liu v sn phm nano l con dao hai li. V l nhng vt cc nh, chng c th l phng tin tr liu nhng cng l mm mng gy bnh mc t bo. Trn
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phng din "sc kho v an ton chc nghip" (occupational health and safety), ngi ta vn cha hiu r nhng tc hi no c th xy ra khi ht nano i vo c th m khng bao gi b phn hu theo qua trnh chuyn ho t nhin (metabolism). Hin nay vn cha c mt quy nh cht ch no cho vic s dng - 22 -v x l cc sn phm vt liu nano, in hnh l ng than nano v fullerene C60. Song song vi nhng tin b khoa hc, kh nng tc hi ca nhng mi nguy him n tng cn phi c bit cnh gic. Do cc ng dng k diu ca cng ngh nano, tim nng kinh t cng nh to ra sc mnh v qun s. V l hin nay trn th gii ang xy ra cuc chy ua si ng v pht trin v ng dng cng ngh nano. C th k n mt s cng quc ang chim lnh th trng cng ngh ny hin nay l: Hoa K, Nht Bn, Trung Quc, c, Nga v mt s nc Chu uc th ni nhng quc gia trn chnh ph dnh mt khon ngn sch ng k h tr cho vic nghin cu v ng dng thc tin ca ngnh cng ngh nano. Khng ch cc trng i hc c cc phng th nghim vi cc thit b nghin cu quy m m cc tp on sn xut cng tin hnh nghin cu v pht trin cng ngh nano vi cc phng th nghim vi tng chi ph nghin cu tng ng vi ngn sch chnh ph dnh cho cng ngh nano. Vit Nam, tuy ch mi tip cn vi cng ngh nano trong nhng nm gn y nhng cng c nhng bc chuyn to ra sc ht mi i vi lnh vc y cam go, th thch ny. Nh nc cng dnh mt khon ngn sch kh ln cho chng trnh nghin cu cng ngh nano cp quc gia vi s tham gia ca nhiu trng i hc v Vin nghin cu.. Cng ngh nano l mt bc tin b vt bc ca cng ngh, n to ra nhng ng dng v cng k diu to ra nhiu c hi hn, nhng bn cnh cng c nhng thch thc t ra v thm ha mi trng v kh nng pht trin v kh lai mi vi sc tn ph khng g so snh ni. Tuy nhin, con ngi ngy nay hng nhiu hn vi ci thin nn chng ta c th hy vng l cng ngh nano s mang li hnh phc cho nhn loi nhiu hn.

TI LIU THAM KHO

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http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/ http://wikipedia.com http://hoahocngaynay.com http://thuvienkhoahoc.com

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