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TRNG AI HOC A LAT

C HOC LNG T

GIAO TRNH

ThS. NGUYEN DUY HNG

1998

C hoc lng t

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MUC LUC
MUC LUC ............................................................................................................- 1 LI NOI AU ......................................................................................................- 4 BAI M AU ......................................................................................................- 5 1 LC O TONG QUAT CUA VAT LY HOC...........................................- 5 2 BC TRANH THE GII CUA VAT LY HOC CO IEN.........................- 5 I/ Hai y tng c ban cua vat ly hoc co ien :...............................................- 5 II/ Hai bo phan chu yeu cua vat ly hoc co ien : ..........................................- 6 III/ Hai dang vat chat c ban cua vat ly hoc co ien :...................................- 7 IV/ Nhng quan niem c s cua vat ly hoc co ien : ....................................- 7 3 NHNG BE TAC CUA VAT LY HOC CO IEN VA NHNG Y TNG NA LNG T.............................................................................................- 8 CHNG I. C S CUA C HOC LNG T .............................................- 10 1 C S VAT LY CUA C HOC LNG T...........................................- 10 I/ The gii vi mo: ........................................................................................- 10 2 HAI Y TNG C BAN CUA C HOC LNG T............................- 12 1/ Y tng lng t hoa. .............................................................................- 12 2/ Y tng lng song hat. ..........................................................................- 13 3 C S TOAN HOC CUA C HOC LNG T ....................................- 16 I/.Toan t tuyen tnh : .................................................................................- 16 II/ Giao hoan t va phan giao hoan t : ......................................................- 17 III/. Bai toan tr rieng cua toan t tuyen tnh : ............................................- 18 IV/. Mot so toan t at biet :.......................................................................- 19 V/.Toan t lien hp va toan t t lien hp (hecmitic) :...............................- 24 4 TH NGHIEM QUAN TRONG TNH THONG KE CUA C HOC LNG T...................................................................................................................- 28 I/ Th nghiem hai lo : ..................................................................................- 28 II/ Tnh thong ke cua CHLT: ......................................................................- 29 5 CAC BIEN ONG LC TRONG C HOC LNG T .......................- 30 1/.Cac toan t toa o :.................................................................................- 30 2/.Cac toan t xung lng : .........................................................................- 30 3/. Cac toan t Moment xung lng L va toan t moment xung lng bnh phng L2 . .................................................................................................- 31 4/.Toan t Hamilton H: ...............................................................................- 32 6 CAC HE THC BAT NH.....................................................................- 34 I/ Y Tng Lng Song Hat Va cac He Thc Bat nh: ...........................- 34 II/ Y ngha cua cac he thc bat nh: ..........................................................- 35 III/ Mot so ket qua thu c t he thc bat nh :.......................................- 37 IV . Xay dng he thc bat nh Heisenberg: ..............................................- 39 7 HAM SONG . NGUYEN LY CHONG CHAP TRANG THAI. ................- 44 I/. Ham Song:..............................................................................................- 44 II/. Nguyen ly chong chap trang thai: .........................................................- 45 8 PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER...................................................- 46 I/. Cach Thiet lap phng trnh: ..............................................................- 46 -

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

-2-

I/ C hoc lng t trong F bieu dien : .......................................................- 68 II/ Vai bieu dien cu the: ..............................................................................- 71 CHNG II. MOT SO BAI TOAN C BAN CUA PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER ................................................................................................- 73 1 CHUYEN ONG T DO.........................................................................- 73 2 BAI TOAN MOT CHIEU ..........................................................................- 75 I/ Hat trong ho the ( gieng the ) sau vo han : ..............................................- 75 II/ The bac thang: .......................................................................................- 76 III/ S truyen qua hang rao the co be rong hu han: ..................................- 78 IV/ Ho the nang co cac thanh cao hu han .................................................- 79 3 DAO ONG T IEU HOA ....................................................................- 82 4 CHUYEN ONG TRONG TRNG XUYEN TAM. NGUYEN T HYDRO ..........................................................................................................- 84 I/ Momen goc : (Momen ong lng )........................................................- 84 II/ Hat trong trng oi xng cau (chuyen ong xuyen tam)......................- 87 III/ Nguyen t Hydrogen : ..........................................................................- 89 CHNG III. LY THUYET SPIN CUA PAULI ...............................................- 92 1 SPIN CUA ELECTRON ............................................................................- 93 1/ Cac toan t spin : ....................................................................................- 93 2. Cac tnh chat cua cac toan t Pauli .........................................................- 96 3. Vecto Spin ..............................................................................................- 96 2 PHNG TRNH PAULI........................................................................ - 100 ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng Khoa Vat ly

9 CAC PHNG TRNH CHUYEN ONG LNG T ..........................- 49 I/ Nhan xet chung : .....................................................................................- 49 II/ Cac moc Poisson lng t : ....................................................................- 50 III/ ao ham theo thi gian cua cac toan t :..............................................- 52 IV/ Cac phng trnh chuyen ong lng t . nh ly Ehrenfest . ..............- 54 10 S LIEN HE GIA C HOC LNG T VI C HOC CO IEN VA QUANG HOC .................................................................................................- 56 I/ S chuyen t phng trnh Schrodinger hien ai ve phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi co ien : ...........................................................................................- 56 II/ C hoc lng t va quang hoc :..............................................................- 60 11 CAC CACH PHAT BIEU C HOC LNG T...................................- 61 I/ C hoc lng t cua Schrodinger: ...........................................................- 61 II/ C hoc ma tran Heisenberg: ..................................................................- 62 III/ C hoc lng t cua P.Dirac : ...............................................................- 62 IV/ C hoc lng t cua R. Feynman :........................................................- 64 12 CAC CACH MO TA S PHU THUOC THI GIAN CUA HE VI MO .- 65 1/ Bc tranh Schrodinger : ..........................................................................- 66 2/ Bc tranh Heisenberg: ............................................................................- 67 3/ Bc tranh tng tac :...............................................................................- 67 4/ So sanh hai bc tranh c ban: (bc tranh Schrodinger va bc tranh Heisenberg ) . .............................................................................................- 67 13 CAC BIEU DIEN TRONG C HOC LNG T .............................- 68 -

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CHNG IV. PHNG PHAP NHIEU LOAN .............................................. - 102 1 LY THUYET NHIEU LOAN DNG KHONG SUY BIEN . ................. - 102 2 HIEU NG ZEEMANN .......................................................................... - 105 3 LY THUYET NHIEU LOAN DNG CO SUY BIEN HIEU NG STARK ... 108 I/ Ly thuyet nhieu loan dng co suy bien : ............................................... - 108 II/ Hieu ng Stark trong nguyen t Hydrogen : ........................................ - 109 CHNG V. HE CAC HAT ONG NHAT .................................................... - 115 1 TOAN T HOAN V. NGUYEN LY PAULI.......................................... - 115 1/ Toan t hoan v ..................................................................................... - 115 2/ Cac hat Bose va cac hat Fermi (cac boson va cac Fermion) ................ - 116 3/ Ham song cua he ong nhat khong tng tac. Nguyen ly Pauli. .......... - 116 2 NANG LUNG TRAO OI VA NGUYEN T HELI............................ - 118 I/. nh ngha nang lng trao oi : .......................................................... - 118 II/.Nguyen t Heli :................................................................................... - 118 BAI KET .......................................................................................................... - 122 I/. Cac nguyen ly va bai toan c ban cua c hoc lng t : .......................... - 122 1/. Ha m Song Va Nguyen Ly Chong Chat Trang Thai. ...................... - 122 2/ Gia Tr Trung Bnh: .............................................................................. - 123 3/ Bai toan tr rieng va cac gia tr o c cua cac ai lng vat ly trong thc nghiem ...................................................................................................... - 123 4/ Phng trnh c ban: ............................................................................. - 123 5/ Nguyen ly khong phan biet cac hat ong nhat:..................................... - 124 II/ Nhng chan tri mi hay la s phat trien tiep tuc cua C hoc lng t:- 125 Tai lieu tham khao: .......................................................................................... - 127 -

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

-4-

LI NOI AU Cac ban sinh vien Vat Ly than men !


Cuon giao trnh c hoc lng t nay c soan danh cho cac ban. ay la s chat loc t hau het cac giao trnh c hoc lng t a c soan bi nhng nha vat ly noi tieng tren the gii cung nh Viet Nam. Bi le c hoc lng t la thanh tu v ai cua tr tue nhan loai the ky th 20,a va van ang la c s cua cac mui nhon cua vat ly hoc tham ch ngay ca trong the ky 21 sap ti. Tuy nhien do: C hoc lng t la mon rat kho, rat phc tap tham ch ky quac, nen viec soan mot giao trnh cho de hieu sang sua trong khuon kho 100 trang giay la ieu vo cung kho khan tham ch la ieu khong the thc hien t nhat la oi vi toi. Khong nhng the khuon kho cua giao trnh nay la tng ng vi 60 tiet hoc trong chng trnh hoc cua khoa vat ly hien nay. V vay mac du toi a het sc co gang va bo nhieu cong sc cuon sach nay khong the c xem la mot giao trnh hoan chnh va no cang khong the thay the cho viec nghe giang cua cac ban. Toi xin lu y cac ban oi ieu ve ac iem cua giao trnh nay .Pham vi ng dung cua C hoc lng t la vo cung rong rai , v du nh : Hoa hoc lng t , Ly thuyet trng Lng t , Ly thuyet hat nhan va Cau truc hat nhan nguyen t, Ly thuyet chat ran , ien t hoc lng t va con nhieu nganh khac na .Chnh v the e hieu that s ay u ve C hoc lng t phai trnh bay trong nhng tai lieu kha o so . Tuy nhien do nhieu ly do xuat phat t thc tien hoc tap va giang day cua chung ta hien nay , giao trnh nay ch chu yeu tra li cho cau hoi :C hoc lng t ra i t au ?hay C s cua C hoc lng t la g ?(chng I) . Cong cu toan hoc cua C hoc lng t ch c gii thieu nhng net c s (toan t tuyen tnh t lien hp )va nhng tnh toan cho nhng van e cu the c xem la th yeu va oi khi ch trnh bay di dang gii thieu noi dung phng phap ch khong ap dung vao nhng bai toan cu the (Phng phap nhieu loan ) Toi that xuc ong khi nhng dong cuoi cung cua giao trnh nay c viet vao ngay 20-11-1998- ngay ma t nhieu nam nay cac ban thng danh cho toi nhng li chuc mng tot ep, V the toi muon cac ban xem giao trnh nay nh la li cam n cua toi en vi cac ban .Hn the na toi cung hy vong rang ay cung la bieu hien cua long biet n chan thanh va sau sac cua toi oi vi biet bao thay co giao , nhng ngi a thap len ngon la khat vong tm hieu the gii t nhien trong tam hon toi ma trong so o co khong t ngi ma vnh vien khong bao gi toi co the gap lai c na . Chuc cac ban gat hai nhieu thanh cong trong hoc tap. Ngay 20-11-1998.

Nguyen Duy Hng

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

-5-

BAI M AU
1 LC O TONG QUAT CUA VAT LY HOC
Vat ly hoc cho ti ngay nay da tren hai hoc thuyet vat ly ln o la :Thuyet tng oi cua Einstein va ly thuyet lng t. 1/ Ly thuyet tng oi cua Einstein c ac trng bi hang so c la van toc anh sang trong chan khong . Ve mat o ln c = 300000 km/s. Trong ly thuyet tng oi c la van toc truyen song ien t va cho ti nay no c xem la van toc gii han cua moi chuyen ong . 2/ Ly thuyet lng t (M.plank,N.Bohr) c ac tng bi hang so Plank . Hang so nay dung lam o o s phan lap cac gia tr kha d cac ai lng vat ly va la cau noi hai mat song hat cua chuyen ong cua vat chat . [h] = [nang lng] [thi gian] = [tac dung] Plank a goi h la lng t tac dung . H = 6,62517.10-37 Js Da vao hai hang so nay ta co the thiet lap lc o tong quat cua vat ly hoc nh sau . vc v<<c C hoc tng oi tnh C hoc co ien h=0 h=0 v c , h_hu han. v<<c h_hu han . C hoc lng t tng oi tnh C hoc lng t khong tng oi Ly thuyet trng lng t. tnh Tai lieu nay ch e cap en mien v<<c, h_hu han,tc la phan c hoc lng t khong tng oi tnh .

2 BC TRANH THE GII CUA VAT LY HOC CO IEN


I/ Hai y tng c ban cua vat ly hoc co ien :
Vat ly hoc cho ti cuoi the ky 19 au the ky 20 - ma ngay nay thng goi la vat ly hoc co ien - a xay dng mot bc tranh hai hoa ve the gii vat chat. No bao gom hai lnh vc chu yeu o la : C hoc cua Newton va ly thuyet ien t cua Maxwell. Tat ca nhng kien thc o a cho phep nhan loai giai thch c mot so lng khong lo cac hien tng ,cac s kien quan sat c t the gii vat chat . C s cua vat ly hoc co ien la hai y tng sau :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

-6-

- Y tng th nhat la y tng nguyen t .Theo y tng nay th vat chat c cau tao t nhng hat rat nho khong the phan chia c va c goi la nguyen t (Atomos). - Y tng th hai la y tng ve s ton tai cua mot moi trng an hoi ac biet cha ay khap ni trong khong gian va nh o ma cac nguyen t tng tac c vi nhau . - Y tng nguyen t c e xuat t rat sm (the ky th IV trc cong nguyen - Democrite)va cho ti the ky 20 a co nhng bang chng tuyet oi khong phu nhan c ve s ton tai thc s cua nguyen t va phan t . Con ngi a co nhng dung cu dung e ghi lai c nhng ion rieng re - cac ong em - va nhng dung cu quan sat c quy ao cua cac hat (buong Wilson) Tham ch quan sat c bang mat va chup anh c nhng phan t ln rieng re cua mot vai hp chat hu c .

II/ Hai bo phan chu yeu cua vat ly hoc co ien :


1/ C hoc Newton : C hoc Newton - da tren ba nh luat cua Newton - la mot bo phan rat quan trong cua vat ly hoc co ien . Trong ba nh luat o nh luat th hai co vai tro ac biet . o la phng trnh : hay la : Lc = khoi lng gia toc. Phng trnh nay co vai tro ac biet v ve trai la lc la nguyen nhan gay ra s bien oi van ong , ve phai co khoi lng tc la thuoc tnh cua vat chat va gia toc tc la he thc gia khong gian va thi gian .ieu nay co ngha la phng trnh nay thiet lap moi quan he gia vat chat,van ong, Khong gian,thi gian va nguyen nhan gay ra van ong. Cung vi nh luat hap dan, ba nh luat tren a cho phep con ngi giai thch c mot cach thoa ang chuyen ong cua nhng he v mo trung hoa ien 2/Ly thuyet ien t Mot bo phan chu yeu khac cua vat ly hoc co ien nghien cu cac hien tng ien va t . Cac hien tng nay c cho bang cac ai lng ien t .Cac ai lng nay c he thong nh he phng trnh Maxwell :

r r F = ma

r r r r E , D , B, H

r r B * E = t r r r D * H = J + t r D = r B = 0 r r r r r r D = E, B = H , J = E

T he phng trnh nay co the giai quyet thoa ang tat ca cac bai toan ien t a biet .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

-7-

Hai bo phan cua vat ly hoc c lien he vi nhau nh nh luat Lorentz noi rang : Mot ien tch e chuyen ong vi van toc v trong ien t trng chu tac dung cua mot lc : r r r r F = e E + (v B) *

III/ Hai dang vat chat c ban cua vat ly hoc co ien :
a/ Dang hat : Hat c ac trng bang tnh nh x trong khong gian va s ton tai quy ao khi chuyen ong . Hat con co nhng ac trng khac nh khoi lng , xung lng , moment .v.v. b/ Dang song : Song la qua trnh lan truyen nhieu loan trong khong gian va chuyen ong song la chuyen ong cua trang thai vat chat ch khong phai la chuyen ong cua chnh vat chat . Chuyen ong song tuan hoan trong khong gian va thi gian . ac trng quan trong cua chuyen ong song la song co kha nang giao thoa va nhieu xa . Vat ly hoc co ien a nghien cu hai loai song : - Song c : la s lan truyen dao ong cua cac hat vat chat trong moi trng truyen song ,loai song nay ch co the lan truyen trong moi trng vat chat . - Song ien t la s lan truyen nhng dao ong ien t ,Song ien t co the lan truyen ca trong chan khong .

IV/ Nhng quan niem c s cua vat ly hoc co ien :


Vat ly hoc co ien da tren ba quan niem c s sau : 1/ S bien oi lien tuc cua cac ai lng vat ly , hay rong hn la tnh lien tuc cua the gii vat chat . Ve mat toan hoc ieu nay co ngha la cac ham mo ta cac ai lng vat ly la cac ham so lien tuc .Chnh quan niem nay la c s cua khai niem quy ao cua chuyen ong . Mot thuoc tnh co hu cua chuyen ong trong vat ly hoc co ien . 2/ Quyet nh luan co ien (Quyet nh luan Laplace).Quan niem nay cho rang neu biet c trang thai cua vat mot thi iem nao o , biet c tat ca cac lc tac dung vao vat th co the tien oan mot cach chnh xac tuyet oi trang thai cua vat thi iem tiep theo . quan niem nay la hnh thc c ban cua nguyen ly nhan qua trong vat ly hoc co ien . 3/ Phng phap phan tch : Phng phap cua vat ly hoc co ien e xem xet, nghien cu cac hien tng va s vat la phng phap phan tch .ieu nay co ngha la : Th nhat : vat co the c tach ra khoi moi trng xung quanh va c xem xet nh la mot vat hoan toan oc lap. Th hai : trong nhng trng can thiet vat co the chia nho ra tng phan e nghien cu va viet chia nho o khong can tr viec ta hieu biet ban chat cua s vat . Noi rieng trong moi trng hp dung cu o va oi tng c quan sat la hoan toan oc lap vi nhau .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

-8-

3 NHNG BE TAC CUA VAT LY HOC CO IEN VA NHNG Y TNG NA LNG T


Mat du giai quyet c mot so lng rat ln cac hien tng cua the gii vat chat , song cho ti cuoi the ky 19 vat ly hoc co ien a vap phai mot so hien tng ma trong khuon kho cac nh luat a co vat ly hoc co ien khong the giai quyet c . o la cac hien tng sau : 1/ Bc xa cua vat en tuyet oi . 2/ Hien tng quang ien . 3/ Hieu ng Compton. 4/ Cau tao nguyen t va ly thuyet na lng t cua Bohr. e giai quyet nhng van e tren vat ly hoc phai a ra nhng quan niem mi vt xa khuon kho cua nhng quan niem trc ay . Tng ng vi nhng hien tng tren,o la nhng quan niem sau ay : 1/ Cac nguyen t cua vat chat khong hap thu va bc xa nang lng mot cach lien tuc ma ngc lai hap thu va bc xa mot cach gian oan cac lng t nang lng . h la hang so pho bien -lng t tac dung-hangso Plank 2/ Anh sang la mot chum hat- lng t anh sang- hay photon. Cac photon co nang lng xac nh va xung lng xac nh. , He thc nay c goi la he thc Planck Einstein. Nh vay he thc nay a lien he cac thong so cua hat vi cac thong so cua song ( 3/ T ket qua thu c cua hieu ng Compton: va

= h = h

= h

r r P = hk

r P

r va k vi

).

= 2c sin 2

Trong o: c la bc song Compton cua electron. Cong thc tren co ngha la: S thay oi cua bc song ch phu thuoc vao goc tan xa ma khong phu thuoc vao tan so ban au (cua tia ti). Ket qua nay c giai thch de dang t s va cham cua mot photon vi mat electron ma khong the giai thch theo quan iem song. 4/ Cac ien t trong nguyen t khong chuyen ong tren nhng qu ao bat kyma ch co the nhng qu ao xac nh goi la qu ao lng t. Cac qu ao nay c nhan sao cho moment xung lng M cua ien t thoa man he thc: (n=1,2 . . .) Tren cac qu ao lng t cac electron co nang lng xac nh. Khi electron chuyen t qu ao nay sang qu ao khac gan hat nhan hn nguyen t se phat ra

M = nh

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

-9-

mot photon va electron thc hien mot bc nhay lng t. Tan so cua photon phat ra c tnh theo cong thc: 5/ Nam 1927, C.Davison va L.Germer phat hien hien tng nhieu xa cua electron. Hien tng nay a c DeBroglie tien oan t 1924. Hien tng nay ch co the giai thch c bang nhng gia thiet hoan toan mi so vi nhng quan niem cu cua vat ly co ien o la viec tha nhan gia thiet cua De Broglie: hat electron va vi hat noi chung la co tnh chat lng nguyen:hay lng tnh song hat. Cu the la:

E n E m = h nm

r Moi hat t do co nang lng E va xung lng P xac nh c bieu dien bi r r mot song phang n sac co tan so vong va vector song k lien he vi E va P bi
he thc giong nh he thc Planck- Eistein oi vi photon : Song phang nay co dang :

E = h

r r P = hk

r rr i [ pr Et ] i k r t r (r , t ) = A.e h = Ae

va c goi la song De Broglie .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

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CHNG I. C S CUA C HOC LNG T


1 C S VAT LY CUA C HOC LNG T
I/ The gii vi mo:
1/ Hat vi mo: Cac phan t, nguyen t, hat nhan nguyen t va cac hat c ban c goi la cac hat vi mo. Danh sach cua cac hat c ban cho en nay a tr nen mot danh sach kha o so nhng co the phan thanh ba loai la: cac lng t cua trng ien t - cac photon, cac hardron va cac lepton. Cac hardron la cac hat tham gia tng tac manh (tng tac hat nhan) va ngc lai cac lepton bao gom: cac electron, cac muon va cac neutrion. Nhom cac hardron ong ao hn ca: chung bao gom cac nucleon (proton va neutron), cac meson (cac hat nay nhe hn proton) va cac hyperon (cac hat nang hn proton). Ngoai tr trng hp ac biet la photon va mot vai meton trung hoa cac hat con lai eu co phan hat. Thuoc tnh rat quen thuoc cua hau het vi hat la co khoi lng ngh. V du khoi
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g , khoi lng cua photon la 1836m, lng ngh m cua electron la bang: 9,1.10 cua neutron la: 1839m, cua muon la 207m . Khoi lng ngh cua photon va cua tat ca cac neutrino eu bang khong. Khoi lng cua phan t, nguyen t va hat nhan nguyen t bang tong khoi lng cua cac hat tao thanh tr i o hut khoi. o hut khoi bang nang lng dung e pha v vi hat thanh nhng hat cau thanh (thng c goi la nang lng lien ket) chia cho bnh phng van toc anh sang. Cac nucleon trong hat nhan co nang lng lien ket ln nhat- o hut khoi cua moi nucleon ln hn 10m . ien tch cua hat vi mo bang boi nguyen lan ien tch cua electron, tc la
19

C .Ngoai nhng hat vi mo tch ien co nhieu hat vi mo bang boi lan 1,6.10 trung hoa ve ien. ien tch cua hat vi mo phc tap bang tong ai so cac ien tch cua cac hat thanh phan. 2/ Spin cua vi hat. Spin la mot trong nhng thuoc tnh quan trong cua hat vi mo. Spin co the c
2

J.s . Spin cua photon bang 1, Spin cua electron bang 1 / 2 . bang: 1,05.10 Spin la mot thuoc tnh ac biet cua vi hat. Va do o no khong the co mo hnh tng t co ien. Viec giai thch Spin nh la moment c rieng cua vi hat tuy thuan tien cho viec hnh dung nhng la khong ung vi thc te v khai niemvi hat quay quanh no la khong chap nhan c.

xem nh la moment c rieng cua hat. Bnh phng cua Spin bang: h s(s + 1) trong o s co the la so nguyen hay ban nguyen (s thng c goi la Spin), h la hang so pho bien, ong vai tro ac biet quan trong trong c hoc lng t, gia tr cua h
34

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 11 -

phng bat ky cua no ch nhan cac gia tr gian oan: hs , h s 1 ,, hs ,tc la (2s + 1) gia tr. ieu nay co the noi la vi hat co (2s + 1) trang thai Spin. Nh vay s ton tai Spin oi vi vi hat a ti s xuat hien bac t do trong e mo ta no. 3/ Boson va Fermion: Tren c s Spin ngi ta chia vi hat thanh hai nhom. Nhom mot la cac vi hat co Spin nguyen hoac bang khong. Nhom hai la cac vi hat co Spin ban nguyen. Nhom th nhat co ac iem la chung co the co vo so hat cung ton tai trong mot trang thai lng t, tuan theo thonh ke Bose - Einstein va do o nhom nay thng c goi tat la cac Boson. Nh vay cac meson va photon la cac Boson. Nhom th hai co ac iem la chung ch ton tai nhieu nhat mot hat trong moi trang thai lng t, tuan theo thong ke Fermi - Dirac va do o cac vi hat thuoc nhom nay c goi tat la cac Fermion. Cac lepton - noi rieng la cac electron - cac nucleon va cac hyperon la cac Fermion. 4/ Tnh khong ben cua vi hat: Tat ca cac hat c ban - tc photon, electron, proton va neutrino eu khong ben. ieu nay co ngha la cac hat o t phat phan ra thanh nhng hat vi mo khac khong can mot tac ong nao t ben ngoai. V du mot neutron t phan ra thanh mot proton, mot electron va mot neutrino: Chung ta khong the tien oan c vao thi iem nao s phan ra se xay ra nhng t thc nghiem ngi ta a tm c quy luat phan ra. trong o la hang so ac trng cua neutron- c goi la thi gian song cua
3

Momemt goc cua vi hat co thuoc tnh khac thng. Cu the hnh chieu tren

n p + e + e

N (t ) = N 0 exp( t )

exp( t ) xac nh xac xuat cua neutron khong neutron va bang 10 s . Lng phan ra tai thi iem t . Cac hat vi mo khong ben c ac trng bang thi gian song cua no. Thi gian song cua mot hat cang nho th xac xuat phan huy cua hat cang ln. V du: Thi
gian song cua muon la

s . Mot nhom hat khac co thi gain song cc ky ngan vao khoang 10 22 s 23 s . Cac hat nay c goi la cac hat cong hng. en 10
10

2,6.10 8 s , thi gian song cua - meson trung hoa la 10 16 s


10

2,2.10 6 s , thi gian song cua - meson dng la

va cua hyperon la

Mot ieu lu y la: cac meson va cac hyperon co the phan ra theo nhieu cach khac nhau. V du cac - meson dng co the phan ra theo kieu nh sau:

+ + + + e+ + e

phan ra nao se xay ra. Tnh khong ben khong phai ch co oi vi cac hat c ban ma con ung oi vi cac vi hat khac. Hien tng phong xa cho thay rang hat nhan

+ 0 + e+ + e Vi mot meson bat ky khong the tien oan c vao luc nao cung nh kieu

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 12 -

nguyen t la khong ben vng. Cac nguyen tcung nh cac phan t khi trang thai kch thch cung khong he, chung se t phat tr ve trang thai ban au cua chung hay chuyen sang trang thai kch thch thap hn. Nhng can lu y rang tnh khong ben vng khong phai la ban chat chung cua cac vi hat bi v ngoai cac hat khong ben co mot so hat vi mo khac la ben. V du nh: photon, electron, proton, neutrion, cac hat nhan nguyen t ben cung nh cac nguyen t va phan t trang thai c ban. Ngoai tnh chat a neu tren hat c ban con co mot ac tnh ky quac the hien trong s bien oi qua lai cua chung. Tuy nhien ban oc co the tm hieu them van e o qua cac giao trnh khac chi tiet hn ve vat ly hat c ban.

2 HAI Y TNG C BAN CUA C HOC LNG T


1/ Y tng lng t hoa.
Ban chat cua y tng lng t hoa la: mot so ai lng vat ly mo ta cac oi tng vi mo trong nhng ieu kien thch hp ch co the nhan nhng gia tr ri rac xac nh. Khi o ta noi rang cac ai lng ay b lng t hoa . Y tng nay do M.Planck a ra nam 1900 khi nghien cu bc xa cua vat en tuyet oi. Planck a gia thuyet rang nang lng cua bc xa ien t do vat phat ra khong phai la lien tuc ma la gian oan - theo tng lng t nang lng, nang lng

cua moi lng t nay bang : = h . Gia thuyet nay a bao am cho s phu hp cua ly thuyet va thc nghiem, ac biet la loai bo c kho khan khi chuyen ly thuyet en vung tan so ln ma ngi ta goi la tai bien t ngoai . Tiep theo Planck, Bohr a ap dung y tng lng t hoa vao mau hanh tinh nguyen t cua Rutherford e xay dng mau nguyen t mi cua ong, mau nguyen t Bohr - hay mau nguyen t na lng t. Mac du ly thuyet Bohr ve nguyen t van co nhng mau thuan noi tai song no c coi la bc au tien e xay dng ly thuyet hoan chnh ve cau truc nguyen t. e hieu noi dung cua y tng nay ta xet v du cac electron trong nguyen t. trong nguyen t nang lng cua electron nhan nhng gia tr ri rac nhng gia tr nay tap hp thanh pho nang lng, nh hnh: Gia s ta ch quan tam en hai mc

E1 va E2 . Khi o electron E1

E1

ch co the co nang lng la hoac

E2

ch khong the co nang

E1

lng E thoa man: 1 <E < 2 . ay la iem c ban cua c hoc

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
lng t sau nay. Electron co the chuyen t mc nang lng

- 13 -

E1 sang mc

M 2 = h 2 l(l + 1) trong o l la so nguyen, l = 0,1,2... .Neu ta xet moment goc cua mot electron trong nguyen t trang thai dng thn th so l nhan gia tr t 0 en (n-1).

hoac ngc lai, trong hai qua trnh o electron nhan va phat ra mot photon tng ng. Qua trnh o c goi la phep chuyen di lng t. Nhng lu y rang: Nang lng electron khong phai khi nao cung b lng t hoa. Ch cac electron trong trang thai lien ket (v du electron trong nguyen t) th nang lng cua no mi b lng t hoa. Cac electron trang thai t do th nang lng cua no khong b lng t hoa. S lng t hoa khong phai ch xay ra vi nang lng ma la vi nhieu ai lng khac. Cu the moment xung lng cua vi hat cung b lng t hoa. Khac vi nang lng la ai lng ch b lng t hoa trong trang thai lien ket, moment xung lng luon b lng t hoa. Cac gia tr quan sat c cua bnh phng moment xung lngcua hat vi mo c cho bi cong thc:

E2

Ngi ta thng goi Moment xung lng (hay moment goc) mot cach n gian la moment. Thc nghiem chng to rang: hnh chieu cua momentcua vi hat len mot phng nhat nh nao o (ta thng goi o la hnh chieu tren truc oz cho tien) nhan cac gia tr:

M z = hm

trong o nhan

phan tren ta a noi ve Spin cua vi hat va co the coi Spin nh la moment noi tai cua vi hat. Ngi ta goi no la moment Spin e phan biet moment thng la moment quy ao. Neu s la Spin cua vi hat th hnh chieu cua moment Spin se nhan cac gia tr h trong o = s, s + 1,..., s 1, s . Nh vay hnh chieu cua Spin cua mot electron se nhan hai gia tr:

(2l + 1) gia tr gian oan

m = l,l + 1,..., l 1, l . Nh vay vi moi gia tr cua l , so m

h 2

va

Cac so n, l, m, xac nh cac gia tr gian oan khac nhau cua cac bien ong lc lng t hoa va c goi la cac so lng t. n la so lng t chnh. m la so lng t t. la so lng t Spin.

h 2.

l la so lng t quy ao.

2/ Y tng lng song hat.


Trong vat ly hoc co ien ngi ta coi cac khai niem song va hat la loai tr nhau. Hat c ac trng bang khoi lng, co tnh nh x trong khong gian va co

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 14 -

the va cham vi nhau. Ngc lai song khong co tnh nh x nhng co kha nang gioa thoa, nhieu xa Song nhng quan niem quen thuoc nay khong the chuyen qua c hoc lng t mot cach trc tiep c. mc o cac hien tng vi mo s phan nh ro rang hai dang chuyen ong nay b phai m i mot cach can ban. Cu the la: Chuyen ong cua vi hat ong thi c ac trng bang ca tnh song lan tnh hat. Co the noi rang cac vi hat mc o nao o giong nh hat va mc o nao o giong vi song. Cac mc o o phu thuoc vao ieu kien ma o ta xet hat vi mo. Neu trong vat ly co ien hat va song la hai mat oi lap loai tr nhau- hoac la hat hoac la song th oi vi cac oi tng vi mo cac mat oi lap nay ket hp vi nhau mot cach bien chng trong khuon kho mot oi tng vi mo thong nhat la tnh lng song hat. Y tng lng song hat c Einstein ap dung cho bc xa ien t e giai thch hien tng quang ien. en 1924 De Broglie a m rong y tng lng song hat khong ch cho bc xa ien t ma cho moi hat vi mo noi chung. Cu the moi hat vi mo ong thi co nhng ac trng hat (nang lng va xung lng) va ca nhng ac trng song(tan so va bc song). Moi lien he gia nhng ac trng o c cho bang he thc Planck - Einstein: , (2.1) Nh vay la mot hat chuyen ong c lien he vi mot song ma bc song c xac nh theo cong thc:

E = h

r r P = hk

=h

Y tng nay a cho cac gia thiet cua Bohr mot c s vng chac. Chuyen ong cua electron trong nguyen t Hydro luc o se ben vng khi doc theo cac quy ao c quy nh la bang mot so nguyen lan bc song. Cac song doc theo quy ao c quy nh la cac song dng. ieu nay tng ng vi quy tac lng t cua Bohr:

E=n

trong o la tan so quay cua electron quanh hat nhan,tc la so vong quay cua electron quanh hat nhan. That vay, theo De Broglie o dai cua quy ao bang so nguyen lan bc song:

h 2

T o suy ra :

n = 2r ,

h =h = p

mv

hay nhan ca hai ve vi va chia cho 2 ta co:

2rmv = nh

Nhng e y rang :

1 mv.2r n h = 2 2

2r = v

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
nen ta co :

- 15 -

ay chnh la quy tac lng t cua Bohr. Van e at ra la vi cac hat vi mo nh hat bui chang han tai sao ta khong nhan thay tnh lng song hat cua no? Ly do n gian la t cong thc De Broglie ta tnh c bc song cua no nho hn kch thc rat nhieu lan. Do o trong ieu kien o ta khong the phat hien thay tnh song cua hat bui. Con khi hat co khoi lng cang nho th bc song De Broglie cua hat cang ln khi o hat cang khac vi hat co ien va cung v the hat vi mo cang giong vi mot song hn. Chu y la song De Broglie khac vi nhng song co thc ma ta noi tren. Nh vay ta hnh dung quan he song hat nh the nao ? . Co hai cach hnh dung sai ve moi quan he nay. Cach th nhat : la hat ta tren song. Cach nay la do chnh De Broglie e xuat trong thi ky au. Theo ong th hat ta nh ngoi tren song va song cuon no ti au th hat ti o- hay noi n gian la song chuyen ch hat. Nhng thc te la song co the ton tai cung hat ngay ca trong chan khonghoan toan nh vay song co the la san pham cua chnh hat. Nh vay hat tao ra song nh the nao? Song chia se so phan cung vi hat nh the nao khi hat tng tac vi cac hat khac va vi moi trng? o la nhng cau hoi ma quan niem song chuyen ch hat khong tra li c. Cach th hai : o la quan niem cho rang hat la san pham c tao nen t cac song, la mot c cau ran ac do cac song ket lai hay noi cach khac hat nh la bo song la ni chong chat cac song co bc song rat ngan. Tuy nhien thc te cho thay cac song tham gia hien tng tan sac nh vay neu hat la bo song th hat phai b tan ra khi nhng ieu kien cua s tan sac xuat hien. Nhng trong thc te hat khong he b tan trong nhng ieu kien o. Nh vay ca hai cach hnh dung tren la hai cach hnh dung may moc theo kieu co ien eu khong chap nhan c. Can lu y rang tnh lng song hat khong phai ch co khi xet mot tap hp cac hat ma ngay ca khi co mot hat duy nhat tnh lng song hat cua hat vi mo van bieu lo ro ret. Co nhieu cach giai thch y ngha cua song De Broglie nhng cha co cach nao hoan chnh. Cach giai thch cua Born coi o la song xac xuat co ve nh c nhieu ngi chap nhan hn ca. Nhng song xac xuat van khong mang mot y ngha vat ly cu the nh song c hoc (song am, song tren mat nc )Co cach giai thch rang hat vi mo luc th mang tnh song, luc th mang tnh hat. Cung co cach giai thch rang hat vi mo ong thi va la song va la hat. ang chu y hn ca la quan niem rang : hat vi mo khong phai la song cung khong phai la hat. Tnh lng song hat cua vi hat c hieu nh kha nang tiem tang cua the gii vi mo the hien nhng tnh chat khac biet cua no phu thuoc vao ieu kien ben ngoai cu the la ieu kien quan sat no.

mv 2 1 = E = n h 2 2

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t 3 C S TOAN HOC CUA C HOC LNG T

- 16 -

Bat c ly thuyet vat ly nao cung la s ket hp gia cac y tng vat ly a ra tren c s thc nghiem va mot cong cu toan hoc nhat nh . Trong giai oan xay dng ly thuyet vat ly cong cu toan hoc co the la cha co nh khi Newton xay dng ly thuyet cua ong , nhng khi xay dng c hoc lng t th cong cu toan hoc tng ng a c xay dng t trc . Cong cu o la ly thuyet cac toan t tuyen tnh .

I/.Toan t tuyen tnh :


a/ Toan t va v du : Toan t la s tng ng gia cac phan t cua tap X vi cac phan t cua tap Y nao .Cac thuat ng ong ngha vi toan t la :anh xa ,hay ham .Neu hai tap X va Y la hai tap hp so th ngi ta dung khai niem ham so . Vai trng hp at biet cua toan t la : - Mot toan t t mot khong gian X vao chnh no goi la mot phep bien oi . - Mot toan t t mot khong gian ham so vo han chieu vao mot tap hp so c goi la mot phiem ham .

Vi mot toan t L bat ky tac dung trong khong gian X va Y ta thng viet : (toan t la ch in co dau mu):

L ( x) = ( x), ( x) X , ( x) Y

va noi rang : toan t L tac dung len ham (hay vect ) (x). Cac v du ve toan t nh :Phep tch phan ,vi phan , phep lay can phep nang len luy tha b/ Toan t tuyen tnh : Trng hp at biet quan trong cua cac toan t o la cac toan t tuyen tnh . o la cac toan t thoa man hai ieu kien :

+/ (oi hoi tnh tuyen tnh cua toan t co the xem nh bieu hien cua nguyen ly chong chap trong c hoc lng t ). Co the de dang thay rang : Cac toan t ao ham , vi phan , tch phan la cac toan t tuyen tnh , con cac toan t nang len tha ,toan t khai can va toan t Logarit khong phai la toan t tuyen tnh . Vi cac toan t tuyen tnh ta co mot so phep toan sau ay:

L( ) = L

+/

L( 1 + 2 ) = L 1 + L 2

+ Toan t n v : L c goi la toan t n v neu no thoa man ieu kien: L = = 1.. + Phep cong cac toan t : Tong cua hai (hay nhieu) toan t va la mot toan t ma ket qua tac dung cua no bang tong cac ket qua tac dung cua cac toan t thanh phan , ngha la :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 17 -

neu co : . lu y vi phep nhan cac toan t th t cua chung trong phep nhan la quan trong . + Toan t nghch ao :

la :

C = B + B . + Phep nhan cac toan t : C c goi la tch cua hai toan A C = A( B ) C = A.B C = A+ B
neu

va

B t va viet

neu nh :

L 1 goi la nghch ao cua toan t L neu : L ( x) = ( x) th L1 ( x) = ( x) . * + Toan t lien hp phc : Toan t L c goi la toan t lien hp phc cua L
th : + Phep nang len luy tha :

L ( x ) = ( x )

L* * ( x) = * ( x)
(n: la tha so ).

Ln = L.L....L

II/ Giao hoan t va phan giao hoan t :

Giao hoan t cua hai toan t A va B la : Vi cac toan t co hai bai toan quan trong can xet la giao hoan t va bai toan tr rieng AB = AB BA .
Phan giao hoan t cua hai toan t AB = AB = AB + BA + .

A va B la :

Lu y la giao hoan t cung nh phan giao hoan t cua hai toan t khong phai luon bang khong . V du : cho

Khi o :

d B= dx . A =x,

AB =
Hay :

d d AB BA = x x dx dx . d d d x = x ( x ) dx dx dx dx

[A, B] = x d

=x
Vay:

d d dx x = . dx dx dx
d x, dx

d = 1 x, dx hay .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 18 -

III/. Bai toan tr rieng cua toan t tuyen tnh :

Gia s ta xet toan t L , Neu co :


(=const, (x) 0). Th (x) c goi la ham rieng va c goi la cac tr rieng tng ng cua toan t viet :

L ( x) = ( x)

L . Moi toan t co the co nhieu ham rieng va tr rieng tng ng ; khi o ta


(n=0,1,2).

L n ( x) = n n ( x)

Nh vay cac ham rieng cua toan t tuyen tnh L la cac ham co tnh chat at biet la no gi khong oi dang di tac dung cua toan t ngoai phep nhan vi mot tr so (tr rieng ).
V du : gia s [0,L]. Phng trnh tr rieng co dang :

tnh

L.

Tap hp cac gia tr

{ n } c goi la cac pho cac tr rieng cua toan t tuyen

L = i

x . ieu kien la ham (x) tuan hoan trong khoang

i
i

Hay chnh xac hn :

( x) = ( x) x .

n ( x) = Ae in x

T phng trnh ta co ngay : T ieu kien tuan hoan ta co : Mat khac lu y rang :

n ( x) = n n ( x) x .

n ( x) = n ( X + L) .
e in L = 1= e i 2n Vay :

n =

Nh vay n lap thanh mot tap hp gian oan . khi L cac n cang sat lai gan nhau hn hay chnh xac hn khoang cach gia cac n0. khi o cac ham rieng tr thanh :

2 n , (n = 0,1,2...) L .

( x) = Ae ix .

Vi la mot bien lien tuc co the lay bat c gia tr nao . t ay ta cung nen lu y mot ieu la :cac tr rieng phu thuoc vao ieu kien bien cua nghiem cua phng trnh tr rieng , ngha la chung ch xac nh khi cho cac ieu kien bien .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
e xac nh tha so A ta xet ieu kien chuan hoa :
L 0 * dx = A L = 1 2

- 19 -

T o ta suy ra :

A=

1 L

n ( x) = 1 e in x , n = 2n
L L

Vay cuoi cung ta co :

Lu y rang pho cac tr rieng cua mot toan t tuyen tnh co the lien tuc , co the gian oan hay va lien tuc va gian oan . Mot ieu can lu y la :Vi mot tr rieng co the co S ham rieng tng ng .Khi o ta noi rang cac ham rieng o suy bien bac S

IV/. Mot so toan t at biet :


Cac ham at biet co vai tro quan trong trong vat ly co ien .Trong c hoc lng t cac ham at biet xuat hien trong kha nhieu bai toan quan trong . 1/ Toan t LH : Trong ly thuyet cac ham at biet ta thng xet cac a thc c goi la a thc Hermite (phng trnh cho nghiem la a thc Hermite c goi la phng trnh Hermite hay phng trnh Hermite-Tsebusep)-co dang :

d n x2 H n ( x) = (1) e e dx n H 0 ( x) =1 , H 1 ( x) = 2 x , H 2 ( x) = 2 + 4 x 2
n x
2

H 3 ( x) = 12 x + 8 x 3 +... n(n 1)(2 x) n 2 n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)(2 x) n 4 H n ( x) = ( 2 x) + +.. 1! 2!


n

Cac a thc Hermite co cac tnh chat :

1 xH n (x ) = nH n1 ( x) + H n+1 ( x) 2
+

H ( x) H n ( x) dx = 2 n n ! mn .
m

Nh vay neu xet toan t :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 20 -

LH =

d2 d 2x 2 dx dx

Th bang cach lay ao ham trc tiep ta co ket qua :

LH H n ( x) = 2nH n ( x)

(n=0,1,2)

2/Toan t LP: Ta a biet cac a thc Legendre.

Pl =

Cac a thc Legendre co tnh chat :

3 1 P0 ( x) = 1 , P1 ( x) = x , P2 ( x) = x 2 2 2 5 3 35 15 3 P3 ( x) = x 3 x , P4 ( x) = x 4 x 2 + 2 2 8 4 8 63 35 15 P5 ( x) = x 5 x 3 + x. 8 8 8 Pl (1) = (1) l , Pl (1) = 1

1 dl 2 ( x 1), l dx l 2 l

1 x 1

1 2 a / Pl ( x) Pm ( x)dx = 2l + 1 lm 1

b/

1 2rx + r 2 l = o c / (1 + l )Pl +1 ( x) (2l +1) xPl ( x) + lPl1 ( x) = 0.

= P ( x) r l . l

Neu a vao toan t :

LP (1 x 2 )

Th ta thay cac a thc Legendre lien he vi Lp nh sau:

d2 d 2x . dx dx 2

3/ Toan t Laplace : Trong ly thuyet cac ham ac biet cac ham cau co vai tro ac biet quan trong . o la cac ham :

LP Pl ( x) = l(l +1) Pl ( x)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 21 -

Ylm ( , ) =
Vi m 0.

m 1 im m (2l + 1)(l m)! e (1) P (cos ) sin m m l 2(l + m)! 2 ( cos )

Vi m 0, (dau * ch lien hp phc ). Vi moi gia tr cua l=0,1,2,3 ta co 2l+1 gia tr cua m . m = -l,- l+1,- l+2,, l-2, l-1, l. Mot so bieu thc cua

Ylm ( , ) = (1) m (Ylm )* ham

1 3 , Yl0 = cos 4 4 3 Yl1 = sin e i 8 1 5 3 cos 2 Y20 = 2 4 2 15 Y21 = sin cos e i 8 1 15 Y22 = sin 2 e i 4 2 Y00 =
2
0 0 '

Ylm ( , )

vi l va m cu the :

Cac ham cau co tnh chat :

a / Ylm ( . )Y m ( , ) sin d d = ' ' l' ll mm b / Cos Ylm = aYlm+ 1 + bYlm 1 c / e i sin Ylm = CYlm++ 1 + dYlm+ 1 1 1

Trong o a , b , c, d la nhng hang so ch phu thuoc l , m. Neu a vao toan t

2 1 1 (sin )+ 2 sin 2 sin

Th cac ham cau lien he vi toan t nay nh sau :

Ylm ( , ) = l(l +1)Ylm ( , m)


4/. Toan t LL: Cac a thc Lagendre co dang:

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 22 -

Lkj ( x) =
Vi :

dj L ( x) , ( j k ) dx j k d k ( k x ) Lk = e x e dx k
x

Ta co mot so a thc cu the :

L0 ( x) = 1 , L1 ( x) = 1 x L2 ( x) = 2 4 x + x 2 L3 ( x) = 6 18x + 9 x 2 x 3 , v ..v..
Cac a thc Laguerre co tnh chat :
j j j x Lk ( x) Lk ' ( x) x e dx = 0

(k!) 3 (k j )! kk '

Neu a vao toan t :

LL x

d2 d + ( j + 1 x) 2 dx dx

Th ta co lien he cua LL vi cac a thc Laguerre nh sau

LL Lkj ( x) = (k j ) Lkj ( x) ; ( j k )
5/.Toan t LF : Cac ham sieu boi suy bien la cac ham co dang :

F (a, b, z ) = 1 +

a(a + 1) 2 a(a + 1)(a + 2) 3 a z+ z + z + ... b.1! b(b + 1) b(b + 1)(b + 2) 3!

Ta thay neu a la mot so nguyen am tc la a = -n (n la so nguyen dng )th ham sieu boi F(-n,b,z)se la mot a thc cua z . Co the chng minh c rang :

F (a, b, z) cz a b e z

khi Rez , c = const.

khi Rez , d = const. Hn na da vao bieu thc nh ngha cua ham sieu boi , a thc Hermite va a thc Legendre ta co cac he thc sau :

F (a, b, z) d ( z) a

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 23 -

H 2n ( x) = (1) n

(2n)! 1 F (n, , x 2 ) n! 2 2(2n + 1)! 3 H 2n+1 ( x) = (1) n . F (n, , x 2 ) n! 2 ( J + k + 1)! F (k , j + 1, x) Lkj ( x) = ( j + 1)!

(k nguyen ,khong am) Ngoai ra neu cac ham Bessel viet dang :
p + 2k (1) k x J P ( x) = k =1 k!(k + p + 1)! 2

th ta co he thc :(n la so nguyen):

1 x n ix 1 e F ( + n,1 + 2n , 2ix) J n ( x) = (n +1)! 2 2


Nh vay neu a vao toan t :

LF z

d d2 + (b z) 2 dz dz

th ta thay cac ham sieu boi suy bien lien he vi toan t LF nh sau :

LF F (a, b, z) = aF (a, b, z)

(5)

Neu b khong phai la mot so nguyen th nghiem th hai cua phng trnh (5) co dang:

G(a, b, z) = z 1b F (a b 1, 2 b , z)

6/.Toan t Laplace toan phan : Trong giao trnh phng trnh toan ly ta a gap nhieu lan toan t : (Trong he toa oDescartes )

2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 x y z
2

(6)

Trong cac he toa o suy rong q1, q2, q3:

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 24 -

x = 1 (q1 , q 2 , q3 ) y = 2 (q1 , q 2 , q3 ) z = 3 (q1 , q 2 , q3 )


Trong o 1, 2, 3 la nhng ham lien tuc va n tr . Neu at :

H i2

= 1 q i

+ 2 q i

+ 3 q i

; (i = 1,2,3)

va goi la cac he so Lame ,th ta co :

H H H H H H 1 2 3 + 3 1 + 1 2 H 1 H 2 H 3 q1 H 1 q1 q 2 H 2 q 2 q3 H 3 q3

Cu the vi he toa o cau q1 = r, q2 = , q3 = ta co: H1 = 1, H2 = r, H3 = rsin. Do o :

1 2 1 2 1 + sin + r 2 r 2 sin 2 2 r 2 r r r sin

Vi he toa o truc : q1 = r ,q2 = ,q3 = z. Ta co : H1 = 1, H2 = r, H3 = 1. Nh vay trong he tru ta co : 1 1 2 2 = 2 r 2 + 2 + r r r r 2 z Nh lai bieu thc (3) ta co :

2 2 = + + 2 r 2 r r r
V/.Toan t lien hp va toan t t lien hp (hecmitic) :
1/ Tch vo hng cua hai ham : Gia s co hai ham (x) va (x) nao o ,khi o tch vo hng cua hai ham nay c nh ngha bi:

( , ) = * ( x) ( x)dx

trong o dau * ch lien hp phc .(Noi them : hai ham (x) va (x) phai bang khong tai vo cung ). Bieu thc :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 25 -

( , ) = 2 dx

c goi la chuan cua ham (x) Neu viet (x) dang cot : 1 ( x) ( x) ( x) = 2 ..... n ( x) va (x) dang ma tran hang : th :

* * * * ( x) = (1 ( x), 2 ( x).... n ( x))

* * * 1 ( x), 2 ( x).... n ( x)

. Neu 1(x), 2(x) n(x) la cac hang so C1, C2 Cn.con


n

* ( , ) = n ( x) n ( x)dx

b , b ...bn th tch vo hng (,) c la cac hang so 1 2

cho bang tch :

( , ) = bi*Ci
I

Trng hp : = (x,y,z); = (x,y,z) th :

( , ) = * ( x, y, z ) ( x, y, z )dx dy dz
: Co the chng minh tch vo hng nh ngha nh tren co cac tnh chat nh sau

+ / ( , ) = * ( , ) ; + / ( , ) = ( , )
tap )

+ / ( , ) = ( , )* + / ( , 1 + 2 ) = ( , 1 ) + ( , 2 ) + / (1 + 2 , ) = (1 , ) + ( 2 , )

= const

(Cac chng minh nay khong kho khan lam ,ban oc co the xem nh mot bai

A va B la hai toan t c goi la lien hp cua nhau (hay lien hp vi + + nhau ),va k hieu la: A = B va B = A , dau + la dau lien hp .
Gia s V du 1 : Ta xet vi toan t C la mot so hay tm C+, theo nh ngha ta co :

2/ Toan t tuyen tnh lien hp (Hecmitic)va toan t Unita :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 26 -

( , C ) = * ( x )C ( x ) dx , (C + , ) = C +* * ( x) ( x)dx
Hn the na :
+* * * C ( x) ( x)dx = ( x)C ( x)dx

Nh vay : C+*=C hay C+= C*. Ngha la toan t lien hp cua mot hang so la lien hp phc cua no . V du 2 :Ta xet toan t nhan vi U(x) . Hay tm toan t U+(x). Lap luan tng t nh tren e thay rang : U+(x)= U*(x) Hay tong quat hn : Neu L la mot toan t nhan th : L+= L*.
d dx . V du 3 : Hay tm
+ + d d ( x) ( x)dx = * ( x) dx dx ( x)dx +
*
+

Ta co : Tch phan tng phan ve phai ta c :


+

+ + d * ( x) * ( x) d ( x)dx = * ( x) ( x) ( x)dx dx dx

V *(x) va(x) triet tieu tai nen ta co :


d d dx = dx Nh vay ta co : d d , = , dx dx (Luon phai lu y rang cac ham (x) va(x) triet tieu tai ).Hay tong quat hn ta co : d n n , = (1) n d , n dx n dx 3/. Toan t t lien hp (Hecmitic)va toan t unita .
+

a/ Toan t t lien hp : Neu L = L+. ngha la :


* * Ldx = ( L ) dx

L thoa man ieu kien :

th L la toan t t lien hp (Hay Hecmitic )

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Toan t Unita : Neu L thoa man : L L+ = L+L=1. Th L goi la toan t unita . Toan t unita thng c k hieu la U .

- 27 -

Co the chng minh rang : la t lien hp . b/. Cac tnh chat cua toan t t lien hp (Hecmitic) : Tnh chat 1 : Mot toan t co cac tr rieng thc khi va ch khi no la toan t Hecmitic . Chng minh : T bai toan tr rieng : L(x)= (x) Ta co :
* * L ( x)dx = ( x) ( x)dx * * * * L ( x)dx = ( x) ( x)dx

L = i

d dx

Tr cho nhau : do o :

* * * * * Ldx L dx = ( ) dx

* * * * ( L L )dx = ( ) dx

Nh vay ro rang =* khi va ch khi L la t lien hp L= L+. Tnh chat 2 : Cac ham rieng cua mot toan t Hecmitic ng vi cac tr rieng khac nhau la trc giao . Chng minh : Cung xuat phat t bai toan : L(x)= (x) ta co Ln= nn L*m*=m m*. Hay viet cach khac :
*

m L n dx = n m n dx
*

Va : T o ta co :

n L m dx =m n m dx
* * * *

* + * * m ( L L ) n dx =(n m ) m n dx * Neu L la Hecmitic th L= L+.(va do o n = m ) khi o :


* ( n * ) m n dx = 0 m

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
V

- 28 -

m n dx = 0 .
*

n * (chung ta gia thiet cac tr rieng khac nhau )nen : m

Ngha la cac n va m la trc giao vi nhau .

4 TH NGHIEM QUAN TRONG TNH THONG KE CUA C HOC LNG T

I/ Th nghiem hai lo :
th nghiem ma ngi ta ngh ra e bao gom c moi b an cua CHLTva dan dat ta en tat ca nhng nghch ly ,nhng b mat , nhng ieu ky la cua t nhien mot cach ay u .Chnh trong th nghiem nay cha ng nhng ieu b an can ban .Nhan xet ve th nghiem nay Feynman a tng noi nh the . 1/ nguon la nhng vien an : 1
A Nguon

N1.

N12

N2

S o th nghiem c bo th nh hnh ve .Nguon A la nguon phong an (v dusung tieu lien ) .Trong o N1 la so an ti bia khi bt kn lo 2 , N2 la so an ti bia khi bt kn lo 1 va N12 la so an trung bnh cua ca 1 va 2 eu m (trong mot n v thi gian). Ket qua : N12= N1 + N2 2/ Nguon la hai song (v du song nc ): 1 A I1.

2 I12 I12 Cng o song tren bia khi ca hai lo eu m I1 Cng o song tren bia khi lo 2 ong . I2 Cng o song tren bia khi lo 1 ong. Ket qua : I12 I1 + I2 ( Co giao thoa song )

I2

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
3/ Nguon la chum electron :

- 29 -

N1.

2 N12

N1

Ket qua : N12 N1 + N2 (co giao thoa) Vi : I12 , I1 , I2 la cac xac xuat tm thay electron bia khi ong lo 2 , ong lo 1, m ca hai lo tng ng . Tom tat ba trng hp an Song Electron Khong gian oan Gian oan Gian oan . Cng o song c Xac xuat ti c o : Xac xuat ti c o: o: I12 I1 + I2 N12 N1 + N2 N12 = N1 + N2 Khong co giao thoa Co giao thoa Co giao thoa Vi trng hp chum electron :cac electron i ti bia (hay may thu) theo tng lng nho gian oan giong nh o la nhng hat nhng xac xuat e nhng hat o ti bia lai c xac nh theo cung nhng quy luat nh quy luat xac nh cng o cua song nc .V vay co the noi rang cac electron va giong nh chum hat va giong nh song . No ong thi la hai vat hoan toan khac nhau .

II/ Tnh thong ke cua CHLT:


Trong cac ieu kien ben ngoai cho trc ket qua cua s tng tac gia oi tng vi mo va dung cu o noi chung khong the tien oan mot cach chnh xac , ma ch co the d kien vi mot xac xuat nao o .Tap hp cac ket qua nh vay a en thong ke tng ng vi phan bo nhat nh cua xac xuat. Nh vay ta phai a yeu to xac xuat vao cach mo ta oi tng vi mo va trang thai cua no . Khai niem xac xuat cung c dung trong VLC nhng vi mot y ngha khac .Trong VLC xac xuat c a vao ch khi ieu kien cua bai toan khong c biet mot cach ay u va phai lay trung bnh theo cac tham so cha biet . Song o a gia thiet rang ve nguyen tac th s trung bnh hoa la khong bat buoc va luon luon co the chnh xac hoa cac ieu kien e khang nh la mot trong so cac ket qua kha d c xay ra hoan toan con cac ket qua khac se khong xay ra . Nh vay , trong VLC xac xuat a phan anh s phat bieu khong ay u bai toan . S khong ay u ay la khong the tranh c nhng ve nguyen tat la co the loai tr c . Trong vat ly co ien nguyen ly quyet nh luan Laplace a loai bo yeu to ngau nhien khi mo ta dang ieu cua tng oi tng rieng biet do o cac nh luat cua c hoc co ien la cac nh luat ong lc ch khong phai la cac nh luat thong ke . Tnh thong ke ch xuat hien khi nghien cu mot tap hp ln cac hat va la mot phng phap co tnh thu thuat .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 30 -

Ngc lai trong C hoc lng t yeu to ngau nhien co mat trong dang ieu cua tng vi hat rieng biet . Yeu to ngau nhien la he qua cua s hu han cua hang so Planck va nguyen ly bat nh Heisenberg . Do o c hoc lng t la mot ly thuyet thong ke ve mat nguyen tat . Va tnh xac xuat la mot trong nhng ac iem cua no .

5 CAC BIEN ONG LC TRONG C HOC LNG T


Trong vat ly hoc co ien trang thai va bien ong lc la hai khai niem c ban. Cac bien ong lc nh toa o, xung lng ,moment xung lng va nang lng trong vat ly hoc co ien la nhng ham so (thong thng ). Nhng trong c hoc lng t van e khac mot cach c ban . Cu the la : - Trong c hoc lng t moi bien ong lc cua c hoc co ien c oi ng vi mot toan t Hecmitic . - Co the chuyen cac he thc ong lc t c hoc co ien sang c hoc lng t vi dang nh cu nhng trong o phai thay cac ai lng vat ly bang cac toan t Hecmitic tng ng . Noi cach khac : Cong cu cua c hoc lng t c xay dng hoan toan tng t nh cong cu c hoc co ien neu ta thay cac bien ong lc cua c hoc co ien (la cac ham ) bang cac toan t Hecmitic .

1/.Cac toan t toa o :

r r = ( x, y, z) ( x1 , x2 , x3 )

o la cac toan t nhan ham f tren o cac toan t tac dung vi cac lng xi(i=1,2,3). Phep nhan hieu theo ngha thong thng , cac ham f=f(x,y,z). Ta co the de dang tm c cac giao hoan t cua cac toan t toa o la : [xi,xj]=0. (5.1) e y rang v cac lng xi la thc nen cac toan t nay eu la Hecmitic.

2/.Cac toan t xung lng :

r P = ( P1 , P2 , P3 ) = ( Px , Py , Pz )

Cac toan t xung lng co dang :

r P = ih , Pi = ih ; (i = 1,2,3) xi

Cac giao hoan t co dang :

(5.2)

(5.3) Ta cung co the tm c cac giao hoan t cua cac toan t nay vi cac toan t toa o la : (5.4) Cac toan t xung lng cung la cac toan t Hecmitic .

[Pi , Pj ] = 0 ; (i, j = 1,2,3)

[xi , Pj ] = ih ij ; (i, j = 1,2,3)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 31 -

3/. Cac toan t Moment xung lng L va toan t moment xung lng bnh phng L2 .
nh ngha :Toan t L c nh ngha nh sau : L=[r*p]. Nh vay ta co : L1 = x2 p3 x3 p 2 = ih x2 x3 x3 x 2 L2 = x3 p1 x1 p3 = ih x3 x1 x1 x3

L3 = x1 p 2 x 2 p1 = ih x1

x2 x 2 x1

Cac giao hoan t : Trc het ta co the tm giao hoan t cua L vi cac toan t x ; cu the ta co :

[L1 , x2 ] = [x2 p3 x3 p2 , x2 ] = [x2 p3 , x2 ] [x3 p2 , x2 ] = x2 [ p3 , x2 ] + [x2 , x2 ] p3 x3 [ p2 , x2 ] [x3 , x2 ] p2


Hn na co the chng minh trng hp tong quat :

= ihx3

[Li x j ] = ih ijk xk k

(5.5)

Vi :

123 = 231 = 312 = 1, 321 = 213 = 132 = 1

Cac thanh phan khac eu bang khong .

r r p bang cach tnh trc tiep ta co : Giao hoan t cua L vi

[Li , x j ] = ih ijk pk k
Gia cac thanh phan cua L ta co :

(5.6)

Tong quat hn ta co :

ihx2 p1 + ihx1 p2 = ihL3 [L , L ] = iL3 . Vay: 1 2

[L1 , L2 ] = [L1 , x3 p1 x1 p3 ] = [L1 , x1 p3 ] + [L1 , x3 p1 ] = [L1 x3 ] p1 + x3 [L1 p1 ] [L1 x1 ] p3 x1 [L1 p3 ]

[Li , x j ] = ih ijk Lk k

(5.7)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
T cac toan t L1,L2,L3 ta a vao toan t :
2 2 L2 = L1 + L2 + L3 2

- 32 -

Goi la toan t moment bnh phng . Ta co the tm giao hoan t :


2 [L2 , L1 ] = [L12 + L22 + L12 , L1 ] = [L12 , L1 ]+ [L22 , L1 ]+ [L3 , L1 ]

= 0 + L2 [L2 , L1 ]+ [L2 , L1 ]L2 + L3 [L3 , L1 ]+ [L3 , L1 ]L3 = 0


L2 , L = 0 ; (i = 1,2,3) i

Tong quat ta co : (5.8) Do cac toan t xi va pi la Hecmitic ta de dang thay rang cac toan t Li va L2 eu Hecmitic .

4/.Toan t Hamilton H:
Tng ng vi bieu thc ham Hamilton trong c hoc co ien :

Ta a vao toan t Hamilton : (5.9) Trong he toa o cau (r,,) toan t hamilton co dang : 2 2 = h + 2 + +U H 2m r 2 r r r 2 (5.10)

r p2 H= + U ( x, y, z, t ) 2M
2

h H = + U ( x, y, z, t ) 2m

Cac giao hoan t : Ta co the tnh trc tiep e tm cac giao hoan t cua H va xi va pi nh sau :

[H , xi ] 0 [H , pi ] 0

Ch khi U = 0 th ta mi co :

(i=1,2,3)

[H , pi ] = 0 .

Cac giao hoan t cua H vi cac toan t moment xung lng Va moment xung lng bnh phng se c xet trong trng hp at biet khi U=U(r,t).Tc la tng ng vi bai toan chuyen ong trong trng xuyen tam . Trc het ta tm bieu thc cua Li va L2 trong he toa o cau .T moi lien he gia hai toa o :

x = r sin cos y = r sin sin z = r cos

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 33 -

Ta co : Ngha la ta co :

x y = + =x y x y y x

(5.12) e tm cac bieu thc cua L1 va L2 ta e y rang :

L3 = ih

r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ; cos =
T o ta c :

y ; tg = r x.

T bieu thc nh ngha : L1 = ih y z y z r = ih r sin sin z

r z r = = cos , = sin sin z r y sin cos sin ; = = z r y r cos = 0; = z y r sin

+ + r z z

r cos

= + + z z r z
r

= ih (r sin sin cos r cos sin sin ) + ( sin 2 sin cos 2 sin )
Nh vay ta co : L1 = ih sin

+ r

( + cot g cos )

cot g cos cos


sin

Tng t ta tnh c : L2 = ih cos cot g T cac ket qua tren ta co : 1 L2 = h 2 = h 2 sin

(5.13)

(5.14)

1 2 + sin 2 2

(5.15)

Ta xet trng hp ac biet khi U=U(r,t) .Khi o ta k hieu :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 34 -

T bieu thc nay va cac ket qua tren ta co :

h2 H0 = + U (r , t ) 2m .

[H 0 , L3 ] = 0

0 Va (5.16) Cac toan t ong lc co vai tro ac biet quan trong trong c hoc lng t bi le no lien quan en cac gia tr o c trong thc nghiem . Phep chuyen t cac toan t ti cac ai lng o c (hay quan sat c ) trong thc nghiem c thc hien nh bai toan tr rieng :

[H

, L2 ] = 0

L n ( x) = n n ( x) .

Moi lien he o la :Neu he trang thai c mo ta bi he ham rieng n(x) cua toan t oi xng vi bien ong lc nao o th khi o ai lng nay trang thai n(x) ta se nhan c gia tr n nao o nam trong pho {n }.

6 CAC HE THC BAT NH


I/ Y Tng Lng Song Hat Va cac He Thc Bat nh:
mot khoang nao o , con cac gia tr cua vector Ta xet tap hp cac song phang (co ien) lan truyen tren truc x. Ta gia s rang cac tan so song rai rac

x. song trong khoang Neu chap tat ca cac song phang nay vi nhau th chung x ta se nhan c bo song nh hnh ve. Vi bo song o ngi ta a tm c cac he thc:
.t 1 k x .x 1

Nhng he thc nay rat quen thuoc trong vat ly co ien. Nhng ngi a biet ve ky thuat radio eu biet rang: e tao ra tn hieu nh x hn th can phai lay nhieu song phang vi cac tan so khac nhau hn. Hay noi cach khac: e giam va

Mot cach hnh thc ta gia thiet rang cac he thc tren khong ch ung vi cac song co ien ma con ung cho ca nhng ac trng song cua cac vi hat (Nhng lu y

t th phai tang k x va .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 35 -

rang ieu nay khong co ngha la chung ta mo hnh hoa vi hat di dang bo song nao o). S dung cac he thc Planck Einstein: , va chuyen sang bieu thc tng t cho cac ac tnh cua vi hat (cho nang lng va xung lng cua hat) ta co: (6.3) Cac he thc nay c Heisenberg a ra lan au tien vao nam 1927 va c ong goi la he thc bat nh (ngay nay ta thng goi chung la he thc bat nh Heisenberg). Ngoai ra ta co the bo sung them he thc di ay:

E = h

r r P = hk

E.t h Px .x h

(6.2)

Cac he thc tren cung co the m rong cho cac trng hp tng t khac. Cu the la ta co the viet:

x la o bat nh cua toa o goc cua oi tng vi hat (xet phep quay quanh truc x), con M x la o bat nh cua hnh chieu moment tren truc x.
trong o

M x . x h

(6.4)

y.Py h

z.Pz h

M y . y h M z . z h

II/ Y ngha cua cac he thc bat nh:


Ta xet he thc:

p x .x h p

x la o bat nh cua hnh chieu trong o x la o bat nh cua toa o x, tren truc x cua xung lng cua vi hat. Nh vay neu vi hat c nh x tai mot iem xac nh x nao o th hnh chieu cua xung lng cua vi hat tren truc x co o bat nh tuy y. Ngha la vi hat phai tan ra tren toan truc x. ieu nay co ngha la trong c hoc lng t vi hat khong the co ong thi toa o xac nh va gia tr hnh chieu xung lng xac nh tren truc o. ieu nay cho thay trong c hoc lng t hoan toan khong co khai niem quy ao. ay la mot he qua quan trong cua nguyen ly bat nh. Bay gi ta xet he thc:

E.t h

Vi he thc nay co nhieu cach giai thch khac nhau v t khong phai la o bat nh theo thi gian (v thi gian la mot tham so ch khong phai mot bien ong lc). Cu the la :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
- Neu he trang thai kch thch trong khoang thi gian t th khi o he khong the co nang lng xac nh va o bat nh cua nang lng la:

- 36 -

Tuy nhien nang lng co o bat nh khong co ngha la nang lng khong c bao toan. Bi v neu he trang thai dng th nang lng cua he khong oi y. Ngha la neu t = th lng. Nh he thc theo thi gian va khi o ta co the o nang lng trong khoang thi gian

h t

E = 0 la khong co s sai lech nao ve tr so cua nang

t lau tuy

ta co the suy ra thi gian song cua hat vi mo, cothe tng tng ra nhng qua trnh ao e lam cong cu giai thch nhng hien tng ma khong vi pham nh luat bao toan nang lng . Nhng ieu can lu y: - Th nhat: he thc bat nh nhan manh mot ieu la: s bat nh trong the gii vi mo khong phai la nhng sai so ngau nhien cua phep o hay s khong hoan thien cua cac thiet b ky thuat ma xuat phat t ban chat lng song hat cua hat vi mo hay noi cach khac viec khong the xac nh ong thi toa o va xung lng la co tnh nguyen tac. - Th hai : Cac ai lng ac trng cho song ( va ) khong phai la cac ai lng nh x c. Do o xuat phat t he thc De Broglie ta co the rut ra he thc bat nh. Mat khac chuyen ong cua hat co khoi lng m va van toc v lien oi vi mot song co bc song tnh theo cong thc:

E.t h

= h

trong o la bc song. ac trng cua song la s lan truyen vo han trong khong gian cho nen bc song la mot ham so cua dang song ch khong phai la ham so cua mot iem cua khong gian. Cung do he thc De Broglie th van toc cua hat cung khong phai la ham so cua toa o cua hat. Noi tom lai van toc va toa o cua hat khong the ong thi co gia tr xac nh. He thc bat nh la mot he thc c ban nhat cua c hoc lng t, mot trong nhng he qua quan trong nhat cua gia thiet De - Broglie ve tnh lng song hat cua vi hat. - Th ba: Nhn cac he thc bat nh ta thay cau truc cua chung phai nh the nao e trong moi he thc gom hai ai lng lien hp chnh tac vi nhau theo y ngha co ien. Do o ta co the suy ra rang oi vi cac cap ai lng chnh tac th cac he thc tng t van ung. Ve phng dien ly thuyet tng oi cac he thc bat nh Heisenberg co tnh chat oi xng: cu the la ba thanh phan cua xung lng va

mv

y z nang lng x tao thanh mot vector 4 chieu, con ba toa o va thi gian (x,y,z,t) tao thanh mot vector khac

(p

, p , p ,E

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
III/ Mot so ket qua thu c t he thc bat nh :

- 37 -

a/ c lng xac nh nang lng cua trang thai c ban cua nguyen t hiro. Trong vat ly hoc co ien bie thc nang lng cua hat tch ien trong mot trng coulomb la : (6.5) trong o m va e la khoi lng va ien tch cua electron .e s dung cong thc tren trong c hoc lng t ta phai xem Pva r trong bieu thc o nh la x bat nh cua xung lng va toa o cua electron . Theo he thc bat nh gia xung lng va toa o :

E=

P2 e2 r 2m

P * x h

ta i ti he thc tng ng :

hay n gian hn la : Thay r tnh c t (6.6) vao (6.5) ta co :

p.r h p.r = h

(6.6)

(6.7) T ket qua nay ta de dang thay rang E(p) co mot cc tieu tai p=p1.Ta ky hieu nang lng cc tieu o la E1 .Lng E1chnh la nang lng cua trang thai c ban cua nguyen t Hyro con la kch thc c lng cua nguyen t (trong ly thuyet cua Bohr kch thc c lng cua nguyen t la ban knh cua quy ao th nhat trong nguyen t) . Co the de dang xac nh c cung ta co:

p2 e2 p E ( p) = 2m h

r1 =

h p1

p1 =

me 2 h . Cuoi

(6.8) Nhng ket qua nay hoan toan phu hp vi nhng ly thuyet chnh xac ,chac che co ien . b/ c lng nang lng cua dao ong tai iem khong cua mot dao ong t . Nang lng cua mot dao ong t ieu hoa mot chieu co ien c cho bang bieu thc : (6.9) Xem Px va x nh la s bat nh cua xung lng va toa o cua vi hat dao ong va s dung phng trnh : nh la mot trng hp cua he thc bat nh , ta co :

h2 me 4 r1 = 2 , E1 = 2 me 2h

E=

Px2 mx 2 2 + 2m 2

Px .x = h

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 38 -

E ( Px ) =

Px2 m 2 h 2 + 2m 2 Px2

Bang cach giai phng trnh :

d E ( Px ) = 0 dPx Ta tm c : Po = mh
suy ra :

la gia tr tai o E(Px)cc tieu .De dang t o

(6.9) ay la mot ket qua rat ang e y . Bi le no chng to rang : Trong c hoc lng t nang lng cua mot dao ong t khong the triet tieu va co gia tr la

Eo = E ( Po ) = h

Lu y rang c lng (6.9) khac vi bieu thc chnh xac cua nang lng cua dao

h .Nang lng nay c goi la nang lng cua dao ong khong cua dao ong t .
1 1 h 2 (gia tr chnh xac la : 2 ).

ong khong cua dao ong t mot tha so S dung ket qua nay vao cac tnh toan nang lng cua chuyen ong ieu hoa cua nguyen t trong mot tinh the ngi ta i en mot ket qua thu v bat ng la : Nang lng o khong triet tieu ngay ca o khong tuyet oi. Dao ong khong cua mot dao ong co nang lng khac khong chng to mot s kien c ban la : Khong the tm thay mot vi hat ay cua mot ho the hay noi cach khac hat vi mo khong the ri xuong ay cua mot ho the, du cho ho the co dang nh the nao. S d nh vay la do s ri xuong ay ho the cua vi hat la khong cho phep do tnh triet tieu cua xung lng , cung nh tnh bat nh cua toa o cua vi hat . c/ Giai thch tai sao electron khong ri vao hat nhan . Khi a ra gia thuyet ve trang thai dng trong ly thuyet nguyen t , Bohr khong giai thch v sao cac electron chuyen ong co gia toc xung quanh hat nhan lai khong bc xa va ri vao hat nhan . Nhng he thc (6.3) lai cho phep ta giai thch ieu nay kha de dang . Electron ri vao hat nhan ong ngha vi viet thay oi ang ke toa o cua no . Gia s trc khi ri vao hat nhan electron cach hat nhan vao c .Khi ri vao nhan electron se nam trong vung co kch thc c 10-12cm . Theo he thc bat nh (6.3) tnh nh x cang cao th x nhoe cua xung lng cang ln. Do o trc khi ri vao hat nhan xung lng cua electron phai tang len ieu nay co ngha la electron phai tieu ton mot nang lng .Thanh th s co gang gicho electron khong ri vao hat nhan la s nh x cho electron vung rat gan hat nhan. Trong khi xet dao ong khong tren ta thay rang vi hat trong mot ho the luon co mot nang lng cc tieu khac khong Eo . o ln cua Eo noi chung phu thuoc vao o rong cua gieng .S dung cac ket qua o ta de dang co the suy ra la :

r1 =

h2 10 8 cm 2 me

Eo =

h2 ma 2

. Nh vay neu a giam th Eo se tang len .Nh vay vi a u nho , nang

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 39 -

lng Eo co the tr nen ln hn o sau cua ho the. Ro rang mot gieng nh the se khong the gi noi mot hat nao trong no . S ri vao hat nhan cua electron se tng ng vi s giam be rong cua ho

h2 Eo ma 2 the t 10-8cm xuong 10-12cm .Tham ch thap hn . Theo cong thc :

,khi o cc tieu nang lng Eo se tang t 10 ev en109ev va tham ch hn na . ket qua la nang lng toi thieu cua electron vao c ln hn nang lng lien ket cua cac nucleon trong hat nhan nguyen t (nang lng lien ket nay vao c109 ev). Lap luan ay khong nhng tra li cho cau hoi v sao electron khong ri vao hat nhan ma con tra li cho mot cau hoi rat quan trong la : V sao trong hat nhan nguyen t khong co electron .

IV . Xay dng he thc bat nh Heisenberg:


1. Gia tr trung bnh: a/ Ky vong toan hoc trong ly thuyet xac xuat : Gia s ta co mot ai lng ngau nhien l co nhan cac gia tr 1 , 2 , k cung vi xac xuat tng ng ; 1 , 2 , k va 1 + 2 + .. + .. = 1 Ky vong toan hoc hay trung bnh thong ke cua ai lung ngau nhien l la tong cac tch cua tng gia tr nay nhan v xac xuat xuat hien cua no :

l = K K
oi vi cac ai lng lien tuc ngha la lng l bien oi lien tuc mot khoang nao o , Xac xuat e cho l nam trong khoang va ( + d) se phu thuoc vao va ty le vi d . Khi o ky vong toan hoc cua ai lng l se co dang :

l = ( ) d Trong o : ( ) la mat o xac xuat


b/ ky vong toan hoc trong C hoc lng t : Trong C hoc lng t trang thai cua vi hat c mo ta bi ham song . Neu la ham rieng cua toan t L th khi o ai lng bat ky neu nhan c gia tr rieng , ta co the bieu dien bang cong thc:

L dV = = L * dV .
*

L Ky hieu ch rang cua ai lng L trong trang thai . Nh vay vi bien ong lc toa o ta co :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
* x dV x= * dV

- 40 -

Neu ta gia s co he thc :


* dV =1

th khi o :

x = * xdV
Tng t ta co :

(6.12)

Px = * ( x) PX ( X )dX h d ( x ) = * dX i dx
Tong quat hoa cho toan t

F bat ky :

(6.13)

F = * FdV

(6.14)

Vi ieu kien ham song chuan hoa ve n v . Gia tr trung bnh co mot so tnh chat nh sau : +/ gia tr trung bnh cua cac ai lung chnh xac bang chnh gia tr cua ai lng chnh xac o . Neu trong trang thai gia tr cua toan t L bang th ta co :

L = l = * LdV

+ Neu trong cung mot trang thai gia tr trung bnh cua F la F , cua G la

G th gia tr trung bnh cua tong thoa man :

F + G = * ( F + G )dV
=

* * FdV + GdV

=F +G 2/ ieu kien e hai toan t F va G giao hoan vi nhau : mot van e quan trong cua C hoc lng t la kha nang o ong thi cac gia tr cua cac ai lng vat ly gan lien vi c he lng t . vi van e nay ta co nh ly sau: nh ly : Muon cho hai ai lng F va G co cung gia tr xac nh trong mot trang thai nao o mo ta bi ham song n ( X ) th ham song nay phai ong thi la ham rieng cua toan t F va G .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Fn ( X ) = n ( X ) Chng minh :

- 41 -

tac dung tiep len o toan t G th ta co : GFn ( X ) = n ( X ) Vi toan t G : Gn ( X ) = n ( X ) Tac dung tiep toan t F len o ta c :

(a)

FGn ( X ) = n ( X )
Lay (a) tr i (b) ta co : ( GF FG )n ( X ) = [G, F ]n ( X ) = 0

(b)

ieu nay co nhga la : Neu hai ai lng co the ong thi co cac gia tr xac nh th hai toan t tng ng vi chung phai giao hoan vi nhau . nh ly ao : Neu hai toan t F va G gia ohoan vi nhau th chung co chung mot he ham rieng . Ngha la neu : [ F , G] = 0 th he ham 1 (X) thoa man : F1 (X) = 1 (X) Va he ham 2 (X) thoa man : G2 (X) = 2 (X) Se hoan toan trung nhau . Ngha la : 1 (X) 2 (X) (X). Chnh minh nh ly nay khong kho lam cac ban co the xem nh bai tap ; hoac xem trong cac tai lieu tham khao. 3/ khai niem tap hp u cac ai lung vat ly : Ta can lam ro hn thuat ng cho trc trang thai cua he Trong C hoc lung t . Trang thai cua he a cho neu cho biet ham song mo ta he . Song ta khong the o trc tiep uc ham song trong bat ky ieu kien nao, ch co bnh phng modun ham song co y ngha vat ly nh la mat o xac xuat tm thay hat mot v tr xac ng trong khong gian . V vay trong C hoc lng t ngi ta quan niem rang : Khi ta noi rang cho trc trang thai cua he lng t th ieu o co ngha la cho trc gia tr cua tap hp xac nh cua cac ai lung C hoc lng t . Tap hc cac ai lung nay c goi la he u cac ai lung vat ly . V du: Tap hp u cac ai lung vat ly xac nh trang thai cua electron co Spin chang han co the la mot trong ba tap hp sau : x ,y ,z , Px , Py , Pz , E,

l ,m,
Khoa Vat ly

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

C hoc lng t

- 42 -

Trong o : l , m , la so lng t qu ao , so lung t t va so lung t Spin . Cac toa o va cac thanh cua xung lung ri vao hai tap hp khac nhau v cac ai lung nay khong the o c ong thi . Do o cac he thc trong vat ly co ien :

Khong co y ngha khi chuyen sang C hoc lung t v cha ca xung lung va toa o . 4/ Xay dng he thc bat nh : Trong phan tren ta a tm c ieu kien ma trong o co the o ong thi hai ai lung vat ly . Bay gi gia thiet ta co hai ai lung vat ly G va F khong co ong thi cac gia tr xac nh khi o cac toan t nay khong gia hoan vi nhau . Gia thiet chung thoa man he thc : FG GF = iB Trong o B la mot toan t Hecmitic nao o . Neu chon G = PX , F = x , th B = h v : x PX - PX x = i h . Nh vay van e at ra la : Khi ong thi o hai ai lung nay th s khong chnh xac ( hay sai so ) se la bao nhieu ?. e giai quyet van e nay ta phai xet them hai khai niem la thang gian trung bnh va thang gian toan phng . Thang gian la mc o sai lech gia gia tr trung bnh va gia tr thc .
Mc sai lech gia gia tr chnh xac a va gia tr trung bnh trong o :

r P2 E = + u (r ) r 2m r r L = r X P

a = a - a

la

a :

a = ai i i

Thang giang trung bnh la : bang khong . That vay :

a . Lu y rang thang giang trung bnh luon

a = (a a ) = (a a ) (a) da =

= a (a) da a (a) da = a a = 0 Mat du vay ca lu y la co the a khac rat xa vi gia tr chnh xac a .
V le o phai a vao mot ai lng khac e anh gia mc o thang giang o la khai niem thang giang toan phng . Thang giang toan phng c nh ngha nh sau :

a TGTP = (a )2 = a 2 (a ) 2
Bay gi ta tm cac suy ra he thc bat nh mot cach chat che . Xuat phat t bat ang thc hien nhien :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 43 2

d ( x ) dx 0 x + dx
trong o la so thc . Bieu dien di dau tch phan co the bien oi nh sau :

d d = x + x + dx dx

x +

d = dx

= x * +

d * x + d = dx dx

= 2 x 2 2 + x
Neu at :

d 2 d d + dx dx dx

th bieu thc tren co dang :

A = 2 x 2 dx , d 2 dx B= x dx * d d . dx C= dx dx

A 2 B + C 0 = B 2 4ac 0 4 AC B 2
Mat khac e y rang :

A = x 2 = x 2 2 dx = * x 2 dx

d 2 dx = x d ( * )dx dx dx = x * + ( * )dx =1 B= x

Vay ta co :

d * d d C= dx = * dx dx dx 1 2 = P 2 X h
4 2 2 x . PX 1 h2

d 2 dx
2

dx

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
hay :

- 44 -

x 2 . PX2

h2 4

Neu ta chon goc toa o tai iem vi toa o chuyen ong vi van toc
2

PX m

th

PX = 0 . Nh vay :

th

x = 0 . Va gia s rang he

x = x 2 ( x ) 2 = x 2 P = PX2 ( P ) 2 = PX2
do o ta co :
2

x
hay :

PX

h2 4

x PX x.PX

Thong thng he thc nay viet gon la :

h 2.

ay la bieu thc chnh xac cua he thc bat nh ma y ngha cua no ta a thao luan phan tren .

h 2

7 HAM SONG . NGUYEN LY CHONG CHAP TRANG THAI.


I/. Ham Song:
Thc chat cua viec mo ta mot c he nao o gom hai noi dung sau: - Mot la: Mo ta trang thai cua he c mot thi iem co nh a cho - Hai la: Mo ta s bien oi cua trang thai theo thi gian, hay noi cach khac la mo ta chuyen ong cua c he. Nh vay c hoc co ien thc chat chu yeu ch nghien cu mat th hai cua c he, tc la nghien cu chuyen ong cua no, con kha canh th nhat c thc hien bang viec xac nh toa o (suy rong) va van toc (suy rong) cua no. Tuy bai toan cu the ma van toc hay toa o c xem xet mot cach oc lap. Khac biet vi c hoc co ien, c hoc lng t cho phep xem xet van e th nhat mot cach ky lng hn.(cung can lu y rang toa o va van toc trong c hoc co ien la cac ham do o chung giao hoan vi nhau). Trong c hoc lng t xac nh ong thi toa o va xung lng la khong the c do o e mo ta trang thai cua c

hoc lng t ngi ta dung mot khai niem mi o la ham song (r , t ) . Khi o ||2

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 45 -

ty le vi mat o xac xuat tm thay hat cho xac nh nao o trong khong gian. Xac xuat tm thay hat tai the tch dV nao o cha iem (x,y.z) d (x,y,z)= (x,y,z) 2dxdydz Ham song phai thoa man bon ieu kien sau: - Lien tuc - Hu han - n tr
+

- chuan hoa bang n v; ngha la: 0 ieu nay co ngha la viec tm thay hat trong toan khong gian la chac chan.

2 dV = 1

II/. Nguyen ly chong chap trang thai:


Nguyen ly chong chap trang thai la mot trong so cac nguyen ly c s cua vat ly hoc. Trong vat ly co ien- cu the trong ly thuyet song nhat la trong song ien tnguyen ly nay co vai tro ac biet quan trong. Trong c hoc lng t nguyen ly nay con chiem mot vai tro quan trong hn lien quan en kha nang mo ta c he lng t, kha nang giai thch y ngha vat ly cua cong cu cua c hoc lng t ly thuyet cac toan t Hecmitic va tnh oc lap cua c he lng t vi dung cu o. Noi dung cua nguyen ly chong chap la: tai trang thai:

( ) Neu ton tai cac trang thai mo ta bang cac ham song n r , t th cung ton
r

(r , t ) = an n (r , t )
n =1

S la chon tap hp cac ham

n (r , t )

gan lien vi s la chon cac ai lng

a ac trng xac nh cua he lng t. Cac he so n xac nh phan bo xac xuat cua cac ai lng tng ng. Ve phng dien toan hoc so vi vat ly co ien nguyen ly chong chap trang thai lng t hoan toan tng t, ngha la phng trnh chuyen ong xac nh cac trang thai lng t cung la phng trnh tuyen tnh. Mac du vay, ve noi dung nguyen ly chong chap lng t co nhng khac biet quan trong,khac han vi nguyen ly chong chap trong vat ly co ien. e thay ro ieu nay ta xet mot v du. Gia s ham 1(x), 2(x) mo ta trang thai ma o chung ta o ai lng A va nhan c gia tr xac nh A1 va A2 tng ng. Chong chap hai trang thai nay ta c trang thai mi:

12 (x ) = a1 1 ( x ) + a 2 2 (x )

Trong vat ly co ien khi o ai lng A trang thai 12 (x) th ta nhan c gia tr (A1+A2 )/2 nao o ngha la gia tr nhan c la trung bnh cong cua cac trang thai thanh phan. Trong c hoc lng t tnh trang hoan toan khac: khi ta o ai lng A trang thai 12 (x) th ta nhan c gia tr hoac A1 hoac A2. Khong nhng the ta con khong the tien oan chnh xac gia tr A1 hay A2 se xuat hien trong phep o cu the

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
ma ta ch co the nhan c xac xuat nhan c A1 hay A2 tng ng la

- 46 -

a1

va

a2

Nh vay co ngha la: S phan lap cac gia tr cua cac ai lng vat ly va s bat nh trong ket qua o la ac trng c ban cua nguyen ly chong chap lng t. Giai thch ac iem trang thai cua vi hat Bohr a phat bieu nh sau: Trang thai cua vi hat khong the xet mot cach tach biet vi phng tien quan sat, ma phai ke en ieu ay, cac trang thai cua oi tng vi mo c nghien cu nhat thiet nh cac thiet b v mo ma chnh cac thiet b ay tuan theo cac nh luat cua vat ly co ien. Cung noi ve nguyen ly chong chap trang thai P. Dirac a viet: Khi t bo quyet nh luan cua vat ly co ien chung ta a phc tap hoa s mo ta thien nhien, song s phc tap hoa nh vay c en bu mot cach xng ang bi s n gian hoa do nguyen ly chong chap trang thai mang lai .

PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER

Phng trnh Schrodinger la phng trnh c ban cua c hoc lng t vai tro cua no trong c hoc lng giong nh vai tro cua phng trnh Newton trong c hoc co ien. Phng trnh Schrodinger la phng trnh co dang:

= H t . trong o: H la toan t Hamilton hay Hamiltonien. Phng trnh Schrodinger ih

thiet lap moi quan he gia trang thai va bien ong lc-hai khai niem c ban cua c hoc lng t.

I/. Cach Thiet lap phng trnh:


1/. Phng trnh Schrodinger cho hat t do: T dang song mo ta chuyen ong cua hat t do:

r (r , t ) = Ae
Ta co:

i h

rr [ pr Et ]

2 2 2 1 + 2 + 2 = 2 (Px2 + Py2 + Pz2 ) 2 x y z h E= P2 2m ta suy ra

i = E E = ih h t t

(1)

t he thc nang lng:

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 47 -

ih

h2 = t 2m

(2)

Phng trnh Schrodinger co nhng tnh chat sau: +/ Phng trnh ao ham rieng tuyen tnh (lien quan en nguyen ly chong chap trang thai). +/ Phng trnh ch cha ao ham bac nhat theo thi gian v no gan lien vi s Nhng lu y rang do y ngha cua ham song chung ta ch co the hieu nguyen ly nhan qua theo ngha thong ke. Nghiem cua phng trnh (2) co dang:

(r ,0 ) suy ra (r , t ) mot cach n tr). bieu hien cua nguyen ly nhan qua. (T
r

r (r , t ) = (r ).e

i Et h

(3) thay (3) vao (2) ta co phng trnh cho ham ch phu thuoc vao toa o la:

(4) Phng trnh (4) xac nh ham (r) cho hat t do. 2/. Phng trnh Schrodinger cho hat chuyen ong trong trng lc: Thay E bang (E-U) trong o U la the nang cua hat khi o phng trnh (4) tr thanh: (5) Phng trnh (5)la phng trnh Schrodinger cho hat chuyen ong trong trng the tuy y khong phu thuoc thi gian. Tong quat hn ta thay:

(r ) +

2mE (r ) = 0 h

(r ) +

2m [E U (r )] (r ) = 0 h

E = ih

vao phng trnh (5) va nh vay ta co phng trnh: r h 2 ih = + U (r ) r , t t 2m

( )

(6)

h H = +U 2m th phng trnh co dang gon hn la: Neu at : ih = H t (7)


Phng trnh lien hp phc cua (7) la:

ih

3/ Gia thiet ve y ngha xac xuat cua ham song cua M.Born: e n gian ta xet bai toan mot chieu:

* * = H t

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
2 2 (x, t ) h = + U (x ) (x, t ) ih 2 t 2m x

- 48 -

Nhan phng trnh au vi *(x,t) va phng trnh sau vi (x,t) roi tr i nhau ta co: 2 * 2 * * h2 * (x, t ) ih + = 2m 2 2 t t x x * 2 h 2 * ih = t 2m x t t

2 2 * (x, t ) h ih = + U (x ) * (x, t ) 2 t 2m x

hay:
* 2 h * =0 t 2mi x x x

Tong quat hoa, trong trng hp ba chieu:

2 + h ( * * ) = 0 t 2mi
Nh vay neu at:2= *= la mat o xac xuat Va: dang het nh phng trnh lien tuc:

(8)

r h ( * * ) j= 2mi

la mat o dong xac xuat th (8) co

trong ien ong lc hoc.(gia thiet Born). Neu ta chuan hoa: 2dr=1 th xac xuat cua hat nam trong dv la: d = *(x,y,z,t) (x,y,z.t)dv Mot ieu can lu y la trong trang thai dng mat o xac xuat khong phu thuoc vao thi gian. Cung t cac ket qua nay ta suy ra rang: C hoc lng t ch nghien cu cac qua trnh trong o so hat la bao toan. 4/ Phng trnh Schrodinger dng: Ta xet trng hp the nang U khong phu thuoc thi gian khi o phng trnh: h 2 ih = + U (r ) t 2m (9) co the c giai bang phng phap phan ly bien so. That vay at:

r + j = 0 t

(r , t ) = A(t ) (r )

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
roi thay vao phng trnh ta co the tach (9) thanh hai phng trnh:

- 49 -

trong o E la hang so tach (-tr rieng). Phng trnh theo thi gian co nghiem la:
i Et A(t ) = Ce h

H (r ) = E (r ) dA(t ) ih = EA(t ) dt

Phng trnh th nhat cho cac nghiem (ham rieng) la:1,2 ,3 n va cac tr rieng tng ng: E1,E2 .. En Nh vay nghiem cua (9) la:

r r n (r , t ) = n (r )e
r n (r , t ) = C e
n n

i E t
h
n

hay tong quat hn la ham:

i E t
h
n

n ( x, y, z)

Xac xuat tm thay hat tai iem nao o cua khong gian se khong phu thuoc thi gian v ta co:

n (r, t ) = n (r , t ) = n (r,0)
2

i Ent e h

=1

9 CAC PHNG TRNH CHUYEN ONG LNG T


I/ Nhan xet chung :
Ta biet rang vi C hoc co hai khai niem c ban o la trang thai va cac bien ong lc . Hai khai nien nay gan lien vi nhau mot cach chat che cu the la neu ta biet c cac ai lng ong lc th co the biet c trang thai cua he va ngc lai . Khi mo ta s tien trien cua he theo thi gian ta co the dung cac phng trnh chuyen ong v vay cac phng trnh chuyen ong co vai tro quan trong . Trong C hoc co ien cac phng trnh chuyen ong c viet qua cac bien ong la cac phng trnh Newton , phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi , phng trnh chnh tac Hamilton va qua ham trang thai la phng trnh Lagrange. Giai cac phng trnh nay chung ta se tm c cac ai lng ong lc la nghiem cua cac phng trnh o la cac ham so cua thi gian :

r r r = r (t ) ,

r r p = p(t )

E = E(t)

r r M = M (t ) .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 50 -

r r p Tuy nhien e y rang trong cac bien ong lc o th r va co vai tro c ban r r r M v hai ai lng sau co the bieu dien qua hai ai lng r va p hn so vi E va r r (r , p ) c goi la trang thai cua c he : v vay tap hp
Trong hnh thc luan Hamilton , ma c s cua no la phng trnh chnh tat Hamilton :

(9.1) (Neu a vao moc Poisson th ta co the viet cac phng trnh nay di dang oi xng cho ca cac toa o va cac xung lng lien hp ) Bay gi ta xet en C hoc lng t . c ham song chung ta se thu c gia tr trung bnh cua bat c ai lng nao tc la biet c ay u ve he . Phng trnh chuyen ong c viet qua ham song chnh la phng trnh Schrodinger . Nh ta a biet :

dqi H dpi H = ; = qi dt pi dt

( ) Trong C hoc lng t trang thai c mo ta bang ham song r , t . Biet


= H t

ih

Nh vay xuat hien mot van e la : trong C hoc lng t co the viet c cac phng trnh hoan toan tng t nh cac phng trnh chuyen ong cua c hoc co ien cho cac bien ong lc hay khong ? Cau tra li la co the c . Tuy nhien e lam c nh vay trc het ta phai xay dng vai nh ngha mi o la cac moc Poisson lng t va khai niem ao ham theo thi gian cua cac toan t .

II/ Cac moc Poisson lng t :


1/ Cac moc Poisson trong c hoc co ien : ao ham toan phan theo thi gian cua mot ham F(q,p,t) nao o (phu thuoc toa o q , xung lng p va thi gian t ) trong vat ly hoc co ien co dang : F q dF F F p K = + . K + . q dt t K K t p K t (9.2) Neu dung cac phng trnh chnh tat Hamilton trong o H = H(q.p) la ham Hamilton nang lng toan phan trong vat ly hoc co ien bieu dien qua xung lng va toa o , th khi o ta co the viet : H H H F dF F = = + . . p dt t K K q K q K p K hay Trong o (H,F) la ky hieu cua tong ben ve phai c goi la moc Poisson co ien .

dF dF = + (H , F ) dt dt .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 51 -

Tong quat hn moc Poisson khong phai ch co the nh ngha cho H va F ma co the nh ngha cho hai ham bat ky F(p , q) va G(p . q) tc la cho cac ham phu thuoc vao xung lng va toa o nh sau : F G G F ( F , G) = + q K p K K q K p K (9.3) Neu bien ong lc F khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian th :

dF = (H , F ) dt

(do :

dF = 0) dt

(9.4)

Bang ky hieu moc Poisson ta co the viet lai phng trnh Hamilton co dang :

dq

K = (H , q ) K dt

dp

K = (H , p ) K dt

(9.5)

e y rang so vi (7.1) cac phng trnh (6.5) hoan toan oi xng oi vi toa o va xung lng . Ta con co vai moc Poisson ac biet khac na la : (qi , qj) = 0 ; (pi , qj) = ij ; (pi , pj) = 0 (9.6) T nh ngha moc Poisson ta suy ra cac he qua sau ay : a/ Tnh phai xng : (F,G) = -(F,G) T o suy ra : (F,F) = 0 b/ Neu G = const th : (F,G) = (F,C) = 0 c/ Tuyen tnh theo cac phan t : (F1+F2 , G) = (F1,G)F2 + F1(F2,G) d/ Tnh phan bo oi vi phep nhan :(tng t quy tac lay vi phan mot tch ) . (F1F2 , G) = (F1,G)F2 + F1(F2,G) e/ Thoa man ong nhat thc Jacobi : (F,(G,H)) + (G,(H,F)) +(H,(F,G)) = 0 2/ Moc Poisson lng t : Ta vhuyen sang bai toan C hoc lng t . Ta nh ngha moc Poisson lng t cua hai toan t F va G nh sau : (9.7) ieu nay co ngha la chung ta chon giao hoan t vi o chnh xac ti tha so

i [F , G ]q = h ( FG GF )

toan t . nh ngha nay c suy ra t nhng lap luan c s la : - Cac moc Poisson lng t thoa man tat ca cac ong nhat thc cua cac moc Poisson co ien .

i h lam moc Poisson lng t , n v ao i la e am bao tnh Hecmetic cua cac

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 52 -

- Ta chon cac moc Poisson lng t sao cho gia tr bang so cua chung trung vi trng hp co ien ; t nhat la khi chung cha cac bien chnh tac tng ng nhau . (Cac bien ong lc tng ng ) . V du : Khi xet : q = x , p = px . Vi cac moc Poisson co ien ta co : (x,x) = 0 ; (Px, Px) = 0 ; (Px,x) = 1 . Vi cac moc Poisson lng t ta co :

[x, x]q = 0

[Px , Px ]q = 0
[Px , x] = i [Px x xPx ] = 1
h

(9.8a)

(9.8b)

(9.8c) Nh vay cac gia tr cua moc Poisson lng t trung vi gia tr cua cac moc Poisson co ien . Cac moc Poisson e cho to hp cac toan t tc la trng hp phc tap hn trng hp xet tren co the nhan c mot cach tng t . Nh vay t ay ta thay rat nhieu luan iem c ban cua C hoc lng t co the nhan c t cac luan iem cua c hoc co ien bang cach s dung cac moc Poisson . Co the noi them ve cac he thc (7.8) . Cac he thc nay rat quan trong cho C hoc lng t va co the coi chung nh cac ieu kien lng t hoa thay cho cac ieu kien lng t hoa cua ly thuyet Bohr Zommerfeld . Vi he thc :

Px x xPx =

ta e y rang no thoa man nguyen ly tng ng , cu the la khi h 0 th ben phai bang khong va khi o chung ta nhan c ieu kien giao hoan ac trng cho cac ai lng cua c hoc co ien .

h i

III/ ao ham theo thi gian cua cac toan t :


e thiet lap cac phng trnh chuyen ong lng t th bc au tien ta phai tm c ao ham theo thi gian cua cac ai lng ong lc . De dang thay rang nh ngha ao ham theo thi gian nh la gii han theo ty so cua s bien oi cua chnh bien ong lc vi khoang thi gian tng ng trong c hoc lng t la khong the c v trong C hoc lng t cac ai lng ong lc noi chung khong co gia tr xac nh ma ch co cac gia tr trung bnh cua cac ai lng ong lc la co gia tr xac nh . nh ngha ao ham theo thi gian cua bien ong lc : ao ham theo thi gian cua mot bien ong lc F la mot ai lng ma gia tr trung bnh cua no bang ao ham theo thi gian cua gia tr trung bnh cua no . ieu nay co ngha la : (9.9) (dau . ch ao ham theo thi gian , dau pha tren ch gia tr trung bnh ) . Vi ai lng F bieu thc cho gia tr trung bnh cua no c cho bi :

& & F =F

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 53 -

F = * F dV
e y rang :

ih

= H t * ih = H * t

ta co the viet c bieu thc cho ao ham cua F la F di dang : & dF = * F + * F + * F dV = F= t t dt t i i F = * HF FH + dV = t h h i = Nh rang : ( H , F ) = ( HF FH ) = h F & = * ( H , F ) q + dV F t Mat khac :

&

& dF = * dF dV F= dt dt .
Nh vay t s so sanh : ta co :

& & F =F
dF F [ F i [ = + H , F ]q = + H, F] t h dt t
dF = [H , F ]q dt

(9.10) Day chnh la bieu thc ao ham theo thi gian cua toan t F bat ky . T (9.10) de thay rang neu toan t khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian th: (9.11) Nh lai rang trong c hoc co ien ao ham theo thi gian cua mot ai lng c hoc co the bieu dien qua cac moc Poisson co ien hoan toan tng t nh cac cong thc (9.10) va (9.11) :

Nh vay ay ta a thiet lap c s lien he gia cac moc Poisson lng t va cac moc Poisson co ien . ieu nay co ngha la cau truc moc Poisson chng to moi quan he mat thiet cua c hoc co ien va c hoc lng t. Moi trng hp ac biet can lu y la : Co mot so toan t khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian va giao hoan vi Hamiltonien do o : (neu ky hieu no la F ):

dF F dF = + (H , F ) , = (H , F ) dt t dt

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 54 -

Nhng ai lng ong lc tng ng vi cac toan t nay khi o c goi la cac ai lng bao toan hay cac tch phan chuyen ong . Khi o t : ta suy ra : F = const va co ngha la gia tr trung bnh cua ai lng nay khong oi theo thi gian .

dF =0 dt

& & F =F =0

IV/ Cac phng trnh chuyen ong lng t . nh ly Ehrenfest .


Bay gi ta co the viet cac phng trnh chuyen ong lng t dang ma trong o cac ao ham theo thi gian cua chnh cac bien ong lc . V trong C hoc lng t cac bien ong lc c oi ng vi cac toan t xac nh do o phng trnh can tm trong dang tong quat se c viet cho cac toan t nay cu the la p va q . Mat khac do cac toan t nay khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian nen ta co :

(9.13) Chung co dang giong het vi dang cua c hoc co ien . e tm hieu y ngha cac phng trnh tren ta ap dung vao mot trng hp cu the , o la dang Hamilton co dang :

dq = [H , q]q dt dp = [H , p]q dt

(9.12)

H=

Nh rang cac toan t toa o va xung lng co dang : , Ta xet phng trnh (9.12) :

1 2 (P + Py2 + Pz2 )+ U (x, y, z ) 2m X

q = x= x

p = p X = ih

h = x i x

V x va U giao hoan nen :

dx [ = H , x]q dt

[H , x]a =

Nhng e y rang :

i (PX2 x xPX2 ) 2mh

2 2 PX x xPX = h 2

2 2 x x 2 = 2 x x

= h2 x

2 2 +2 x 2 = 2 x x x = 2h 2 = 2ihPX x

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Vay nen ta co :

- 55 -

[H , x]q =

Ngha la ta co :

P i ( 2ihPX ) = X m 2mh

(9.14) Nh vay ta thay rang : toan t van toc lien he vi toan t xung lng bang he thc giong het nh cac he thc trong c hoc co ien . Ta xet en phng trnh (9.13) :

dx [ 1 = H , x ]q = PX m dt

dPX = [H , PX ]q dt .
Nhng do co :

Nen ta co ket qua la : (9.15) Nh vay ta nhan c phng trnh chuen ong cua toan t di dang giong nh phng trnh Newton . Mat khac lu y la y ngha cua viet oi ng cac toan t vi cac bien ong lc la cho biet cac toan t va ham song chung ta co the tnh cac gia tr trung bnh cua cac ai lng c hoc tng ng :

i [H , PX ]q = h U PX dPX U = x dt

PX U =

U x

dx 1 = P dt m X

dPX U = x dt

(9.16)

Cac he thc (9.16) c goi la cac phng trnh chuyen ong Ehrenfest. Bieu dien PX qua x ta suy ra :

U d 2x = x dt 2

(9.17)

Phng trnh nay giong het phng trnh Newton (nh luat Newton th hai ) . Tom lai la : Trong C hoc lng t cac he thc va cac nh luat phat bieu cho cac gia tr trung bnh giong het vi dang cua cac phng trnh va nh luat tng ng trong c hoc co ien . Do o nh cac phng trnh (9.16) va (9.17) ngi ta giai thch c s lien he gia c hoc co ien va C hoc lng t .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 56 -

10 S LIEN HE GIA C HOC LNG T VI C HOC CO IEN VA QUANG HOC

I/ S chuyen t phng trnh Schrodinger hien ai ve phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi co ien :
Trong phan cuoi cua bai trc ta a thiet lap c moi quan he gia nhng phng trnh chuyen ong lng t va phng trnh Newton . Va chnh nh o , ta a thiet lap moi quan he gia C hoc lng t va C hoc co ien . Ta co the tm thay moi quan he nay bang mot phng phap khac cu the la ta co the chng minh rang phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi co ien la trng hp gii han cua phng trnh Schrodiger hien ai . Muon chng minh ieu o trc het ta hay nhac lai mot so van e cua phng trnh Hamilton jacobi . Hn na e cho bai toan c n gian ta gii han ch xet bai toan chuyen ong cua hat co khoi lng m trong trng lc the U(x,y,z,t) . Ta viet phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi nh ham tac dung S0(x,y,z,t) , ham so nay co cac tnh chat la :

PX =

S 0 x

PY =

S 0 y

PZ =

S 0 z

(10.1)

Trong o PX, Py, Pz la cac hnh chieu cua xung lng len cac truc toa o . Phng trnh hamilton Jacobi trong trng hp nay co dang :

S 0 1 S 0 2 S 0 2 S 0 2 = ) +( ) +( ) + U ( x, y, z, t ) ( t 2m x y z
V ham so Hamilton H(PX, Py, Pz , x , y , z , t ) co dang :

(10.2)

H (PX , PY , PZ , x, y, z, t ) =
(10.3)

1 2 2 PX + PY2 + PZ + U ( x, y, z, t ) 2m

Nen t (10.1) va (10.2) ta suy ra rang phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi co the viet dang khac la :

S S S 0 S = H 0 , 0 , 0 , x , y , z ,t x z t y

(10.4)

Neu ham Hamilton khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian th no bang nang lng E cua hat . Khi o t (10.4) ta suy ra :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 57 -

S 0 = E suy ra: S 0 = Et S 0 ( x, y, z) t

(10.5)

Cac ang thc (10.1) chng to rang cac quy ao la nhng ng trc giao vi cac mat S0 = const . Neu H khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian th dang cua nhng hat nay khong thay oi theo thi gian . Cac mat o va cac quy ao kha d cua hat c minh hoa nh hnh ve sau :

b a

Gia s ta xet mot hat bat ky tai thi iem t = 0 nam tai iem a , sau o hat se chuyen ong theo quy ao gia s la ab . Ta hay tng tng mot am hat co nhng toa o ban au x0, y0, z0 khac nhau gia s trong mot the tch nguyen to V ta co so hat la : N = V , trong o la mat o hat . en thi iem t tat ca nhng hat nay ri vao mot mien khac nao o cua khong gian nhng tat nhien so hat se khong thay oi . Do o neu theo doi chuyen ong cua the tch nguyen to V cha nhng hat nay th so hat trong the tch o cung se khong oi . Ky hieu ao ham nh x la

D Dt

, ta co :

r r D DV = div(v.V ) = + v , Dt Dt t r trong o v la van toc chuyen ong cua hat . Nh vay thay cac ket qua nay
vao bieu thc tren ta co ket qua :

Nhng e rang :

D DN DV = V + =0 Dt Dt Dt

r + div( .v ) = 0 t

(10.6)

Mat khac t (10.1) ta co :

v=

p 1 = S m m

Do o ta co the viet (10.6) di dang :

(10.7)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 58 -

hay

1 div (S 0 ) = 0 t m

(10.8) ieu nay co ngha la am hat chuyen ong nh mot khoi chat long , the tch ma ta xet khong b tan ra ma ch b bien dang thoi . Ta co the giai thch phng trnh (10.8) mot cach khac . Neu ta chia so hat N N trong the tch V cho tong so hat N th ta co the coi N nh la xac xuat e tm thay hat trong the tch V con mat o co the coi nh mat o xac xuat . Bay gi ta hay xet phng trnh Schrodinger trong C hoc lng t , cu the hn ta chng minh rang phng trnh nay co the quay ve phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi khi tnh gan ung . Muon the ta viet ham song vi dang :

1 = ( S + 2 S 0 ) t m 0

(10.9) trong o S la mot ham so nao o cha xac nh . T (7.9) ta co :

i S =e h

i S = h x , x
2 2 1 S i 2S = 2 h x 2 x 2 h x

Thay hai ket qua nay vao phng trnh schrodinger :

ih = H t

h2 Vi H = + U ( x, y , z , t ) 2m

ta co phng trnh cho ham so S :

S 1 S S S = + + t 1m x y z
2 2

ih S + U ( X , y, z , t ) + 2m
ih :

(10.10) Ta phan tch S theo nhng luy tha cua

(10.11) Thay (10.11) vao (10.10) va so sanh cac luy tha cung bac cua phng trnh :

S = S 0 + (ih )S1 + (ih )2 S 2 + ...

ta co cac

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 59 2 2 2

S 0 1 S 0 S 0 S 0 + U ( x, y, z, t ) + + = z y t 2m x
S S S S S1 1 S 0 S1 = 2 + 2 0 1 + 2 0 1 + 2 S0 y y z z t 2m x x

(10.12a)

(10.12b) Phng trnh au cua (10.12a) trung vi phng trnh Hamilton Jacobi , con phng trnh th hai (10.12b) bang mot vai phep bien oi khong phc tap co the a ve phng trnh lien tuc . Lu y la trong cac bien oi tren ta a bo qua lng nh the neu :

1 (2S 0S1 + S 0 ) 2m

ih 2 S 2m

. Ta co the lam

i 1 (S 0 )2 >> 2h 2 S m 2m
hay s dung (10.1) th (10.13) tr thanh :

(10.13)

r p2 h >> div p 2m 2m

(10.14)

He thc nay co ngha la ong nang phai ln con bien oi cua xung lng phai nho . Trong trng hp mot chiieu ta co :

p 2 >> h
2 h p

dp dx

Nhng neu a vao bc song De Broglie :

(10.14)

ta thu c :

d << 2 dx

(10.15)

Ket qua quan trong nay co ngha la : bc song phai la mot ham so thay oi cham theo toa o .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
II/ C hoc lng t va quang hoc :

- 60 -

Ve mat lch s , s song song gia quang hnh hoc va c hoc do Hamilton xay dng nen la mot trong nhng nguon goc cua C hoc lng t De Broglie la ngi au tien a a nhng ieu tng t b bo quen nay vao vat ly hoc hien ai va nh nhng ieu tng t nay ma C hoc lng t hay chnh xac hn la c hoc song a tien c nhng bc tien au tien . Ngi ta thng noi rang Schrodinger a xay dng mot mon c hoc lng t tng t vi quang hoc song . Nhng ta can lu y rang ay ch la s tng t , phng trnh cua Schrodinger khong he trung vi phng trnh nao trong so nhng phng trnh truyen song ma t trc ti nay ta a biet . Nhng phng trnh truyen song luon la nhng phng trnh ao ham rieng cap hai theo thi gian trong khi o th phng trnh Schrodinger lai la phng trnh cap mot theo thi gian va ngoai ra con nhieu s khac nhau na gia hai phng trnh o . Tuy nhien , so sanh phng trnh Schrodinger vi cac phng trnh song van la viec ang lu y . Gia s rang ta xet mot moi trng ong nhat nao o , trong o van toc truyen cua mot song co o dch chuyen f nao o la v . Phng trnh truyen cua o dch chuyen f se la :

1 2 f =0 v 2 t 2

oi vi nhng song co tan so goc la , ta at :

(10.16) (10.17)

f = U e i t
2

Khi o t (10.16) ta co :

2 U + k U = 0 , k = 2
2

suat :

k=

(10.18)

la so song , con la bc song ).Ta a vao lng c goi la chiet

n(x, y, z ) =

(10.19) trong o 0 la bc song trong chan khong . Khi o phng trnh (10.18) di dang mi : (10.20) Phng trnh (10.20) la phng trnh song , ngha la cac phng trnh dang nay eu mo ta qua trnh truyen song va ngc lai moi song c mo ta bang phng trnh co dang nh the . Bay gi ta xet phng trnh schrodinger :
2 U + k 0 n 2U = 0

k = k 0 0

ih

h2 = + U ( x, y, z ) t 2m

Neu ta at :

(10.21)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 61 (10.22)

=u e

i E t h

th phng trnh (10.21) se co dang :

u +

2m (E U )u = 0 h2

(10.23)

Bay gi ta gia s U = C = Const trong mien nao o , va ky hieu so song khi o la k0 . Ta se co :


2 k0 =

ky hieu chiet suat cua cac song oi vi mien nay la :

2m ( E C) h2

n2 =

E U k 2 = 2 E C k0

(10.24)

khi o phng trnh (10.23) co dang : (10.25) Phng trnh nay hoan toan trung vi phng trnh (10.20) .
2 U + k 0 n 2 u = 0

11 CAC CACH PHAT BIEU C HOC LNG T


I/ C hoc lng t cua Schrodinger:
C hoc lng t c manh nha t thi ky 1923 - 1924. Nam 1926 Schrodinger a phat trien va tong quat hoa khai niem song vat chat cua De Broglie va a tm c phng trnh truyen song cho hat t do:

ih

h2 = t 2m

(11.2) C hoc lng t cua Schrodinger c goi la c hoc song-Nghiem cua phng trnh song mo ta mot song nen c goi la ham song. C hoc lng t cua Schrodinger tuy c s xay dng khong chat che nhng u iem noi bat cua no la trc quan va cong cu toan hoc n gian. V vay cho ti nay trong cac giao trnh c hoc lng t c hoc song van chiem v tr chu yeu.

va cho hat trong trng the: 2 h ih = + U (r ) t 2m

(11.1)

r (r , t )

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
II/ C hoc ma tran Heisenberg:

- 62 -

Ngc vi c hoc song, khi xay dng c hoc cua mnh Heisenberg ch s dung cac ai lng o c t thc nghiem. Can lu y la vao thi ky o cac ai lng quan sat c ac trng cho chuyen ong ben trong cua nguyen t ch la tan so va cng o bc xa ma nguyen t phat ra. Khi phan tch cac ai lng o Heisenberg nhan thay chung co tnh gian oan. V du tan so bc xa cua nguyen t c xac nh phu thuoc hai ch so:12 , 21 , 22 mn . Nh vay tan so khong phai xep thanh hang ma thanh cac bang ma sau nay ta goi la cac ma tran. Theo Heisenberg tat ca cac ai lng ac trng cho chuyen ong ben trong nguyen t eu co the bieu dien di dang nhng ma tran nh ma tran toa o, ma tran xung lng.v.v. Da tren ly thuyet cua mnh Heisenberg a tm lai c cac ket qua nh phng trnh Schrodinger tm ra va a tm c he thc bat nh. C hoc ma tran co s chnh xac cao ve mat toan hoc nhng tnh tru tng qua mc cua no la kho khan khong nho cho ngi hoc. Chnh v vay no t c trnh bay trong cac giao trnh.

III/ C hoc lng t cua P.Dirac :


C hoc lng t cua P.Dirac la s thong nhat ca hai hnh thc tren thanh mot he thong duy nhat, ma noi dung toan hoc la bai toan tr rieng cua cac toan t Hecmitic trong khong gian Hilbert. Khong gian Hilbert la khong gian tuyen tnh phc vo han chieu. Dirac a vao mot so ky hieu mi: Ket-vector :

= vector cot,

=+

Bra vector : = vector hang, Tch vo hng hai vector :

= +

( , ) = + =
=

Chuan vector : He c s trc chuan cua L va L+ (khong gian lien hp cua L ) la :

1 , 2 ,... n L 1 , 2 ,... n L+
Khai trien vector theo c s:

= j j ; j = j
j =1

hay:

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 63 -

= j j
j =1
n

~ ~ = j j ; j = j = j
j =1

(11.3)
*

= *j

= j j
j =1

Ma tran n v : (ng vi toan t n v):

I= j j
j =1

He thc nay la ieu kien u cua c s trc chuan. S dung ieu kien u ta co the viet:

(11.4)

2 = = I = j j =
j =1

* j = j j
j =1 j =1

Cac phan t ma tran cua toan t

F = '

F trong ky hieu Dirac:


(11.5)

Nhan hai ve vi

j ' = j F = j FI =
n n

va s dung ieu kien u ta co:

= jFk k = jFk k
k =1 k =1

j
Vay:
Ngha la: (11.6)

'

' j

=
k =1

jF k

aik = j F k .

Vi cac ky hieu mi, c hoc lng t cua Dirac c phat bieu di dang tien e. He tien e nh sau: Tien e 1: Cac trang thai cua c hoc lng t c mo ta bang cac vector cua khong gian Hilbert tru tng. Tien e 2: Trong c hoc lng t cac bien ong lc c oi ng vi cac toan

t Hecmitic F tac dung trong khong gian Hilbert cac vector trang thai. Nh vay trong he c s xac nh toan t oi ng vi ma tran:

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
F jk

- 64 -

trang thai cho trc la cac gia tr rieng cua toan t oi ng F . Nh vay muon biet cac gia tr nao la kha d nhan c khi o ai lng vat ly
nao o th ta phai giai bai toan tr rieng

. Tien e 3: Cac ket qua kha d duy nhat cua viec o ai lng ong lc nao o

= j F k = f jk

F f =f f

Tien e 4: Xac xuat nhan gia tr f khi o bien ong lc F trang thai c cho bang cong thc:

(11.7) Tien e 5: Cac toa o Xj va xung lng Pj (j la ky hieu bac t do) cua c he lng t tng ng vi cac toan t Xj va Pj thoa man he thc giao hoan: (11.8) Tien e 6 (Tien e ong lc hoc) : oi vi bat ky he vat ly nao s bien oi gia

W ( f ) = f

= f

X j PK PK X j = ih jK

tr trung bnh cua bien ong lc F trang thai trnh :

c xac nh bang phng

d F
dt

F t

+ [HF ]P

trong o:

(11.9)

[H , F ]P = i (HF FH )
h

IV/ C hoc lng t cua R. Feynman :


Mot cach trnh bay khac rat hien ai C hoc lng t la cach trnh bay c hoc lng t bang hnh thc tch phan quy ao cua R.Meynman hay con goi la tch phan lo trnh .(Thuat ng tch phan lo trnh c dung e tranh c t quy ao co the gay hieu lam ve quy ao cua vi hat ma nguyen ly bat nh Heisenberg a loai bo ) Noi dung cua cach trnh bay nay nay cua Feynman co the xay dng t lap luan kha n gian nh sau : Ta xet he chuyen ong mot chieu vi chuyen ong mot chieu vi phng trnh chuyen ong x(t) . Gia s he chuyen ong t a en b , va gia s : x(ta) xa. x(tb) xb. Van e at ra la tm xac xuat chuyen t a en b cua hat P(a b ) :

P(a b ) = K (a,b )

trong o K(a,b) la bien o xac xuat . Trong C hoc co ien ch co mot quy ao cua he la quy ao thoa man nguyen ly tac dung toi thieu . (can lu y la a,b tong quat la trang thai va quy ao cung

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 65 -

phai hieu theo ngha tong quat ) . Trong C hoc lng t hat co the i theo vo so ng khac nhau e thc hien phep di chuyen t a en b . t b

x
a

x(t)

x Ta co the hnh dung lai th nghiem ban ien t qua man chan vi viec cho cac v tr khac nhau cua lo tren man . Thc te chng to rang du cho lo bat ky v tr nao ta van thu c ien t pha ben kia cua man chan . o la mot ac trng lng t cua hat vi mo . Nh vay bien o xac xuat toan phan co the viet :

K (a, b ) =

moi quy ao t a b

[x(t )]

trong o : [x(t)] la phiem ham . Feynman tha nhan dang [x(t)] nh la mot tien e :

[x(t )]
vi :

i S [b,a ] =eh

& S [b, a ]= L(x, x, t ) dt


la ham tac dung co ien .(Neu x = x th dS = 0) T viec tha nhan tien e nay ta co the tm lai nhieu ket qua cua C hoc lng co c bang cac cach trnh bay trc ay . Mac du co nhc iem khong nho la viec tnh toan kha phc tap (ac biet la gap phai cac tch phan Gauss ) nhng trong giai oan nhng nam cuoi the ky 20 phng phap tch phan quy ao cua Feynman phat trien rat manh va tham ch tr thanh cong cu chu yeu cua Vat ly ly thuyet hien ai . Va at nhieu ket qua rc r trong viec nguyen cu ly thuyet cac trng lng t .
ta

tb

12 CAC CACH MO TA S PHU THUOC THI GIAN CUA HE VI MO

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
1/ Bc tranh Schrodinger :

- 66 -

Cach mo ta nay xem trang thai cua vi he phu thuoc thi gian vi quy luat bien oi c xac nh bang phng trnh Schrodinger.

ih

= H t .

Cach mo ta nay thng c goi la bc tranh Schrodinger. Neu toan t H khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian ta co the thay phng trnh Schrodinger bang phng trnh:

(t ) = U (t, t 0 ) (t 0 ) .

(12.1)

trong o: (12.2) That vay t (7.1) lay ao ham hai ve theo thi gian ta co:

i U (t , t 0 ) = exp H (t t 0 ) h

(t ) dU (t , t 0 ) = t 0 = i H exp i H (t t 0 ) t 0 h h t dt
i = HU (t , t 0 ) (t 0 ) h
Ma t (12.1) ta co :

U (t , t 0 ) =

hay : Ngha la ta lai quay ve phng trnh Schrodinger. Vi toan t U(t,t0) ta co the chng to no la toan t Unita. That vay do H la Hermitic nen ta co: i U + t , t 0 = exp H t t 0 = U t , t 0 h nh vay ta co:

(t ) i = H h t

(t ) (t 0 )

Nen thay vao ta co:

ih

= H t .

ngha la toan t U(t,t0) la toan t Unita. ieu nay la can thiet do yeu cau bao toan chuan trong phep bien oi(12.1). Vi toan t U(t,t0), no thoa man phng trnh:

U + (t , t 0 )U (t , t 0 ) = U (t , t 0 )U + (t , t 0 ) = I .

ih

Trong bc tranh Schrodinger, cac toan t ong lc khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian la cac ai lng co nh, he ham rieng cua cac toan t nay cung la cac he ham co nh trong khong gian Hilbert.

U = HU t .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
2/ Bc tranh Heisenberg:

- 67 -

Mot cach khac mo ta s phu thuoc thi gian cua vi he-c goi la bc tranh Heisenberg- la xem trang thai co dang:

H U + (t , t 0 ) S (t ) .

(12.3)

(ch H va S cac ham song va toan t ch rang ham song va toan t c cho trong bc tranh Heisenberg hay Schrodinger ). T (12.3) do tnh Unita cua U va do (12.1) ta co : vi ham song va vi cac toan t :

H = U + (t , t 0 )U (t , t 0 ) S (t 0 ) = S (t 0 )
LS LH U + (t , t 0 ) LS U (t , t 0 )

(12.4) (Ma tran cua Ls ong dang vi ma tran LH ). Nh vay trong bc tranh Heisenberg, cac trang thai la cac vector co nh trong khong gian Hilbert con cac toan t ong lc se la cac lng bien oi theo thi gian.

3/ Bc tranh tng tac :


Cach th ba-c goi la bc tranh tng tac-la cach trung gian gia hai bc tranh tren ma trong o ca vector trang thai lan cac toan t ong lc eu phu thuoc thi gian. Bc tranh tng tac thng gan lien vi phng phap nhieu loan trong o co s phan chia Hamiltonien : H = H0 + H1 trong o: H la Hamiltonien toan phan, H0 la Hamiltonien khong tng tac, H1 la Hamiltonien nhieu loan.

4/ So sanh hai bc tranh c ban: (bc tranh Schrodinger va bc tranh Heisenberg ) .


a/ Hai bc tranh tren la tng ng nhau do viec chuyen t bc tranh nay sang bc tranh kia c thc hien nh phep bien oi Unita, do o phep bien oi nay hoan toan khong thay oi cac tr rieng cua cac toan t ong lc. Do o, cac gia tr trung bnh cua cac ai lng ong lc la bat bien. b/ Ve phng dien tnh toan bc tranh Schrodinger thuan tien hn do trong trng hp nay ta ch can xac nh mot vector la vector trang thai-mot ma tran cotneu dung mot c s xac nh cua khong gian Hilbert cac trang thai. Con trong bc tranh Heisenberg ta phai tnh toan tren nhng ma tran bieu dien cua cac toan t ong lc e tm cac quy luat bien oi cua chung theo thi gian. Cac tnh toan nay la kha phc tap. Tuy nhien bc tranh Heisenberg cho ta thay ve mat hnh thc co mot s tng ong gia c hoc lng t va c hoc kinh ien. (cu the la c hoc kinh ien trong he

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 68 -

hnh thc Hamilton). Noi ro hn la cau truc toan hoc cua chung eu la cau truc ai so Lie, do cac giao hoan t va cac moc Poisson eu la cac phan t cua ai so Lie.

13

CAC BIEU DIEN TRONG C HOC LNG T

Trong c hoc lng t trang thai cua vi hat c mo ta bang vector trang thai la vector trong khong gian Hilbert. Nhng ta biet rang trong khong gian Hilbert cac trang thai nay chung ta co the dung cac c s khac nhau e xet bai toan. Thong thng ngi ta chon cac c s nay la cac ham rieng trc chuan cua cac toan t ong lc. (cac toan t Hecmitie).

( ) Neu ta xem ham song la ham = r , t th cac toan t ong lc co dang:


r r r ; P ih ; L ih[r ] .

cach mo ta nay c goi la bieu dien toa o(cua ham song va cac toan t ong lc). Neu he c s trc chuan la he l - cac ham rieng cua toan t momen xung lng- th cach mo ta nay cua ham song va cac toan t ong lc c goi la bieu dien momen xung lng. Tng t nh the neu dung c s la he trc chuan cua toan t xung lng hay cua toan t nang lng ta se co bieu dien xung lng hay bieu dien nang lng tng ng. Tat nhien, do cac c s la bnh ang, nen tat ca cac bieu dien eu tng ng nhau. V vay viec chon bieu dien nay hay bieu dien khac ch xuat phat t bai toan cu the cho thuan tien viec tnh toan. Hn na ve mat toan hoc khi chuyen c s trc chuan sang mot c s trc chuan khac bang mot phep bien oi Unita nao o th ma tran cac toan t se bien thanh ma tran ong dang, cac phep bien oi khi o c goi la cac phep bien oi chnh tac. Mat khac ta cung biet rang neu c s la mot he ham rieng tieu chuan cua toan t

Y m ( , )

F nao o th ma tran bieu dien cua F trong c s o se co dang cheo. I/ C hoc lng t trong F -bieu dien : F la:

Ta chon mot bien ong lc xac nh nao o va xet toan t F Hermitic tng
ng vi no. Bai toan tr rieng tng ng cho

F f =f f

(13.1)

Ta chon he c s trc chuan la cac vector rieng cua toan t F thoa man ieu kien (trc chuan va u):

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 69 -

f ' f '' = f
1/ Trang Thai Vector bat ky

' '' f f

(13.2) (13.3)

f =I
F - Bieu dien : f

trong

khi trien theo he c s


f

= f f

nh sau:

f = f
la mot tap hp cac so (do vector

(13.4) trong o:

(13.5) la mot tch vo hng). Xac nh n v

va c goi la ham song cua trang thai

2/ Toan T

trong

bieu dien.

Ta xet toan t

trong F -Bieu dien:


nao o chuyen vector

Q =

thanh vector

. Ngha la :

(13.6)

Khi o ta nhan trai hai ve vi


f

f'

se c:

f ' = f ' Q = f ' Q


hay :

f ' = Q f ' f f
f

Ngha la toan t

trong F - bieu dien c oi ng vi ma tran

f 'f

Q
(13.7)

f 'f

=< f ' Q f >

3/ Bai toan tr rieng cua toan t Xet bai toan:

trong F -bieu dien:


(13.8)

Q q =q q

Nhan trai vi

f Q q =q f q

ta co:

Nhng e y rang, vi ve trai ta co:

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 70 -

f Q q = f Q f '
f
'

f ' q = Q q
f
'

ff

'

'

vi ve phai:

q f q = q f f '
f
'

f ' q = q
f
'

ff

'

f ' q = q
f
'

ff

'

q
f

'

Vay ta co:
f'

Q ff ' q f ' q ff ' q f ' = 0


f'

hay: (Q ff ' q ff ' )q f '


f'

=0
(13.9)

4/ Chuyen t F -bieu dien sang G-bieu dien:


Gia s ta co hai bieu dien: Ngha la ta co:

Vay ta nhan c he vo tan cac phng trnh e xac nh pho cua toan t

Q.

F -bieu dien va G-bieu dien

a/ Trong F -bieu dien :

F f =f f

= f f
f

Vi toan t

vi

f = f

nao o :

ff '

= f ' Q f ''

Trong

G g =g g = g g
g

-bieu dien:

Vi toan t

Q:

vi

g = g

g ' g ''

=< g ' Q g '' >

b/ van e la bieu dien Ta co:

g Q g ' g ''
va

qua he ham rieng cua toan t

F.

g = g = g f
f

f = g * f f
f

(13.10)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 71 -

g ' g ''

= g ' Q g '' = g ' f '


f ' , f '' f ' , f '' f ' , f ''

f ' Q f ''

f '' g '' =
(13.11)

= g '*' Q ' '' g '' '' = g '*' g '' '' Q ' '' f f f f f f f f
Nh vay e thc hien c phep chuyen t F sang c ham song
*

G -bieu dien phai biet

gf = f g = g f trong F -bieu dien tc la ham song mo ta trang thai tng ng vi vector rieng cua toan t G .
II/ Vai bieu dien cu the:
1/ Bieu dien toa o: -V tr (hay toa o) cua hat c cho la cac tr rieng x cua bai toan:

X x =x x

- ieu kien:

x ' x '' = (x ' x '' );

x x dx = I
- Ham trang thai:

= x x
x

x = x
-Toan t

Vi :

la ham song. bat ky tng ng vi ma tran:

(13.12)

x' x''

= x ' Q x ''
X co ma tran dang cheo:

(13.13)

-Toan t

X x' x' ' = x ' X x '' = x '' (x ' x '' ) = x ' (x ' x '' )
-Toan t xung lng tng ng vi ma tran:

(13.14)

(13.15) va no a en quy luat tac dng len ham song la phep lay ao ham:

Px' x' ' = x ' P x '' = ih ' (x ' x '' )

(13.16) - Ham rieng cua Toan t toa o:

P = ih x

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 72 -

X xo (x ) = xo xo (x )
hay: Do o :

Xuat phat t bai toan tr rieng:

(x xo ) xo (x ) = 0 = (x xo ) (x xo )
(13.17)

xo (x ) = ( x xo )
-Tng t t bai toan tr rieng:

ih

ta co the tm c ham rieng cua toan t xung lng tng ng vi tr rieng p trong x-bieu dien:
1

p (x ) = p p (x ) dx

1 p (x ) = eh 2h

px

(13.18)

2/ Bieu dien xung lng: Mot bieu dien hay dung la bieu dien xung lng.Trong o he c s la he ham

rieng

cua toan t xung lng P . Bai toan tr rieng:

Pp =pp

(13.19)

ieu kien cho ham rieng:

P ' P ' ' = (P ' P '' )

P P dp = I

(13.20)

+ P = P = P

Trang thai c mo ta bang ham song:

Bnh phng moun cua ham nay xac nh mat o xac xuat hat co xung lng nhan gia tr p.

-Toan t xung lng P co tr rieng tng ng la p. -Toan t toa o:

X P = ih p

Hoan toan tng t nh hai bieu dien tren, co the xet bai toan trong bieu dien Moment xung lng, bieu dien nang lng, tuy bai toan cu the.

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 73 -

CHNG II. MOT SO BAI TOAN C BAN CUA PHNG TRNH SCHRODINGER

1 CHUYEN ONG T DO
Chuyen ong t do la bai toan ma ham Hamilton cua hat ch co phan ong nang e n gian trc het ta gia s hat chuyen ong t do theo truc OX . Mac du n gian nhng bai toan nay co y ngha het sc quan trong ve mat ly thuyet v no la th thach au tien cua nhng y tng mi trong c hoc lng t . Khi Hamilton co dang:
2 H=P 2m

nen co phng trnh :

ma

d P = ih dx

Cac nghiem la :

h 2 d 2 ( x) = E ( x) 2m dx 2
i px h

= Ae Cac nghiem nay thoa man ieu kien hu han va lien tuc trong toan khong gian vi bat ky cac gia tr nao cua E > 0 hay E < 0 . Nh vay pho cac ga tr rieng cua nang lng la lien tuc (t 0 ).

1,2 ( x) = Ae

2 mE x h2

H 1 (x) = E1 (x) H 2 ( x) = E 2 ( x)

Vi moi ga tr bat cua nang lng ta co hai ham song , vay E suy bien hai lan . Mat khac

1 (x) va 2 (x) cung la ham rieng cua toan t xung lung ma:

2mE = mv = p
Nen ta cung co hai phng trnh tng ng:
mE 1 ( x) d i 2h x ih = ih e = 2mE 1 ( x) = p1 ( x) x dx mE 2 ( x) d i 2h x ih = ih e = 2mE 2 ( x) = p 2 ( x) x dx

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 74 -

Nh vay vi moi E tng ng vi cap (p , -p) ngha la xung lng cua hat la rat nh hng ,hay noi cach khac : chuyen ong t do la chuyen ong bat nh hng trong khong gian . Ta tm ieu kien chuan hoa cac ham song. Neu c theo cach thong thng th :
+

dx = A
*

2 +

i ( p p) x h e dx =

A dx =

2 +

ay la ieu vo ngha. V vay ta phai tm cach khac . Gia thiet chuyen ong cua hat xay ra mien V hu han nhng rat ln nh vay hat phai thoa man ieu kien tuan hoan do no b giam trong ho the :

( x) = ( x + L)

Khi o : i A exp h suy ra:

i i i px = A exp p( x + L) = A exp px exp pL h h h


pL pL h + isin h

i pL h = 1 = cos exp ngha la: L cos p h = 1 L = 0 sin p h


Suy ra :

Nh vay vi gia thiet thu hep bai toan, tr rieng p a tr thanh pn ngha la a b lng t hoa do o nang lng cung b lng t hoa :

pL 2nh = 2n Pn = L h

Chuyen qua gii han L khi o : p va E 0 , ngha la pho nang lng tr thanh lien tuc . Khi o ta chuan hoa nh sau :
+

p n 2 2 h 2 2 n = 2m mL2 2 2 h 2 E = E1 E0 = mL2 En =

dx =
*

i '' ' 2 + h ( p p ) x A e dx = 2h

A ( p" p ' ) = 1

do o :

A=
Vay :

1 2h

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
i px 1 h ( x) = e 2h

- 75 -

Trong trng hp ba chieu , chuyen ong t do ng vi ham song : r 1 i exp pr (r ) = 3 h (2h) . Vay nghiem tong quat :

(r , t ) =

(2h )2

i exp ( pr Et ) h

Hay s dung he thc : ta co :

r r p = hk , E = h
r

(r , t ) =

. ay la bieu thc cua song ma De Broglie a gia thiet trc ay . Nh vat t phng trnh Schrodinger ta a tm lai c song phang De Broglie . ieu nay chng to tnh ung an trong cac lap luan cua c hoc lng t .

(2h )2

rr exp i k r t

2 BAI TOAN MOT CHIEU


Nhan xet m au: Cac bai toan mot chieu la nhng mo hnh n gian cho phep tm c mot vai ac iem quan trong se gap sau nay trong cac bai toan phc tap , nghien cu c cac nghiem mot cach ky lng . Nhieu bai toan phc tap sau nhng phep bien oi tng ng se dan en viec giai cac phng trnh tng t nh phng trnh Schrodinger trong bai toan mot chieu .

I/ Hat trong ho the ( gieng the ) sau vo han :


The nang co dang:

vi x<0
u(x)= 0 vi 0 x a vi x>0 Phng trnh Schrodinger co dang : I o II a III

d 2 2m( E u ) + ( x) = 0 h2 dx 2
ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Cac ieu kien : +/ Trong mien I va III th

- 76 -

( x) = 0

+/ ieu kien bien : (o) = (a) = 0 Trong mien : 0 < x< a phng trnh co dang :

vi Phng trnh nay co nghiem :

d 2 + k 2 ( x) = 0 2 dx

k2 =

2mE h2

( x) = A sin kx + B cos kx

ieu kien :

(o) = 0

nen :

B=0

vay :

( x) = A sin kx

ieu kien :

(a ) = 0

nen ta co :

(a) = A sin ka = 0 sin ka = sin n


(n = 1,2...)

ka = n Vay : Nh vay :

E=

Ngha la nang lng a b lng t hoa. Cac ham song co dang :

h 2 k 2 h 2 2 2 = n = En 2m 2ma 2
a

n ( x) = A sin nx
a

Hang so
0

A xac nh t ieu kien chuan hoa . a 2 n ( x)dx = 1 A 2 sin 2 nxdx = 1 a


0

Suy ra : Cuoi cung ta co :

A=

2 . a

nx E = h 2 2 n 2 2 n ( x) = sin n a a ; 2ma 2
E I u II

II/ The bac thang:


Ta xet the nang co dang : 0 neu x < 0 U(x)= u = const neu x> 0

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Ta tm nghiem tai hai mien : Mien I :

- 77 -

d 21 ( x) 2 + k1 1 ( x) = 0 dx 2

Nghiem :

k12 =

2mE h2

1 ( x) = Ae ik1x + Be ik1x
(Ham song = song ti + song phan xa). Mien II :

2 k2 =

Nghiem :

2m( E u) h2

d 2 2 ( x) 2 + k 2 2 ( x) = 0 dx 2

2 ( x) = Ce ik2 x + De ik2 x
Ham song = song truyen qua ( khong co song t phai qua trai) Nh vay

D = 0 va :
ik2 x

2 ( x) = Ce
A+ B = C

T ieu kien lien tuc cua (x) va (do (do

k1 ( A B) = k 2 C
T ay ta co :

' ( x)
C=

(x) lien tuc )


lien tuc )

' ( x) tai x = 0 cho ta cac quan he :

B=

k1 k 2 A k1 + k 2

2k1 A k1 + k 2

Do o :

1 ( x) = A e ik1x +
2 ( x) = A

k1 k 2 ik1x e k1 + k 2

2k1 ik 2 x e k1 + k 2

Ta tnh vec t mat o dong ( trong mien I): * i h d 1 * d 1 hk1 j= 1 = ( A* A B * B ) 1 dx 2m dx m

j=

hk1 * hk A A 1 B * B = jo + j r m m

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 78 -

Hay : Mat o dong = mat o dong ti + mat o dong phan xa. Vect mat o dong truyen qua(trong mien II) * i h d 2 * d 2 h k 2 jd = 2 = CC * 2 2m dx dx m Ta xet trng hp E > U: T ket qua tren ta tnh c:

1 (E u) / E j k k R= r = 1 2 = jo k1 + k 2 1+ (E u) / E

He so phan xa

D=

Ta tnh tong:

jd 4k1k 2 = jo (k1 + k 2 ) 2
2

ieu nay co ngha la :Cng o dong phan xa va truyen qua bang cng o dong ti .

k k 4k1k 2 R+D = 1 2 + =1 2 k1 + k 2 (k1 + k 2 )

Ta xet khi E < U . Khi o Hn na ta nhan thay : D la ao nhng Nh vay :


* 2 ( x) = 2 2

k k R= 1 2 k1 + k 2

=1

k 2 = ik

cung la ao .

2k1 = Ae kx k1 + ik

k + k2 = 1

2 4k1

exp

2x 2x 2m(U E ) = 2 (o)e h h

2 m(U E )

ieu nay cho thay xac xuat khac khong nhng giam theo qui luat ham mu, giam cang nhanh neu (U E) va khoi lng hat cang ln .

III/ S truyen qua hang rao the co be rong hu han:


Gia s U(x) co dang nh hnh ve : Khi o neu viet phng trnh cho cac mien I , II va III ta co the tm c nghiem di dang song phang. T ieu kien ve tnh lien tuc ta tm c cac he thuc gia cac he so. E

II 0

III a

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 79 -

a/ Neu E > U ta se thay co s phan xa (do ham song co hai phan ). Lu y rang trong vat ly co ien hat i qua mot cach t do . b/ Neu E < U , xac xuat i qua hang rao la khac khong. Xac xuat ty oi: (a ) 2a W a,o = exp 2m(U E ) = 2 2 (o) h ay la bieu thc gan ung cho ta xac xuat e hat co nang lng toan phan E xuyen qua hang rao co o cao U va o rong a. He so trong suot cua hang rao (con goi la o xuyen qua cua hang rao the ) c cho bang lng :

Neu hang rao co dang tuy y ( tren la hang rao dang ch nhat) th o trong suot cua hang rao la :

jd 4k12 D= = 2 2 exp 2a 2m(U E ) = Do exp 2a 2m(U E ) jo k1 + k h2 h ( Do 1)

2 x D Do exp x 2 2m[U ( x) E ]dx h 1


S chuyen t mien I qua mien III xay ra qua mien II la mien ma tai o nang lng toan phan nho hn the nang ieu nay co the xem nh hat chui qua ng ngam , hieu ng nay thng c goi la hieu ng ng ngam . C hoc lng t giai thch nh sau: - Khi giai phng trnh Schrodinger , ta thay xac xuat ton tai hat ben ngoai bc tng tuy nho nh van khac khong,nh vay hat ton tai pha sau tng la hp ly . - He thc bat nh : neu

x > a th co kha nang hat trong va ngoai bc E = m(v) 2 co the lam cho tng. Vi x u ln en mc v u ln sao cho
hat vt tng. - Khi song anh sang en mat phan cach gia hai moi trng th co hien tng phan xa va khuc xa . Nh vay vi song De Broglie cung tng t . S tng ng nay cang chng to ban chat song cua hat vi mo .

IV/ Ho the nang co cac thanh cao hu han


Xet dang ho the nh hnh ve U1 khi x < 0 U1 E

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
U(x) = III U2 0 khi 0 x a I II

- 80 -

U2 . khi x>a Ta xet bai toan trong ba mien : Mien I :

0 1

a/

3 b/
Phng trnh :

Nghiem :

d 21 k121 = 0 , 2 dx

k12 =

2m(u1 E ) h2

1 = A1 exp(k1 x) + B1 exp(k1 x)
d 2 2 dx 2 2mE h2

Mien II : Phng trnh :


2 k2 2 = 0 , 2 k2 =

Nghiem :

2 = A2 exp(ik 2 x) + B2 exp(ik 2 x)
d 2 3 dx 2 2 m (u 2 E )
h2

Mien III : Phng trnh :


2 k3 3 = 0

2 k3 =

Nghiem :

3 = A3 exp(k 2 x) + B3 exp(k 3 x) B = A3 = 0 . Cac ieu kien bien dan ti ket qua : 1


Vay cuoi cung ta co :

1 ( x) = A1 exp(k1 x) 2 ( x) = A2 exp(ik 2 x) + B2 exp(ik 2 x) 3 ( x) = B3 exp(k3 x)


Re{ ( x)}

2 Dang nh lng cua 1(x) , va cho tren o th b/ cua hnh ve. Nh vay ta thay ben ngoai o rong cua gieng the nang xac xuat tm thay hat van khac khong va xac xuat nay giam nhanh khi i sau vao thanh gieng .

e xac nh cac he so 1 2 2 3 ta s dung ieu kien lien tuc cua ba ham va ao ham cua chung tai cac iem bien. Khi o ta co :

A , A ,B ,B

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 81 2


hay

1 2 ' 1 ' 2

(0 ) =

(a ) = 3 (a ) (0 ) = 2' (0 ) (a ) = 3' (a )
A1 = A2 + B2 A2 exp(ik 2 a) + B2 exp(ik 2 a) = B3 exp(k 3 a) k 1A1 = ik 2 ( A2 B2 ) ik 2 A2 exp(ik 2 a) ik 2 B2 exp(ik 2 a) = k 3 B3 exp(k 3 a)

(0 )

e he phng trnh co nghiem nh thc cua he phai bang khong . Tuy nhien phng trnh o kha phc tap . e n gian ta viet lai 2 (x) di dang gon hn tng ng :

2 (x ) = C sin (k 2 x + b)

Khi o he phng trnh tren tr thanh :

A1 = C sin b C sin(k 2 a + b) = B3 exp(k 3 a)

k 1A1 = k 2 C cos b k 2 C cos(k 2 a + b) = k 3 B3 exp(k 3 a)


k1 = k 2 cot gb. k 3 = k 2 cot g (k 2 a + b).

Chia phng trnh th ba cho phng trnh au va phng trnh th t cho phng trnh th hai ta c :

T phng trnh au cua he nay ta co :

k cot gb = 1 k2
Tng t ta co :

sin b = (1 + cot g 2 b )

1 2

hay

k2h 2mU 1

sin (k 2 a + b ) =

k2h 2mU 2

T hai ket qua o ta tm c phng trnh xac nh cac gia tr cua k (va tng ng la cac mc nang lng) di dang an :

k 2 a = n arcsin

k2h k2h arcsin 2mU 1 2mU 2


k 1 a 2

Trong o n la cac so nguyen n = 1,2,3 Giai phng trnh nay bang phng phap o th ta co cac nghiem la cac gia tr nang lng . Cu the ta at :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 82 -

Vay :

2ma 2

2h2

Ket qua nay trung vi ket qua khi ap dung he thc bat nh

3 DAO ONG T IEU HOA


Nhan xet m au : +/ Trong vat ly co ien :

Vat se dao ong theo quy luat ieu hoa : +/ trong ly thuyet Bohr (ban lng t) Cac mc nang lng c suy ra t quy tac lng t :

r r F = kx. 2 kx 2 = + 2m 2

Px dx = 2nh
va bc xa ch co the xay ra Ket qua: Nang lng la gian oan : n khi dao ong t chuyen mc nang lng . Trong c hoc lng t bai toan dao ong t ieu hoa la bai toan vi the nang :

= n h

m 2 x 2 U (x ) = 2
Thay vao bieu thc cua ta co :

2 = x + U ( x ) 2m

2 2 2 2 = h d + m x H 2m dx 2 2

Phng trnh Sch co dang :

a vao bien mi :

d 2 (x ) 2m m 2 x 2 ( x ) = 0 + 2 2 2 h dx

= x m
h

Phng trnh tr thanh :

= 2 h

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 83 -

( ) + ( 2 ) ( ) = 0
Phng trnh nay co cung dang vi phng trnh cho a thc Hecmit-gauss :

y '' + (2n + 1 x 2 ) y = 0
Trong o Hecmit-Gauss : vi :

n = 0 ,1, 2,... va cac nghiem cua no la cac a thc

y n (x ) h n (x )

hn ( x) = (2 n! )
n

1 2

Hn
+

2 x 2 ( x)e

Va ieu kien trc chuan tng ng cho

hn (x ) la :

hn1 ( x)hn2 ( x)dx = n1n2

Nh vay co ngha la ta co :

= 2n + 1,

1 = h n + 2

do o :

n = 0 ,1, 2,..

va nghiem

( ) ( ) = A hn ( )
+

co dang :

Tha so A c xac nh t ieu kien chuan hoa :

n (x )dx = 1
2

hay la:

+ + dx 2 2 1 = n (x )dx = n (x ) d d

h + 2 ( ) h 2 + 2 ( ) = d = A h m n m n ( ) s dung ieu kien trc chuan cua cac a thc hn


ta co ket qua :

Nh vay cuoi cung ta co nghiem :

h =1 m do o :

=4

m h

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 84 -

n = 4 m . hn ( )
h m =4 h
2 1 e 2 H n ( ) 2 n n!

Tr ve bien

0 ( x) =

ta co mot vai nghiem au tien :


2 exp( x 2 2 x 0 )

x0 1 2 2x 1( x) = exp( x 2 2 x0 ) x0 2 x0
2 1 2 4x exp( x 2 2 x0 ). 2 2 x 8x0 0

2 ( X ) =

trong cac cong thc nay :

x0 =

h . m

4 CHUYEN ONG TRONG TRNG XUYEN TAM. NGUYEN T HYDRO


I/ Momen goc : (Momen ong lng ).
1/ Momen goc.Cac he thc giao hoan . T he thc :

M = [r p]

ta co cac thanh phan :

M x = ih y z z y M y = ih z x x z M z = ih x y y x

(4.1) Toan t bnh phng c nh ngha bang he thc :

2 2 2 M 2 = Mx +My +Mz
ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

(4.2)

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 85 -

Cac he thc tren (trong he toa o Descartes) co the co dang thuan tien hn trong he toa o cau cho cac tnh toan cho cac bai toan xuyen tam .hai he toa o nay co lien he:

x = r sin cos y = r sin sin z = r cos

Nh vay :

(4.3)

x y z + + = x y z = r sin sin + r sin cos y x = x y y x

Theo (4.1) ta co : Tnh tng t ta co :

M z = ih

M x = ih sin + cot g cos

M y = ih cos cot g sin


Thay cac ket qua nay vao (4.2) ta co :

M 2 = h 2

1 1 2 sin + sin 2 2 sin

(4.4)

Vi cac thanh phan Momen ta co the chng minh:


M i , r j = ih eijk rk
k

M i , Pj = ih eijk Pk
k

M i , M j = ih eijk M k
k

(4.5)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 86 -

trong o ijk la tenx n v hoan toan phan xng hang 3. e123 = e231= e312 =1, e132 = e321 = e213 = -1 con lai 21 thanh phan bang khong . 2/ Ham rieng va tr rieng cua T phng trnh :

M z va M 2

ih

= M z

(4.6)

Nghiem co dang : (4.7) Ham

( ) = Aexp iM 2 h

( ) la tuan hoan : ( ) = ( + 2 ) nen:

2 = hm

m = 0,1,2,...

(4.8)

Nh vay hnh chieu momen b lng t hoa. Hang so A c xac nh t ieu kien :
2 0
* m m d = 1

A=
do o :

1 2

Nh vay :

1 im e 2 2 Ta tm ham rieng va tr rieng cua . T ket qua :


m ( ) =
M 2 = h 2

(4.9)

2 1 1 sin + 2 2 sin sin

ta co phng trnh tr rieng : tr thanh :

2 = 2

h2
(4.10)

1 2 1 sin = 2 + 2 2 sin sin

Phng trnh nay c goi la phng trnh cho cac ham cau . No ch co nghiem khi :

2 = h 2 l(l + 1)

va khi o nghiem co dang :

l =0,1,2,

(4.11)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 87 -

lm ( , ) =
(4.12) trong o Co the chng minh rang : M 2 , M = 0 i

(l m )!(2l + 1) m l (cos ) e im 4 (l + m )!
m = 0,1,2,... l
.

i co chung mot he ham rieng la ieu nay co ngha la hai toan t va cac ham cau (4.10). Trong toan hoc phan cac ham at biet ngi ta chng minh rang cac a thc Legendre lien ket co dang :
2

trong o

la cac a thc Legendre co dang : 1 d l 2 l Pl (x ) = l x 1 2 l! dx l Vi cac ham cau ,co the chng minh la chung thoa man he thc trc giao :

l ( x )

lm (x ) = (1 x 2 )2

dm (x ) dx m l

0 0

* lm ( , ) l ' m ' ( , )sin d d = ll ' mm '

(4.13)

II/ Hat trong trng oi xng cau (chuyen ong xuyen tam)
Ta xet bai toan trong he toa o cau .Trong he o toan t 1 1 = 2 r 2 + 2 , r r r r trong o:

co dang : (4.14)

, =

2 1 1 sin + 2 2 sin sin

(4.15)

Nh vay phng trnh Sch co dang :

(4.16)

2m[ U (r )] 1 2 1 r + =0 r 2 , + 2 r 2 r r h

Dung phng phap tach bien .at :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 88 -

(r , , ) = R(r ) ( , )
(4.17) Thay vao (4.15) ta co :

d 2 dR 2 2m[ U (r )] +r r R(r ) dr dr h2 = , = ( , ) R(r )


(4.18) Vay ta co :

, ( , ) = ( , )

So sanh vi phng trnh (4.10) va (4.11) ta co :

l = 0,1,2,... (2l + 1) (l m )! m ( , ) = l (cos )e im 4 (l + m )!

= l(l + 1)

Cac ham cap thap la:

Ylm ( , ) c goi la cac ham ieu hoa cau .Ta co mot so ham
1 4 3 Yoo = cos 4 3 Y1,1 = sin e i 8 5 2 1 cos 2 Y2,o = 3 4 2 15 Y2,1 = sin 2 e 2i 8 15 Y2,2 = sin 2 e 2i 32 Yoo = R(r ) .T

Ylm ( , )

m = 0 ,1,... l

(4.19)

cua the nang U (r ) .ay la he qua trc tiep va quan trong cua the oi xng cau. Bay gi ta xet tiep phan xuyen tam cua ham song ,tc la ham (4.18) va chu y : ta co:

Can nhan manh la phan goc cua ham song khong phu thuoc vao dang cu the

= l(l + 1)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 89 -

1 d 2 dR 2m + r U (r ) R(r ) = 0 2 dr l dr h 2 r

(4.20)

trong o : (4.21) Phngtrnh (4.20) co the a ve phng trnh Sch mot chieu vi ieu kien bien at biet tai r =0 . cu the la ta at : vi ieu kien : Thay ham (r) trong (4.22) vao (4.20) ta co phng trnh Sch mot chieu :

h 2 l(l + 1) U l (r ) = U (r ) + 2mr 2

(r ) = rR(r ) (o ) = 0 (do tnh hu han cua R(r ) )

(o ) = 0 tng ng vi gieng the co bc tng trai ieu kien bien cao vo tan (tai r = 0). S nghien cu sau hn phng trnh (4.23) oi hoi dang cu the cua ham
U (r ) .
III/ Nguyen t Hydrogen :
Bai toan nguyen t Hydrogen la bai toan ien hnh cua lp bai toan quan trong chuyen ong cua electron trong trng Coulomb oi xng cau. Trong nguyen t Hydrogen, Hamiltonian co dang :

(4.23)

d 2 2m[E u l (r )] + (r ) = 0 h2 dr 2

(4.24) Dung phng phap tach bien nh trng hp trng xuyen tam ta co the tm c cac tr rieng cua toan t Hamilton co dang :

h e = 2m r

n =

Cac ham rieng co dang :

me 4 2h 2 n 2

n = 1,2,....

(4.25)

nlm = RnlYlm ( , )
l = 0 , 1, 2 , ... (n 1), m = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... l

(4.26)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Trong o :

- 90 -

thuoc vao dang cu the cua the oi xng cau.Con cac ham xuyen tam xac nh bi phng trnh :

Ylm ( , ) la cac ham cau ,dang cua ham cau nay khong Rnl (r )
d 2 2m[E u l (r )] + (r ) = 0 dr 2 h2

vi the

U (r ) =

e2 r

Dang cua

Rnl (r )

la the Coulomb cua hat nhan nguyen t Hydrogen. c cho bi :


r (n l 1)! n 2r l 2l +1 2r e Ln +1 n n [(n + 1)!]3

2 Rnl (r ) = 2 n
(4.27)

trong o : n +1 la a thc Laguere tong quat. Nhng ham laguere nay thoa man ieu kien chuan hoa :

L2l +1 (x )

2 2 Rnl (r )r dr = 1

Ta co the viet mot so ham xuyen tam au tien :


3 R10 = 2r1 2

exp
1

r r 1
r 1 r 2r1 2r1

R20 = (2r13 ) 2 exp R21 = 2


la :

(4.28)

6r13

exp

r r 2r1 r1

Nh vay ta de dang viet c mot so ham rieng cua toan t Hamilton (4.24)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 91 -

100 = (r13 ) 200

r r1 1 r 1 r = (8r13 ) 2 exp 2r 2r1 1


1 2

exp

211 = 8 210

r sin e i r r 1 2r1 1 r cos r = 4 2r13 exp r 2r 1 1

r13

exp

(4.29)

S phan lap (hay suy bien )cua cac mc nang lng: e y rang cac mc nang lng cua mot electron trong nguyen t Hydrogen ch phu thuoc vao n :

n =

me 4 2h 2 n 2

n = 1,2,....

trong khi o cac ham song tc la cac trang thai lai c xac nh bi ba so lng t : n, l va m .Ngoai ra khi xac nh cac trang thai cua electron la con phai ke en mot so lng t khac na la khong co mat trong cac bieu thc ay.V ng vi moi n so lng t l nhan cac gia tr t 0 en (n-1) , va vi moi l so lng t m nhan (2l+1) gia tr nen so trang thai ng vi moi mc Nang lng

g n = 2 (2l + 1) = 2n 2
l =0

n 1

la :

(4.30) (tha so 2 la hai trang thai cua Spin ).

ieu nay co ngha la cac tr rieng n suy bien bac 2n2.S phan lap (hay suy bien) cua cac mc nang lng la mot quy luat lien quan en tnh oi xng trong he nguyen t.V du :oi xng cau cua cac trng trong nguyen t gay ra s suy bien cua hai so lng t m va - nang lng khong phu thuoc vao s nh hng cua momen quy ao va momen spin cua electron. S suy bien cua so lng t l lien quan en ban chat ac trng cua trng Coulomb .Trong cac trng khac (khong Coulomb) nang lng cua electron phu thuoc ca vao n va l .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 92 -

CHNG III. LY THUYET SPIN CUA PAULI

Spin la momen c (momen xung lng ) rieng cua hat va la mot tnh chat c ban cua hat giong nh khoi lng cua no . Quan niem rang Spin la momen c do s quay cua hat quanh truc rieng cua no tuy rat thuan li nhng la mot mo hnh sai . Song mau nh vay cho phep lien tng en hau het cac tnh chatcua con quay c hoc lng t va ac biet la e hieu tai sao (mac du mc o ai khai ) cac hat tch ien vi Spin cung co momen t noi tai . S nghien cu c hoc lng t tnh chat Spin cua hat c ban cho cac ket luan sau ay (Spin la mot ai lng vector (gia vector )) . - o ln cua momen c Spin cua hat la so lng t Spin S , ma no co the nhan cac gia tr dng nguyen hay ban nguyen va ac trng trang thai hat a cho mot cach n tr . Bnh phng vecter Spin

oi vi e : - S nh hng cua momen c Spin b lng t hoa (b gii han bi nhng goc xac nh) giong het nh tat ca cac momen c khac . S nh hng nay c

S = S + (S + 1) h
2

1 1 3 S 2 = ( + 1) h 2 = h 2 2 2 4

S 2.

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 93 -

xac nh bi gia tr cua so lng t Spin t mS ; o ln mS cho ta gia tr cua hnh chieu Spin tren mot truc tuy y trong khong gian (thng truc nay c chon theo truc Z ) . oi vi e : - Spin la bac t do noi tai cua hat va luon luon bang const oi vi moi hat . Da vao Spin ngi ta chia cac hatc ban thanh hai loai : cac hat co Spin nguyen goi la cac bozon , cac hat co Spin ban nguyen goi la cac fermion

1 SZ = h 2

1 SPIN CUA ELECTRON

Momen Spin cua electron =

h 2

1/ Cac toan t spin :


a/ Ham song cua hat cung vi Spin khong ch phu thuoc vao ba thanh phan khong gian cua no , ma con phu thov vao toa o th t ac trng cho trang thai noi tai cua hat . Toa o th t ngi ta thng chon o ln cua hnh chieu Spin tren truc Z . Luc o ham song co the viet :

= (r , S Z , t )

Khac vi cac toa o khong gian rac . oi vi electron r h (r , ,t) 2 = r h ,t) (r , 2


ay

r r toa o spin SZ ch nhan cac gia tr ri

SZ =

h 2 . Do o ta co the viet ham song cua electron .


=
1 2

(1)

i dV

giai thch nh xac xuat e tai thi iem t electron trong

yeu to the tch dV va co hnh chieu Spin tren truc Z bang

h 2

neu i = 1 va bang

h 2

r (r , s Z , t ) c chuan hoa . neu i = 2 . Ham song


2 r (r , s , t dV = Z sZ = h / 2 h/2 2 r h 2 r h = (r , , t ) dV + (r , , t ) dV = 1 2 2

(2)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 94 -

Neu bay gi ta bo qua s tng tac momen Spin t cua electron vi t trng cua cac dong do chuyen ong khoi tam cua electron tao nen th ( bo qua s tng tac giua Spin va chuyen ong quy ao ) ham song .

r r (r , S Z , t ) = (r , t ) ( S Z ) ;

(S Z ) =

c1 c2

(3) la ham song Spin . Trong o ham song toa o thong thng , h 2 / ci / Cho ta xac suat e hnh chieu Spin S Z bang 2 neu i = 1 va h bang - 2 neu i = 2 . ieu kien chuan hoa ham song suy ra

/ c1 / 2 + / c 2 / 2 = 1
b. Sau khi xac nh khai niem ham song Spin chung ta can nh nhga cac toan t Spin tac dung len no . Noi chung s tac dung cua toan t len ham Spin c = 1 c 2 dan en viec thay cac thanh phan c1 , c 2 thanh cac to hp tuyen tnh cua no.

c1 c2

tac dung cua toan t Spin

' =

a11c1 + a12 c 2 a 21c1 + a 22 c 2 (4)

quat :

Phu hp vi ieu nay toan t Spin co the bieu dien di dang ma tran tong

a =

a11 a 21

a12 a 22

(5)

Ta hay tm dang cua ba toan t X , Y , Z tng ng vi cac ai lng vat ly mi , Cac hnh chieu cua Spin len cac truc toa o . Ta hay chuan hoa cac ham rieng cua cac toan t nay the nao e cac tr rieng cua chung bang 1. T ay suy ra ieu kien : 1 0 2 2 2 X = Y = Z =1 = 0 1 (6)

( X + Y + Z ) 2 = 1
(7)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 95 -

Trong o , , la cac cosin ch phng cua vector Spin . T (7) suy ra cac qui tac phan giao hoan cho cac thanh phan toan t Spin :

{ X , Y } =

{ X , Z } =

{ Y , Z } =

(8)

Z co dang cheo . Ta hay chon he c s ma trong o ma tran cua toan t 1 0 Z = 0 1 (9)


Dang tong quat cua ma tran toan t

suy ra t ieu kien ecmitic cua no :

X =
(10)

a11 a 21

a12 a 22

+ X =X =

a11 a *12

a12 a 22

T ieu kien

, Z

} =

Z + Z X = 0

suy ra .

a11 a12 * a a 22
12

1 0 1 0 a11 a12 2a11 0 = =0 + * 0 1 0 1 2a 22 a a 22 0 12

T ay ta co : vay .

a11 = a22 = 0
a12 0

0 = * a

12

(11)

Mat khac :

2 X =1
2

2 X

a12 = 0

0 1 = 2 a12 0 X

0 a12 1

=1

Vay ma tran cua toan t

can co dang :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 96 -

X =

0 e i

e i 0

Ta hay chon pha cua vecto c s the nao e co 0 1 X = 1 0 Ly luan tng t ta co the tm c

= 0

. Luc o :

. Vay ta co ba ma tran :

X =

0 1 ; Y = i 1 0

1 i ;Z = 0 0

0 1

(12)

Cac ma tran nay thng c goi la cac ma tran Pauli .

2. Cac tnh chat cua cac toan t Pauli


T (12) ta suy ra :

2 2 2 X = Y = Z = 1 2 2 2 2 = X + Y + Z = 3

Y } = { X , Z }= { Y , Z }= 0

X Y = i Z ; Y Z = i X ; Z X = i Y [ X , Y ]= 2i Z [ Y , X ]= 2i X [ Z , X ] = 2i Y ; ;

(13) e thuan tien tat ca cac tnh chat nay co the dien ta di dang mot cong thc de nh .

hoac di dang tong quat : r r r = 2i

Trong o ijk la ky hieu Levy Civita


3. Vecto Spin

i j = i ijk k + ij

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 97 -

Ta hay xet vecto (15)


r h r S = 2 r r r S X S = ih S

T (13) suy ra (16) He thc nay giong het cac he thc cho momen xung lng , do o ai lng vecto

co the xem la momen xung lng rieng cua electron . ro rang la cac tr rieng

r h r S = 2

Ngoai ra

1 S X = SY = S Z = h 2

r2 h2 r 2 2 2 2 S = S X + SY + S Z = 4 3 1 1 = h 2 = h 2 + 1 4 2 2
Ro rang bieu thc (17) giong bieu thc cua L .
2

(17)

h Ket luan : Momen Spin cua electron = 2 1 (h = c = 1 th Spin = 2 )


T hieu ng thc nghiem Zecmann suy ra rang Spin phai tng ng vi momen t

= 0

, 0 =

eh 2mc

la manhe ton Bohr

Chu y ti cac he thc Momen t Momen xung lng =

o
2

oi vi momen quy ao o vi Spin

h o S X , SY , S Z

Bo xung : Cac tr rieng cua toan t tr rieng cua toan t

SX :

h eu bang 2 . Xet bai toan

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 98 -

c h 0 1 ; = 1 S X = S X = S X = c 2 1 0 2
t ay ta co ang thc

h c 2 = S X c1 2 h c1 = S X c 2 2 h2 h2 2 2 c1c2 = S X c1c2 => S X = 4 4 => h SX = 2


Tr rieng cua toan t hnh chieu Spin nh chung ta ch i la bang

h 2 . Khi

SX =+

h 2 th ta co : h h h c2 = S X c1 = S X = = c1 => c2 = c1 = c 2 2 2

T ieu kien chuan hoa

c1 + c 2 =1
Vay :

=> 2 c1 =1

c=

1 2

SX = +

h 2

1 i e 2

1 1

Hang so pha

1 tuy y 1 =
a) .

h 2

(co the chon

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Ket luan : Toan t hnh chieu

- 99 -

Spin

h 2
X

h 2
X

h 0 1 SX = 2 1 0 h 0 i SY = 2 i 0 h 1 SZ = 2 0

S = h =
2

1 2 1 2

1 1 1 i

S =

h 2

1 1 2 = 1 2

S = h =
Y

S =
Y

h 2

0 1

S = h = 0 2
Z

S =
Z

h 2

0 = 1

, ma cac ma tran Pauli tac dung len chung , c goi la cac Spinor va trong phep quay he toa o chung bien oi theo bieu dien tuyen tnh lng tr cua nhom quay . Khi quay mot goc nho quanh truc

= 1 c 2 Ham song hai thanh phan

1 , vi = r r n ( trong o n la vecto n v ) cac thanh phan cua spinor 2 (n v h = 1) se bien oi theo cach di ay : r r i ( . n ) ' = ; 2 r r ( . n ) = X n X + Y nY + Z nZ
'

la cac thanh phan cua Spinor trong he toa o mi .

* Trong trng hp hat vi Spin bang mot vecto Spin co dang :

r S = S X , SY , S Z

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 100 -

SX

SY

0 h = 1 2 0 1 h = i 2 0 1 h = 0 2 0

1 0 0 1 ; 1 0 i 0 0 i i 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

SZ

Trong ly thuyet Pauli s mo ta Spin mang ac tnh hien tng luan . Thc ra s ton tai Spin cua hat la hieu ng tng oi tnh va giai thch c ch trong C hoc lng t tng oi tnh .T phng trnh Dirac tng oi tnh suy ra s ton tai Spin va kem theo momen t . Them vao o trong gii han van toc nho phng trnh Dirac chuyen thanh phng trnh Pauli cho hat khong tng oi tnh vi Spin .

2 PHNG TRNH PAULI


Phng trnh Pauli la phng trnh C hoc lng t mo ta dang ieu cua hat vi Spin ( th du electron ) trong trng ien t vi ieu kien van toc cua hat la nho so vi van toc anh sang . Phng trnh Pauli co dang phng trnh Schrodinger (mo ta hat vi Spin bang khong ) song ham song trong phng trnh Pauli khong phai la mot vo hng ma la Spinor hai thanh phan va c viet di dang :

r = (r , S Z

r h 1 (r , , t ) 2 , t) = h r 2 ( r , , t ) 2
.

r them nang lng phu bang nang lng cua lng cc t trong mot t trng r e r r r S U = ( ) = do momen t cua e bang = mc r he r = 2mc
Ta biet Hamiltonien cua phng trnh Schrodinger

V hat co Spin nen no co momen t , khi at vao t trng ngoai hat se co

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 101 -

trong trng ien t ta dung phep the sau ay :

r P2 = + U (r ) 2m

r r e r PP A c U U + e
U =

Ke them Spin th co them nang lng phu

Ket qua ta co phng trnh :

eh r r 2mc

U :

ih

(r,S Z , t ) t
r

eh r v r 1 r e r 2 ( p A ) + e (r ) + U (r ) + (r , S Z , t ) = c 2mc 2m

la cac the vo hng va the vecto cua trng ien t . ay la phng trnh Pauli . Nh phng trnh nay ta co the giai thch c hieu ng Zeemann thc chat phng trnh Pauli la hai phng trnh cho hai ham lai di dang ma tran cot .

,A

va

2 c viet gop

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 102 -

CHNG IV. PHNG PHAP NHIEU LOAN

Nghiem chnh xac cua phng trnh Schrodinger ch co tm c trong mot so bai toan n gian , nh bai toan mot chieu trong ho the , dao ong t ieu hoa , nguyen t hydroger . Nhng ngay ca trong nhng trng hp o li giai cung phc tap . Trong hau het nhng bai toan khac thc te khong tm c nghiem chnh xac , do o phai dung en phng phap gan ung con goi la ly thuyet nhieu loan ma noi dung c ban la : a cac bai toan nay ve nhng bai toan n gian co the tm nghiem chnh xac sau o tm nhng hieu chnh tng ng .

1 LY THUYET NHIEU LOAN DNG KHONG SUY BIEN .

H (n) = E (n) (n) Ta bieu dien H di dang : H = Ho +u

Trong bai toan :

(1.1)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Trong o

- 103 -

la so hang be khong phu thuoc tng minh vao thi gian va c

goi la toan t nhieu loan bo sung vao toan t khong nhieu loan co :
( ( ( H o on) = Eon) on)

Ho

. Vi

Ho

ta

(coi nh a co ) , trong o he :

( on) la trc chuan .e thuan tien hn ta viet

(1.2)

H = Ho + u

Trong o la hang so rat be . Ta khai trien ham song va nang lng theo cac bac cua :
( ( ( ( (n) = on) + 1 n) + 2 2n) + ... = k kn) ( ( ( ( E (n) = E 0n) + E1 n) + 2 E2n) + ... = k E kn)
k =0

k =0

(1.3)

Thay (1.3) vao (1.1) ta co :

( ( ( H o + u )( on) + 1(n) + 2 2n) + ...) = ( ( ( ( = ( Eon) + E1( n) + 2 E2n) + ...)( on) + 1 n) + ...)

So sanh cac he so cua


( ( ( H o on) = Eon) on)

co cung bac luy tha ta co he phng trnh: (1.4) (1.5) (1.6)

( ( ( ( ( H o on) Eon) 1 n) E1(n) on) = u on) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( H o 2n) Eon) 2n) E2n) on) = u 1 n) + E1 n) 1 n)

Ta thay phng trnh (1.4)trung vi phng trnh (1.2). Tiep tuc khai trien
( n) k theo chuoi cua ham rieng ( on) :

( (k ( kn) = C nm) om) m( n)

, (k=1,2,3)

(1.7)

Thay (1.7) vao (1.5) va (1.6) ta co :


(n) (n) (1) (m) ( n) (n) ( n) C nm ( Eo Eo ) o E1 o = u o

m( n)

(1.8)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
( n) ( n) ( 2) ( m) ( n) (m) ( n) ( n) ( n) C nm ( E o E o ) o E 2 o = u 1 + E1 1

- 104 -

m( n)

(1.9) Ky hieu phan t ma tran cua so hang nhieu loan bo sung


( ( u mn = ( om) u on) ) =< m u n >=

umn bang :
(1.10)

( m )* ( n) o u o dV

+ ( = o ( m) u on)

phng trnh (1.8) vi o bac khong th co :

Ta hay tm bo sung cap mot cua nang lng


+ ( n)

E1(n) .Muon vay ta nhan trai

va dung tnh trc giao cua he cac ham rieng gan ung (1.11)

( + n E1 n) = o (n) u o = u nm

lng bang gia tr trung bnh cua toan t so khai trien :


(1) C nm =

u theo cac trang thai khong nhieu loan . + ( m) Neu ta nhan trai phng trnh (1.8) vi o th ta c bieu thc cua cac he
u mn ( ( E on ) E om )

ieu nay co ngha la :So hang nhieu loan cap 1 cua cac gia tr rieng cua nang

(1.12)

Nh vay cac ham rieng trong phep gan ung cap mot la :

u mn ( m) (n) ( m) o m( n) E o E o

(1.13)

Lam tng t nh tren , vi phng trnh (1.9)ta co :


( E2n)

u nm 2 u nm u mn = ( n) = ( m) (n) ( m) m( n ) E o E o m( n ) E o E o

)
o

(1.14)

(2 Cnm) =

u u umsusn mn nn ( ( ( n) ( m) s ( n, m) ( Eon ) Eos ) )( E n E m ) (E E ) 2 o o


o

(1.15)

Nh vay trong gan ung bac hai li giai cua phng trnh co dang : +/ Nang lng :(cho

=1 )

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 105 ( E1 n)

E =
n

( E on )

( E2n)

( E on )

u nm 2 + u nn + ( ( m ( n ) ( E on ) E om ) )

+/ Ham song tng ng : (

(1.16)

= 1)
u mn ( on) (n) ( m) m( n) ( Eo E o ) +
(1.17)

( ( ( ( (n) = on) + 1n) + 2 2n) = on) +

(2 ( + C nm) om) m( n)

T ket qua (1.17) ta thay : thanh phan hieu chnh thc s nho khi :
( ( u nm << E on) E om)

ieu nay co ngha la phng phap nay ap dung tot khi cac yeu to ma tran cua toan t nhieu loan la nho so vi khoang cach gia cac mien nang lng cua he khong nhieu loan .

2 HIEU NG ZEEMANN
Hieu ng Zeemann la s tach cac mc nang lng cua nguyen t , phan t va tinh the trong t trng ma bieu hien cua no la s tach cac vach pho . Can phan biet hai hien tng: + Hieu ng Zeemann bnh thng: la hien tng tach cac vach pho t trng manh. Hien tng nay thng quan sat c oi vi nguyen t khi khong e y en Spin. + Hieu ng Zeemann d thng la hien tng tach cac vach pho t trng yeu. Hien tng nay thng quan sat c oi vi cac nguyen t co momen Spin khac khong. Ten goi nh vay la do lch s ve hieu ng Zeemann bnh thng c phat hien ra trc. e xet bai toan ta xuat phat t phng trnh Pauli mo ta trang thai cua hat cung vi Spin trong ien t trng:

r (r , t ) 1 r e r 2 eh r r r ih = ( p A) + e + u(r ) + H (r , t ) t c 2me c 2me


(2.1) Ta xet hieu ng Zecmann bnh thng do o ta bo qua Spin cua hat va so han mo ta ien trng.

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
Nh vay phng trnh (2.1) co dang gon hn:

- 106 -

r r (r , t ) 1 r e r 2 ih = ( p A) + u(r ) (r , t ) t c 2me
e y rang:

(2.2)

r e P A c Ma ta co :

2 2 2 e e e = Px Ax + Py Ay + Pz Az c c c

e2 2 e e 2 p x Ax = p x ( p x Ax Ax p x ) + 2 Ax c c c

p x Ax = p x ( Ax ) = ih
Vay :

A ( Ax ) = ih x ihAx x x x V ; ihAx = Ax p x x

( Px Ax Ax p x ) = ih
Ket qua ta co :

Ax x

2 r r rr 2 = p e Ap + ieh A + e A 2 + u (r ) H 2 2m e m e c 2m e c 2me c r A = 0 va nh vay neu bo qua so hang bac hai r T ieu kien Lerentz ta co : 2 : A th H co dang : r p2 e rr H= + u (r ) A p = H o + Nang lng nhieu loan me c 2m e Ngha rr e Ap me c . la Nang lng nhieu loan la so hang :

Nh vay khi khong co t trng phng trnh khong nhieu loan la:
2 o o o o (r ) = h + u (r ) (r ) = E ( o ) (r ) H (r ) (r ) nl (r ) 2 me

Phng trnh nay co nghiem la :


o m (or ) = nlm (r, , ) = Rne (r )Ylm ( , ) = Rnl (r ) pl (cos )e im

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 107 -

ihe r r A Coi so hang nhieu loan la : mc ta co the tm c : rr rr ihe ( * ihe o E1 nl ) = nl A nl = n(o) A nlm dv lm m c mc
e

co :

Hx = Hy = 0
T

e Gia s t trng la eu va khong thay oi , hng doc theo truc z khi o ta


,

Hz =H

r r H = rotA suy ra :

1 Ax = y 2

Ay =
Do o :

Az = 0

1 x 2 H

ihe r r e A = ( Ax p x + Ay p y + Az p z ) = mc me c 1 1 e = ( yp x + xp y ) 2 me c 2 H

eH eH ( xp y yp x ) = Mz 2 me c me c

Mat khac do :

M z = ih

nen ta co :

( ) nom (r , , ) ( ) l = im nom (r , , ) l
2 ehH eH (o) hm nlm dv = m 2me c 2m e c

vay ta co ket qua :

E1( nl ) =

Bay gi ta xet cac ham rieng :muon vay ta phai tnh cac phan t ma tran:

nlm

ihe r r ihe ( ) *(o) A nlm ' = H nl m nom' dv me c l 2me c

ehH ' *(o) (o) m dv = 0 2mec nlm nlm'


(o ) nlm

( = )) va so hieu chnh trong phep gan ung cap mot khong nhieu loan (
bang khong, con cac mc nang lng tach ra phu thuoc vao m qua bieu thc :

Nh vay ngha la t trng khong lam thay oi cac ham rieng cua bai toan

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
( E nlm = E no) l

- 108 -

eHh m 2me c
m=0

Tren s o mc nang lng hien tng nay c minh hoa nh sau: l = 0 (m = 0)

l = 1 (m = -1,0.1)

m=1 m=0 m = -1

3 LY THUYET NHIEU LOAN DNG CO SUY BIEN HIEU NG STARK


I/ Ly thuyet nhieu loan dng co suy bien :
e y rang ly thuyet phan tren se vo ngha neu :
( ( Eon) Eom) = 0

hay xap x mot lng rat be. V vay ta phai ieu chnh ly thuyet sao cho co the giai quyet c trng hp o . Trc het ta viet lai he ham rieng. Gia s :

, o ... lamoi ham ng vi mot tr rieng. +/ o Trong phep gan ung cap 1 nghiem cuabai toan c tm di dang:
( ( = c s os) + C o ) s =1 g

(1) ( 2) (g) +/ o , o ... o la cac ham cung ng vi mot tr rieng . ( g +1) ( g + 2)

= g +1

(3.1)

C la cac lng be va c s la cac lng kha ln. H = H o + H con nang lng (tr rieng) tng Hamiltonian viet di dang: ng viet la : E = E o + trong o la he so chnh bac nhat cua gia tr rieng tc
trong o : la nang lng cua he. Phng trnh Schrodinger tr thanh:
g

(s) ( ) c s H E o + C ( H o Eo ) o = 0

g +1

Nhng e y rang:

(3.2)

H o o = Eo o

nen trong phep gan ung cap 1 phng trnh (3.2) co the viet la :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
(s) ( ) ( ) C s ( H E ) o + C ( Eo Eo ) o = 0
g

- 109 -

g +1

(3.3)

l = 1,2...g Nhan trai phng trnh nay vi o va s dung tnh trc chuan cua cac ham trong gan ung cap khong ta co:
s =1

+ (l )

C s ( H ls E ) = 0

hay :
g =1

C s ( H ls E ls ) = 0 H = +(l ) H ( s ) dv

(3.4)

o trong o : ls o Phng trnh (3.4) c goi la phng trnh the ky . Di dang khai trien phng trnh nay viet la :

C1 ( H 11 E ) + C 2 H 12 + ... + C g H 1g = 0

C1 H g1 + C 2 H g 2 + ... + C g ( H gg E ) = 0

ieu kien cua he nay la nh thc cua he phai bang khong:

( H 11 E ) H 12 H 21

...H 1g = 0

Det ( E ) =

( H 22 E )...H 2 g

..... H g1 H g 2 .....( H gg E )

: E , E ...E tng ng vi g trang thai ban au suy bien hoac chuan suy bien cua he khong nhieu loan . Thay cac gia tr nay cua E vao phng trnh (3.4) ta tm c cac hieu chnh cua ham song trong phep gan ung cap 1 cua ly thuyet nhieu loan . Do co nhieu loan nen mc nang lng suy bien ban au noi chung se khong suy bien na va ta noi rang : nhieu loan a lam mat suy bien . S mat suy bien co the la hoan toan co the la bo phan.

(1)

es es ) (Det(E) = ay la phng trnh ai so bac g e xac nh nang lng E la

H E

=0

( 2)

(g)

II/ Hieu ng Stark trong nguyen t Hydrogen :


Hieu ng Stark la s bien oi cac mc nang lng cua nguyen t,phan t va tinh the di tac dung cua ien trng ,ma bieu hien cua no la s dch chuyen va s tach cac vach pho . Hieu ng Stark co hai trng hp : Hieu ng Stark tuyen tnh : La s tach cac mc nang lng ty le tuyen tnh vi E .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 110 -

Hieu ng Stark bnh phng la s tach cac mc nang lng ty le vi E2 .Trong giao trnh nay ch han che xet hieu ng stark tuyen tnh . 1/ Hieu ng Stark tuyen tnh trong nguyen t hydrogen : Vi nguyen hydrogen ta co cong thc :
( E no)

ieu nay co ngha la nang lng cua he ch phu thuoc vai so lung t chnh n.Nh vay o bac suy bien cua mc nang lng En la n2 v mc nang lng suy bien theo l va n :
n 1

me 4 1 = 2 2 2h n

Neu ta at nguyen t Hydrogen vao mot ien trng co cng o E = const th cac mc nang lung cua nguyen t se tach ra ty le vi E. e n gian ta gia s ien trng hng theo truc z. Do o Hamiltonien nhieu loan ( nang lng tng tac cua electron vi trng ngoai ) se bang : Trong o la cng o cua trng ngoai.
( E1 o) =

l=0

(2l + 1) = n 2

U = e z

2/ Vi n = 1: khi o nang lng co dang:

ma t qui tac vi cac so lng t :

me 4 2h 2

n = 1 , 2 ,... l = 0 ,1, 2 ,.... ( 1)

m = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... l

Ngha la vi n = 1 ch co mot trang thai 100 .Nh vay khi n =1 khong co suy bien (mot mc nang lng ng vi mot ham song ). 3/ Vi n = 2 Mc nang lung Nhng khi o se co 4 ham song la:
( E1 o) =

me 4 1 2h 2 4

L z cho nen vi U = e z (U ty le vi z ) ta cung co : U , Lz = 0

+/ : , , Nh vay nang lng suy bien bac 4 . Nhng lu y la toa o z giao hoan vi

2so : n = 2 , l = 0 , m = 0 2 p 1 : n = 2 , l = 1 , m = 1 +/ 2 po n = 2 l = 1 m = 0 +/ : , , 2 p1 n = 2 l = 1 m = 1
+/

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 111 -

Ngha la nhieu loan ch anh hng en cac trang thai vi cung so lng t t m , tc la cac trang thai 2So va 2Po (xao tron chung), con hai mc kia 2P1 va 2P1van khong b anh hng g . Bon trang thai nay c cho bang ham song nh sau: +/ +/ +/
( 2S o o1) = 2oo = R2o (r )Y1o = ( 2 Po o2) = 21o = R21Y1o =

1 R (r ) = f (r ) 4 2o

+/

Trong o:

z 3 R21 (r ) cos = F (r ) 4 r 3 ( R21 (r ) sin e i 2 P1 o3) = 211 = R21Y11 = 8 x + iy = F (r ) 2 3 ( R21 (r ) sin e i 2 P o4) = 211 = R21Y11 = 1 4 x iy = F (r ) 2

r r 1 R2o = e 2a 1 3 2a 2a r r 1 e 2a 3 2a 6a

2 a = h = ban knh Bohr me 2 Nh vay trang thai tong quat ng vi n = 2 la :

R21 =

( = C o)

=1

ngoai theo ly thuyet nhieu loan ta phai giai phng trnh the ky :
s =1

Di tac dung cua nhieu loan mc nang lung se tach ra thanh bon mc con , moi mc ng vi mot ham song(kh suy bien hoan toan )hay van co mot vai ham song ng vi mot mc nang lng (kh suy bien mot phan ). 4/ e xac nh cac mc nang lung va cac ham song khi ton tai ien trng

C s (H ls E ls ) = 0
g

Bieu thc

H E di dang tong : H E = H o E o + U E (1)

) (
)

Ta co ket qua la :
4 s =1

(1) C s U ls E ls = 0

Trong o

uls

la:

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 112 -

khong la :

U ls = l*( o ) s( o ) dv = e l*( o ) z so dv u Thay cac ham song vao yeu to ma tran ls ta thay ch co hai tch phan khac
U 12 = U 21 = z2 = e f (r ) F (r ) dv = (dv = r 2 sin drd ) = r

e 3 2 2 dr d R20 (r ) R21 (r ) cos zr sin d 4 0 0 0

2 r r e 3 1 2 a 1 r e 2 a r z 2 r 2 sin dr d d = e 2a 2a 4 12 a 3 0 0 0
2 r r2 2 e 3 1 2 a 1 r = e 2a z sin drdd 4 12 a 3 0 0 0 2a U12 = U 21 = 3ea Cuoi cung ta co ket qua :

Thay vao phng trnh the ky ta co :

E (1) c1 3ea.c2 + oc3 + oc 4 = 0 3eac1 E (1) c2 + oc3 + oc 4 = 0 oc1 + oc2 E (1) c3 + oc 4 = 0 oc1 + oc2 E (1) c4 + oc3 = 0 c det(E (1) ) = 0 : e cho cac i khac khong th nh thc E (1) 3ea 0 0 (1) 0 0 = . det (E(1)) = 3ea E
0 0 0 0

E (1)
0

E (1)

= ( E (1) ) 2 ( E (1) ) 2 ( 3 e a ) 2 = 0
T ay suy ra :

E1(1) = 3ea

( E21) = 3ea

( ( E31) = 0 = E 41)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 113 o E2 ch tach ra

Nh vay s suy bien ch mat mot phan va neu nang lung thanh ba mc khac nhau .Tren so o mc nang lng ieu nay c mo ta nhbang sau : (s tach mc nang lng n = 2 ).

Khong co ien trng ngoai


( E 2o) =

Co ien trng ngoai.


E = E (o ) + 3e a 2 2

me 4 2h 2

2 =

o 3 = 3
E

= E (o ) = E (o ) 4 2

1 (o ) (o ) 2 2 1

3 4
o 4 = 4
1 =
1 (o ) (o ) + 2 2 1

( E1 o) =

me h2

= E (o ) 3e a 2

5/ tnh cac ham song tng ng vi cac mc nang lng : Ta tnh cac ham song trong gan ung cap khong gan lien vi cac mc nang lng E1, E2 , E3 , E4 . thay
( ( E31) = E41) = 0 vao phng trnh the ky ta co : oc1 + 3eac2 + oc3 + oc4 = 0 oc2 + 3eac1 + oc3 + oc4 = 0 oc1 + oc2 + oc3 + oc4 =0 oc1 + oc2 + oc3 + oc4 =0 c1 = c2 = 0 , c3 0 , c4 0 Phng trnh co ngiem :

Nh vay vi mc nang lng khong b xe dch trang thai tong quat nhat c mo ta bang ham song :

E = E4 Tng ng vi mc 3 con ) . Ta co the chon ham song :


( 3 (r ) = 3o) = 211 (r )
( 4 (r ) = 4o) = 21,1 (r )

( ( (r ) = c 3o) + c4 4o)

(o = E 2 ) c3

va

c4 la tuy y (s suy bien van

m=1

m = -1 Hay to hp tuyen tnh cu chunh v he vi m = 1 van con suy bien tham ch khi co ien trng ngoai .

E1(1) vao phng trnh the ky ta co : Thay c3 = c4 = 0 , c1 = c2 = c


do o :

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
( 2 (r ) = c( 1(o) 2o)

- 114 -

hay

r ( 2 (r ) = 1 ( 1(o) 2o) )

( E21) Thay

2 = 3ea vao ta co : c3 = c4 = 0 , c1 = c2 = c
( 1 (r ) = 1 ( 1(o) 2o) )

do o :

r ( 1 (r ) = c( 1(o) + 2o) )

hay

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 115 -

CHNG V. HE CAC HAT ONG NHAT

Cac hat ong nhat trong c hoc lng t cung c hieu ve c ban nh trong vat ly co ien ngha la: cac hat hoan toan giong nhau, tc la cac hat co cac ac trng e,m,s hoan toan nh nhau. V du nh electron, cac hat photon ..v.v.la cac hat ong nhat. Tuy nhien can lu y la: khai niem hat ong nhat trong qua trnh phat trien cua vat ly vi mo cung nh c hoc lng t ngay cang c m rong hn-hay ve mat toan hoc co the noi la oi xng gia cac hat vi mo ngay cang cao hn. Cu the la: cac hat nh proton va ntron hoan toan hkac nhau nhng trong tng tac manh no co the c xem nh la cac hat ong nhat. Trong vat ly hoc co ien van e phan biet cac hat ong nhat la khong co g kho khan v ta co the da vao quy ao cua cac hat e phan biet chung vi nhau. Nhng trong c hoc lng t khai niem quy ao b bac bo do nguyen ly bat nh Heisenberg nen van e khong the giai quyet theo cach nh trong c hoc co ien c .Trong c hoc lng t cac hat ong nhat hoan toan mat tnh ca the, chung hoan toan nh nhau, khong the bang bat ky cach nao anh dau c chung. o la noi dung cua nguyen ly khong phan biet cac hat ong nhat.

1 TOAN T HOAN V. NGUYEN LY PAULI


1/ Toan t hoan v
Bay gi ta tm cach the hien nguyen ly khong phan biet cac hat ong nhat bang cac tnh chat cua ham song cua he hat ong nhat.

(r1 , r2 ,...) no cho ta mot ham khac trong o toa o cua hat th k va th j oi cho
cho nhau:

Toan t

Pkj

c goi la toan t hoan v khi no tac dung len ham song

Pkj r , r ,...r ...r ...r

1 2 k j

= r ...r ...r ...r 1 k j N

oi vi ham rieng ta co the viet: Pkj r ...r ...r ...r = r ...r ...r ...r j N j N 1 k 1 k Khi o:

(1)

P 2 = 2 =

do o:

2 = 1 = 1

(2)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 116 -

Cac ham khong oi dau khi hoan v c goi la cac ham oi xng hay cac ham chan. Cac ham oi dau khi hoan v c goi la cac ham phan oi xng hay cac ham le. Tnh chan le la mot tch phan chuyen ong v toan t hoan v giao hoan vi

P kj len H ch a ti viec hoan v Hamiltonian. S d nh vay la v tac dung cua


cac phan t ma thoi. H r ...r ...r ...r = H r ...r ...r ...r 1 k j N N 1 j k

2/ Cac hat Bose va cac hat Fermi (cac boson va cac Fermion)
Thc nghiem chng to rang tnh chat oi xng cua ham song co lien he vi ban chat cua cac hat. Cac hat co cac ham song oi xng ky hieu la s - c goi la cac Boson, Cac hat co cac ham song phan oi xng ky hieu la a - c goi la cac hat Fermi hay cac Fermion. Cac hat c xep vao loai nao la tuy thuoc vao Spin cua chung. Cac Fermion co Spin ban nguyen, cac Boson co Spin nguyen.

3/ Ham song cua he ong nhat khong tng tac. Nguyen ly Pauli.
Phng trng Schrodinger oi vi cac trang thai dng cua cac hat khong tng tac co dang:
h2 i i =1 2m
N

r r + U (r ) (r1 , r2 ...rN ) = E (r1 , r2 ...rN )

(3)

Nghiem cua phng trnh nay la:

(r1 , r2 ...rN ) = K (r1 ). K (r2 )... K (rN )


1 2

(4)

Trong o Ki (i=1,2, N) la tap hp cac so lng t cua cac trang thai ma o hat ton tai. Nh vay moi mot khi Ki la mot tap hp ay u ac trng cho trang thai cua tng hat rieng le. cac ham cho tng hat rieng le.
2 h 2m i K i

K (r )
i

la nghiem cua phng trnh Schrodinger e

(r )+U ( )
i

r K (r ) = E K K (ri ) i i i i

(5)

Nhng e y rang ham (4) khong thoa oi hoi oi xng, hay noi chnh xac hn no cha phai la ham oi xng cung nh phan oi xng. Nhng lu y rang phng

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 117 -

trnh (3) la phng trnh tuyen tnh do o s chong chat cac nghiem dang (4) se la mot nghiem cua no. Da vao nhan xet nay ta co the xay dng tnh oi xng cho nghiem cua (3). e n gian ta xet he hai hat khong tng tac vi nhau. Khi o de thay rang: cac ham khong oi xng co dang sau:

1 (r1 , r2 ) = 1 (r1 ) 2 (r2 ) 2 (r1 , r2 ) = 2 (r1 ) 1 (r2 )

(6)

Trong o cac ch so 1 va 2 trong cac ham song anh dau hai trang thai khac nhau cua hat . Cac ham song 1(r1,r2), 2(r1,r2) tng ng vi cung mot gia tr nang lng cua he. T cac ham nay ta co the xay dng hai to hp oi xng tng ng vi gia tr nang lng o.

tong quat hoa hai cong thc (7) va (8) cho trng hp tong quat bao gom lng tuy y cac hat khong tng tac. oi vi he cac Boson, trang thai c mo ta bang cac ham oi xng:
n ! n !... S = 1 2 N!
12

1 r r + 2 r1 1 r2 1 1 2 2 2 (7) 1 a = r r 2 r1 1 r2 1 1 2 2 2! (8) 1 1 = 2 c suy ra t ieu kien chuan hoa ham song). Ta co the 2! (He so

S =

() ( )

() ( )

() ( )

() ( )

K r1 K r2 ... K rN 1 2 N
P

(9)

trong o tong lay theo moi cach hoan v kha d cua cac ch so khac nhau k1 , k2 kN ; ni ky hieu so ch so nhan cung mot gia tr. Ngha la cac so ni cho thay co

n bao nhieu hat trang thai i a cho, hn na: i Tng t cho cac Fermion ta co ham song:

=N

K r1 . K r2 ... K rN a =
1

K K

N! ...

() ( ) ( ) (r ). (r )... (r )
1 1 1 K 2 2 K 2 N

(r ). (r )... (r )
N 1 K N 2 K N N

(10)

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 118 -

nh thc trong ve phai c goi la nh thc Slater. Tuy theo loai hat ma ta chon ham song dang (9) hay (10). Ta xet he cac hat Fermion. Gia s co hai hat cua he cung mot trang thai lng t co ngha la K1 =K2 . ieu nay co ngha la hai hat co cung mot tap hp u cac so lng t. V du trong chuyen ong cua hat trong trng xuyen tam oi xng la : n,l,m, S2 ; trong chuyen ong t do la: Sx ,Sy ,Sz ,luc o nh thc Slater (10) bang khong. Nh vay vi cac Fermion khong the ton tai trang thai cua he ma trong o hai hat ong nhat (hoac nhieu hn) trong cung mot trang thai. o la noi dung cua nguyen ly Pauli c thiet lap tren c s phan tch cac so lieu thc nghiem trc khi xuat hien c hoc lng t.

2 NANG LUNG TRAO OI VA NGUYEN T HELI


Bai toan c hoc lng t cho mot he hat ong nhat la bai toan kho khan nhat ma tiec thay no lai la bai toan thng gap nhat do y ngha thc tien cung nh ly thuyet va cho ti nay con rat nhieu van e van cha c giai quyet tron ven .Mac du vay e lam sang to cho van e nay ta cung co the xet mot bai toan cu the o la bai toan nguyen t Heli. C s e xet bai toan nay la mot khai niem hoan toan C hoc lng t xuat phat t nguyen ly khong phan biet cac hat ong nhat :Khai niem nang lng trao oi .

I/. nh ngha nang lng trao oi :


Nang lng trao oi hay tng tac trao oi la s tng tac ac biet cua cac hat ong nhat gan lien vi tnh chat oi xng nhat nh cua ham song cua he hat oi vi s hoan v toa o cua chung va the hien nh ket qua cua mot tng tac ac biet nao o . Tng tac trao oi la mot hieu ng thuan tuy c hoc lng t ngha la no khong he co mot s tng t nao trong c hoc co ien . Hieu ng trao oi la c s e giai thch mot hien tng chang han nh s tao thanh mot lien ket ong tr , s tao thanh vung nang lng trong cac tinh the

II/.Nguyen t Heli :
e lam v du cu the ta xet nguyen t Heli . Trong trng hp nay Hamiltonien co dang : (2.1) Nh the co ngha la a gia thiet hat nhan la ng yen con tng tac t trng khong xet en Spin cua electron (v trong mien khong tng oi tnh hieu ng Spin coi nh khong ang ke ). e tnh toan ta ap dung phng phap nhieu loan .Vi toan t nhieu loan chnh la nang lng tng tac gia hai electron :

2e 2 2e 2 2e 2 h2 h2 r r H (r1 , r2 ) = 1 2 r r + r 2m 2m r1 r2 r12

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 119 -

e2 u= r r r 12 r H = Ho +u r r r r 2e 2 h2 H o = H1 + H 2 , H i = ; i 1,2. 2m i r
i

T o ta co phng trnh Schrodinger :

(2.2)

r h2 2e 2 r H i n (ri ) = r n (ri ) = E n (ri ) r 2m i


1

Trc het ta giai bai toan n gian :

(2.3)

r r r r r r H o o1 (r1 , r2 ) = (H 1 + H 2 ) o1 (r1 , r2 ) = E o o1 (r1 , r2 )


Hien nhien ta co the viet

(2.4)

r r H o1 (r1 , r2 ) di dang : r

o1 (r1 , r21 ) = 1 (r1 ) 2 (r2 )


va ham song nay ng vi mc nang lng :

r r

Eo = E1 + E2
r r

o2 (r1 , r21 ) = 1 (r2 ) 2 (r1 ).

D nhien ta cung co the viet ham song di dang :

Ngha la cac hat trao oi trang thai cho nhau : hat th nhat trang thai th hai con hat th hai nam trong trang thai th nhat . V Eo suy bien boi hai nen ham rieng cua bai toan nhieu loan se c tm di dang :

= C1 o1 + C2 o2

Thay ham song nay vao phng trnh :

(2.5)

(H
2

+U E = 0

Va at :

E = Eo +

Ta c phng trnh the ky sau (trong gan ung cap 1 ):


s =1

C s (U ls ls ) = 0

trong o :

(2.6)

r r * U ls = olU os dr1dr2
Khoa Vat ly

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

C hoc lng t
T ay ta co the tnh c :

- 120 -

r r e2 * U 11 = o1U o1 d r1 d r2 = U = r12 r 1 r r r r * r = e 2 1 (r1 ) 2 (r2 ) 1 (r2 ) 2 (r2 )d r1 d r2 . * r12 2 r r * e = o 2 d r1 d r2 = U 22 = K r12

(2.7)

ai lng K c nh ngha nh nang lng tng tac Coulomb gia hai ien tch phan bo vi cac mat o tng ng la : (2.8) Tng t ta co cac phan t ma tran con lai (khong cheo) la :
* U 11 = e 2 o1

1 = e 1 (r1 )

r 2 ; 2 = e 2 (r2 )

r r 1 o2 dr1dr2 = r12 r 1 r r r r * r * = e 2 1 (r1 ) 2 (r2 ) 1 (r2 ) 2 (r2 )dr1dr2 . r12


* * = U 21 = U 12 = U 21 = A

(2.9)

Ket qua viet nh tren chng to cac gia tr cua yeu to ma tran la thc . Nh vay phng trnh (6) tr thanh : (K )C1 + AC 2 = 0 AC1 + (K )C 2 = 0 (2.10) e he phng trnh co nghiem khong tam thng th nh thc cua he phai bang khong ngha la : Trng hp :

K = A

E = Eo + = Eo + K + A ng vi ham song : r r r r ' = C ( o1 + o2 ) = 1 [ 1 (r1 ) 2 (r2 ) + 1 (r2 ) 1 (r2 )] 2 (2.10)


Nh vay mc nang lng

Thay gia tr vao phng trnh (10) ta co : C1= C2=C.

= K + A.

= K A va tnh toan nh tren ta co : C1= -C2 .Vay mc nang lng : E = E o + = E o + K A tng ng vi ham song : r r r r '' = 1 [ 1 (r1 ) 2 (r2 ) 1 (r2 ) 2 (r1 )] 2 (2.12)
Trng hp

1 ( 2 la he so chuan hoa ).

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 121 -

Mc nang lng Eo dch chuyen i mot khoang K va tach thanh hai mc con , khoang cach gia hai mc nay la 2A Eo +K+A Eo +K Eo +K-A Eo ai lng A c goi la nang lng trao oi .

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 122 -

BAI KET
Khi trnh bay cac nguyen ly c ban cua c hoc lng t nh trong giao trnh nay va trong a so cac giao trnh c hoc lng t khac khong the trnh bay theo mot he thong chat che, hp ly va sang sua ve logic c. Bi le neu trnh bay nh the se vap phai mot nhc iem khong phai la nho la tnh tru tng qua mc cua khai niem, no che lap cac c s vat ly cua mon hoc (nh giao trnh cua Dirac). V vay e khac phuc phan nao nhc iem cua cach trnh bay cua chung ta, phan cuoi nay ta tong ket mot cach ngan gon cac nguyen ly va cac bai toan c ban cung nh gii han ap dung cua c hoc lng t hay chnh xac hn la c hoc lng t khong tng oi tnh.

I/. Cac nguyen ly va bai toan c ban cua c hoc lng t :


C hoc lng t nghien cu ca tap hp thong ke cac hat vi mo va giai ba toan chu yeu: 1. Xac nh cac gia tr kha d cua cac ai lng c hoc (Xac nh pho cua cac ai lng ). 2. Tnh xac xuat cua mot ai lng nao o trong so cac ai lng cua tap hp cac hat vi mo. 3. S bien oi cua tap hp theo thi gian (chuyen ong cua hat vi mo). Cac nguyen ly c ban cua c hoc lng t

1/. Ha

m Song Va Nguyen Ly Chong Chat Trang Thai.

Cac hat vi mo cua mot tap hp xac nh trong c hoc lng t c ac trng bi ham so song . Ham la ham so cua tap hp xac nh cac ai lng ma ta ky hieu la x (x ay khong ch la toa o hay cac toa o, rong hn ta co the hieu la mot tap hp bat ky cac bien so gian oan hay lien tc tao thanh mot tap hp u nao o ). So cac ai lng cua tap hp u c xac nh bi ban chat cua he va bang so bac t do cua he. Tuy theo cach chon tap hp cac ai lng la oi so cua ham so song ma ta noi rang ham song trong bieu dien nay hay bieu dien khac cua trang thai. Cu the hn neu x la cac toa o ta noi trang thai trong bieu dien toa o, neu x la xung lng ta noi trang thai trong bieu dien xung lng Ham so song con co ch so n (thng c bo i khong ghi) khi o viet la n(x) e ch ham so song a c xac nh tren tap hp nao. Mot tap hp thong ke c mo ta bi mot ham so song c xac nh goi la mot tap hp thuan nhat (hay tinh khiet). Tap hp khong co mot ham so song c xac nh goi la tap hp hon hp. No c ac trng bi ma tran mat o. thay cho ham so song . Tnh chat c ban cua cac tap hp lng t tinh khiet c bieu th trong nguyen ly: Neu hai trang thai kha d c bieu dien bang cac ham so song1 va2 th ton tai mot trang thai th ba c bieu dien bi ham so song: = C11 + C22 . trong o C1 va C2 c goi la cac bien o trang thai.

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 123 -

Tat ca nhng he thc gia cac ai lng vat ly trong c hoc lng t c bieu dien bang cac toan t tuyen tnh t lien hp sao cho moi mot ai lng vat ly thc L c oi ng vi mot toan t tuyen tnh t lien hp bieu dien no.

2/ Gia Tr Trung Bnh:


S bieu dien cac ai lng nh cac toan t lien he vi cac ai lng o c nh cac cong thc xac nh gia tr trung bnh cua ai lng trang thai :

L = ( , L )

Vi ieu kien chuan hoa: (,)=1 Cach nh ngha gia tr trung bnh nay cho phep ta tm c pho cua lng L, ngha la tm c cac gia tr kha d cua no. Muon the ta tm cac trang thai ma o lng L ch co mot gia tr xac nh, ngha la tm nhng trang thai ma:

L2 = 0
3/ Bai toan tr rieng va cac gia tr o c cua cac ai lng vat ly trong thc nghiem
Phng trnh xac nh cac ham so rieng cua toan t

L L ( x ) = L L ( x )

L:

(x) . Ta tha nhan rang: cac gia tr rieng cua toan t L la cac rieng tng ng L gia tr cua ai lng L quan sat c trong thc nghiem. V cac ham so rieng lap thanh mot he ham so trc giao nen mot ham so song bat ky (x) co the khai trien theo cac ham so rieng L(x) cua pho:
(x ) = C (L) L ( x )
trong o:
L

T o ta tm c pho cua toan t L (lien tuc hay gian oan) va cac trang thai

C(L)=( L,) Neu pho la lien tuc th dau tong phai c thay the bang dau tch phan: dL. Xac xuat tm thay gia tr cua ai lng bang L trong tap hp c ac trng bi ham so song (x) la bang C(L) 2 (trong trng hp pho bien lien tuc C(L) 2 la mat o xac xuat). Lu y rang C(L) la ham so song cung nh tap hp nay nhng lay trong L-bieu dien. Nh vay C(L) va (x) cung bieu dien mot tap hp.

4/ Phng trnh c ban:


S bien oi theo thi gian cua ham so song mieu ta hat c cho bang phng trnh Schrodinger

ih

= H t

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
trong o toan t

- 124 -

H la Hamiltonien cua he ch phu thuoc vao ban chat cua he va phu thuoc vao ngoai trng tac dung len he. Toan t H se la toan t nang lng
toan phan cua he neu ngoai trng khong phu thuoc thi gian: Thong thng co the viet: T phng trnh Schrodinger va nh ngha gia tr trung bnh ta suy ra rang: L L = , + , H , L dt t Do o toan t

H = T+U

dL dt

bieu dien ao ham toan t L theo thi gian co dang:

dL L = + [H , L] dt t
H , L = i HL LH h la moc Poisson lng t. trong o: Tch phan chuyen ong c cho bi he thc:

Khi khong co ngoai lc cac tch lhan chuyen ong quan trong la nang lng, xung lng toan phan:

dL = 0 dt

P = PK = ih K
K K

va momen xung lng:

M = [rK PK ]+ S K
K K

trong o SK la momen Spin cua hat th K.

5/ Nguyen ly khong phan biet cac hat ong nhat:


Theo nguyen ly nay th s trao oi cua mot cap hat giong nhau khong dan en mot trang thai mi nao ve mat vat ly. Ve phng dien toan hoc ieu nay c cho bang mot ieu kien cho ham so song: PKj = trong o = 1 la cac tr rieng cua toan t hoan v PKj . T o ham song c chia thanh hai loai: -loai mo ta cac trang thai oi xng s . - loai mo ta cac trang thai phan oi xng a T phng trnh Schrodinger suy ra rang tnh oi xng khong thay oi theo thi gian. Do o hat thuoc ve loai oi xng hay phan oi xng c quy nh t ban chat cua cac hat. Cac hat c mo ta bang cac ham song oi xng c goi la cac Boton.

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 125 -

Cac hat c mo ta bang cac ham song phan oi xng c goi la cac Fermion-Chung tuan theo nguyen ly Pauli-nh la he qua trc tiep cua nguyen ly bat nh Heisenberg.

II/ Nhng chan tri mi hay la s phat trien tiep tuc cua C hoc lng t:
Mac du qua phc tap va rat chat che song phan c hoc lng t trong giao trnh nay noi chnh xac mi ch la c hoc lng t khong tng oi tnh-mot phan m au-phan n gian nhat trong mach phat trien cua vat ly ly thuyet hien ai. Quay tr lai trang au cua giao trnh ta thay ay ch la phan tng ng vi v << e . h hu han. Do o hien nhien la khong ay u neu nh khong xet s m rong cua no sang cac phan khac. Chnh v vay ngay trong na au cua the ky th 20, cac nha vat ly a lien tiep m rong c hoc lng t va at c nhng ket qua to ln. S m rong au tien da tren nhan xet la: phng trnh Schrodinger

r r (r , t ) h 2 = + U (r , t ) (r , t ) ih t 2m
ro rang la khong bat bien oi vi phep bien oi lorentz v no la phng trnh bac nhat theo thi gian va bac hai theo cac toa o khong gian, ngha la cac toa o khong gian va khong gian la khong oi xng trong phng trnh nay. M rong phng trnh Schrodinger theo yeu cau o a ti phng trnh mi tong quat hn- phng trnh Klein-Gordon cho hat co Spin bang khong: ( - H 2) (x)=0

mc H = h phng trnh nay la phng trong o: la toan t Dalembert, trnh bac hai theo cac toa o thi gian va khong gian. No bat bien vi phep bien oi Lorentz. Phng trnh Klein-Gordon a ti nhng thanh cong mi song lai a ti mot kho khan ln o la s xuat hien mat o xac xuat am mot ieu qua ky quac khong the chap nhan. e vt qua tnh trang nay Pauli va Weisskopf a xem (x) va mot so ai lng khac na nh la cac toan t va do o phng trnh Klein-Gordon la co the chap nhan c. S phat trien tiep theo la s m rong phng trnh tng oi tnh cho cac hat co Spin ban nguyen. Vinh quang nay thuoc ve nha vat ly hoc ngi Anh la PaulDirac vi phng trnh:
2

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t
1 ( x ) 2 ( x ) (x) = 3 ( x ) ( x ) 4

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vi ay la phng trnh bac nhat theo ao ham cac toa o khong gian va thi gian va bat bien vi phep bien oi Lorentz. Phng trnh Dirac vi thanh cong xuat sac la khang nh s ton tai cua hat Positron ma nhieu nam sau thc nghiem mi phat hien c. Tuy nhien c hoc lng t tng oi tnh vi hai phng trnh c ban la phng trnh Klein-Gordon va phng trnh Dirac cha phai la tan cung. Bi le cung vi phng trnh Schrodinger cac phng trnh nay mi ch mo ta he hat vi so hat bao toan, hay noi cach khac cac phng trnh nay mi ch mo ta he hat vi so hu han bac t do (3N hay 4N neu ke ca Spin). Nh vay chung khong the mo taay u the gii cac hat c ban vi mot ac tnh quan trong la s sinh va huy hat-ngha la so hat khong bao toan khi nang lng cua cac hat u ln. V the c hoc lng t tng oi tnh lai c phat trien mc cao hn va tr thanh ly thuyet trng lng t. Ve mat toan hoc ngi ta thng goi s tien bo nay bang thuat ng lng t hoa lan hai. Ngha la khi o khong ch cac ai lng ong lc ma ca cac ham song cung la cac toan t tuan theo nhng he thc giao hoan nhat nh. Ly thuyet trng lng t la ly thuyet vat ly xem cac hat vi mo nh la cac lng t cua mot trng nao o tng ng. V du photon la lng t cua trng ien t, electron la lng t cua trng electron - Positron. Mac du at c nhng ket qua tuyet vi ly thuyet trng lng t cung lam nay sinh nhng kho khan mi rat khong nho. ac biet o la sphan ky trong cac ly thuyet nay. Noi cho ro hn : khi tnh toan ly thuyet trng lng t cho thay khoi lng, nang lng cua vi hat lai khong phai la nhng lng hu han ma lai bang vo cung-mot ket luan khong the hnh dung noi Tiec rang trong khuon kho cua giao trnh nay ta khong the nghien cu nhieu hn ve ly thuyet trng lng t. Vai dong thay li ket luan nay ch hy vong giup ban oc hieu rang c hoc lng t hay chnh xac hn c hoc lng t khong tng oi tnh mi ch la mot bc au tien n gian nhat i vao the gii vi mo. Vat ly la nh the , khoa hoc la nh the va cuoc song nh mot nha th a viet : Trong oi mat tuoi th cua toi Chan tri la ni co day nui m tm . Day nui ay bay gi toi en Trc mat toi lai mot chan tri. (Pham Quoc Ca ) cung la nh the .Chan tri noi tiep chan tri ,c m noi tiep c m . Toa nha vat ly hoc du a vo cung o so va phc tap nhng khong phai a hoan chnh ma van con rat nhieu cho danh cho cac ban . Hay biet c m , c m va danh het tam tr , sc lc cua mnh cho c m ay ngay t khi con au xanh tuoi tre . Mot lan na toi chuc cac ban gat hai nhieu thanh cong trong hoc tap va luon c m , vn ti nhng chan tri xa xoi trong khoa hoc .

+ H (x ) = 0 x

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

C hoc lng t

- 127 -

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:


Hng dan cac tai lieu tham khao them: 1/ D . DavuDop , C hoc lng t, Ha noi, 1980. 2/ L.V.Tarasop ,Basics consept of Quantum Mechanics , Moscow, 1980. 3/ Blokhinsep , C hoc lng t, Ha noi, 1963. 4/ B.B.Balasop, B.K.Dolinop , Giao trnh C hoc lng t, Moscow, 1982 (Tieng nga). 5/ E.Fermi ,Notes on Quantum Mechanics, Moscow, 1968. 6/ L.A.Borisolepski, Minsc, 1981 (Tieng nga). 7/ V.A.Fock , Cac nguyen ly c ban cua C hoc lng t, Moscow, 1978. 8/ P.Dirac , Cac nguyen ly cua C hoc lng t, Moscow, 1979. 9/ Nguyen Xuan Han , Giao trnh C hoc lng t ,ai hoc Tong hp Ha noi, 1983. 10/ Nguyen Hoang Phng , Nhap mon C hoc lng t, Ha noi, 1998. 11/ D.D.Landau , E.M.Lifshitz, C hoc lng t, Moscow,1965 (Tieng nga). 12/ R. Feymann , Lecture on Physics , Vol III , California , 1976.

ThS. Nguyen Duy Hng

Khoa Vat ly

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