B KHOA HC V CNG NGH

CC NNG LNG NGUYN T

Phng Qun l khoa hc & Cng ngh ht nhn

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Bo co
Cc vn lin quan n l in ht nhn & cng ngh an ton cho nh my in ht nhn

Knh gi

Dr. Hong Anh Tun

H Ni, 8 - 2011

MC LC
Mc lc......................................................................................................... 1 Danh mc hnh nh v bng biu ............................................................... 2 Phn 1: Gii thiu........................................................................................ 3 1.1. Nh my in ht nhn ........................................................................... 3 1.1.1. nh ngha ....................................................................................... 3 1.1.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt nh my in ht nhn ................... 4 1.2. S pht trin ca cng ngh ht nhn...................................................... 5 1.2.1. Nh my in ht nhn th h I........................................................ 6 1.2.2. Nh my in ht nhn th h II ..................................................... 6 1.2.3. Nh my in ht nhn th h III v III+ ......................................... 6 1.2.4. Nh my in ht nhn th h IV .................................................... 7 Phn 2: Xy dng nh my in Vit Nam............................................. 8 2.1. t vn ............................................................................................ 8 2.2. L phn ng nc si (BWR) ................................................................ 8 2.3. L phn ng nc p lc (PWR) ........................................................... 9 Phn 3 : Cc bin php m bo an ton cho nh my in ht nhn....11 3.1. Cc bin php k thut ..........................................................................11 3.1.1. Quy hoch nh my in ht nhn ..................................................11 3.1.2. An ton trong vn hnh ca nh my ..............................................12 3.1.3. An ton khhi x l s c .................................................................13 3.2. Cc bin php phi k thut ....................................................................16 Phn 4 : Kt lun ........................................................................................17 Ti liu tham kho......................................................................................18

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Danh mc hnh nh
H.1.1. Nguyn l to ra dng in t dng hi nc ..................................... 3 H.1.2. Cc thng cha cht thi phng x...................................................... 4 H.1.3. Cc th h nh my in ht nhn ....................................................... 5 H.2.1. Nguyn l ca l phn ng nc si ................................................... 8 H.2.2. Nguyn l ca l phn ng nc p lc .............................................10 H.3.1. Cc nguy c c th xy ra vi l phn ng ........................................13

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Phn 1 : Gii thiu

1.1. Nh my in ht nhn 1.1.1. nh ngha Nh my in nguyn t (nh my in ht nhn) l mt nh my to ra in nng quy m cng nghip, s dng nng lng thu c t phn ng ht nhn.
(Ngun: Wikipedia)

Nguyn l hot ng ca nh my in ht nhn: ging nh cc nh my nhit it l s dng nng lng nhit un nng nc, sinh ra lung hi nc c p sut cao v li dng cng ca lung hi nc ny lm quay turbine ca cc my pht in to ra dng in cung cp cho cc ph ti.

Hnh 1.1 Nguyn l to ra in t dng hi nc Khc bit c bn nht ca in ht nhn vi nhit in l: nng lng nhit c to ra un si nc chnh l nng lng thu t phn ng phn r ht nhn ca cc cht phng x. Khi qu trnh sn xut m bo kn v x l cht thi c bo m an ton cao, nh my in nguyn t s c th sn xut nng lng in tng i r v sch so vi cc nh my sn xut in khc, c bit n c th

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t gy nhim mi trng hn cc nh my nhit in t than hay kh thin nhin. Do s dng nhin liu l cc cht c tnh phng x mnh, trong qu trnh hot ng s sn sinh ra mt lng cht thi ht nhn kh ln. phn ln trong c nhim x thp (cc vt dng bo h nh gng tay, giy lt, cc tm che chn) s c cho vo cc thng cha c bit v c tin hnh chn lp. Mt s lng t hn cc cht phng x nguy him (ban u s c lu tr trong phm vi nh my trong vi chc nm gim hot phng x) sau cn li cc cht phng x c thi gian phn hy lu (c th ti hng ngn nm) s c b tng ha (trn ln vi thy tinh c bit), sau c chn lp cc vng c a cht c bit (cc m qung mui ln khng thm nc hoc cc vng ni khng c mch nc ngm chy qua).

Hnh 1.2 Cc thng cha cht thi phng x. n nay vic x l hon ton cc cht thi phng x sinh ra t qu trnh hot ng ca cc nh my in ht nhn vn cha c. Bin php duy nht vn l s dng cc thng cha c bit cha cc cht thi ny, sau tin hnh chng lp ch cho tnh phng x ca chng gim i. Tuy nhin, cc cht phng x nguy him c thi gian phn r ln s t t tn cng v cc thng cha, qu trnh ny din ra trong mt thi gian di c th s lm cho v cc thng cha b n mn dn n vic r r cc cht phng x ra ngoi. 1.1.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt nh my in ht nhn

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L phn ng: L ni din ra cc phn ng phn r ht nhn to ra nng lng nhit ln. B phn sinh in: Gm my pht in, cc turbine (s dng c nng ca dng hi nc lm quay my pht in, t sinh ra dng in). B phn trao i nhit: Gm h thng cc ng dn, b to hi, b ngng t c tc dng trao i nhit gia cc pha vi nhau, ng thi chuyn hi nc tr li dng lng. B phn truyn ti in nng: Gm cc my bin p, h thng li truyn ti in c tc dng truyn ti dng in c sinh ra n cc h ph ti. 1.2. S pht trin ca cng ngh in ht nhn Nhng nh my in ht nhn thuc th h u tin ra i t nhng nm 50 ca th k trc (Nh my in ht nhn u tin c xy dng ti thnh ph Obninsk - Lin x c vo nm 1954, cng sut 5.000 KW. Nm 1956, cc nc Anh, Php cng a vo vn hnh nh my in ht nhn thng mi u tin ca minh) nh du s ra i ca hng lot cc nh my in ht nhn tip theo. Trong qu trnh pht trin, cc mu thit k ca nh my in ht nhn c nhiu ci tin hng n vic nng cao cng sut ca nh my ng thi pht trin cc th h mi c ch s an ton v tnh t ng ha cao hn. B Nng lng Hoa K (DOE) phn loi thnh bn th h nh sau:

Hnh 1.3 Cc th h nh my in ht nhn Mc d s khc bit gia cc th h l in ht nhn khng r rng cho lm: Nguyn l vn hnh vn ging nhau nhng c s nng cp v c thit k cng nh cc thit b ph tr tng tnh an ton cao hn.

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Hin nay, cc l ang vn hnh trn th gii ch yu thuc loi th h th II. Mt s nc xy dng hoc ang c k hoch thay th cc l ht hn s dng bng loi l th h th III (hoc III+). Ngoi ra, cc nc ang hp tc nghin cu cho ra i loi l th h th IV vi nhiu u vit (an ton hn, lng cht thi phng x t hn, kinh t hn, gim thiu nguy c ph bin v kh ht nhn). 1.2.1. Nh my in ht nhn th h I Cc l phn ng thng mi nguyn mu, a vo vn hnh t nhng nm 1950-1960. Cc l in ht nhn th h I thng n chic, khng i din cho mt mu thit k chung no. S dng cng ngh an ton ch ng v che chn bng cc ta nh bo v. L phn ng lm lnh bng kh - GCR (Gas cooled reactor). Nhin liu dng l urani t nhin, cht lm chm ntron l graphit, cht lm ti nhit l kh CO2. Mt s nh my in ht nhn thuc th h ny nh: Shippingport (Hoa K), Magnox (Anh) hay UNGG (Php). Phn ln cc l ny hoc ang c tho d. 1.2.2. Nh my in ht nhn th h II Gm cc kiu l phn ng nc p lc PWR (Pressrized Water Reactor) hoc kiu nc si (BWR), thng c gi l l phn ng nc nh (LWGR). VVER v RBMK (l nng lng nc nh ca Nga) s dng nhin liu urani lm giu 3%, cht lm chm ntron v cht ti nhit u l nc nh (H2O). Cc nh my in ht nhn th h th hai cn cc l Candu nc nng (D2O) ca Canada, n . Nm 1957, M khnh thnh nh my in ht nhn th h th hai u tin, cng sut 60 MW. So vi cc nh my th h th nht, cc nh my th h th hai cung cp in nng vi gi r hn 20 - 30%, chim din tch t, th tch gn nh hn. Trong , c mt s thit k c pht trin t cc l phn ng th h I, mt s c thit k mi hon ton. S dng cng ngh an ton ch ng ci tin (bm diesel + t by core catcher + h thng qun l s c) v che chn bng ta nh bo v. 1.2.3. Nh my in ht nhn th h III v III+ Gm cc kiu l phn ng nc p lc Chu u- EPWR (European Pressuried Water Reator) c khi cng xy dng u tin nm 2005 ti Phn Lan d kin hon thnh 2009, c cng sut ln nht th gii 1600 MW, do Php v c hp tc nghin cu. v vi nc si, nh SWR 1000-1250 MW c Php v c chung sc nghin cu hn 15 nm nay, hoc l AP 1000 ca Hoa K ch to c hiu sut v mc an ton cao.
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Cc l phn ng th h III+: v c bn vn da ch yu trn thit k ca th h th III, tuy nhin c nhiu ci tin ch yu hng n mc ch nng cng sut, an ton v gim thi gian xy dng. S dng cng ngh an ton ch ng ci tin (bm diesel + t by core catcher + h thng qun l s c) + cng ngh an ton th ng + che chn bng ta nh bo v (thng s dng nh l c hai lp bo v) + tch hp thm cc h thng in t v cng ngh x l tn hiu s c a vo h iu khin. u im l an ton cao, phng c s c nng chy tm l, chu c bin c t bn ngoi: my bay ri, ng t. Gi in nng r, vn hnh d dng. Hin nay, cc l in ht nhn th h th III v III+ l cc l c ch s an ton cao nht nhng cng l cc l i hi gi thnh u t xy dng ln nht. Cc c im ca cc nh my in ht nhn th h III v III+: Tiu chun ha thit k nhm rt ngn thi gian xin cp php, gim thi gian chi ph u t va thi gian xy dng. Tch hp thm cc h thng an ton th ng. Kt cu vng chc, vn hnh n nh, d dng. Tui th ca nh my cao, ti 60 nm (hoc lu hn). Gim xc sut xy ra s c n mc thp nht (c bit l s c nng chy li l phn ng) Gim thiu tc ng ti mi trng. Nng cao hiu sut s dng nhin liu, lm tng thi gian s dng nhin liu, gim lng thi pht sinh. 1.2.4. Nh my in ht nhn th h IV Cc th h l ny hin ti vn ang trong qu trnh d n. Hin ang c 10 nc chung sc nghin cu trong khun kh Hip nh Forum International Generation (FIG), do M xng t nm 2000 vi 6 kiu l (3 l neutron nhanh, 3 l nhit) c la chn. Cc l tng lai ny c khuynh hng tin ti chu k kn, ngha l cc l phi c kh nng t chy phn ln cht thi (l nhanh) p ng 4 tiu chun chnh l tit kim ti nguyn, tit kim v chu k nhin liu, hn ch cht thi phng x, hn ch s lan rng v kh nguyn t. V l thuyt, cc l ny s c an ton gn nh tuyt i nhng s ch c mt trn th trng sau nhng nm 2030.

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Phn 2 : Xy dng nh my in ht nhn Vit Nam

2.1. t vn Theo Ngh quyt s 41/2009/QH12 ngy 25/11/2009 ca Quc hi v ch trng u t d n in ht nhn Ninh Thun c ghi r: Cng ngh chnh: cng ngh l nc nh ci tin, th h l hin i nht, c kim chng, bo m tuyt i an ton v hiu qu kinh t ti thi im lp d n u t. Cc loi l nc nh ci tin hin nay gm 2 loi: Kiu l phn ng nc p lc (PWR Pressrized Water Reactor) hoc kiu nc si (BWR Boiling Water Reactor). Do , ta s xem xt 2 kiu l ny. 2.2. L phn ng nc si (BWR) L phn ng ht nhn nc si (BWR) hay cn gi tt l l phn ng nc si l l phn ng ht nhn thuc nhm nc nh, c s dng sn xut in. y l kiu l phn ng ht nhn sn xut in ph bin th 2 sau kiu l phn ng nc p lc (PWR), cng thuc nhm l phn ng nc nh. BWR c phng th nghim quc gia Hoa K Idaho v cng ty General Electric pht trin vo gia thp nin 1950. Nh sn xut chnh hin sn xut kiu l ny l GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy, c bit cng on thit k v xy dng. Thit k BWR c ng dng nh my in ht nhn Fukushima I, hin nh my ny ang b h hng trong trn ng t v sng thn Tohoku vo thng 3 nm 2011.

Hnh 2.1 Nguyn l ca l phn ng nc si

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a. u im: Cng ngh s dng hai vng lu chuyn ca cht lng, trong vng th nht lm nhim v ti nhit ca li v to hi lm quay turbine, vng th hai lm nhim v ngng t hi nc (ly bt nhit t hi nc). Lm cho thit k ca cc l BWR n gin hn cc kiu l khc (l PWR). b. Nhc im: S dng trc tip lung hi nc t l phn ng (c tnh phng x mnh) trc tip lm quay turbine nn cng ngh l ny s lm cho mc ph bin phng x rng hn, pht sinh ra lng rc thi phng x ln (k c cc turbine) v nguy c r r phng x (hi nc cha phng x) l rt cao. 2.3. L phn ng nc p lc (PWR) L phn ng nc p lc (PWR) l mt trong hai loi l phn ng ht nhn thuc nhm l phn ng nc nh, loi l ny c s dng rt ph bin cc nc phng ty. Trong l PWR, b phn lm lnh s cp (nc) c bm vo li l phn ng di p sut cao, ti y, nc c un nng bng nhit to ra t cc phn ng ht nhn. Nc nng sau chy n mt b phn th cp truyn nhit m n mang theo, lng nhit ny s lm nc si v to ra hi nc quay turbine, v pht ra in. Khc vi l phn ng nc nh ch p sut trong b phn s cp c tun hon m khng c qu trnh si trong l phn ng. Tt c cc l phn ng nc nh ban u dng nc nh trong b phn lm lnh v iu ha ntrong. Cc PWR ban u c thit k cho cc l phn ng ca tu ngm nguyn t. Cc PWR hin ang c vn hnh Hoa K l loi l phn ng th h II. Cc l VVER ca Nga cng tng t nh ca Hoa K (l cc l theo cng ngh PWR). Php vn hnh mt s l PWR to a s lng in ca h.

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Hnh 2.2 Nguyn l ca l phn ng nc p lc. a. u im: Mc ph bin phng x hp (ch trong vng lu chuyn th nht), turbine ca my pht in v cc b phn khc khng h b nhim x, ng thi gim thiu nguy c r r phng x (di dng hi nc) ra bn ngoi. b. Nhc im: Thit k phc tp hn (so vi cng ngh l BWR), do c thm mt vng lu chuyn ca cht lng. Trong vng lu chuyn th nht, ch lm nhim v truyn ti nhit nng nn nc phi c gi cho khng si di mt p sut rt v nhit rt cao. iu ny yu cu cc b phn lu chuyn (ng ng dn, cc van) phi tht chc chn, v hn ch s lng cc mi hn trnh hin tng r r nc cha phng x ra bn ngoi. Tuy vy, nguy c r r cht phng x (nc nhim x) l hon ton c th xy ra.

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Phn 3 : Cc bin php m bo an ton cho nh my in ht nhn

3.1. Cc bin php k thut V d: Khi chn mua t, nu iu kin v mt kinh t, ta hon ton c th chn la mt chic Mercedes-Benz c trang b y h thng ti kh an ton, h thng chng trt ABS, kh nng tng tc nhanh, ni tht sang trng c gi hng t ng. Nhng nu kh nng v kinh t hn hp, ta c th ch la chn mua mt chic Hyundai-Kia Morning vi gi thnh vi trm triu ng cng p ng rt tt cc nhu cu v phng tin i li cho chng ta. Quay tr li vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn, cc vn v k thut (c bit l vn v quy hoch, thit k v cc bin php d phng, x l s c) lun l vn u tin c xem xt v n l iu kin tin quyt trong vic cho ra i mt sn phm nh my in c an ton hay l khng. Tuy nhin, cc bin php k thut v c bn s lm tng gi thnh xy dng cc nh my in ht nhn ln rt cao. 3.1.1. Quy hoch nh my in ht nhn u im ca mt nh my in ht nhn l khng i hi mt din tch qu ln xy dng (gim thiu c ti a din tch ca khu vc cha nhin liu). m bo tnh an ton cho nh my in ht nhn bc u tin phi lu n: i. V tr t nh my in ht nhn c th khng t nng yu cu gn cc ngun nhin liu, gn ng giao thng, bn tu, cng bin (ging nh cc nh my nhit in). Do , d dng tin hnh quy hoch cc nh my ny cc khu vc c lch s a cht n nh (trong qu kh cha tng xy ra ng t), t cch xa khu dn c hoc gn cc ph ti tiu th in ln gim tn tht in nng khi truyn ti. Khng ch quy hoch v v tr xy dng nh my in ht nhn m ng thi phi xy dng quy hoch chi tit v cc khu vc s cn s dng chn lp cc cht thi phng x (sn sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca nh my in ht nhn). Mt yu cu quan trng l cc nh my in ht nhn phi cch ly c ti a s c mt ca nhng ngi khng phn s trong phm vi nh my. V th trong thit k xy dng bt k mt nh my in ht nhn, nht thit phi c tng bao kin c cho c nh my, ng thi c th quy nh thm c vng cm xm phm trong bn knh hp l tnh t tng bao ca nh my. Cui cng l phi lp t cc h thng gim st

ii.

iii.

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lin tc ngy m c trong ln ngoi nh my trnh cc s xm nhp tri php. iv. C th xut thit lp mt khu vc hn ch bay trong phm vi c vi chc km xung quanh khu vc nh my in ht nhn loi tr nguy c khng b, ph hoi, nh bom(tuy rng nguy c ny Vit Nam l khng ln).

3.1.2. An ton trong vn hnh ca nh my

1. m bo gim st thng tin lin tc, vi tnh t ng ha cao:

Yu cu gim st v trng thi l phn ng (nhit , p sut, ti hn), cng cc thng s v phng x trong khu vc nh my l nhng thng tin cn c lin tc theo di, cp nht vi chnh xc tuyt i. Thc hin yu cu ny, cc nh my in ht nhn phi c b tr dy c h thng cc thit b cm bin, my o cc thng s (c bit l thng s v phng x), v lin tc truyn tin v trung tm iu khin (truyn hu tuyn hoc v tuyn). Trung tm iu khin phi c h thng m phng trc quan cc thng s ny, ng thi c cc chc nng t ng iu chnh ph hp.

2. Cch ly hon ton khu vc phng x vi khu vc bn ngoi:

Nh my in ht c chu trnh hot ng m trong cc cht phng x c lu chuyn trong cc vng kn. Yu cu v cng quan trng l gi c cc cht phng x khng thot ra ngoi vng lu chuyn ca n. Ngoi ra, cc thanh nhin liu qua s dng SNF (Spent Nuclear Fuel) cng cn phi c lu tr an ton trong cc b lm mt. Do , phi thit k cc nh l phn ng ngoi vic cha l phn ng cn l ni lu tr tm thi cc sn phm c hot tnh phng x cao trc khi x l giai on tip theo. thc hin yu cu ny, ton b h thng l phn ng, cc ng ng dn trong vng lu chuyn ca cht trao i nhit (c phng x) cng vi b cha cc thanh nhin liu qua s dng u c t ton b trong nh l phn ng. To nh l phn ng l mt cu trc v cng kin c bng b tng ct thp, bn trong lt tn dy bng thp. Phng trng hp l phn ng n, to nh c thit k chu ng p sut cao v giam hm nhng cht phng x. Cu trc cng c th chu c mt my bay B 747 m xung. Ngi ta cng gi v ta nh ny l tng giam hm.

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Hnh 3.1 Cc nguy c c th xy ra vi nh l phn ng.

3. Kho an ton ti ch:

Yu cu ny c ngha l, l phn ng trong trng hp gp phi cc thao tc vn hnh sai lm t pha ngi vn hnh (do sai st hoc c ph hoi) m c th dn n nhng hu qu to ln (v d nh hnh ng rt qu nhiu cc thanh iu khin ra khi l phn ng dn ti tnh trng ti hn trong li l phn ng s khng th thc hin c di cc thao tc vn hnh ca con ngi). 3.1.3. An ton khi xy ra s c

1. Yu cu v dng khn cp khi c s c: Trong trng hp xy ra s c th cn phi m bo dng hon ton cc phn ng phn r ht nhn ca nhin liu.
Khi nh my in ht nhn gp s c (ng t mnh, sng thn, ph hoi bng v kh hng nng) th khng cn xt n vic cc s c c gy nh hng g ti hot ng ca nh my hay khng m ngay lp tc phi dng tt c cc hot ng ca nh my in ht nhn. Thc hin yu cu dng l phn ng khn cp, kha hm thng s dng cc cng c l: thanh dng khn cp v cc dung dch hp th neutron, b sung cc tnh cht an ton cho nhau. Yu cu l c th c a vo l phn ng mt cch nhanh nht c th v c tc dng hp th ton b lng neutron c trong l phn ng nhm dp tt c chui phn ng ca nhin liu.

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Thanh dng khn cp: Ty theo cc cng ngh ch to l in ht nhn khc nhau m cc thanh dng cho vic dng khn cp c th cng chnh l cc thanh iu khin cng sut (cc l theo cng ngh ca Nht, M) hoc tch ri chc nng gia thanh dng cho vic dng khn cp vi cc thanh iu khin cng sut (cc l theo cng ngh ca Nga, Php, c, Canada). Vic tch ri cc thanh dng cho vic dng khn cp l ht nhn v cc thanh iu khin cng sut s lm cho thit k ca h thng phc tp hn. Tuy nhin ta c th ti u ha c vic ch to ca cc thanh ny do c yu cu v k thut ca chng l khc nhau. Cc thanh lm nhim v dng khn cp cn c kch thc nh gn, lc m mnh v tc nhanh ( c th m su vo li l phn ng vi tc nhanh nht, k c trong cc s c nh ng t lm cong, hng li l, cn ng i ca thanh), dng cc vt liu t tin, tinh khit v c kh nng hp th mnh neutron (nn gi thnh cao). Cc thanh iu khin cng sut l phn ng (iu khin tc cc phn ng phn hch) thng c th c ch to vi kch thc ln, vt liu ch to r tin (do thanh b hao mn nhanh trong qu trnh hot ng), tc di chuyn ca cc thanh ny khng cn qu nhanh. C th thc hin mt phn ca chc nng dng khn cp. Dung dch hp th: L cc loi dung dch c bit c kh nng hp th mnh cc neutron v n mn thp. S dng vi van t nng chy khi nhit l phn ng tng cao. u im ca vic s dng dung dch hp th trong yu cu dng khn cp l phn ng ht nhn l c th chy n tt c cc v tr ca l phn ng (k c trng hp l b s c cong, mo lm cc thanh dng khn b v hiu ha). Tuy nhin, do dng lng nn c th thot ra bn ngoi nu l phn ng b thng hoc r r. Cc loi dung dch hp th c s dng ch yu l acid boric hay dung dch boron-lithi (kh nng chng n mn cao).

2. Khi xy ra s c (c bit l s c hng h thng lm mt ca nh my) th cn phi gi cho l phn ng c an ton trc khi khi phc li c h thng an ton: Thc hin yu cu ny c ngha phi thc hin vic gii nhit tc thi cho li l phn ng.
Trong qu trnh hot ng, l in ht nhn t chy nhin liu v sn sinh ra mt nng lng nhit rt ln. Nu gp s c, v chc nng dng khn cp ca l phn ng c thc hin tt th cc thanh nhin liu vn cn rt nng, hn na cc sn phm phn r nhin liu ht nhn vn tip tc t phn r nn nhit lng vn tip tc c sinh ra. Nu nhit lng ny khng c lin tc lu chuyn ra ngoi th n s lm nhit ca l phn ng tng rt cao (c th ti hng ngn C)
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v lm cho cc thanh nhin liu b nng chy, hoc nguy him hn l cc l phn ng cng c th b nng chy, dn ti r r cc cht phng x nguy him ra bn ngoi. Do , cc nh my in ht nhn phi c trang b cc thit b c tin cy rt cao nhm m bo s lin tc vn hnh, c bit l cc bm phc v vic lu chuyn cht lm mt cho li l phn ng. Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, cc bm ny c xc sut hng hc gn nh bng 0. Ngoi ra, phi c nhiu phng n d phng cho vic lm mt li l phn ng khi gp s c (thng thng s dng cc my pht in diesel chy bm d phng, ngoi ra cn c h thng lu in hoc pin d phng trong trng hp cc my in diesel cng gp phi s c).

3. Nu xy ra s c n vng mt th phi m bo gi c cc cht phng x nguy hi khng thot ra ngoi:

Cc th h nh my in ht nhn trc kia, ch c thit k nh l phn ng vi 1 lp bo v duy nht. i vi cc cng ngh mi hn, do i hi cao v tnh an ton nn cc thit k nh l hin nay u s dng hai lp, gia hai lp v bo v c h thng cc cm bin o nng phng x, khi c s r r cht phng x qua lp th nht th cht phng x s b pht hin v c thu hi khong trng gia hai lp ch khng th thot ra bn ngoi. Cha dng li , gia hai lp v nh l cn c b tr cc b nc trn cao c tc dng chng cc tc ng mnh t bn ngoi, ng thi dng lm mt l phn ng khi cn thit. Theo cng ngh mi hin nay, trn nc nh l c thit k cc dn truyn nhit, d tr nc trn nc v c th cp thm bng cu ha. Khi c s c, l phn ng nng ln lm nhit trong nh l theo tng ln. Cc van b nng chy s lm phun nc lm mt xung l phn ng, gi cho v ngoi ca l phn ng khng vt qu 100C v khng b nng chy. Hi nc bc ln, gp gin ngng to thnh nc ri tr li lm mt l phn ng. Trong thit k, cc nc nh l thng bng kim loi (thp) c th y mnh qu trnh trao i nhit t trong nh l ra ngoi mi trng ng thi vn m bo giam c cc cht phng x nguy him khng b thot ra.

4. D phng an ton trong thit k.

Mt iu bt buc khi xy dng cc nh my in ht nhn l lun phi tnh ton trc cc s c c kh nng xy ra (ng t, sng thn, bo lt, st nh) c sn cc bin php ng ph kp thi (thc hin d phng cho nh my in ht nhn). Tuy nhin, vic tnh ton ny phi da vo cc c s khoa hc v lch s a cht ca vng quy hoch nh my m bo cc tnh ton a ra l thc s hp l. Nu mc d phng cho nh my in ht nhn qu thp th khi gp cc s c
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ln hn chc chn khng trnh khi nguy him cho nh my. Nhng, d phng qu nhiu s lm tng chi ph u t xy dng nh my, gy lng ph khng cn thit. V d: d phng v ng t, nu khu vc chn xy dng nh my trong lch s cha tng ghi nhn cc trn ng t mnh qu 5 richter th ch cn thit k nh my chng c ng t n 7 richter l chp nhn c. 3.2. Cc bin php phi k thut Ngoi cc bin php k thut (nh nu trn). Mt cu hi t ra l: nu ch n gin l u t tht nhiu tin, t la chn xy dng nh my in ht nhn theo cng ngh mi nht, c y cc bin php k thut m bo an ton cho nh my in, v tng mc d phng s c ln tht cao (ti mc khng xy ra)... Nh vy chng ta c mt nh my in ht nhn thc s an ton hay cha? V d ( ni trn): Mt chic mercedes-Benz cc k t tin, trang b y cc cng ngh an ton vi mt chic Hyundai-Kia Morning. Nu mt ngi khng bit li xe iu khin, th d ngi c li chic xe no i chng na cng u s gy ra tai nn. Qua v d ny, ta c th khng nh. Cc bin php v k thut ch l iu kin cn trong vic m bo an ton cho mt nh my in ht nhn ni ring (hoc ni chung i vi bt k lnh vc no khc). m bo an ton cho nh my in ht nhn, v vi nhng c im ring bit ca n, ta cn cn c bit quan tm ti cc bin php (khng mang tnh k thut) l: o to ngun nhn lc cho nh my in ht nhn. Cc nh my in ht nhn hin nay, vi vic p dng thm cc thit b iu khin v gim st t ng nhng vn khng th thay th c con ngi trong nhng cng vic nht nh, c bit khi xy ra s c. Trong lch s, cc tai nn ht nhn xy ra ch yu cng do s vn hn, iu khin sai st ca con ngi. V th, m bo tnh an ton cho nh my in ht nhn chnh l vic phi c mt i ng cn b qun l v vn hnh c trnh chuyn mn cao. Nu thc hin c iu ny, chng ta hon ton c th t tin v tnh an ton ca cc nh my in ht nhn c xy dng. Ngoi ra trnh c s ph thuc qu nhiu vo cc chuyn gia nc ngoi v cn c th gim c mc u t khi xy dng do khng phi nng mc d phng s c an ton ln cao qu mc cn thit. Hin nay, yu cu xy dng ngay lp tc c ngun nhn lc cht lng cao phc v cho ngnh cng nghip in ht nhn i vi mt nc ang pht trin v ang tng bc tin vo ngnh cng nghip in ht nhn ca th gii nh Vit Nam l mt iu bt kh thi, khng th sm thnh hin thc trong thi gian ngn. Cn thc hin theo tng bc vng chc (Do tnh c th ca in ht nhn l cc
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quy nh nghim ngt v an ton, ngay c cc cn b sau khi c o to v in ht nhn cng khng th ngay lp tc tham gia vo vn hnh mt nh my in ht nhn thc t c m phi tri qua mt thi gian di tch ly kinh nghim bn thn). Cc nh my in ht nhn u tin ca Vit Nam sau khi c xy dng, v a vo vn hnh thng mi, gn nh chc chn s phi thu cc chuyn gia ca nc ngoi m nhn cc cng vic chnh v vn hnh, iu khin, gim st. Song song vi , chng ta cn y mnh cng tc o to cn b (c trong v ngoi nc), thc hin tt vic chuyn giao cng ngh nhm chun b sn mt ngun lc c cht lng cao phc v cho vic pht trin cc nh my in ht nhn tip theo trong tng lai.

Phn 4 : Kt lun
Trong lch s, c nhiu s c ln v in ht nhn. Trong , c nhng s c tr thnh thm ha ht nhn thc s lm tht thot nhng cht phng x nguy him trn mt phm vi rng ln, gy ra nhng ni khip s cho ngi dn nhng nc xy ra s c ni ring v ngi dn trn ton th gii ni chung. i vi vn in ht nhn khi ni n vn lm ny sinh nhiu kin phn i gay gt. Xy dng nh my in ht nhn Vit Nam l mt bc i ng n nhm gii quyt vn v cung cp nng lng ang rt bc thit hin nay. Tuy nhin, Vit Nam l mt nc nc m kinh nghim v in ht nhn gn nh con s 0 nn vic xy dng cc l in ht nhn cn c s chun b chu o v k lng trong tt c cc khu, t khi ln k hoch cho n vn x l cc cht phng x sau khi tho d. y l mt qung thi gian di v do chng ta hon ton hng n kh nng t mnh xy dng cc nh my in ht nhn khc ca t nc.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. nh hng quy hoch v pht trin in ht nhn Vit Nam giai on n nm 2030 2. Gio trnh x l bc x v c s ca cng ngh bc x GS. Trn i Nghip NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni 3. Hi & p v nng lng nguyn t Y. Iwakoshi 4. Nuclear power: A status report Burton Richter 5. Reactor concept manual - Nuclear power for electrical generation 6. The new economics of nuclear power WNA report 7. Tng quan h thng cng ngh nh my in ht nhn Vin Nng lng nguyn t Vit Nam 8. Websites : http://www.khoahocphothong.com.vn http://varans.vn http://www.vaec.gov.vn http://vi.wikipedia.org http://www.eia.gov http://www.world-nuclear.org

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