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Cao c gic (Ch bin)

nguyn xun dng cao th vn giang hong thanh phong








Thit k bi ging
ha hc 11

tp mt











Nh xut bn H ni


h tr cho vic dy hc mn Ha hc 11 theo
chng trnh sch
gio khoa (SGK) mi p dng t nm hc 2007 2008, chng ti bin son cun
Thit k bi ging Ha hc 11 tp 1, 2. Sch gii thiu cch thit k bi ging
theo tinh thn i mi phng php dy hc nhm pht huy tnh tch cc nhn
thc ca hc sinh (HS).
V ni dung : Sch bm st ni dung SGK Ha hc 11 theo chng trnh
chun ca B Gio dc v o to ban hnh. mi tit dy u ch r mc tiu
v kin thc, k nng, thi , cc cng vic cn chun b ca gio vin (GV) v
hc sinh, cc phng tin tr ging cn thit nhm m bo cht lng tng bi,
tng tit ln lp. Ngoi ra sch cn m rng, b sung thm mt s ni dung
lin quan n bi ging bng nhiu hot ng nhm cung cp thm t liu
cc thy, c gio tham kho vn dng ty theo i tng v mc ch dy hc.
V phng php dy hc : Sch c trin khai theo hng tch cc ha
hot ng ca hc sinh, ly c s ca mi hot ng l nhng vic lm ca hc
sinh di s hng dn, gi m ca thy, c gio. Sch cng a ra nhiu hnh
thc hot ng hp dn, ph hp vi c trng mn hc nh : th nghim, quan
st vt tht hay m hnh, tho lun, thc hnh, nhm pht huy tnh c lp,
t gic ca hc sinh. c bit sch rt ch trng ti khu thc hnh trong
bi hc, ng thi cng ch r tng hot ng c th ca gio vin v hc sinh
trong mt tin trnh dy hc, coi y l hai hot ng cng nhau trong c
hc sinh v gio vin u l ch th.
Chng ti hi vng cun sch ny s l ti liu tham kho hu ch, gp phn
h tr cc thy, c gio ang trc tip ging dy mn Ha hc 11 trong vic nng
cao cht lng bi ging ca mnh. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc
thy, c gio v bn c gn xa cun sch c hon thin hn.
cc tc gi
Li ni u

n tp u nm
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
n tp v h thng ho kin thc v :
Nguyn t, lin kt ha hc, nh lut tun hon, bng tun hon.
Phn ng oxi ho kh, tc phn ng v cn bng ho hc.
Tnh cht l ho v phng php iu ch cc n cht v hp cht
trong nhm halogen, nhm oxi lu hunh.
2. K nng :
Cng c cho HS cc k nng :
Nghin tnh cht ca cc cht da trn mi quan h :
Cu to Tnh cht phng php iu ch ng dng
Lp phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng oxi ho kh bng phng
php thng bng electron.
Gii mt s dng bi tp c bn nh xc nh thnh phn hn hp, xc
nh tn nguyn t, bi tp cht kh, ...
Luyn tp cc phng php gii bi tp ho hc nh phng php bo
ton, phng php trung bnh, phng php i s, phng php tng
gim khi lng, ....
3. Tnh cm, thi :
Rn luyn thi lm vic khoa hc, nghim tc.
Xy dng thi hc tp tch cc, ch ng, hp tc, c k hoch.
Rn luyn tnh cn thn, sng to trong hc tp.
To c s cho HS yu thch v say m hc ho hc.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, h thng bi tp v cu hi gi .
HS : n tp cc kin thc thng qua hot ng gii bi tp.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
GV t chc cc nhm HS tho lun cc ni dung cn n tp lp 10 di
dng cc bi tp trc nghim khch quan.
Hot ng 1
Nguyn t Lin kt ho hc nh lut tun hon
GV chiu ni dung cc bi tp sau ln mn hnh cho cc nhm HS tho
lun.
Hy chn phng n ng cho mi cu sau y :
1. Tng s cc ht c bn (p, n, e) ca mt nguyn t X l 28. S ht mang
in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 8. Nguyn t X l :
A.
17
9
F B.
19
9
F C.
16
8
O D.
17
8
O
p n B.
2. Ion M
3+
c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3d
5
. Vy nguyn t M
c cu hnh :
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2

C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
8
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
4p
1

p n B.
3. Electron thuc lp no sau y lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht ?
A. Lp K B. Ln L C. Lp M D. Ln N
p n A.
4. Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c cu hnh electron tng qut :
[Kh him](n 1)d

ns
1
. Vy nguyn t A c th l :
A. Cc kim loi nhm IA (Kim loi kim).

B. Kim loi nhm IB (Cu, Ag, Au).
C. Kim loi nhm VIB (Cr, Mo, W).
D. C A, B, C.
p n D.
5. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm (Z = 13) l . 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
Vy pht biu no sau y l sai ?
A. Lp th nht (lp K) c 2 electron.
B. Lp th hai (lp L) c 8 electron.
C. Lp th ba (lp M) c 3 electron.
D. Lp ngoi cng c 1 electron.
p n D.
6. Ion no sau y khng c cu hnh electron ca kh him ?
A. Fe
2+
B. Na
+
C. Cl

D. Mg
2+

p n A.
7. Dy sp xp sau y theo th t kch thc ion tng dn ?
A. F

> O
2
> Na
+
B. O
2
> Na
+
> F


C. Na
+
> F

> O
2
D. O
2
> F

> Na
+

p n D.
8. Dy sp xp no sau y theo th t kch thc gim dn ?
A. K
+
< Ca
2+
< Cl

B. Ca
2+
< K
+
< Cl


C. Cl

< Ca
2+
< K
+
D. Cl

< K
+
< Ca
2+

p n B.
9. Cc nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau,
v v nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm A c :
A. S electron nh nhau.
B. S lp electron nh nhau.
C. S electron thuc lp ngoi cng nh nhau.
D. Cng s electron s hay p.

p n C.
10. Trong mt chu k, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t :
A. Tng theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn.
B. Gim theo chiu gim dn ca in tch ht nhn.
C. Gim theo chiu tng ca tnh phi kim.
D. B v C u ng.
p n C.
11. Trong mt nhm A, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t :
A. Tng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
B. Gim theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
C. Gim theo chiu gim ca tnh kim loi.
D. A v C u ng.
p n D.
12. Hai nguyn t X v Y ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton
trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 25. X v Y thuc chu k v cc nhm no
sau y ?
A. Chu k 2, nhm II A v III A.
B. Chu k 2, nhm III A v IV A.
C. Chu k 3, nhm I A v II A.
D. Chu k 3, nhm II A v III A.
p n D.
13. Nguyn t M thuc nhm A trong bng tun hon. Trong phn ng oxi ho
kh, M to ion M
3+
c 37 ht (p, n, e). V tr ca M trong bng tun hon l
:
A. Chu k 3, nhm III A B. Chu k 4, nhm III A
C. Chu k 3, nhm IV A. D. Kt qu khc
p n A.
14. Lin kt c to thnh gia :
Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron: [Ne] 3s
1
v

Nguyn t Y c cu hnh electron : [Ne] 3s
2
3p
5

l loi lin kt :
A. Cng ha tr c cc B. Cng ho tr khng cc.
C. Ion D. Kim loi
p n C.
15. Hp cht no cha c ba loi lin kt : ion, cng ha tr, cho nhn ?
A. K
2
CO
3
B. Fe(HCO
3
)
2
C. Mg(NO
3
)
2
D. CaOCl
2
.
p n C.
Hot ng 2
Phn ng ho hc Tc phn ng Cn bng ho hc
GV chiu ni dung cc bi tp sau ln mn hnh cho cc nhm HS tho
lun.
Hy nh du vo phng n ng cho mi cu sau y :
1. Phn ng no sau y l phn ng oxi ho kh ?
A. HNO
3
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+ H
2
O
B. N
2
O
5
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3

C. 2HNO
3
+ 3H
2
S 3S + 2NO + 4H
2
O
D. 2Fe(OH)
3

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
p n C.
2. Phn ng no sau y khng phi l phn ng oxi ho kh ?
A. Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O 4Al(OH)
3
+ 3CH
4

B. 2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

C. NaH + H
2
O NaOH + H
2

D. 2F
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HF + O
2

p n A.
3. Trong phn ng 2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
Nguyn t st :
A. B oxi ho.

B. B kh
C. Va b oxi ho va b kh.
D. Khng b oxi ho cng khng b kh.
p n D.
4. Kim loi Zn khng kh c ion no sau y trong dung dch ?
A. H
+
B. Cu
2+
C. Ag
+
D. Al
3+

p n D.
5. Xc nh cht X trong phn ng sau :
Na
2
SO
3
+ KMnO
4
+ X Na
2
SO
4
+ MnO
2
+ KOH
A. X l H
2
SO
4
B. X l HCl
C. X l H
2
O D. X l NaOH
p n C.
6. Cho phn ng :
Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
+ H
2
O
Sau khi cn bng, tng s h s cc cht trong phng trnh phn ng l :
A. 29 B. 25 C. 28 D. 32
p n A.
7. Cho 29g hn hp Mg, Zn, Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, thy
thot ra V lt H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 86,6 gam
mui khan. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 4,48 lit B. 6,72 lit C. 8,96 lit D. 13,44 lit
p n D.
8. Kh 4,64 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, (c s mol bng nhau),
bng CO, thu c cht rn B. Kh thot ra sau phn ng c dn vo
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d, thu c 1,97 gam kt ta. Khi lng ca cht rn
B l :
A. 4,40g B. 4,48g C. 4,45g D. 4,84g

p n B.
9. Cho 12,9 gam mt hn hp (Al, Mg) tan hon ton trong 100ml dung dch
hn hp 2 axit HNO
3
4M v H
2
SO
4
7M (c) thu c 0,1mol mi kh SO
2
,
NO, N
2
O. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c bao nhiu gam mui
khan ?
A. 7,67g B. 76,70g C. 50,30g D. 30,50g
p n B
10. Khi t ci, tng tc phn ng, ngi ta s dng bin php no sau
y c coi l tng din tch b mt ?
A. Mi la B. Thi khng kh
C. Ch nh ci D. C A, B, C
p n C
11. Cho phn ng : N
2
+ 3H
2
= 2NH
3

Tc phn ng thay i nh th no khi tng dung tch bnh phn ng
gp 2 ln (nhit bnh khng i) ?
A. Tng ln 4 ln B. Gim xung 4 ln
C. Tng ln 16 ln D. Gim xung 16 ln
p n D.
12. Phn ng phn hy hidropeoxit c xc tc :
2H
2
O
2

2
o
MnO
t
2H
2
O + O
2

Yu t no sau y khng nh hng n tc phn ng ?
A. Nhit B. Xc tc
C. Nng H
2
O D. Nng H
2
O
2

p n C.
13. Phn ng sau t trng thi cn bng trong bnh kn :
2NaHCO
3
(r) = Na
2
CO
3
(r) + CO
2
(k) + H
2
O (k)
Nu thm tinh th NaHCO
3
(r) vo bnh phn ng th s mol Na
2
CO
3
thay
i nh th no ?
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Khng i D. Khng xc nh
p n C.
14. Phn ng sau t trng thi cn bng trong bnh kn :

2NaHCO
3
(r) = Na
2
CO
3
(r) + CO
2
(k) + H
2
O (k) H = 128KJ
Nu tng th tch ca bnh cha th s mol Na
2
CO
3
thay i nh th no ?
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Khng i D. Khng xc nh
p n A.
15. Phn ng sau t trng thi cn bng trong bnh kn :
2NaHCO
3
(r) = Na
2
CO
3
(r) + CO
2
(k) + H
2
O (k) H = 128KJ
Nu gim nhit ca bnh phn ng th s mol Na
2
CO
3
thay i nh th
no ?
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Khng i D. Khng xc nh
p n B.
Hot ng 3
Nhm halogen v nhm oxi lu hunh
GV chiu ni dung cc bi tp sau ln mn hnh cho HS tho lun
Hy chn phng n ng cho mi cu tr li sau y :
1. Trong phng th nghim, kh clo thng c iu ch bng cch oxi ho hp
cht no sau y ?
A. NaCl B. HCl C. KClO
3
D. KClO
4

p n B.
2. Phng trnh phn ng ho hc no sau y khng ng ?
A. F
2
+ H
2
O = HF + HFO
B. Cl
2
+ H
2
O = HCl + HClO
C. Br
2
+ 2NaOH NaBr + NaBrO + H
2
O
D. 3I
2
+ 6KOH 5KI + KIO
3
+ 3H
2
O
p n A.
3. Pht biu no sau y khng ng khi ni n CaOCl
2
:
A. L cht bt trng, lun bc mi clo

B. L cht st trng, ty trng vi si
C. L mui hn tp ca axit hipoclor va axit clohiric
D. L mui kp ca axit hipoclor v axit clohiric
p n D.
4. Phn ng no sau y chng t Br
2
th hin tnh kh :
A. Br
2
+ 2KClO
3
Cl
2
+ 2KBrO
3

B. Br
2
+ 2HI I
2
+ 2HBr
C. Br
2
+ H
2
2HBr
D. 5Br
2
+ I
2
+ 6H
2
O 10HBr + 2HIO
3

p n A.
5. Ho tan 10g hn hp Fe va Fe
2
O
3
vo mt lng dung dch HCl va , thu
c 1,12l H
2
(ktc) v dung dch X. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X thu c
kt ta. Lc kt ta, nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c
m (g) cht rn. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 10,8g B. 11,2g C. 15,2g D. 21,1g
p n B.
6. Phn t axit no km bn nht ?
A. HClO B. HClO
2
C. HClO
3
D. HClO
4

p n A.
7. Hirohalogenua (HX) c iu ch theo s sau trong phng th nghim :
NaX (rn) + H
2
SO
4
(c)
o
t
HX + NaHSO
4
(hoc Na
2
SO
4
)
Cho bit phng php trn dng iu ch HX no sau y ?
A. HI B. HBr C. HCl D. C A, B, C
p n C.
8. Trong phng th nghim ngi ta iu ch halogen (X
2
) theo s phn ng sau :
NaX (khan) + MnO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(c)
o
t
X
2
+ ...
Cho bit phng php trn khng dng diu ch X
2
no sau y ?
A. Cl
2
B. F
2
C. I
2
D. Br
2


p n B.
9. Trong phn ng ha hc :
2KMnO
4
+ 5 H
2
O
2
+ 3 H
2
SO
4
2 MnSO
4
+ 5 O
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8 H
2
O
xy ra :
A. S kh KMnO
4
B. S kh H
2
O
2

C. S oxi ho KMnO
4
D. S oxi ho H
2
SO
4

p n A.
10. C th iu ch O
2
t ho cht no sau y ?
A. Dung dch NaOH long B. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long
C. KMnO
4
rn D. C A, B, C
p n D.
11. Mt phi kim R to c vi oxi hai oxit, trong % khi lng ca oxi ln
lt l 50% v 60%, phi kim R l :
A. Cacbon B. Ni t C. Lu hunh D. Clo
p n C.
12. loi kh H
2
S ra khi hn hp vi kh HCl, ngi ta dn hn hp qua dung
dch X ly d. Dung dch X l :
A. Pb(NO
3
)
2
B. AgNO
3
C. Fe(NO
3
)
2
D. Cu(NO
3
)
2

p n D.
13. Cho m gam hn hp CaCO
3
, ZnS tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c
6,72l kh (ktc). Cho ton b lng kh trn tc dng vi lng d SO
2
thu
c 9,6g cht rn. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 29,4g B. 49,2g C. 24,9g D. 2,49g
p n A.
14. Chia mt dung dch H
2
SO
4
thnh 3 phn bng nhau :
Trung ho phn mt va 200ml dung dch NaOH 1M.

Trung ho phn hai v ba cn mt lng dung dch NaOH nh dng
phn mt thu c m gam mui. Gi tr m l :
A. 12g B. 14,2g C. 28,4g D. 24g
p n D.
15. C 2 bnh kn A v B dung tch nh nhau O
o
C : Bnh A cha 1mol Cl
2
v
bnh B ch 1 mol O
2
. Trong mi bnh u cha sn 10,8g kim loi M ho tr
khng i. Nung nng c hai bnh ti khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau
lm lnh c hai bnh v O
o
C th t l p sut trong cc bnh l 7 : 4. Th tch
cht rn trong bnh khng ng k. Xc nh kim loi M ?
A. Mg B. Al C. Fe D. Cu
p n B.

Chng 1. S in li
Bi 1 S in li
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
Bit s in li, cht in li l g ?
Bit th no l cht in li mnh, cht in li yu ?
2. K nng :
Quan st v gii thch th nghim chng minh tnh dn in ca dung
dch.
Phn bit cht in li mnh, cht in li yu.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, cc phiu hc tp.
B dng c chng minh tnh dn in ca dung dch.
Phn mm m phng th nghim theo hnh 1.1 (SGK).
HS : Chun b cc ni dung theo SGK
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

I. Hin t-ng in li
Hot ng 1
1. Th nghim
GV hng dn HS lp v s dng b
dng c th nghim nh hnh 1.1
(SGK).
HS chun b ba cc :
Cc a ng nc ct.
Cc b ng dung dch saccaroz.
Cc c ng dung dch NaCl.
Ni cc u dy in vi ngun in,
quan st thy :
Bng n cc c bt sng cn cc
a v b khng sng.
GV yu cu HS nhn xt.
Dung dch NaCl dn in.
Nc ct v dung dch saccaroz
khng dn in.
GV cho HS lm th nghim tng t
nhng thay 3 cc trn bng 6 cc
khc : cc (1) ng NaCl rn, khan ;
cc (2) ng NaOH rn, khan ; cc
(3) ng ancol etylic; cc (4) ng
glixerol; cc (5) ng dung dch HCl
v cc (6) ng dung dch NaOH.

GV yu cu HS rt ra nhn xt v
hin tng quan st c.
GV hng dn HS kt lun v kh
nng dn in ca cc cht.
HS nhn xt :
Cc cc 1, 2, 3, 4 bng n khng
sng.
Cc cc 5, 6 bng n sng.
Kt lun : NaCl rn, khan ; NaOH
rn khan; cc dung dch ancol etylic,
glixerol khng dn in. Ngc li,
cc dung dch axit, baz v mui u

dn in.
Hot ng 2
2. Nguyn nhn tnh dn in ca cc dung dch axit,
baz, v mui trong nc
GV t vn : Ti sao cc dung
dch axit, baz v mui dn c
in ?
GV gi HS c SGK tr li cu
hi.
GV hng dn HS vit cc phng
trnh in li ca NaCl, HCl, NaOH
trong dung dch.
HS : Cc axit, baz v mui khi ho
tan vo nc s in li to ra cc ion
nn dn c in.
Cc phng trnh in li :
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl


HCl H
+
+ Cl


NaOH Na
+
+ OH


II. Phn loi cc cht in li
Hot ng 3
1. Th nghim
GV hng dn cc nhm HS lm th
nghim hnh 1.1 (SGK) pht
hin mt dung dch dn in mnh
hay yu.
HS chun b 2 cc :
Cc (1) ng dung dch HCl 0,10M
Cc (2) ng dung dch CH
3
COOH
0,10M
Ni cc u dy dn in vi ngun
in. Quan st thy bng n cc
(1) sng mnh hn cc (2).
GV gi HS rt ra nhn xt HS nhn xt : Nng ion trong
dung dch HCl ln hn nng ion
trong dung dch CH
3
COOH.
S phn t HCl in li ra ion nhiu
hn so vi phn t CH
3
COOH in li
ra ion.
GV b sung : Da vo mc in li


ra ion ca cc cht in li khc nhau,
ngi ta chia cc cht in li thnh
cht in li mnh v cht in li yu.
Hot ng 4
2. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu
GV : Th no l cht in li mnh ?
ly v d.
a) Cht in li mnh
Cht in li mnh l cht khi tan
trong nc, cc phn t ho tan u
in li ra ion.
V d : Cc axit mnh nh HCl,
HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, HClO
4
, ...
Cc baz mnh nh NaOH, KOH,
Ba(OH)
2
, ... v hu ht cc mui tan.
GV b sung : Trong phng trnh
in li ca cht in li mnh, ngi
ta dng mt mi tn ch chiu qu
trnh in li.
Vit qu trnh in li Na
2
SO
4
?
Gi s nng Na
2
SO
4
l 0,1M tnh
nng ion Na
+
,
2
4
SO

trong dung dch
?

HS : Na
2
SO
4
2Na
+
+
2
4
SO


0,1 0,2 0,1
Dung dch
2
4
Na 0, 2M
SO 0,1M
+



b) Cht in li yu
GV: Th no l cht in li yu ? Ly
v d.
Cht in li yu l cht khi tan
trong dung dch nc ch c mt s
phn t ho tan in li ra ion, phn
cn li vn tn ti di dng phn t
trong dung dch.
V d : Cc axit yu nh
CH
3
COOH, HClO, H
2
S, HF, H
2
SO
3
,
... Cc baz yu nh Bi(OH)
3
,
Cr(OH)
2
, ....

GV b sung : Trong phng trnh
in li ca cht in li yu, ngi ta
dng du mi tn thun nghch (=)
cho bit qu trnh in li xy ra c
hai chiu.

GV : Vit qu trnh in li
CH
3
COOH.
GV b sung : Cn bng in li l cn
bng ng. Ging nh mi cn bng
ha hc khc, cn bng in li cng
tun theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn
bng L Satlie
CH
3
COOH = CH
3
COO

+ H
+

Hot ng 5
Cng c bi Bi tp v nh
GV pht phiu hc tp s 1 v 2 cho cc nhm HS lm :
Phiu hc tp s 1
1. Dung dch cht in li dn c in l do :
A. S chuyn dch ca cc electron.
B. S chuyn dch ca cc cation.
C. S chuyn dch ca cc phn t ho tan.
D. S chuyn dch ca cc cation v anion.
p n D.
2. Trng hp no sau y khng dn c in ?
A. KCl rn, khan.
B. Nc bin
C. Nc sng, h, ao.
D. Dung dch KCl trong nc.

p n A.
Phiu hc tp s 2
1. Vit phng trnh in li ca cc cht in li yu : HClO, HNO
2
.
2. Cho cc cht in li mnh : Ba(NO
3
)
2
0,10M; HNO
3
0,020M; KOH 0,010M.
Tnh nng mol ca tng ion do s in li to ra.
Bi tp v nh : 1,2 (SGK)
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
3. a) Cc cht in li mnh s in li hon ton :
Ba(NO
3
)
2
Ba
2+
+ 2
3
NO


0,10M 0,10M 0,20M
HNO
3
H
+
+
3
NO


0,020M 0,020M 0,020M
KOH K
+
+ OH


0,010M 0,010M 0,010M
b) Cc cht in li yu in li khng hon ton :
HClO = H
+
+ ClO


HNO
2
= H
+
+
2
NO


E. T liu tham kho
1. in li
in li cho bit phn trm cht tan phn li thnh cc ion v c biu
din bng t s nng mol ca phn cht tan phn li thnh ion (C) v nng
ban u ca mt cht in li (C
0
) :

MA = M
+
+ A


Ta c : =
0
C
C
=
0
M
C
+


=
0
A
C



(1)
Nu C = 0 = 0 cht MA khng in li.
Nu C = C
0
= 1 cht MA in li hon ton.
Theo quy c :
Cht in li Yu Trung bnh Mnh
in li 0 < 0,03 0,03 < < 0,3 0,3 1
S phn li ion Rt t Mt phn
Gn nh hon
ton
Theo (1) nhn thy : in li ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht tan,
nhit v nng ca dung dch (C
0
cng nh th cng ln).
2. Hng s in li (hng s cn bng) K
nh gi kh nng phn li ca mt cht, ngoi in li ngi ta
cn dng hng s in li (hng s cn bng) K c, nh ngha theo cng thc
:
K =
[ ]
M A
MA
+


v pK = lgK (2)
Trong [M
+
], [A

] v [MA] l nng mol ca ion v phn t MA cn


li ti thi im cn bng.
i vi mt cht tan nht nh th K l mt hng s ch ph thuc vo
nhit v bn cht ca dung mi.
+ Nu MA l axit K gi l hng s axit, k hiu l K
a
.
+ Nu MA l baz K gi l hng s baz, k hiu l K
b
.
Mt cht in li cng mnh th K cng ln v pK cng nh.

i vi mt cht in li yu phn li nhiu nc th mi nc c mt hng
s in li ring v thng thng nc sau yu hn nc trc khong t 10
4
n
10
5
ln. Mt s v d :
a) CO
2
+ H
2
O =
3
HCO

+ H
+
K
1
= 4,5.10
7

3
HCO

=
2
3
CO

+ H
+
K
2
= 4,7.10
11
b) H
2
S = HS

+ H
+
K
1
= 1,0.10
7

HS

= S
2
+ H
+
K
2
= 1,0.10
14

c) H
3
PO
4
=
2 4
H PO

+ H
+
K
1
= 7,6.10
3

H
2
PO
4
=
2
4
HPO

+ H
+
K
2
= 6,2.10
8

2
4
HPO

=
3
4
PO

+ H
+
K
3
= 4,4.10
13

Khi tnh n nng mol ca ion trong dung dch, n gin ngi ta
quy c ch xt n nhng qu trnh in li mnh v b qua cc qu trnh in
li yu.
T (1) v (2) ta c cng thc lin h gia v K :
K =
[ ]
2
0 0
0
0 0
M A
C . C
C
MA C C 1
+



= =

(3)
T (3) suy ra :
2
0
K
C 1

=

(4)
Theo (4) ta thy : Khi nng MA gim th tng (v K const).
l biu thc ton hc ca nh lut pha long ca Ostwald.
Khi < 0, 1 hoc C
0
. K > 10
12
v
0
C
K
> 100 c th coi 1 1 th cng
thc (4) c dng :

=
0
K
C
(5)
Bi 2 Axit, baz v mui
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
HS bit th no l axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh v mui theo thuyt
A-r-ni-ut.
2. K nng :
HS vit c phng trnh in li ca mt s axit, baz, hiroxit lng
tnh v mui.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV: My tnh, my chiu.
Th nghim chng minh Zn(OH)
2
c tnh cht lng tnh.
HS : Chun b bi theo SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. AXIT
Hot ng 1
1. nh ngha
GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
in li ca axit HCl, CH
3
COOH.
GV hng dn HS nhn xt cc qu
HS : HCl H
+
+ Cl


CH
3
COOH = H
+
+ CH
3
COO



trnh phn li ny c c im g chung
?
GV hng dn HS c SGK, rt ra
nh ngha axit theo thuyt Arni
ut.
HS tho lun u c mt H
+

nh ngha : Axit l cht khi tan
trong nc in li ra cation H
+
.
Hot ng 2
2. Axit nhiu nc
GV gii thiu : phn t HCl v
CH
3
COOH trong dung dch nc ch
in li mt nc ra ion H
+
.
l axit mt nc (n axit).

GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
in li ca H
2
SO
4
?
GV phn tch cch vit gip HS nhn
ra axit hai nc.
GV b sung : Vi H
2
SO
4
, nc th
nht (1) phn li hon ton nhng nc
th hai (2) ch phn li mt phn. Do
nc th hai dng du mi tn
thun nghch (=).
HS c th vit :
H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+
2
4
SO


HS c th vit :
H
2
SO
4

4
HSO

+ H
+
(1)
4
HSO


2
4
SO

+ H
+
(2)
HS vit li :
H
2
SO
4

4
HSO

+ H
+
(1)
4
HSO

=
2
4
SO

+ H
+
(2)
GV hng dn HS vit phng trnh
in li ca axit H
3
PO
4
, bit axit ny
in li yu theo ba nc.
HS vit phng trnh in li H
3
PO
4
:
H
3
PO
4
=
2 4
H PO

+ H
+
(1)
2 4
H PO

=
2
4
HPO

+ H
+
(2)
2
4
HPO

=
3
4
PO

+ H
+
(3)
GV yu cu HS nu khi nim axit
nhiu nc (a axit).
HS nhn xt : Nhng axit trong phn
t c t 2 nguyn t H tr ln c kh

nng in li ra H
+
gi l axit nhiu
nc (a axit).
II. Baz
Hot ng 3
GV hng dn HS t vit phng
trnh in li ca NaOH, KOH v
nhn xt.
HS vit cc phng trnh in li :
NaOH Na
+
+ OH


KOH K
+
+

OH


Nhn xt : Cc cht ny u in li
ra ion OH


GV b sung : Cc dung dch baz u
c mt ion OH

lm cho dung dch


ca chng c mt s tnh cht chung
(lm xanh giy qu, tc dng vi axit,
...)

GV gi cho HS c SGK rt ra nh
ngha baz theo thuyt Arniut.
nh ngha : Baz l cht khi ta
trong dung dch nc in li ra anion
OH

.
III. HIROXIT lng tnh
Hot ng 4
GV hng dn HS tin hnh th
nghim :
Ly 2 ng nghim nh s (1) v
(2). Trong mi ng nghim cha sn
mt t kt ta Zn(OH)
2
mu trng.
Nh t t dung dch HCl vo ng
nghim (1) v dung dch NaOH vo
ng nghim (2).
Quan st hin tng v rt ra nhn
xt ?
Hin tng : Kt ta 2 ng
nghim u tan.
Nhn xt : Zn(OH)
2
th hin tnh
baz khi n tc dng vi dung dch
HCl v th hin tnh axit khi n tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH.
Zn(OH)
2
l hiroxit lng tnh.

GV hng dn HS gii thch :
( )
+ +
+ +
2 2
2 2 2
2
in li kiu axit
in li kiu baz
2OH Zn Zn OH H ZnO ZnO 2H = =


Trong mi trng axit [OH

] gim cn bng chuyn dch sang tri


to ra Zn
2+
:
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
Trong mi trng baz [H
+
] gim cn bng chuyn dch sang phi
to mui
2
2
ZnO

:
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
GV hng dn HS c SGK rt ra
nh ngha v hiroxit lng tnh.
nh ngha : Hiroxit lung tnh l
hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c
th in li nh axit, va c th in li
nh baz.
GV b sung : Cc hiroxit lng tnh
thng gp l Al(OH)
3
, Zn(OH)
2
,
Cr(OH)
3
, Sn(OH)
2
, Be(OH)
2
,
Pb(OH)
2
. Chng u t tan trong
nc v c lc axit, lc baz u yu.

IV. mui
Hot ng 5
1. nh ngha
GV gi HS vit phng trnh in li
cc mui NaCl, Na
2
SO
4
, NaHCO
3
,
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

HS vit cc phng trnh in li :
NaCl Na
+
+ Cl


Na
2
SO
4
2Na
+
+
2
4
SO


NaHCO
3
Na
+
+
3
HCO


(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

4
2NH
+
+
2
4
SO



GV hng dn HS rt ra nhn xt v
mui.
Nhn xt : Dung dch cc mui u
c mt cation kim loi (hoc
4
NH
+
)
v anion gc axit.
GV yu cu HS c SGK v pht biu
nh ngha mui
nh ngha : Mui l hp cht khi
tan trong dung dch in li ra cation
kim loi (hoc
4
NH
+
) v anion gc
axit.
GV gi HS c SGK ri nu khi
nim mui trung ho v mui axit.
Ly v d.
Mui m anion gc axit khng cn
hiro c kh nng in li ion H
+

(hiro c tnh axit) gi l mui trung
ha.
V d : NaCl, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, K
2
CO
3

Nu anion gc axit ca mui vn
cn hiro c tnh axit th mui
c gi l mui axit.
V d : NaHCO
3
, NaHSO
4
, NaH
2
PO
4
,
..
Hot ng 6
2. S in li ca mui trong nc
GV hng dn HS nghin cu SGK
v rt ra cc nhn xt v s in li
ca mui trong nc.
Nhn xt :
Hu ht cc mui khi tan trong
nc phn li hon ton ra cation kim
loi (hoc
4
NH
+
) v anion gc axit.
Tr mt s mui nh HgCl
2
,
Hg(CN)
2
, ... l cc cht in li yu.
Nu anion gc axit cn hiro c
tnh axit,th gc ny phn li yu ra
H
+

NaHSO
3
Na
+
+
3
HSO



3
HSO

= H
+
+
2
3
SO


GV b sung : C mt s mui trong
gc axit vn cha hiro nhng l
mui trung ho, v hiro khng c
tnh axit.
Th d : H
3
PO
3
(axit photphor)
C cng thc cu to :
H P OH
O
OH

Ch c H ca nhm OH mi c kh
nng th hin tnh axit, cho nn mui
Na
2
HPO
3
l mui trung ha

Hot ng 7
Cng c bi bi tp v nh











Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (SGK)
Hp
Cation (Kim loi) + anion (OH

)
Cation (H
+
) + anion (gc axit) axit
Cation (Kim loi,
4
NH
+
) + anion (gc axit)
Va phn li ra H
+
va phn li ra OH

hiroxit
lng tnh
H
2
O

d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
2. a) H
2
S = HS

+ H
+

HS

= S
2
+ H
+

H
2
CO
3
=
3
HCO

+ H
+

3
HCO

=
2
3
CO

+ H
+

b) LiOH Li
+
+ OH


c) K
2
CO
3
2K
+
+
2
3
CO


NaClO Na
+
+ ClO


NaHS Na
+
+ HS


HS

= 2H
+
+ S
2

d) Sn(OH)
2
= Sn
2+
+ 2OH


H
2
SnO
2
= 2H
+
+
2
2
SnO


3. p n C.
4. p n D.
5. p n A.
E. T liu tham kho
Bn cnh mt s u im ca thuyt Areniut v axit v baz th thuyt
ny c mt s im hn ch sau y :
1. Thuyt A-re-ni-ut ch p dng i v dung mi nc. Mc d cc
phn ng trong dung dch nc l tng i ph bin v c tm quan trng c
bit, nhng cn c nhng dung mi khc cng c ngha khng km phn
quan trng nh SO
2
lng, NH
3
lng, ete, bezen, ... S nghin cu cc dung dch

khng phi l nc chng hn dung dch HCl trong ete v benzen cho thy tuy
khng c s phn li ra H
+
nhng chng vn tc dng vi km v mt s kim
loi khc cho hiro bay ra, dung dch vn c tc dng xc tc v vi cc dung
dch vn c th tin hnh trung ho bng kim. Theo Areniut, phn ng
trong pha kh khng c dung mi nh :
HCl (k) + NH
3
(k) NH
4
Cl (r)
Khng c coi l phn ng axit baz (!)
2. C nhng cht khng cha nhm OH

nhng vn c tnh baz r rt.


l cc oxit kim loi mnh trong c cha ion O
2
, cc mui cacbonat kim
loi kim nh K
2
CO
3
, NH
3
v cc anion, ....
O
2
+ H
2
O 2OH


NH
3
+ H
2
O
4
NH
+
+ OH


2
3
CO

+ H
2
O
3
HCO

+ OH


3. Thuyt ny coi cation H
+
tn ti c lp trong dung dch l khng
ng thc t. Bi v dung mi nc (H
2
O) l nhng phn t lng cc, ion H
+

l mt ht proton c kch thc v cng b v mang in tch dng nn khng
th ng c lp cnh phn t H
2
O khng l v lng cc. Thc ra ch tn ti
ion oxoni (H
3
O
+
) hirat ho (H
3
O
+
.aq).
Nh vy phng trnh in li sau khng ng :
HA H
+
+ A


M cn ngh rng s phn li mt axit l s chuyn proton ca axit cho
dung mi :
HA + H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ A


Nh vy axit khng nht thit phi l mt cht phn li ra mt proton m l
mt phn t c kh nng chuyn mt proton (hoc cho mt proton) sang cht

khc. l mt quan im y hn ca thuyt proton v axit baz ca
Bronsted Lowry(*)
Bi 3 S in li ca nc. ph.
CHt ch th axit Baz
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
HS bit nh gi axit v kim ca cc dung dch theo nng H
+

v pH.
HS bit mu ca mt s cht ch th thng dng trong dung dch cc
khong pH khc nhau.
2. K nng :
Rn luyn mt s k nng gii bi tp n gin lin quan n mi quan
h gia [H
+
], [OH

] v pH.
T xc nh mi trng dung dch : axit, kim, hay trung tnh.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV Chun b : giy ch th pH, nc nguyn cht, dung dch axit long,
dung dch kim long v cc ng nghim sch.
HS chun b bi theo SGK.

(*)
Xem thm. Cao C Gic. Phng php gii bi tp Ho hc 11. NXB i hc Quc gia TP.
H Ch Minh, 2007.

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. Nc l cht in li rt yu
Hot ng 1
1. S in li ca nc
GV thng bo : Bng dng c o
nhy, ngi ta thy nc cng dn
in nhng cc k yu, v nc in li
rt yu.
GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
in li ca H
2
O
GV thng bo : Thc nghim xc
nh c rng, nhit thng, c
555 triu phn t H
2
O ch c mt
phn t in li ra ion
HS: nc in li rt yu theo phng
trnh :
H
2
O = H
+
+ OH

(1)
Hot ng 2
2. Tch s ion ca nc
GV: t phng trnh in li ca H
2
O
(1), hy so snh nng ion H
+
v
OH

trong nc tinh khit ?


GV b sung : Bng thc nghim
ngi ta xc nh c nng ca
chng 25
o
C nh sau :
[H
+
] = [OH

] = 1,0.10
7
mol/l
HS : T l phn li 1 : 1 suy ra
[H
+
] = [OH

]
Nc l mi trng trung tnh, nn
c th nh ngha mi trng trung
tnh nh th no ?
GV hng dn HS hnh thnh khi
HS : 25
o
C, mi trng trung tnh l
mi trng m trong :
[H
+
= [OH

] = 1,0. 10
7
M

nim tch s ion ca nc.
HS : t
2
H O
K (25
o
C) = [H
+
].[OH

]
= 1,0.10
7
1,0.10
7
= 1,0.10
14

2
H O
K = [H
+
].[OH

] = 1,0.10
14

gi l tch s ion ca nc.
GV b sung : nhit xc nh,
tch s ny l hng s khng nhng
trong nc tinh khit, m c trong
dung dch long ca cc cht khc
nhau.

Hot ng 3
3. ngha tch s ion ca nc
a) Mi trng axit
GV t vn : Khi ha tan axit (v
d HCl) vo nc th cn bng in li
ca H
2
O chuyn dch nh th no ?
HS tho lun :
H
2
O = H
+
+ OH

(1)
HCl H
+
+ Cl

(2)
Nh (2) m [H
+
] tng cn bng (1)
chuyn dch sang tri [OH

] gim
sao cho tch s ion ca nc khng
i.
GV chiu bi tp ln mn hnh :
Ho tan axit HCl vo nc c
dung dch c [H
+
= 1,0.10
3
M. Khi
nng [OH

] bng bao nhiu ?


So snh [H
+
] v [OH

] trong mi
trng axit ?
HS tho lun :
2
H O
K = [H
+
][OH

] = 1,0.10
14
[OH

] =
14
3
1, 0.10
1, 0.10

= 1.0.10
11
M
trong mi trng axit :
[H
+
] > [OH

] hay [H
+
] > 1,0.10
7
M.

Hot ng 4
b) Mi trng kim
GV t vn : Khi ha tan mt baz
(v d NaOH) vo nc th cn bng
in li ca H
2
O chuyn dch nh th
no ?
HS tho lun :
H
2
O = H
+
+ OH

(1)
NaOH Na
+
+ OH

(2)
Nh (2) m [OH

] tng cn bng
(1) chuyn sang tri [H
+
] gim sao
cho tch s ion ca nc khng i.
GV chiu bi tp ln mn hnh : Ho
tan NaOH vo nc c nng [OH

]
= 1,0.10
5
M. Khi [H
+
] l bao
nhiu? So snh [H
+
] v [OH

] trong
mi trng kim.
HS tho lun :
2
H O
K = [H
+
][OH

] = 1,0.10
14

[H
+
] =
14
5
1, 0.10
1, 0.10

= 1,0.10
9
M
[H
+
] < [OH

]
hay [H
+
] < 1,0.10
7
M.
GV nhn xt : Trong mt dung dch
nc, nu bit [H
+
] th [OH

] cng
c xc nh v ngc li. V vy,
axit hay kim ca mt dung
dch c th c nh gi ch bng
nng [H
+
].

GV hng dn HS phn bit cc mi
trng trung tnh, axit, kim trong
dung dch da vo [H
+
].
Ch : Khi baz tan trong nc to
thnh dung dch c tnh kim. Mi
trng ca n c gi l mi trng
kim.
Kt lun :
Mi trng trung tnh : [H
+
] =
1,0.10
7
M.
Mi trng axit : [H
+
] > 1,0.10
7
M
Mi trng kim : [H
+
< 1,0.10
7
M

II. Khi nim v pH. Cht ch th axit baz
Hot ng 5
1. Khi nim v pH
GV gii thiu : C th nh gi
axit v kim ca dung dch bng
nng [H
+
]. Nhng dung dch
thng dng c nng ion H
+
trong
khong t 10
1
M n 10
14
M.

trnh ghi gi tr H
+
vi s m m,
ngi ta dng gi tr pH vi quy c
nh sau :
pH = lg[H
+
] [H
+
] = 10
pH

HS ghi vo v
pH = lg[H
+
] [H
+
] = 10
pH

GV: Nu [H
+
] = 1,0.10
a
M th pH ? HS : pH = lg 10
a
= a
GV chiu bi tp ln mn hnh :
in cc thng tin cn thiu vo bng
sau :
[H
+
] pH Mi trng
1,0.10
2
M
Trung tnh
10

HS tho lun v hon thnh bng vi
cc ni dung sau :

[H
+
] pH Mi trng
1,0.10
2
M 2 Axit
1,0.10
7
M 7 Trung tnh
1,0.10
10
M 10 Kim

GV : So snh cch s dng pH v gi
tr [H
+
], cch no thun tin hn ?
HS : S dng gi tr pH thun tin
hn.
GV chiu hnh 1.2 (SGK) ln mn
hnh gii thiu cho HS v thang
pH.
HS quan st ln mn hnh v nhn xt
v gi tr pH thng dng : T 0 n
14.
GV gii thiu ngha ca gi tr pH
trong thc t :
Mu ngi bnh thng c pH t
7,30 n 7,45.


Thc vt c th sinh trng bnh
thng khi gi tr pH ca dung dch
trong t trong khong xc nh,
c trng cho mi loi cy. GV chiu
ln mn hnh :
Cy trng pH thch hp
La 5,5 6,5
Ng 6,0 7,0
Khoai ty 5,0 5,5

Hot ng 6
2. Cht ch th axit baz
GV yu cu HS c SGK v rt ra
nhn xt :
Khi nim v cht ch th ?
Mu ca qu v phenolphtalein
pH khc nhau thay i nh th no ?
Cht ch th axit baz l cht c
mu bin i ph thuc vo gi tr
pH ca dung dch.
Mu ca qu v phenolphtalein
trong dung dch cc khong pH
khc nhau










GV hng dn HS xc nh gi tr pH
bng giy ch th vn nng :

Phenolphtalei
khng mu
pH <8,3
pH 8,3
hng
Qu tm

pH 6
pH 8
xanh

ng (1) ng dung dch axit long
ng (2) ng nc nguyn cht.
ng (3) ng dung dch kim
long.
Xc nh pH v ch ra nhng ho
cht trong mi ng nghim trn.
HS tin hnh th nghim
Nhng giy ch th vn nng vo
tng dung dch trong mi ng.
So snh mu ca giy vi bng
mu chun xc nh gi tr gn
ng pH ca mi dung dch.
GV b sung : xc nh gi tr
chnh xc ca pH, ngi ta dng my
o pH.

Hot ng 7
cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV cng c bi bng cc bi tp :
1. Dung dch HCl c pH = 5. Nng mol HCl l :
A. 10
9
M B. 10
5
M C. 10
7
M D. 10
3
M
2. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,0005M c pH bng :
A. 3 B. 5 C. 7 D. 4
3. Dung dch NaOH c pH = 9. Nng NaOH l :
A. 10
9
M B. 10
7
M C. 10
6
M D. 10
5
M
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6 (SGK)
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
4. [OH

] = 1,5.10
5
M [H
+
] =
14
5
1, 0.10
1, 5.10

= 6,7.10
10
M
[H
+
] < 1,0.10
7
mi trng kim.
5. HCl H
+
+ Cl


0,10M 0,10M
Dung dch HCl 0,10M c pH = 1,0 v [OH

] = 1,0.10
13
M

NaOH Na
+
+ OH


0,010M 0,010M
Dung dch NaOH 0,010M c pH = 12 v [H
+
] = 1,0.10
12
M

6. p n B.
E. T liu tham kho
1. Tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu HA ( < 1)
HA = H
+
+ A


K
a
=
[ ]
H A
HA
+


v pK
a
= lgK
a

V HA l mt n axit yu [H
+
] = [ A

] v C < C
0

[HA] C
0
. Vy ta c :
K
a
=
2
0
H
C
+


[H
+
]
2
= K
a
C
0
pH =
1
2
(pK
a
lgC
0
) C
0
nng ban u ca axit.
2. Tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu BOH ( < 1)
BOH = B
+
+ OH


K
b
=
[ ]
B OH
BOH
+


v pK
b
= lgK
b

Tng t nh trng hp axit yu, ta c :
pOH =
1
2
(pK
b
lgC
0
)

pH = 14
1
2
(pK
b
lgC
0
)
C
0
nng ban u ca dung dch baz.

Bi 4 phn ng trao i ion
trong dung dch cc cht in li
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
HS hiu bn cht ca phn ng trong dung dch cc cht in li l phn
ng gia cc ion.
HS hiu iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc
cht in li.
2. K nng
HS vn dng kin thc v phn ng trao i ion gii cc bi tp v
dung dch in li.
HS vit ng cc phng trnh ion (dng thu gn) ca cc phn ng.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV: My tnh, my chiu, cc phiu hc tp.
Dung dch Na
2
SO
4
, BaCl
2
, NaOH 0,10M, HCl 0,10M, Na
2
CO
3
,
CH
3
COONa.
HS : Chun b cc ni dung theo SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc

Hot ng dy ca GV Hot ng hc ca HS
I. Iu kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung
dch cc cht in li
Hot ng 1
1. Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta
GV hng dn cc nhm HS lm th
nghim v gii thch.
HS lm th nghim theo s hng
dn ca GV :
Nh dung dch Na
2
SO
4
vo ng
nghim ng dung dch BaCl
2
.
Kt ta trng xut hin.
GV hng dn HS vit phng trnh
phn ng dng phn t v dng ion.
Gii thch :
Na
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
(1)
Ba
2+
+
2
4
SO

BaSO
4
(2)
(mu trng)
GV b sung : Phng trnh (2) c
gi l phng trnh ion ca phn ng
(1).
Ch : Cm t phng trnh ion
c hiu l phng trnh ion thu
gn.

GV : T (2) hy suy ra mun thu
c kt ta BaSO
4
ta c th trn
nhng dung dch no vi nhau ? Cho
cc v d. (GV hng dn HS s dng
bng tnh tan).
HS suy lun : to ra kt ta BaSO
4

c th trn dung dch cha ion Ba
2+

vi dung dch cha ion
2
4
SO

.
V d :
Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+
2HNO
3

BaCl
2
+ K
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2KCl

BaBr
2
+ MgSO
4
BaSO
4
+ MgBr
2

GV hng dn HS kt lun v bn
cht ca phn ng (2).
Kt lun : Bn cht ca phn ng (2)
l s trao i cc ion to ra kt ta
nhm gim s ion trong dung dch.
GV gi HS s dng bng tnh tan
ly mt s v d v cc phn ng
ion to ra kt ta.
V d :
Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl
Ba
2+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3

Mg
2+
+ 2OH

Mg(OH)
2

Fe
3+
+ 3OH

Fe(OH)
3

Hot ng 2
2. Phn ng to thnh cht in li yu
a) Phn ng to thnh nc
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim
theo SGK :
Tin hnh th nghim.
Nu hin tng, vit phng trnh
phn ng.
Gii thch.
HS lm th nghim :
Nh vi git dung dch
phenolphtalein vo cc ng dung
dch NaOH 0,10M.
Dung dch c mu hng.
Rt t t dung dch HCl 0,10M vo
cc trn v khuy u, cho n khi
mt mu.
Phng trnh phn ng :
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O
GV gi HS gii thch da vo
phng trnh ion.
Gii thch :
NaOH Na
+
+ OH


HCl H
+
+ Cl


Cc ion OH

trong dung dch lm


cho phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu
hng. Khi cho dung dch HCl vo,
cc ion H
+
ca HCl s phn ng vi

cc ion OH

ca NaOH to thnh
H
2
O.
Phng trnh ion :
H
+
+ OH

H
2
O
Khi mu ca dung dch trong cc
mt, ngha l H
+
phn ng ht vi
OH

ca NaOH.
GV b sung : Phn ng gia dung
dch axit v hiroxit c tnh baz rt
d xy ra v to thnh cht in li rt
yu l H
2
O. Chng hn Mg(OH)
2
t
tan trong nc, nhng d dng tan
trong dung dch axit mnh.

GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
phn ng ion ?
Mg(OH)
2
(r) + 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ 2 H
2
O
b) Phn ng to thnh axt yu
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim
theo SGK v vit phng trnh phn
ng, gii thch.
Th nghim : Nh dung dch HCl
vo ng nghim ng dung dch
CH
3
COONa s to thnh axit yu l
CH
3
COOH.
HCl + CH
3
COONa CH
3
COOH +
NaCl
Phng trnh ion :
H
+
+ CH
3
COO

CH
3
COOH.
Nhn xt : Trong dung dch, cc ion
H
+
v CH
3
COO

kt hp vi nhau
to thnh cht in li yu
CH
3
COOH.
Hot ng 3
3. Phn ng to thnh cht kh

GV hng dn HS lm th nghim
theo SGK, nu hin tng, vit
phng trnh phn ng v gii thch.
Th nghim : Rt dung dch HCl
vo cc ng dung dch Na
2
CO
3

Hin tng : c bt kh thot ra.
Phng trnh phn ng :
2HCl + Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + CO
2
+
H
2
O
Gii thch : HCl v Na
2
CO
3
u d
tan v in li mnh.
HCl H
+
+ Cl


Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+
2
3
CO


+
+
+
+

+

+ +

+ +
2
3 3
3 2 2
2
3 2 2
H CO HCO
H HCO CO H O
2H CO CO H O

GV b sung : Phn ng gia mui
cacbonat
2
3
CO

v dung dch axit rt
d xy ra v va to thnh cht in li
yu l H
2
O, va to ra cht kh CO
2

tch khi mi trng phn ng.
Chng hn, cc mui cacbonat t tan
trong nc nhng tan d dng trong
dung dch axit.

Th d : vi (CaCO
3
) tan rt d
trong dung dch HCl. GV yu cu HS
vit phng trnh ion.
CaCO
3
(r) + 2H
+
Ca
2+
+ CO
2
+
H
2
O
GV c th lm th nghim n gin :
cho v qu trng (sau khi ly ht
lng v lng trng) vo mt cc
thy tinh, rt gim n ln v qu
trng, nhn thy bt kh thot ra trn
b mt v trng v v trng mn


nhn dn.
Yu cu HS gii thch, vit phng
trnh, phn ng dng phn t v
dng ion.
HS : CaCO
3
+ 2CH
3
COOH
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Phng trnh ion :

CaCO
3
+ 2CH
3
COOH 2CH
3
COO


+ Ca
2+
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
II. Kt lun
Hot ng 4
GV yu cu HS tho lun cc kt qu
th nghim trn v rt ra kt lun.
HS tho lun.
GV b sung, nhn xt cc kt lun
HS a ra. Chiu ni dung kt lun
ca SGK ln mn hnh.
1. Phn ng xy ra trong dung dch
cc cht in li l phn ng gia cc
ion.
2. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung
dch cc cht in li ch xy ra khi c
t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau :
To thnh cht kt ta.
To thnh cht in li yu.
To thnh cht kh.
Hot ng 5
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV pht phiu hc tp cho HS hoc chiu ni dung ln mn hnh.
Cho cc cht sau dng dung dch, nhng cp cht no c kh nng phn
ng vi nhau ? Vit phng trnh phn t v ion.
FeCl
3
, HCl, NaOH, Na
2
CO
3
, BaCl
2
, H
2
SO
4
.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (SGK)
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK

4. p n C.
5. a ) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4

Fe
3+
+ 3OH

Fe(OH)
3

b) NH
4
Cl + AgNO
3
NH
4
NO
3
+ AgCl
Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl
c) NaF + HCl NaCl + HF
F

+ H
+
HF
d) Khng c phn ng xy ra.
e) FeS + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S
FeS + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
S
g) HClO + KOH KClO + H
2
O
HClO + OH

ClO

+ H
2
O
6. Phn ng gia Fe(NO
3
)
3
v KOH to c kt ta Fe(OH)
3
.
7. HS s dng bng tnh tan xc nh cht kt ta, cht kh, cht in li yu
ly v d.
Bi 5 Luyn tp
axit, baz v mui. Phn ng trao i ion
trong dung dch cc cht in li
A. Mc tiu bi hc

1. Kin thc :
Cng c v h thng ho cc kin thc v axit, baz, hiroxit lng tnh
v mui trn c s thuyt A-r-ni-ut.
2. K nng :
nh gi phn ng trao i ion xy ra trong dung dch in li.
Vit phng trnh phn t v phng trnh ion.
Gii cc bi tp c lin quan n pH, mi trng axit, trung tnh hay
kim.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV: My tnh, my chiu v h thng bi tp luyn tp.
HS : Chun b cc ni dung luyn tp theo SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. Kin thc cn nm vng
Hot ng 1
GV yu cu HS nhc li cc nh ngha
v :
Axit.
Baz.
Hiroxit lng tnh.
Mui.
HS tho lun theo nhm.
GV chiu s sau ln mn hnh



Thuyt Areniut
Axit
Baz Hiroxit
Lng tnh
Mui
H
+
OH

H
+

OH


Cation
(NH
4
, kim loi)
Anion
(gc axit)
H
2
O H
2
O H
2
O
H
2
O











Hot ng 2
GV yu cu HS h thng li cc cng
thc v tch s tan ca nc v pH ca
dung dch. GV c th hng dn HS
xy dng mt s cng thc lin quan
n pH gii bi tp.
2
H O
K = [H
+
].[OH

] =1,0.10
14

pH = lg[H
+
]
[H
+
] = 10
pH
mol/l
pOH = lg [OH

]
[OH

] = 10
pH
mol/l
pH + pOH = 14
GV ngh HS cho bit mi quan h
gia pH v mi trng.
HS tho lun nhm : 25
o
C nu
mt dung dch c :
[H
+
] > 1,0.10
7
M pH < 7 mi
trng axit.
[H
+
] = 1,0.10
7
pH = 7 mi
trng trung tnh.
[H
+
] < 1,0.10
7
M pH > 7 mi
trng kim.
Hot ng 3
GV yu cu HS nhc li v iu kin
phn ng trao i ion xy ra trong
HS tho lun : Phn ng trao i ion
trong dung dch cc cht in li ch

dung dch. Ly v d. xy ra khi t nht c mt trong cc
iu kin sau :
To thnh kt ta :
Na
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
BaCO
3
+
2NaCl
Ba
2+
+
2
3
CO

BaCO
3

To thnh cht in li yu :
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
OH

+ H
+
H
2
O
To thnh cht kh :
Na
2
SO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + SO
2
+
H
2
O
2
3
SO

+ 2H
+
SO
2
+ H
2
O
ii. Bi tp p dng (SGK)
GV chiu ln lt cc bi tp ln mn hnh, mi bi cho HS tho lun t 1
3 pht, sau gi i din cc nhm HS ln bng trnh by v ngh cc
nhm nhn xt. Cui cng, GV b sung v hon thin bi gii, nhn xt, cho
im.
1. a) K
2
S 2K
+
+ S
2

b) Na
2
HPO
4
2Na
+
+
2
4
HPO


2
4
HPO

= H
+
+
3
4
PO


c) NaH
2
PO
4
Na
+
+
2 4
H PO


2 4
H PO

= H
+
+
2
4
HPO


2
4
HPO

= H
+
+
3
4
PO



d) Pb(OH)
2
= Pb
2+
+ 2OH


Pb(OH)
2
H
2
PbO
2
= 2H
+
+
2
2
PbO


e) HBrO = H
+
+ BrO


g) HF = H
+
+ F


h) HClO
4
H
+
+
4
ClO


2. [H
+
= 1,0.10
2
M pH = 2 v [OH

] = 1,0.10
12
M
Mi trng axit qu c mu .
3. pH = 9,0 [H
+
] = 1,0.10
9
M v [OH

] = 1,0.10
5
M.
Mi trng kim phenolphtalein c mu hng.
4. Phng trnh ion rt gn
a) Ca
2+
+
2
3
CO

CaCO
3

b) Fe
2+
+ 2OH

Fe(OH)
2


c)
3
HCO

+ H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
d)
3
HCO

+ OH


2
3
CO

+ H
2
o
e) Pb(OH)
2
+ 2H
+
Pb
2+
+ 2H
2
O
g) H
2
PbO
2
+ 2OH


2
2
PbO

+ 2H
2
O
h) Cu
2+
+ S
2
CuS
5. p n C.
6. p n B.
7. Cr(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NaOH Cr(OH)
3
+ 3NaNO
3


(va )
AlCl
3
+ 3KOH Al(OH)
3
+ 3KCl
(va )
Ni(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NaOH Ni(OH)
2
+ 2NaNO
3
.

Bi 6 bi thc hnh 1
Tnh axit baz. phn ng trao i ion
trong dung dch cc cht in li
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
HS nm vng cc quy tc an ton trong phng th nghim ho hc.
Cng c cc kin thc v axit baz, iu kin xy ra phn ng trao
i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li.
2. K nng
Bit s dng cc dng c, ho cht v tin hnh th nghim lng nh
trong ng nghim.
Bo m an ton v thnh cng cc th nghim.
Quan st hin tng th nghim, gii thch, vit phng trnh phn ng.
3. Tnh cm, thi :
Thng qua th nghim to s say m, hng th trong hc tp ha hc.
Rn luyn c tnh nghim tc, cn thn, trung thc, tit kim ho cht
trong thc hnh ho hc.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : Dng c th nghim : ng nghim, a thy tinh, tm knh, ng
ht nh git, b gi th nghim, tha xc ha cht bng thy tinh.
Ho cht : Cc dung dch HCl, CH
3
COOH, NaOH, NH
3
, CaCl
2
(c),
Na
2
CO
3
(c), phenolphtalein, giy ch th pH ( cht ch th vn nng). Pha
sn cc dung dch trn v chun b y cho tng nhm thc hnh.
HS : n tp nhng kin thc c lin quan n cc th nghim v phn
ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
Dn d trc bui thc hnh
GV : Nu ni dung ca tit thc
hnh.
Yu cu HS trnh by kin thc lin
quan n bi thc hnh.
Lu HS cch s dng ng
nghim, ng nh git, giy ch th.
HS : Nghe ging v tho lun theo
nhm.
I. Ni dung th nghim v cch tin hnh
Hot ng 2
Th nghim 1 : Tnh axit baz
GV hng dn HS tin hnh th
nghim theo SGK.
Ly mt mu giy ch th pH t
ln tm knh.
Dng ng nh git, ly mt git
dung dch HCl 0,10M , nh vo mu
giy ch th pH.

So snh vi mu mu chun bit
pH ca dung dch.
GV hng dn cc nhm lm th
nghim tng t nh trn vi cc dung
dch CH
3
COOH 0,10M ; NaOH
0,10M ; NH
3
0,10M.
GV yu cu HS quan st s i mu
ca giy ch th pH trong tng trng
hp, gii thch.
GV quan st HS lm th nghim v
nhc nh HS lm th nghim vi
lng ha cht nh, khng cho
ho cht bn vo ngi, qun o.

Hot ng 3
Th nghim 2 : Phn ng trao i ion
trong dung dch cht in li
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim a
theo SGK.
a) Cho khong 2ml dung dch
CaCl
2
c vo ng nghim.
Dng kp g kp ly ng
nghim.
Cho tip 2ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3

c vo ng nghim, lc u ng
nghim.
Quan st hin tng ? Hin tng : C kt ta trng xut
hin.
Vit phng trnh ho hc ? Phng trnh ho hc :
Na
2
CO
3
+ CaCl
2
CaCO
3
+
2NaCl
(mu trng)

GV hng dn HS lm tip th
nghim b) theo SGK.
b) ng nghim ( th nghim
trn) trn gi ng nghim mt vi
pht cho kt ta lng xung.
Gn phn cht lng trn, gi li
phn kt ta.
Dng ng nh git cho tng git
axit HCl long vo ng nghim
GV yu cu HS quan st hin tng
xy ra, gii thch bng phng trnh
ho hc.
Hin tng :
C bt kh bay ra.
Kt ta tan ht.
Gii thch :
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+
H
2
O
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim c)
theo SGK.
c) Cho vo ng nghim khong
2ml dung dch NaOH long.
Nh vi git phenolphtalein vo
ng nghim.
Dng ng nh git, nh tng git
dung dch HCl long vo ng
nghim, lc u.
GV yu cu HS quan st hin tng.
Hin tng : Dung dch ban u mu
hng sau mt mu nu dng d
dung dch HCl.
GV : Ti sao dung dch mu hng
chuyn sang khng mu ?
Gii thch :
Phenolphtalein trong mi trng
kim c mu hng.
C phn ng trung ho xy ra :
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
(OH

+ H
+
H
2
O)
Dung dch mt mu hng v d

HCl (H
+
)
Ch : Nu s dng NaOH (c)
mu hng c th mt ngay khi cho
phenolphtalein vo.

II. Cng vic sau bui thc hnh
Hot ng 4
GV : Nhn xt bui thc hnh v
hng dn HS thu dn ho cht, dng
c, v sinh phng th nghim.
GV: Yu cu HS lm tng trnh theo
mu sau.
HS : Tho lun kt qu bui thc
hnh.
Thu dn v sinh phng th nghim.
Vit tng trnh th nghim theo
mu sau.

Ngy ............... Thng .............. Nm ............................................................
H v tn ..........................................................................................................
Lp : ............... T th nghim.........................................................................
Tng trnh ho hc bi s ..............................................................................
Tn bi .............................................................................................................
Tn
th
nghim
Phng php
tin hnh
Hin tng
quan st
Gii thch Vit phng
trnh phn ng



















Chng 2. Nit photpho
Bi 7 Nit
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
HS bit : V tr v cu to nguyn t nit. Cu to phn t N
2
.
HS hiu : Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ho hc c bn ca nit, ng dng
v iu ch nit.
2. K nng :
Da vo cu to nguyn t, phn t, d on tnh cht ho hc ca nit.
Vit c cc phng trnh phn ng ca ni t vi mt s n cht.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu
HS : Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
Tm hiu cu to ca nguyn t nit cng thc phn t N
2
.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1
I. V tr v cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
GV yu cu HS da vo bng tun
hon xc nh v tr ca nguyn t
nit.
GV hng dn HS da vo v tr ca
nguyn t nit vit cu hnh e ca
nguyn t ny v cho nhn xt v s
e lp ngoi cng, s e c thn.
HS xc nh v tr ca nguyn t nit.
S th t 7.
Chu k 2
Nhm VA
HS vi cu hnh e :
N (Z = 7) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

C 5e lp ngoi cng, 3e c thn
Da vo cu hnh e xc nh :
+ S e lp ngoi cng, s e c thn.
T suy ra s lin kt cng ha tr
ca N c th to thnh vi nguyn t
khc.
HS : c 5e lp ngoi.
3e c thn 3 lin kt cng ha
tr.
1cp e 1 lin kt cho nhn.
+ Ha tr v s oxi ho ln nht ca N
:
GV t vn : Gia hai nguyn t
nit to thnh bao nhiu lin kt
cng ho tr ?
T vit cng thc electron, cng
thc cu to v cng thc phn t ca
nit.
HS : N c ho tr ln nht l IV v s
oxi ho cao nht l + 5.
HS tho lun v cu to phn t nit :
:N. + .N : :N. .N : N N
N
2

(CTE) (CTCT)
(CTPT)

Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht vt l
GV cho HS quan st bnh ng kh
N
2
v yu cu HS a ra nhn xt
trng thi kh, mu sc, mi v ca
nit.
HS quan st v tho lun :
Kh nit khng mu, khng mi,
khng v.
GV yu cu HS trnh by t khi ca HS :

nit so vi khng kh.

2
dN
0, 97
kk

Kh N
2
nh hn khng kh.
GV b sung thm v nhit, si,
tan ca nit v yu cu HS so snh
vi nhit si v tan ca oxi.
HS
o
s
t (N
2
) = 196
o
C <
o
s
t CO
2
=
183
o
C
Kh N
2
tan rt t trong nc.
GV thng bo kt qu th nghim :
a que m ang chy vo bnh
nit, que m pht tt v a con co
co ang sng vo bnh N
2
sau vi
pht con co co cht v yu cu HS
nhn xt.
HS tho lun :
Nit khng duy tr s chy v s h
hp.
Hot ng 3
III. Tnh cht ho hc
GV nu vn : Ti sao nhit
thng nit li km hot ng v mt
ho hc ? GV gi HS da vo cu
to phn t N
2
gii thch.
GV b sung : nhit cao, nit tr
nn hot ng hn v tc dng c
vi nhiu cht.
HS tho lun :
Lin kt ba N N trong phn t
nit bn nit kh tr v mt ho
hc.
GV yu cu HS da vo cu hnh e v
m in ca nguyn t nit xc
nh s oxi ho ca nit trong hp
cht.
HS : Nit c s oxi ho : 3, 0, +1
+ 5
GV nu cu hi : Hy cho bit tnh
cht ho hc c bn ca nit ? GV
gi HS da vo s oxi ho ca nit.
GV nhn mnh : Tnh oxi ho l tnh
cht ch yu ca nit
HS tho lun :
Nit va c tnh oxi ho va c
tnh kh.
GV hng dn HS vit phng trnh HS tho lun theo nhm v ca i

phn ng v nhn xt v s thay i
s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t, ch ra
cht oxi ho, cht kh trong cc phn
ng sau :
Mg + N
2

N
2
+ H
2

N
2
+ O
2

GV gii thiu v c im ca phn
ng N
2
vi H
2
v O
2
l thun nghch
v b sung iu kin phn ng.
din tr li :
0
3Mg +
0
2 N
o
t

+2
3
Mg
3
N
magie nitrua

2
Mg : cht kh
N : cht oxi ho


Nhn xt : N
2
tc dng c vi mt
s kim loi hot ng nh Ca, Al, ...
0
2
N + 3
0
2
H
o
, p
xt


3 1
3 2 NH
+


2
2
H : cht kh
N : cht oxi ho


N
2
+ O
2

o
3000 C

2
2
2
NO
+



2
2
N : cht kh
O : cht oxi ho


GV hng dn HS lin h thc t
phn ng gia N
2
v O
2
trong khng
kh, khi c tia st xy ra trong cn
ging v chiu hnh 2.1 ln mn
hnh.

GV gii thiu thm : Kh NO sinh ra
km bn kt hp ngay vi oxi trong
khng kh thnh nit i oxit mu nu
v yu cu HS vit phng trnh
phn ng.
GV b sung : cc oxit khc ca nit
nh N
2
O, N
2
O
3
, N
2
O
5
khng iu ch
c bng phn ng trc tip gia
nit v oxi.
2 4
2 2
2 NO O 2 NO
+ +
+
kh nu


GV nu cu hi cng c phn tnh
cht ho hc :
Cho cc cht H
2
, O
2
, Li, Cu, Ba,
Hg. S cht phn ng c vi N
2
l :
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. Tt c
HS tho lun :
Chn phng n B. N
2
phn ng
c vi H
2
, O
2
, Li, Ba.
Hot ng 4
IV. ng dng
GV hng dn HS nghin cu SGK
v lin h thc t rt ra nhng ng
dng chnh ca nit
HS tm tt ng dng ca nit.
Dng tng hp kh amoniac sn
xut axit nitric, phn m, ....
N
2

tng hp
NH
3

sn xut
HNO
3
,
phn m
Dng lm mi trng tr, bo qun
mu v cc mu vt sinh hc.
Hot ng 5
V. Trng thi t nhin
GV hng dn HS c SGK. HS : tho lun
Nit chim 78,16% (
4
5
) th
tch khng kh.
Nit c trong khong cht natri
nitrat NaNO
3
(dim tiu natri)
Hot ng 6
VI . iu ch
1. Trong cng nghip
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK.
Phng php sn xut nit ?
HS tho lun v c i din tr li.
Phng php chng ct phn on

Nguyn tc v ni dung ?
khng kh lng.
Nguyn tc ca phng php : Da
vo nhit si khc nhau gia cc
cht trong hn hp lng tch ring
tng cht.
S iu ch :
Khng kh ( loi CO
2
, hi H
2
O)
o o
ho lng
t 196 C) <
khng kh lng

o
nng nhit
n 196 C
N
2
si. bay ra, O
2
lng
cn li.
2. Trong phng th nghim
GV lm th nghim iu ch nit
bng cch un nng dung dch amoni
nitrit bo ho hoc thay bng dung
dch ca amoni clorua v natri nitrit.
GV gi HS quan st rt ra nhn xt
v cch thu kh nit v nhn bit kh
nit, vit phng trnh phn ng.
HS : Thu qua nc (hoc thu trc
tip bng phng php y khng
kh).
Lm tt que dim ang chy.
Phng trnh phn ng :
NH
4
NO
2

o
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
hoc NH
4
Cl + NaNO
2

o
t
N
2
+
NaCl + 2H
2
O
Hot ng 7
cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS nm vng hai :
Nit th hin tnh oxi ho hoc tnh kh, nhng tnh oxi ho l tnh cht
ch yu.
Phng php iu ch nit.
Bi tp v nh : 2, 3, 4, 5.
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK

5. Phng trnh phn ng
N
2
+ 3H
2
= 2NH
3

Th tch N
2
cn ly :
1
2
.67,2.
100
25
= 134,4 lt
Th tch H
2
cn ly :
3
2
.67,2.
100
25
= 403,2 lt
E. T liu tham kho
Nit thin nhin l hn hp ca hai ng v
14
N v
15
N vi t l s
nguyn t l 272 : 1. ng v
15
N thng c dng trong phng php nh
du nguyn t v c th a vo axit nitric vi t l 99,8%. Axit nitric H
15
NO
3

l cht khi u iu ch nn bt c hp cht no ca nit nh du.
Theo thuyt MO (Moleculur orbital) phn t N
2
c cu hnh :
2 *2 2 2 2
s s z x y

Ngha l trong phn t c mt lin kt ba : :N N:
Vi nng lng lin kt l 942KJ/mol v di l 1,095
o
A.
Nng lng lin kt rt ln gii thch tnh tr ca phn t N
2
v gii
thch ti sao a s hp cht n gin ca nit, mc d trong c lin kt bn,
u l hp cht thu nhit.
So snh nng lng (KJ/mol) ca cc lin kt sau y :
CC 348 N N 169
C=C 635 N=N 409
CC 830 NN 945
Nhn thy lin kt ba NN bn gp 6 ln lin kt n NN trong khi
lin kt ba CC ch bn gp 2,5 ln lin kt n CC. Cho nn nit c bit tr

hn nhiu so vi axetilen c lin kt ba CC. Th d minh chng l nit
khng c kh nng tham gia phn ng kt hp nh axetilen.

Bi 8 amoniac v mui amoni
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
Bit c im cu to phn t amoniac; tnh cht vt l, ng dng v
phng php iu ch amoniac trong phng th nghim v trong cng
nghip.
Bit tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc, nhn bit v ng dng ca mui
amoni.
Hiu tnh cht ha hc c bn ca amoniac : tnh baz yu v tnh kh.
2. K nng
D on, kim tra v kt lun c v tnh cht ho hc ca amoniac.
Quan st cc th nghim hoc hnh nh th nghim, rt ra nhn xt v
tnh cht ca amoniac.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc minh ho.
Nhn bit cc dung dch.
Tnh ton th tch cc cht theo phng trnh phn ng.
3. Tnh cm thi
Gip HS bit c nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng ca vic sn
xut NH
3
, HNO
3
v c thc bo v mi trng sng.

B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu v cc ho cht , dng c th nghim sau :
Ho cht : kh NH
3
, mui NH
4
Cl v cc dung dch : NH
3
, HCl
c
, AlCl
3
,
Ca(OH)
2
, NaOH.
Dng c : Bnh cu, nt cao su c ng thy tinh xuyn qua, n cn, gi
th nghim, chu thy tinh ng nc, ng nghim, tha ly ho cht, ng
nh git.
HS : n tp tnh cht chung ca baz.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
A. Amoniac
Hot ng 1
I. Cu to phn t
GV yu cu HS nhc li cu hnh e
lp ngoi cng ca nit v cho bit
s to thnh lin kt trong phn t
NH
3

HS tho lun :
Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca N :
2s
2
2p
3
.
N dng 3e phn lp 2p to thnh
lin kt vi 3 nguyn t H bng 3 lin
kt cng ho tr phn cc.
N cn mt cp e t do trn phn lp
2s c th tham gia lin kt vi nguyn
t khc.
GV yu cu HS vit cng thc
electron, cng thc cu to ca NH
3
.
HS vit cng thc :

H
N H H
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
N
H
H
H
CTE CTCT
.
.

GV cho HS quan st s phn t
NH
3
(hnh 2.2, SGK) v yu cu HS
rt ra nhn xt :
Dng hnh hc ca phn t.
Gc lin kt H N H
di lin kt N H
HS nhn xt :
Phn t NH
3
c dng hnh chp tam
gic.






Gc lin kt

HNH = 107
o

di lin kt
:
N H = 0,102nm
= 1,02
o
A
= 1,02.10
10
m

Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht vt l
GV cho HS quan st bnh ng kh
NH
3
v nit v m nt bnh yu cu
HS nhn xt :


HS quan st v nhn xt :
Trng thi.
Mu sc.
Mi v.
T khi ca NH
3
so vi khng kh.
Cht kh.
Mu trng.
Mi khai, xc.
d =
17
29
< 1 NH
3
nh hn khng
kh.
GV lm th nghim nghin cu tnh
tan ca kh NH
3
trong nc theo
SGK v hng dn HS quan st, tr

H
H
H
. .
N

li cc cu hi :
Cho bit hin tng xy ra ?
V sao nc phun vo bnh thnh
nhng tia c mu hng ?
T yu cu HS rt ra nhn xt v
kh nng ho tan ca NH
3
trong
nc v tnh cht ca dung dch thu
c.
HS Nu hin tng quan st.
Gii thch : Do kh NH
3
tan nhiu
trong nc lm cho p sut trong bnh
gim mnh, dn n khng kh y
nc vo bnh.
HS nhn xt : Kh NH
3
tan nhiu
trong nc to dung dch amoniac c
tnh baz phenolphtalein chuyn
mu hng.
GV b sung :
20
o
C, 1 lt nc ho tan c
khong 800 lt kh amoniac.
Dung dch amoniac m c
thng dng trong phng th nghim
c nng 25% (d = 0,91g/cm
3
)

III. Tnh cht ho hc
Hot ng 3
1. Tnh baz yu
GV yu cu HS tho lun tnh cht
ho hc chung ca dung dch baz
HS tho lun :
Lm qu tm thnh mu xanh.
Tc dng vi axit.
Tc dng vi oxit axit.
Tc dng vi mui.
GV lm th nghim : Cho mu giy
qu tm vo dung dch NH
3
v
hng dn HS quan st, gii thch
hin tng, vit phng trnh phn
ng.
GV lu HS c th dng giy qu
HS quan st v tho lun :
Giy qu tm ho xanh do NH
3
tan
vo nc to mi trng kim yu.
NH
3
+ H
2
O =
4
NH
+
+ OH



m nhn bit kh amoniac.
GV thng bo : Thc nghim xc
nh trong dung dch NH
3
khng c
phn t NH
4
OH.
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim :
Nh t t dung dch NH
3
vo dung
dch AlCl
3
.
Quan st hin tng, vit phng
trnh phn ng dng phn t v ion
thu gn.
HS lm th nghim v nu hin tng
: xut hin kt ta trng xp bng
Al(OH)
3
.
Phng trnh phn ng :
AlCl
3
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+
3NH
4
Cl
Al
3+
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+
3
4
NH
+

GV yu cu HS hon thnh cc
phng trnh phn ng sau v rt ra
kt lun v phn ng gia dung dch
NH
3
v dung dch mui :
FeCl
2
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O
NaCl + NH
3
+ H
2
O
HS hon thnh phng trnh phn ng
:
FeCl
2
+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O Fe(OH)
2
+
2NH
4
Cl
NaCl + NH
3
+ H
2
O khng phn
ng.
Kt lun : Dung dch amoniac tc
dng c vi dung dch mui ca
kim loi to c kt ta hiroxit.
GV lm th nghim : Cho dung dch
NH
3
tc dng vi dung dch HCl c
v hng dn HS quan st, gii thch
hin tng v vit phng trnh phn
ng.
GV thng bo : Phn ng gia dung
dch NH
3
v dung dch HCl long
vn xy ra nhng khng c hin
tng khi trng.
HS : Quan st, tho lun
Hin tng : C khi trng bc
ln.
Gii thch : Do kh NH
3
v HCl bay
ra t dung dch NH
3
v dung dch
HCl c tip xc vi nhau, xy ra
phn ng to thnh nhng ht tinh th
nh NH
4
Cl (mu trng) trng ging
nh khi.


GV yu cu HS cho bit ng dng
ca phn ng gia kh NH
3
v HCl.
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl (amoni clorua)
HS : Dng kh HCl nhn bit kh
NH
3
v ngc li.
GV yu cu HS hon thnh cc
phng trnh phn ng sau v gi tn
sn phm thu c.
NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4

NH
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

HS : Hon thnh phng trnh phn
ng.
GV hng dn HS rt ra nhn xt v
phn ng gia dung dch NH
3
v
dung dch axit.
HS nhn xt : Amoniac tc dng vi
cc axit to mui amoni.
Hot ng 4
2. Tnh kh
GV gi HS da vo s oxi ho ca
N v H d on tnh oxi ho, kh
ca NH
3
.
GV thng bo : Tnh kh ca NH
3

c trng hn v ta ch xt tnh cht
ny.

GV lm th nghim t chy NH
3

trong oxi nh hnh 2.2 (SGK) v
hng dn HS quan st hin tng,
vit phng trnh phn ng v nhn
xt s thay i s oxi ho ca cc
nguyn t.
HS quan st, nu hin tng.
3
3
4 NH

+
0
2
3O
0
2
2N + 6H
2
2
O

3
2
NH : cht kh
O : cht oxi ho


GV thng bo : khi c cht xc tc
ho tan thch hp, NH
3
b oxi ho
cho NO v H
2
O. Yu cu HS vit
phng trnh phn ng.
HS vit phng trnh phn ng :
3
3
4 NH

+ 5O
2

+

o
2
xt
t
4 NO + 6H
2
O
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK HS nghin cu SGK, tho lun.
3 1
3
NH
+

Tnh kh : V N c s oxi
ho 3 thp nht.
Tnh oxi ho : V H c s
oxi ho + 1 cao nht.

phn ng gia NH
3
v Cl
2
v yu cu
HS nu hin tng, gii thch, vit
phng trnh phn ng v xc nh
s thay i s oxi ho ca cc
nguyn t.
Hin tng : C khi trng do s
to thnh tinh th nh NH
4
Cl.
2NH
3
+ 3Cl
2
N
2
+ 6HCl
Kh HCl sinh ra kt hp ngay vi NH
3

: khi trng
NH
3

kh
+ HCl
kh
NH
4
Cl
tinh th

Phng trnh chung :

+ +
3 0 0 3 1
3 2 2 4
8NH 3Cl N 6 NH Cl

3
2
NH : cht kh
Cl : cht oxi ho


GV b sung : NH
3
phn ng vi Br
2

cng cho phn ng tng t v yu
cu HS vit phng trnh phn ng.
HS:
8NH
3
+ 3Br
2
N
2
+ 6NH
4
Br
GV yu cu HS kt lun v tnh cht
ho hc c bn ca NH
3

HS : kt lun




Hot ng 5
IV. ng dng
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK v
lin h vi thc t rt ra cc ng
dng ca amoniac.
HS : Nu cc ng dng :
Sn xut axit nitric, phn m, ...
iu ch hirazin N
2
H
4
lm nhin
liu tn la.
Lm cht gy lnh trong thit b
lnh, (da vo tnh cht : kh NH
3
bay
hi, thu nhit).
Hot ng 6
NH
3

Tnh baz yu
Tnh kh

V. iu ch
GV lm th nghim hoc gii thiu
s iu ch NH
3
(hnh 2.5, SGK)
v hng dn HS tr li cc cu hi :

Nguyn tc iu ch ? HS : Quan st tho lun :
Dng baz mnh hn (Ca(OH)
2
)
y baz yu hn (NH
3
) ra khi mui
amoni.
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2NH
4
Cl
o
t
CaCl
2
+
2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
Nhn bit kh NH
3
thot ra ? Th bng giy qu tm m.
Phng php thu hi kh NH
3
?
Gii thch.
Thu kh NH
3
bng cch dy khng
kh ra khi l p ngc v (NH
2
nh
hn khng kh).
C th thu kh NH
3
bng cch y
nc ?
Khng, v NH
3
tan nhiu trong
nc.
Lm kh kh NH
3
thu c bng
ho cht no ? CaO rn, H
2
SO
4
c,
hay P
2
O
5
?
GV b sung : C th iu ch nhanh
mt lng nh NH
3
bng cch un
nng dung dch NH
3
c.
Chn CaO rn. Khng dng H
2
SO
4

c v P
2
O
5
v NH
3
s b hp th do
phn ng vi axit.
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK v
iu ch NH
3
trong cng nghip v
cho nhn xt :

Nguyn tc iu ch ?
Bin php k thut :
HS : tho lun v rt ra nhn xt :
Tng hp t N
2
v H
2
:
N
2
+ 3H
2
= 2NH
3
H < 0
+ Tng hiu sut ? Tng nhit : 450 500
o
C.
Tng p sut : 200 300atm.

+ Tng tc phn ng ? Dng xc tc : Fe c hot ho
bi Al
2
O
3
, K
2
O.
+ Chng nhim mi trng trong
sn xut amoniac.
Sn xut NH
3
theo chu trnh tun
hon khp kn :











Hot ng 7
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS nm vng 2 :
Amoniac c tnh baz yu v tnh kh mnh.
Phng php iu ch NH
3

Bi tp v nh : 2, 3 (SGK)
B. Mui Amoni
Hot ng 8
I. Tnh cht vt l
GV nu cu hi cho HS tho lun :
Mui amoni to thnh t phn ng
no ?
Cho bit mt s mui amoni ?
Nhn xt v thnh phn ca mui
HS : Tho lun
Phn ng amoniac tc dng vi
axit.
V d : NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
,
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
,..
Nguyn liu
(N
2
, H
2
)
Hn hp kh
(NH
3
, N
2
,
Kh (N
2
, H
2
)
Lng : NH
3
tch ra
Qua thp
tng hp
Lm lnh
(NH
4
)
n
Cation amoni
4
NH
+

Anion gc axit A
n

amoni ?
Thnh phn mui amoni :




GV cho HS quan st cc l ng
mui amoni : NH
4
Cl, NH
4
NO
3
v
lm th nghim th tnh tan ca cc
mui trong nc. Yu cu HS nhn
xt :



HS : nhn xt
Trng thi.
Mu sc.
Tnh tan v mu ca dung dch thu
c.
Cht rn tinh th.
Khng mu.
Tan nhiu trong nc to dung dch
khng mu.
GV hng dn HS rt ra nhn xt
chung v tnh cht vt l ca mui
amoni.
HS : Cc mui amoni trng thi rn
tan nhiu trong nc v in li hon
ton thnh cation
4
NH
+
khng mu v
amoni gc axit.
Hot ng 9
II. Tnh cht ho hc
1. Tc dng vi baz kim
GV lm th nghim : (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
tc
dng vi NaOH v yu cu HS quan
st gii thch hin tng bng
phng trnh phn ng.
HS : Nu hin tng v gii thch
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH
o
t
Na
2
SO
4

+
2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
4
NH
+
+ OH

NH
3
+ H
2
O
GV yu cu HS ly thm mt s v
d v phn ng gia mui amoni v
kim.
HS a ra mt s v d :
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2KOH
o
t
K
2
CO
3
+
2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2Ba(OH)
2

o
t
BaSO
4


+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
....
GV : Nu ng dng ca phn ng
gia mui amoni v kim.
HS :
iu ch NH
3
trong phng th
nghim.
Nhn bit ion amoni trong dung
dch (mu th tc dng vi dung dch
kim, nu kh thot ra c mi khai
hoc gp kh HCl to khi trng, kt
lun mu th c
4
NH
+
).
Hot ng 10
2. Phn ng nhit phn
GV lm th nghim nhit phn mui
amoni clorua (hoc m t th nghim
theo hnh 2.6, SGK) v yu cu HS
quan st, gii thch v rt ra nhn
xt.
HS : Nu hin tng, gii thch v
vit phng trnh phn ng.
Nhn xt : Cc mui amoni d b
nhit phn.
GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
phn ng nhit phn cc mui amoni
: (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, NH
4
HCO
3
,
NH
4
NO
3
, NH
4
NO
2
v cho nhn xt ?
HS : Vit phng trnh phn ng v
nhn xt :
Mui amoni ca axit khng c tnh
oxi ho
o
t
NH
3
+ axit.
Mui amoni ca axit c tnh oxi
ho
o
t
N
2
, oxit nit.
GV hng dn HS lin h thc t ca
phn ng nhit phn mui amoni.
HS :
NH
4
Cl dng lm lu n khi.
NH
4
HCO
3
dng lm bt n.
NH
4
NO
3
, NH
4
NO
2
dng iu ch
N
2
, N
2
O trong phng th nghim.



Hot ng 11
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS tm tt tnh cht ca
mui amoni.
HS :
Tan trong nc v in li thnh
cation amoni
4
NH
+
v anion gc axit.
Tc dng vi kim v b nhit phn.
GV yu cu HS lm bi tp 6, 7, 8
(SGK).

d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
3. Phng trnh phn ng :
CH
4
+ 2H
2
O
o
t , xt
CO
2
+ 4H
2

CH
4
+ 2O
2

o
t
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
t , p, xt

2NH
3

4. Nhn bit cc dung dch

( )
3
2 4
4
4 4
2
NH
Na SO
NH Cl
NH SO




5. p n C.
7. Phng trnh phn ng :
qu tm
ho xanh
khng i mu
ho
NH
3

Na
2
SO
( )
4
4 4
2
NH Cl
NH SO






dd BaCl
2

c trng
Khng c
(NH
4
)SO
NH
4
Cl

2NaOH + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

o
t
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
4
NH
+
+ OH


o
t
NH
3
+ H
2
O
( )
4 4
2
NH SO
n = 0,15.1 = 0,15 (mol)

3
NH
n = 2.
( )
4 4
2
NH SO
n = 0,3 (mol) hay
3
NH
V = 0,3. 22,4 = 6,72l (ktc)
8. p n A.
E. T liu tham kho
Gc amoni t do gia mui amoni v mui kim loi kim c mt s tnh
cht ging nhau, ng vi cc ion kim loi kim c kim loi t do. Vy ng vi
4
NH
+
c NH
4
t do khng ?
Thc t c NH
4
t do, nhng gc ny rt km bn, kh tn ti iu kin
thng. Khi in phn dung dch mui amoni trong NH
3
lng 95
o
C ta thy
cc m c NH
3
v H
2
bay ln. iu ny chng t rng khi in phn, ion
4
NH
+
i v cc m thu e tr thnh NH
4
, nhng v NH
4
khng bn, phn hy
thnh NH
3
v H
2
. Nu cc m l thy ngn th ngi ta c m cc mt hn
hp c c im nhy nh m (ging nh hn hp ca kim loi kim vi thu
ngn).
Vy y c NH
4
t do, c tnh cht ging kim loi kim. Hn hp ny
tn ti t
o
thp, nu t
o
thng ta c NH
3
v H
2
.
Hn hng amoni cng c to nn khi cho hn hng Na
+
tc dng ln
dung dch m c ca mui amoni. y c phn ng :
NH
4
Cl (m c) + hn hng Na NH
4
hn hng + NaCl
Nu ly hn hng NH
4
cho tc dng vi dung dch mui ng ta c
hn hng ng :
CuSO
4
+ NH
4
(Hg) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ Cu(Hg)

y l tnh cht kim loi ca NH
4
mnh hn Cu, y c ng ra khi
mui.
Bi 9 axit nitric v mui nitrat
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
Bit c im cu to phn t, tnh cht vt l ca axit nitric, tnh cht
ca mui nitrat v iu ch axit nitric trong phng th nghim v trong
cng nghip.
Hiu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca axit nitric : tnh axit v tnh oxi ho.
2. K nng :
D on tnh cht ho hc da vo cu to phn t.
Vit c phng trnh ho hc chng minh tnh axit v tnh oxi ho
ca HNO
3
.
Quan st th nghim v tnh cht ho hc ca axit HNO
3
v mui nitrat.
Rn luyn k nng tnh khi lng, nng trong cc bi tp.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu v cc ho cht dng c th nghim :
Ho cht : Qu tm, CuO rn, Cu, Fe, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c, dung dch
NaOH, KNO
3
rn
Gi th nghim, n cn.
Dng c : ng nghim.
HS : n tp tnh cht chung ca axit, cn bng phn ng oxi ho kh.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

A. Axit nitric
Hot ng 1
I. Cu to phn t
GV yu cu HS vit cng thc
electron, cng thc cu to ca
HNO
3
v xc nh s oxi ho ca N
trong phn t.
HS :
H O N
O
N H
O
O
O
O
.
.
. .
. . . .
. .
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CTE CTCT

Mi tn ch lin kt cng ho tr to
bi cp e do nguyn t N b ra (lin
kt cho nhn)
S oxi ho ca N : + 5
Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht vt l
GV cho HS quan st l ng HNO
3

v nghin cu SGK rt ra nhn
xt v tnh cht vt l.
GV gi HS gii thch dung dch
HNO
3
lu c mu vng.
HS nhn xt :
Cht lng, khng mu, d bay hi (d
= 1,53g/cm
3
) v tan v hn trong nc.
HS : Axit nitric km bn, phn hy
thnh NO
2
(nu ) tan trong nc
lm dung dch c mu vng.
4HNO
3
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O
GV b sung : Trong phng th
nghim thng dng HNO 68% (d
= 1,40g/cm
3
)

III. Tnh cht ho hc
Hot ng 3
1. Tnh axit
GV yu cu HS tho lun v tnh
axit ca dung dch HNO
3

HS dung dch HNO
3
c nhng tnh
cht chung ca axit :

Lm qu tm ho
Tc dng vi baz
Tc dng vi oxit baz
Tc dng vi mui ca axit yu hn.
GV t chc cho cc nhm HS lm
th nghim chng minh :
Nhm 1 : Th nghim HNO
3
+
Ba(OH)
2

Nhm 2 : Th nghim HNO
3
+ CuO
Nhm 3 : Th nghim HNO
3
+ CaCO
3

GV nhn xt v hng dn HS kt
lun v tch cht ho hc ca axit
nitric
HS : Quan st, nhn xt hin tng v
vit phng trnh phn ng.
2HNO
3
+ Ba(OH)
2
Ba(NO
3
)
2
+
2H
2
O
2HNO
3
+ CuO Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
2HNO
3
+ CaCO
3
Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ CO
2

+ H
2
O

Hot ng 4
2. Tnh oxi ho
a. Tc dng vi kim loi
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim :
Nhm 1 : Cu + HNO
3
long
Nhm 2 : Cu + HNO
3
c

HS : Quan st, m t hin tng
Phng trnh phn ng :
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO +
4H
2
O
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+
2H
2
O
GV gi m HS gii thch hin tng
, vit phng trnh phn ng v rt
ra nhn xt.
Nhn xt :
HNO
3
long b kh cho NO.
HNO
3
c b kh cho NO
2
.
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK
bit thm v tc dng ca HNO
3
vi
kim loi.
HS :
Cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh Mg,
Al, Zn, ... c th kh HNO
3
long v

1
2 N O
+
,
0
2
N hoc
3
4 3
NH NO


GV b sung : Al, Fe, ... b th ng
ho trong dung dch HNO
3
c
ngui do to ra mt lp mng oxit
bn dng bnh bng Al, Fe
ng HNO
3
c.
GV hng dn HS rt ra nhn xt
chung v tc dng ca HNO
3
vi kim
loi.

Hot ng 5
b) Tc dng vi phi kim
GV hng dn HS nghin cu SGK
rt ra nhn xt v hon thnh
cc phng trnh phn ng sau :
S + HNO
3
c
P + HNO
3
long
C + HNO
3
c
HS nhn xt :
Axit nitric oxi ho mt s phi kim
v axit hoc oxit axit trong phi kim
thng c s oxi ho cao nht.
Phng trnh phn ng :
0
S + 6HNO
3
c H
2
SO
4
+ 6NO
2
+
2H
2
O
0
3P + 5HNO
5
long + 2H
2
O
5
3 4
3H P O
+
+ 5NO
0
C + 4HNO
3
c
4
2
CO
+
+ 4NO
2
+
2H
2
O
c) Tc dng vi hp cht
GV lm th nghim : Cho FeO tc
dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c,
nng v hng dn HS quan st,
gii thch hin tng v vit
phng trnh phn ng .
HS : Nu hin tng, gii thch.
Phng trnh phn ng :
FeO + 4HNO
3
c
o
t
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+
NO
2
+ 2H
2
O

GV b sung : Vi, giy, mn ca, ...
b bc chy khi tip xc vi HNO
3

c.
GV yu cu HS rt ra nhn xt v
phn ng oxi ho ca axit nitric vi
cc hp cht.
GV yu cu HS rt ra kt lun
chung v tnh oxi ho ca axit
nitric.
HS :
Axit nitric oxi ho c nhiu hp
cht v c v hu c.
Hot ng 6
IV. ng dng
GV hng dn HS nghin cu SGK
lin h thc t rt ra ng dng.
HS :
Sn xut phn m, NH
4
NO
3
,
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4.
iu ch thuc n, thuc nhum,
dc phm.
Hot ng 7
V. iu ch
1. Trong phng th nghim
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK rt
ra nguyn tc v vit phng trnh
phn ng iu ch HNO
3
trong
phng th nghim.
HS :
Dng axit sunfuric c y axit
nitric ra khi mui ca n.
NaNO
3
(k) + H
2
SO
4
(c)
o
t

HNO
3
(c) + NaHSO
4
(dd)
GV : Ti sao phi dng NaNO
3

khan v H
2
SO
4
c ?
GV b sung : Axit nitric km bn
khi iu ch cn un nng nh.
Mt lng nh HNO
3
phn hy
thnh NO
2
lm cho axit sinh ra c


mu nu, khi lm lnh mu nu
nht dn.
2. Trong cng nghip
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK,
tho lun v cc giai on sn xut
axit nitric t NH
3
.


HS : tho lun v trnh by
a) Oxi ho NH
3
thnh NO
Vit phng trnh phn ng ?
iu kin ?
a) Oxi ho NH
3
thnh NO
4
3
3
NH

+ 5 O
2

+

o
2
xt, t
4NO + 6H
2
O
xt : Pt
t
o
: 850 900
o
C
GV b sung : tng hiu sut
chuyn ho NH
3
NO, dng d
O
2
(ln hn 1,7 ln so vi NH
3
)

b) Oxi ho NO thnh NO
2

Vit phng trnh phn ng
b) Oxi ho NO thnh NO
2

2NO + O
2
(kk) 2NO
2
c) Hp th NO
2
vo nc c oxi
khng kh thnh HNO
3
.
Vit phng trnh phn ng.
c) Hp th NO
2
vo nc c oxi khng
kh thnh HNO
3

4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3

GV : Dung dch HNO
3
thu c
thng c nng 60 62%.
thu c dung dch c nng cao
hn, ngi ta chng ct vi H
2
SO
4

c hoc ho tan N
2
O
4
lng p
sut cao, d oxi vo dung dch
HNO
3
:
2N
2
O
4
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3

GV nhn xt v kt lun s phn
ng trong qu trnh sn xut HNO
3

:


NH
3

2
O +
NO
2
O +
NO
2

2 2
H O O + +
HNO
3

B. Mui Nitrat
Hot ng 8
I. Tnh cht ca mui nitrat
GV hng dn HS nghin cu bng
tnh tan ca cc hp cht (i km
vi bng h thng tun hon) v
nhn xt v tnh tan ca mui nitrat.
HS nhn xt :
Cc mui nitrat u l cht in li
mnh, tan trong nc phn li hon
ton thnh ion. V d :
AgNO
3
Ag
+
+
3
NO


GV yu cu HS tho lun v tnh
cht ho hc chung ca mui nitrat
v ly v d chng minh.
HS tho lun :
Tc dng vi dung dch axit
Tc dng vi dung dch baz
Tc dng vi dung dch mui khc
Tc dng vi kim loi
Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+
2HNO
3

Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+
2NaNO
3

Ca(NO
3
)
2
+ K
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+
2KNO
2

Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ Fe Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ Cu
GVyu cu HS rt ra kt lun v
tnh cht chung ca mui nitrat.

Hot ng 9
2. Phn ng nhit phn
GV hng dn cc nhm HS lm
cc th nghim nhit phn mui



KNO
3
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
, AgNO
3
v ghi kt
qu vo bng sau :

HS : Lm th nghim, ghi kt qu :
Mui
nhit phn
Hin
tng
Phng trnh
phn ng
KNO
3

Cu(NO
3
)
2

AgNO
3

Yu cu HS rt ra nhn xt chung
v nhit phn mui nitrat
Mui
nhit phn
Hin
tng
Phng trnh
phn ng
KNO
3
Tn
m bng
chy
2KNO
3

o
t

2KNO
2
+ O
2

Cu(NO
3
)
2
Tn
m
chy.
Kh
mu nu

Cht
rn en
2Cu(NO
3
)
2
o
t
2CuO +
4NO
2
+ O
2

AgNO
3
Tn
m bng
chy.
Kh
mu nu
.
Cht
rn xm
en
2AgNO
3

o
t

2Ag + 2NO
2
+
O
2


HS nhn xt :






M(NO
3
)
n

Mui nitrit + O
2

Oxit kim loi +
NO
2
+ O
2

Kim loi + NO
2

+ O
2

t
o
M : Mg, Zn ... Cu
M : K, Na... Ca
M : Ag, Hg...



Khi un nng, mui nitrat l cht oxi
ho mnh.
Hot ng 10
3. Nhn bit ion nitrat
GV hng dn HS lm cc th
nghim :
TN1 : Cu + dd NaNO
3

TN2 : Cu + dd NaNO
3
+ dd H
2
SO
4

Yu cu HS nu hin tng, vit
phng trnh phn ng ra rt ra
nhn xt.
HS : Tho lun
TN1 : Khng c hin tng g xy
ra.
TN2 : Kh khng mu b ho nu
trong khng kh, dung dch c mu
xanh.
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2
3
NO

3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
dd xanh +
4H
2
O
2NO + O
2
(kk) 2NO
2

nu
Nhn xt :
Trong mi trng trung tnh
3
NO


khng c tnh oxi ho.
Trong mi trng axit th hin tnh oxi
ho ging HNO
3

GV : Nu ng dng ca phn ng
ng tc dng vi mui nitrat trong
mi trng axit.
HS : Dng Cu v axit H
2
SO
4
nhn bit
ion
3
NO

trong dung dch.


Hot ng 11
II . ng dng
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK v
lin h vi thc t rt ra ng
dng ca mui nitrat
HS :
Phn ln mui nitrat lm phn bn :

NH
4
NO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, ...
Thuc n en l hn hp gm 75%
KNO
3
, 10% S, 15% C.
Phn ng thuc n en :
2KNO
3
+ 3C + S K
2
S + N
2
+ 3CO
2
+
Q
Hot ng 12
C - Chu Trnh ca nit trong t nhin
GV yu cu HS cu SGK v tho
lun v s tun hon ca nit trong
t nhin :


HS : Tho lun
1. S chuyn ho qua li gia nit
v c v nit hu c ?
1. S chuyn ho qua li gia nit v
c v nit hu c.
Thc vt hp th
3
NO

,
4
NH
+
trong
t thnh protein thc vt. ng vt
chuyn protein thc vt thnh protein
ng vt.
ng vt, thc vt thi ra nh mt
s vi khun trong t to thnh mui
nitrat v nit t do.
2. S chuyn ho qua li gia nit
t do va nit hp cht ?
2. S chuyn ho qua li gia nit t
do v nit hp cht.
Nit trong khngkh khi gp tia st
trong cn ging to thnh HNO
3
theo
nc ma ngm vo t v chuyn ho
thnh mui nitrat. Mt s vi khun
trong t chuyn ho c nit t do
thnh hp cht hu c cha nit.
Khi t chy cc cht hu c (than
g, tha , than bn ...) to thnh nit
t do.

3. S can thip ca con ngi n
s chuyn ho nit ?
3. S can thip ca con ngi n s
chuyn ho nit.
Cy ci cn nit pht trin.
Lng nit chuyn t kh quyn vo
t khng .
Bn phn cho cy.
GV a ra nhn xt chung v chu
trnh nit trong t nhin.

Hot ng 13
Cng c bi tp v nh
GV pht phiu hc tp vi ni dung sau :
Bi 1. Trong s cc cht sau : BaSO
4
, P, CuO, Cl
2
, FeO, Na
2
CO
3
, Au cht
no tc dng c vi HNO
3
. Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
Bi 2. Phn bit cc dung dch sau : HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
long, HCl, NaNO
3
,
NaCl
Bi tp v nh : 2, 4, 6 (SGK).
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
2. Lp phng trnh ho hc :
a) Ag + 2HNO
3
(c) AgNO
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
b) 3Ag + 4HNO
3
(long) 3AgNO
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
c) 8Al + 30HNO
3
8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O + 15H
2
O
d) 4Zn + 10HNO
3
4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
e) 3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O
g) 3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 14H
2
O
4. a. p n D
b. p n A

6. Phn 1 : Cu + 4 HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ H
2
O
2
NO
8, 96
n
22, 4
= = 0,4 (mol)
n
Cu
=
1
2
2
NO
n = 0,2 (mol)
Phn 2 : 2Al + 6 HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2

2
H
6, 72
n
22, 4
= = 0,3 (mol)
n
Al
=
2
H
2
n
3
= 0,2 (mol)
Trong mi phn :
m
Al
= 0,2 .27 = 5,4 (g)
m
Cu
= 0,2 .64 = 12,8 (g)
m
hh
= 5,4 + 12,8 = 18,2 (g)
Phn trm khi lng cc kim loi :
% Al =
5, 4
18, 2
.100% = 29,67%
%Cu = 100% 29,67% = 70,33%
E. T liu tham kho
Dung dch HNO
3
long c nng di 2M tc dng vi kim loi hot
ng c th gii phng kh H
2
. V d : Mg v Mn c th kh H
+
trong HNO
2

c nng t 1 2 % (khong 0,3 M) thnh H
2
:
Mg + 2HNO
3
(0,3M) Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2

Mn + 2HNO
3
(0,3M) Mn (NO
3
)
2
+ H
2

Khi nng HNO
3
cao hn, tnh oxi ho
3
NO

vt tri hn so vi H
+
,
do vi cc cht kh, axit HNO
3
s b kh n mt s sn phm sau :

3
NO

+ 2H
+
+ 1e NO + H
2
O
3
NO

+ 3H
+
+ 2e HNO
2
+ H
2
O
3
NO

+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
3
NO

+ 10H
+
+ 8e N
2
O + 5H
2
O
3
2NO

+ 12H
+
+ 10e N
2
+ 6H
2
O
3
NO

+ 10H
+
+ 8e
4
NH
+
+ 3H
2
O
3
NO

+ 8H
+
+ 6e NH
3
OH
+
+ 2H
2
O
Tuy nhin, sn phm no s l ch yu, ph thuc vo cc yu t nh : bn
cht ca cht kh, nng axit v nhit ca qu trnh. Ni chung, kim loi
cng mnh v dung dch axit cng long s b kh v s oxi ho cng thp
(*)

Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
4Zn + 10 HNO
3
l 4Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
Da vo th kh chun ca phn ng :
3
NO

+ 2H
+
+ 1e NO
2
+ H
2
O E
0
= 0,80V
3
NO

+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O E
0
= 0,96V
3
NO

+ 10H
+
+ 8e
4
NH
+
+ 3H
2
O E
0
= 0,88V
C th nhn xt rng : i vi HNO
3
c, sn phm ch yu ca phn ng
l NH
3
, trong mi trng axit l
4
NH
+
(v th ca phn ng ph thuc vo
[H
+
]
10+
, do khi tng [H
+
] th th tng ln kh nhanh), cn i vi axit long

(*)
Xem thm : Cao C Gic. Tuyn tp bi ging ho hc v c. NXB i hc S phm, H Ni ,
2005.

sn phm ch yu l NO
2
(th ca phn ng ch ph thuc vo [H
+
]
2
). Tuy
nhin, trong thc t phn ng ngc li vi nhng nhn xt trn. L do l da
vo th in cc ta thy tt c axit v oxit ca nit cc trng thi oxi ho
khc nhau (tr
3
NO

) trong dung dch nc u c kh nng t oxi ho kh


dn dn v trong mi trng hp sn phm cui cng u l
3
NO

v N
2
:
2
4
2
NO
+
+ H
2
O
3 5
2 3
HNO HNO
+ +
+
2
3
2
HNO
+

2 4
2
NO NO
+ +
+ + H
2
O
...
nhit thng, NO
2
v NO u l nhng cht kh tan t trong nc.
Khi nng ca chng vt qu tan, chng s bay hi m cha kp t oxi
ho kh to thnh sn phm c s oxi ho thp hn N
2
O, N
2
, NH
3
. Do
vi HNO
3
c nng, c kh nng oxi ho mnh lit, c tc phn ng ln
v to ra lng ln sn phm trung gian l NO
2
. Vi HNO
3
long th tc
gii phng NO
2
nh hn, n c th tc dng vi nc to ra NO, trc khi
nng ca n vt qu tan. V NO ho tan trong nc km hn NO
2
do
ch c th tch khi HNO
3
long. Trong dung dch HNO
3
rt long th NO
c th b kh ti N
2
v
4
NH
+
. Mt khc, vi HNO
3
m c c th c phn ng
:
2
3
NO

+ 2H
+
+ NO 3NO
2
+ H
2
O
Ngha l khi HNO
3
m c phn ng vi kim loi c to ra NO th NO
li tc dng vi HNO
3
gii phng NO
2
.
Nh vy, c th hiu rng : Sn phm ca mt phn ng ho hc khng
nhng c quyt nh bi cc yu t nhit ng hc m cn chu tc ng ca
nhng yu t ng hc.

Bi 10 phot pho
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
Bit c im cu to ca nguyn t phot pho v s oxi ho cu n
trong cc hp cht.
Bit tnh cht vt l ca phot pho : Phot pho c hai dng th hnh l P
trng v P , s bin i qua li gia chng ph thuc vo nhit .
Bit iu ch v ng dng ca phot pho.
Hiu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca phot pho : Tnh kh v tnh oxi ho.
Hiu P trng hot ng hn P v phot pho hot ng hn nit.
2. K nng
D on tnh cht ho hc ca phot pho v vit c cc phn ng ca
phot pho vi mt s n cht.
Quan st th nghim v rt ra nhn xt.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng h thng tun hon v cc l ng P
trng, P .
HS : Cu to nguyn t phot pho, gii thch cc s oxi ho khc nhau
ca phot pho.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1
I. V tr v cu hnh electron nguyn t
GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn
hnh, yu cu HS cho bit v tr ca
phot pho, vit cu hnh electron v
nhn xt s e lp ngoi cng.
HS :
Vi tr ca P
A
th 15
Chu k 3
Nhm V


Cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5



Lp e ngoi cng c 5e trong
c 3e c thn.
GV : Ho tr v s oxi ho ca
photpho trong cc hp cht.
HS : tho lun
P c ho tr 3 v 5, s oxi ho 3,
+3, +5
Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht vt l
GV hng dn HS quan st 2 l ng
P trng v P , nghin cu SGK v
hon thnh phiu hc tp
P trng P
Cu to
Trng thi
mu sc
Tnh tan
bn
c tnh


P trng P
Tinh th
phn t P
4

PPP = 60
o

d
P P
= 2,21
o
A
C cu trc
Polime ca P trng
(P
4
)
n

Rn mu
trng hoc
hi vng.
Bt

Tan c
trong dung
Khng tan trong
dung mi thng

mi hu c :
CS
2
, C
6
H
6
.
thng
Km bn,
d nng
chy v bc
chy 50
o
C
Bn, kh nng
chy, bc chy
250
o
C
Pht quang Khng pht
quang
P
4
(trng)
o
280 340 C
ngui

(P
4
)
n
()
rn hi

GV b sung : P trng khng tc dng
vi nc nn c ngm trong nc
trnh b oxi ho. P trng rt c, th
nhiu hi phot pho dn n mc
xng, n mt lng rt nh phot
pho cng c th b t vong.

Hot ng 3
III. Tnh cht ho hc
GV gi m HS da vo s oxi ho
ca phot pho d on tnh cht
ho hc c bn ca P.
HS : P c cc s oxi ho 3, 0, + 3,
+5 P va c tnh oxi ho va c
tnh kh.
GV yu cu HS :
So snh hot ng ca P trng v P
? Gii thch ?
HS : So snh :
P hot ng km hn P trng v
lin kt PP trong P trng yu hn
trong P .
So snh hot ng ca phot pho
v nit ? Gii thch ?
Phot pho hot ng mnh hn nit
v lin kt PP trong phot pho km
bn hn so vi lin kt ba NN trong
nit.
GV lu : n gin khi vit
phng trnh phn ng ca phot pho
ta dng k hiu P hay cho P
4



Hot ng 4
1. Tnh oxi ho
GV hng dn HS :
Vit phng trnh phn ng ca
phot pho vi Ca, Mg ?..
Nhn tch s thay i s oxi ho
ca phot pho trong cc phn ng ?
HS : Vit phng trnh phn ng
3Ca + 2
0
P
3
3 2
Ca P


3Mg + 2
0
P
3
2
3
Mg P



0
P + 3e
3
P


S oxi ho gim
Nhn xt v vai tr ca phot pho
trong cc phn ng trn ?
P th hin tnh oxi ho.
Hot ng 5
2. Tnh kh
GV gi m HS vit phng trnh ho
hc ca phot pho vi O
2
, Cl
2
... v
nhn xt v s thay i s oxi ho v
vai tr ca phot pho trong cc phn
ng.
HS : Vit phng trnh phn ng :
0
4P + 3O
2(thiu)
2
3
2
3
P O
+

diphot photrioxit
0
4P + 5O
2(d)

5
2
5
2 P O
+

diphot phopentanoxit
0
2 P + 3Cl
2(thiu)

3
3
2 P Cl
+

photpho triclorua
0
2 P + 5Cl
2(d)
2
5
5
P Cl
+

photpho pentaclorua

0
P
3
P
+
+ 3e
P
5
P
+
+ 5e
GV yu cu HS rt ra kt lun v
tnh cht ho hc ca phot pho.
P th hin tnh kh.
HS : Khi tham gia phn ng, P th
hin tnh oxi ho hoc tnh kh, s
oxi ho gim hoc tng.

Hot ng 6
IV. ng dng
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK
rt ra ng dng ca phot pho.
HS :
Ch yu dng sn xut H
3
PO
4
,
dim.
Sn xut bom, n chy, n khi.
Hot ng 7
V. Trng thi t nhin
GV Chiu hnh nh khong vt apatit
v phot phorit gii thiu
HS :
Cc khong vt ca phot pho :
apatit 3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.CaF
2
, photphorit
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
P c trong protein thc vt, xng,
rng.
Hot ng 8
VI. sn xut
GV gii thiu phng php iu ch
P trong cng nghip : un nng chy
hn hp : khong vt phot phorit
(hoc apatit), ct, thch anh trong l
in 1200
o
C. Yu cu HS vit
phng trnh phn ng.
HS :
Phng trnh iu ch :
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 5C + 3SiO
2

o
1200 C

3CaSiO
3
+ 2P + 5CO
Hot ng 9
Cng c Bi tp v nh
* GV s dng cc bi tp 1, 2, 3 (SGK) luyn tp.
*Bi tp v nh : 4, 5 (SGK).
D. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
2. Lp phng trnh phn ng :

0
4 P + 5O
2
2
5
2
5
P O
+
(1)
0
2 P + 3Cl
2
2
3
3
PCl
+
(2)
0
2 P + 3S
3
2
3
P S
+
(3)
0
2 P + 5S
5
2
5
P S
+
(4)
2P
0
+ 3Mg
3
3 2
Mg P

(5)
6P
0
+ 5KClO
3

o
5
t
2
5
3P O
+
+ 5KCl (6)
P th hin tnh kh : phn ng 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
P th hin tnh oxi ho : phn ng 5
5. a. Phng trnh phn ng :
4P + 5O
2
2P
2
O
5

P
2
O
5
+ 4NaOH 2Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O
b) S mol P phn ng : n
P
= , 231 6 = 0,2 (mol)
2P P
2
O
5
4NaOH 2Na
2
HPO
4

0,2mol 0,4mol 0,2mol
Khi lng dung dch NaOH dng :
m
dd NaOH
=
0, 4.40.100
32
= 50 (g)
c) Khi lng dung dch Na
2
HPO
4
:
2 4
dd Na HPO
m
= 14,2 + 50 = 64,2g
Nng % ca Na
2
HPO
4
:
C%(Na
2
HPO
4
) =
0, 2.142
64, 2
.100% = 44,24%

Bi 11 axit photphoric v mui photphat
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
Bit cu to phn t, tnh cht vt l, ng dng v iu ch axit
photphoric ; Tnh cht v nhn bit mui photphat.
Hiu tnh cht ho hc c bn ca axit photphoric : Tnh axit trung bnh
v khng th hin tnh oxi ho.
2. K nng
Quan st th nghim rt ra nhn xt v tnh cht.
Vit phng trnh ho hc chng minh tnh cht ca axit phot phoric
v mui photphat
Nhn bit axit photphoric v mui phot phat bng phng php ho
hc.
Gii bi tp lin quan n C%, C
M
.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu v cc phiu hc tp, ho cht dng c th
nghim sau :
Ho cht : Na
3
PO
4
, AgNO
3
, NaCl, NaNO
3

Dng c : ng nghim, ng nh git, a thy tinh.
HS : Xem li tnh cht ca HNO
3
.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

A. axit photphoric
Hot ng 1
I. Cu to phn t
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK
v hon thnh phiu hc tp.

HS : Tho lun
HNO
3
H
3
PO
4
Cu to
Cng ho tr
ca N, P

S oxi ho ca
N , P





HNO
3
H
3
PO
4

Cu to
H O N
O
O
H
O
P
H
H
O
O
O =
Cng
ho tr
ca N,
P
4 5
S oxi
ho
ca N,
P
+5 +5

Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht vt l
GV hng dn HS quan st l
ng H
3
PO
4
, nghin cu SGK,
rt ra tnh cht vt l ca axit phot
phoric.
GV b sung : Axit phot phoric
thng dng c nng 85%.
HS :
Cht rn tinh th, khng mu, khng
mi, chy ra v tan v hn trong
nc.
Hot ng 3
III. Tnh cht ho hc
GV thng bo : Axit photphoric l
axit trung bnh, 3 nc (tri axit).
Yu cu HS vit phng trnh in
HS : Vit phng trnh in li ca
H
3
PO
4


li.
H
3
PO
4
=
2 4
H PO

+ H
+
: nc 1
anion dihirophot phat
2 4
H PO

=
4
HPO

+ H
+
: nc 2
anion hirophotphat
2
4
HPO

=
3
4
PO

+ H
+
: nc 3
anion photphat
GV b sung : Kh nng phn li
ca cc nc : nc 1 > nc 2 > nc
3.

GV : Trong dung dch H
3
PO
4
cha
nhng cht no ?

HS :
dd H
3
PO
4
: H
+
,
2 4
H PO

,
2
4
HPO

,
3
4
PO

,
H
3
PO
4

GV yu cu HS tho lun v tnh
axit ca H
3
PO
4
.
HS : Tho lun :
Lm i mu qu tm, tc dng vi
kim loi, oxit baz, baz.
GV pht phiu hc tp s 2 v
chiu ni dung ln mn hnh : cho
NaOH tc dng vi H
3
PO
4
c th
to ra nhng mui no ?
Vit phng trnh phn ng.
HS :
H
3
PO
4
l triaxit nn c th to ra 3
mui.
H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 2 NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ 3 NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O
GV khi no to ra mui trung
ho, khi no to ra mui axit.
HS : Da vo t l mol
T =
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n
n

Nu T 2 : to mui axit.
Nu T 3 to mui trung ho.
Nu 2 < T < 3 : to mui trung ho v

mui axit.
GV yu cu HS rt ra kt lun v
phn ng gia H
3
PO
4
vi oxit
baz, baz mnh.
HS : Kt lun :
H
3
PO
4
tc dng vi oxit baz, baz
to ra mui trung ho, mui axit ty
thuc vo t l mol cc cht phn ng.
Hot ng 4
GV hng dn HS tr li cu hi :
Ti sao trong HNO
3
, H
3
PO
4
N, P
u c s oxi ho +5 cao nht
nhng ch HNO
3
th hin tnh oxi
ho.
HS : Tho lun
HNO
3
km bn tnh oxi ho mnh.
H
3
PO
4
bn khng th hin tnh oxi
ho.
GV nhn mnh : Tnh oxi ho ca
mt cht khng nhng ph thuc
vo trng thi oxi ho ca nguyn
t m cn ph thuc vo bn
phn t ca cht .
GV yu cu HS rt ra kt lun v
tnh cht ho hc ca axit phot
phoric.

Hot ng 5
IV. iu ch
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK
rt ra cc phng php iu
ch H
3
PO
4
trong phng th
nghim v trong cng nghip.



HS :
1. Trong phng th nghim
Nguyn tc iu ch.
Vit phng trnh phn ng.
1. Trong phng th nghim
Cho P tc dng vi HNO
3
c.
P + 5HNO
3
H
3
PO
4
+ 5NO
2
+ H
2
O
2. Trong cng nghip
C my phng php iu ch ?
2. Trong cng nghip
C 2 phng php

Vit phng trnh phn ng.
PP1 : i t qung photphorit hoc apatit
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4

c
2H
3
PO
4
+
3CaSO
4

PP2 : i t phot pho
4 P + 5O
2
2P
2
O
5

P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

Phng php no iu ch
H
3
PO
4
c tinh khit cao hn ?
Gii thch ?
PP 2 thu c H
3
PO
4
c tinh khit
cao hn v phng php i t qung
cha cc tp cht c th tan trong H
2
SO
4
c
Hot ng 6
V. ng dng
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK
v lin h vi thc t rt ra tc
dng ca H
3
PO
4

HS : Tm tt
H
3
PO
4
k thut dng sn xut phn
bn v c (phn ln), dng trong nhum
vi, sn xut men s.
H
3
PO
4
tinh khit dng trong cng
nghip dc phm...
B. Mui phot phat
Hot ng 7
I. Tnh tan
GV yu cu HS nhc li mui ca
axit phot phoric v ly v d.
HS :
3 loi mui :
+ Mui photphat : Na
3
(PO
4
), (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
,
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2

+ Mui ihirophotphat : NaH
2
PO
4
,
NH
4
H
2
PO
4
, Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2

+ Mui hirophotphat : Na
2
HPO
4
,
(NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
, CaHPO
4
.
GV hng dn HS da vo bng HS :

tnh tan cho bit cc mui trn
mui no tan, khng tan ?
Mui tan : Na
3
(PO
4
), (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
,
NaH
2
PO
4
, NH
4
H
2
PO
4
, Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
,
Na
2
HPO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4

Mui khng tan : Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
, CaHPO
4

GV yu cu HS rt ra nhn xt v
tnh tan ca cc mui photphat
HS : Nhn xt
Tt c cc mui phot phat ca Na
+
,
K
+
,
4
NH
+
u tan.
Cc mui ihrophotphat ca cc kim
loi u tan.
Hot ng 8
II. Nhn bit ion phot phat
GV hng dn HS lm bi tp thc
nghim nhn bit cc dung dch
mui : NaCl, Na
3
PO
4
, NaNO
3
:

Chn thuc th ?
D on hin tng xy ra v
lm th nghim chng minh ?
HS : Tho lun v lm th nghim.
Dung dch AgNO
3

Hin tng :
NaCl c trng
Na
3
PO
4
c vng
NaNO
3
khng c

Vit phng trnh phn ng ? Phng trnh phn ng
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3

Na
3
PO
4
+ 3AgNO
3
Ag
3
PO
4
+
3NaNO
3

NaNO
3
+ AgNO
3
Khng phn ng.
GV yu cu HS rt ra thuc th
nhn bit ion
3
4
PO


HS : Dng dung dch AgNO
3
lm thuc
th nhn bit mui photphat.
Hot ng 9

Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV cho HS l cc bi tp sau :
Bi 1. Axit H
3
PO
4
v HNO
3
cng phn ng vi nhm cht no sau y ?
A. Cu, S, CuSO
4
, NH
3
, Na
2
O B. KOH, S, CuSO
4
, NH
3
, Na
2
O
C. KOH, S, Na
2
CO
3
, NH
3
, Na
2
O D. KOH, Na
2
S, Na
2
CO
3
, NH
3
, Na
2
O
Bi 2. Cho 44 gam dung dch NaOH 10% vo 10 gam dung dch axit H
3
PO
4

39,2%. Dung dch sau phn ng cha mui :
A. Na
2
HPO
4
B. NaH
2
PO
4

C. Na
3
HPO
4
D. Na
2
HPO
4
v NaH
2
PO
4

Bi tp v nh : 2, 3, 4, 5 (SGK).
Bi 12 Phn bn ho hc
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
Bit cc nguyn t dinh dng cn thit cung cp cho cy trng di
dng phn ho hc.
Bit thnh phn mt s loi phn bn : phn m, phn ln, phn kali,
phn phc hp, ... v tc dng ca chng i vi cy trng.
Bit cch iu ch cc loi phn bn v bit mt s nh my sn xut
phn ho hc.
2. K nng
Nhn bit c mt s phn ho hc
nh gi cht lng ca tng loi phn.

3. Tnh cm, thi
C thc bo v mi trng.
S dng phn bn hiu qu, an ton sn phm
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu.
Cc mu loi phn bn.
HS : Xem li bi mui amoni, mui nitrat v mui pho phat
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
GV hng dn HS nghin cu SGK
v tho lun cc ni dung :
Cy trng cn nhng nguyn t
dinh dng no? Ly t u ?
HS tho lun :




Nhng nguyn t dinh dng no
cn b sung thm cho cy di dng
phn bn ?
Cn b sung N, P, K ....
Cc loi phn bn c bn ? Phn m, phn ln, phn kali,
phn hn hp v phc hp, phn vi
lng
Hot ng 2
I. Phn m
GV hng dn HS nghin cu SGK
v tho lun :

HS : Tho lun
Phn m cung cp nguyn t no
cho cy ?
Cung cp N ho hp dng
4 3
NH , NO
+

Cy trng cn
C, H, O : ly t khng kh, nc
N, P, K, Mg : hp th t t

Tc dng ca phn m ? Lm cho cy trng pht trin
nhanh cho nhiu ht, c hoc qu.
nh gi dinh dng ca phn
m ?
Da vo hm lng %N trong phn
Cc loi phn m ?




3 loi phn

Phn m
Phn m nitrat
Phn m ur

GV pht phiu hc tp s 1 v chiu ni dung ln mn hnh
Phn m amoni Phn m nitrat Phn m ur
Thnh
phn

Tnh tan
iu ch
HS : Hon thnh phiu hc tp s 1.
Phm m amoni Phn m nitrat Phn m ur
Thnh
phn
Cc mui amoni :
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
: 21%N
(m mt l)
NH
4
NO
3
: 35%N
(m hai l)
Cc mui nitrat:
Na NO
3
: 16%N
Ca(NO
3
)
2
: 17%N
Ur
(NH
2
)
2
CO : 46%
Tnh tan
D tan trong nc D tan trong nc D tan v tc dng
vi nc :
(NH
2
)
2
CO + 2H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

iu ch
Cho NH
3
tc dng
vi axit tng ng
:
2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4

(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

Cho axit nitric tc
dng vi mui
cacbonat tng ng
:
CaCO
3
+ 2HNO
3

Ca(NO
3
)
2
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Cho kh CO
2
tc
dng vi NH
3
p
sut cao :
CO
2
+ 2NH
3

o
180 200 C
200at


(NH
2
)
2
CO + H
2
O

GV b sung : Phn m d chy ra nn cn bo qun ni kh ro.
GV gii thiu nh my sn xut phn m Ph M, H Bc

Hot ng 3
II. Phn ln
GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK
rt ra nhn xt v :
Nguyn t dinh dng trong phn
ln ?

HS : Nhn xt
Phot pho dng ion phot phat

Tc dng i vi cy trng ? Thc y qu trnh sinh ho, trao
i cht v nng lng ca thc vt,
lm cho cnh l khe, ht chc, qu
hoc c to.
nh gi dinh dng ca phn
ln ?
Da vo hm lng % P
2
O
5
tng
ng vi lng photpho trong phn.
Cc loi phn ln ?





Nguyn liu sn xut phn ln ? Qung photphorit v apatit
Phn ln
Supephotphat n
Supephotpht kp
Phn ln nung
h

GV pht phiuhc tp s 2 v chiu ni dung ln mn hnh :

Supephotphat
n
Supephotphat
kp
Phn ln
nung chy
Thnh phn
dinh dng ca
phn

Tnh tan
iu ch


HS : Hon thnh phiu hc tp s 2.

Supephot phat
n
Supephotphat
kp
Phn ln
nung chy
Thnh phn Hn hp
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v
CaSO
4

Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
Hn hp photphat
v silicat ca
canxi v magi
dinh dng
ca phn
14 20% P
2
O
5
40 50% P
2
O
5
12 14% P
2
O
5

Tnh tan Cha CaSO
4
khng tan
Tan Khng tan
iu ch Cho qung apatit
(photphorit) tc
dng vi H
2
SO
4
c:
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
+
CaSO
4

hoc :
3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
. CaF
2
+
7H
2
SO
4

7CaSO
4
+
3Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
+
2HF
Xy ra 2 giai on :
iu ch H
3
PO
4
:
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+
3H
2
SO
4
2H
3
PO
4

+ 3CaSO
4

iu ch
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
:
3Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
. CaF
2
+
14H
3
PO
4

10Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
+
2HF
Nung hn hp
apatit (photphorit),
x vn, than cc
1000
o
C.

GV gii thiu nh my supephotphat v ho cht Lm Thao - Ph Th sn
xut supephotphat n v nh my sn xut phn ln nung chy Vn in
H Ni.
Hot ng 4
III. Phn Kali
IV. Phn hn hp v phn phc hp
V. Phn vi lng

GV hng dn HS nghin cu SGK rt ra cc kin thc c bn v phn kali,
phn hn hp v phc hp, phn vi lng.
Phn Kali
Phn hn hp v
phn phc hp
Phn vi lng
Cung cp nguyn t K
dng ion K
+
cho cy
trng.
Gip cy trng hp
th nhiu m, to cht
ng, x, chng bnh,
chu rt, hn.
dinh dng ca
phn c nh gi
theo % khi lng K
2
O
tng n vi lng K
c trong phn.
Thng dng mui
KCl, K
2
SO
4

Cung cp ng thi
mt s nguyn t dinh
dng cho cy trng.
Phn hn hp : phn
NPK cha N, P, K. V d
: Phn Nitrophotka l
hn hp (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
v
KNO
3
.
Phn phc hp :
Amophot l hn hp cc
mui NH
4
H
2
PO
4
v
(NH
4
)
2
HPO
4

Cung cp mt s
nguyn t nh B, Zn,
Mn.. cho cy trng.
C tc dng kch thch
qu trnh sinh trng v
trao i cht
c a vo cng vi
phn v c v hu c.
Hot ng 5
Cng c bi Bi tp v nh
*GV yu cu HS lm cc bi tp sau v chiu ni dung ln mn hnh.
Bi 1. Tc dng ca phn m l :
A. Thc y qu trnh sinh ho, trao i cht v trao i nng lng ca
cy.
B. Tng cng sc chng rt, chng su bnh v chu hn ca cy.
C. Kch thch qu trnh sinh trng v trao i cht, tng hiu lc quang hp,
...
D. Kch thch qu trnh sinh trng v gip cy pht trin nhanh cho nhiu
ht, c v qu.

Bi 2. nhn bit cc mu phn m : NH
4
Cl, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, NaNO
3
chn thuc
th l :
A. dd NaOH B. dd Ba(OH)
2
C. dd AgCl D. dd
BaCl
2

* Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK)
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
3. Tnh theo s sau : Trong 310g Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
hay 3 CaO.P
2
O
5
cha 142g P
2
O
5

Trong 100g qung c 35g Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
x g P
2
O
5

x =
142.35
310
= 16g % P
2
O
5
= 16%
4. H
3
PO
4
+ NH
3
NH
4
H
2
PO
4

H
3
PO
4
+ 2NH
3
(NH
4
)
2
HPO
4

2H
3
PO
4
+ 3NH
3
(NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
+ NH
4
H
2
PO
4

2mol 3mol 1mol 1mol
6000mol 9000mol 3000mol 3000mol
a)
3
NH
V = 9000.22,4 = 20,16.10
4
lit
b) Khi lng amophot thu c :
( ) 4 2 4 4 4
2
NH H PO NH HPO
m m + = 3000.(132,0 + 115,0) = 7,410.10
5
g hay 741,0 kg
Bi 13 Luyn tp : tnh cht ca nit, photpho
v cc hp cht ca chng

A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc :
c im cu to nguyn t, phn t v n cht nit, photpho, phn t
amoniac, axit nitric v photphoric.
Tnh cht ho hc ca nit, photpho, amoniac v mui amoni, axit
nitric v mui nitrat, axit photphoric v mui photphat.
Nhn bit mt s hp cht ca nit, phot pho : NH
3
,
4
NH
+
,
3
NO

,
3
4
PO


Phng php iu ch nit, photpho v mt s hp cht quan trng
ca chng.
2. K nng :
Rn luyn mt s k nng gii bi tp ho hc v n cht v hp cht
ca nit, photpho.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, h thng cu hi v bi tp, cc phiu hc
tp.
HS :n tp kin thc ca chng, chun b bi tp SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
I. Kin thc cn nm vng
1. Tnh cht ca n cht nit v photpho
Nit Photpho
Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng
m in
Cu to phn t
S oxi ho

Tnh cht ho hc
HS : in thng tin vo bng sau :
Nit Photpho
Cu hnh e lp
ngoi cng
2s
2
2p
3
3s
2
3p
3

m in 3,04 2,19
Cu to
phn t
N N P trng c cu trc tinh th
phn t P
4


P c cu trc polime ca
P trng (P
4
)
n


S oxi ho 3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 3, 0, +3, +5
Tnh cht
ho hc
O
2
N
+2
: Tnh kh
: Tnh oxi ho
N
-3
+
+ H
2
Ca(Mg...)
N
2
0
O
2
+3
: Tnh kh
: Tnh oxi ho
-3
+
+Ca(Mg...)
0
P
P
+ Cl
2
(Br
2
)
+5
, P
P
iu ch
NH
4
NO
2

o
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
Chng ct phn on
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3SiO
2
+ 5C
o
1200 C
3CaSiO
3
+ 2P +
5CO

khng kh lng
GV yu cu HS so snh hot ng ca nit v photpho, P trng v P .
HS : Nhn xt :
iu kin thng nit km hot ng hn photpho.
P trng hot ng hn P .
Hot ng 2
2. Tnh cht ca hp cht nit v phot pho
a. Tnh cht ca amoniac v mui amoni
GV pht phiu hc tp s 2 v chiu ni dung ln mn hnh, hng dn HS
hon thnh bng sau :
Amoniac Mui amoni
Cu to
Tnh cht vt l
Tnh cht ho hc
Nhn bit
iu ch
HS in vo phiu hc tp :
Amoniac Mui amoni
Cu to
N
H
. .
H
H

H N H
H
H
+

Tnh cht vt l
Kh mi khai
Tan nhiu trong nc.
Rn d tan trong nc.
in li mnh
Tnh cht ho
hc
Tnh baz yu : Tc dng vi kim :
NH
4
Cl + NaOH
o
t

NH
3
+ H
2
O + NaCl

Amoniac Mui amoni
NH
3
HCl
NH
4
+
OH +
NH
4
Cl
Al(OH)
3
+ NH
4
Cl
AlCl
3
+ H
2
O +
+
H
2
O +
Tnh kh :
NH
3
+
+
+ O
2
Cl
2
CuO
N
2
+ H
2
O
N
2
+ NH
4
Cl
N
2
+ Cu + H
2
O

Phn ng nhit phn :
Axit khng
oxi ho
NH
3
(NH
4
)
n
A
N
2
, N
2
O...
oxi ho
Axit c tnh
Nhn bit
Dng qu tm m ho xanh
Dng HCl c khi trng
Dng dung dch kim
o
t
kh mi khai
iu ch
4
NH
+
+ OH


o
t
NH
3
+
H
2
O
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
t , xt
p

2NH
3

NH
3
+ H
+

4
NH
+

Hot ng 3
GV pht phiu hc tp s 3 v chiu ni dung ln mn hnh, hng dn HS
hon thnh bng sau :
Axit nitric Axit photphoric
Cu to
H O N
O
O

S oxi ho ca N : +5
H
O
P
H
H
O
O
O =

S oxi ho ca P : +5

Axit nitric Axit photphoric
Tnh cht vt l
Cht lng khng mu, bc khi
mnh v tan v hn trong nc.
Tinh th khng mu, d
chy ra v tan v hn
trong nc.
Tnh cht
ho hc
Axit mnh c y tnh cht
chung ca axit, cht oxi ho mnh
:
Tc dng vi hu ht kim
loi.
Tc dng vi mt s phi kim.
Tc dng vi nhiu hp cht
c tnh kh.
Axit trung bnh, ba nc
c tnh cht chung ca
axit.
Tc dng vi oxit
baz, baz mnh to ba
loi mui ty thuc vo
t l mol cc cht phn
ng.
Khng c tnh oxi
ho.
iu ch
NaNO
3
(rn) + H
2
SO
4
(c)
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3

NH
3

2
O +
NO
2
O +
NO
2

2 2
O H O + +
HNO
3

P + 5HNO
3
H
3
PO
4
+
5NO
2
+ H
2
O
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4

2H
3
PO
4
+ 3CaSO
4

P
2
O +
P
2
O
5

2
H O +
H
3
PO
4

Hot ng 4
b. Mui nitrat v mui phot phat
GV pht phiu hc tp s 4, chiu ni dung ln mn hnh v hng dn HS
hon thnh bng sau :
Mui nitrat Mui photphat
Tnh cht
vt l
Cc mui nitrat u tan, in li mnh v
km bn nhit
Mui ca kim loi
kim amoni v

ihirophat tan. Cc
mui phot phat ni
chung bn nhit.
Tnh cht
ho hc
Phn hy nhit :
M(NO
3
)
n
(1)
(2)
(3)
M(NO
2
)
2
+ O
2
n
2
M
2
O
n
+ 2n NO
2
+ O
2
n
2
M + n NO
2
+ O
2
n
2
M(1) : K Ca
M(2) : Mg Cu
M(3) : sau Cu
Cht oxi ho trong mi trng axit
hoc un nng.
C tnh cht chung
ca mui.
Kh b nhit phn
Nhn bit
Dng Cu + H
2
SO
4
long Kh ho nu.
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2
3
NO

3Cu
2+
+ 2NO +
4H
2
O xanh
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

nu
Dung dch AgNO
3

vng
3Ag
+
+
3
4
PO


Ag
3
PO
4

vng
Hot ng 5
II. bi tp
GV chiu ln lt cc bi tp trc
nghim sau ln mn hnh v hng
dn tr li.
Cc nhm HS tho lun :
1. Chiu tng dn s oxi ho ca N HS : p n C

trong cc hp cht ca nit di y
l :
A. NH
4
Cl, N
2
, NO
2
, NO, HNO
3
.
B. N
2
,NH
4
Cl, NO
2
, NO, HNO
3
.
C. NH
4
Cl, N
2
, NO, NO
2
, HNO
3
.
D. N
2
, NO
2
, NO, HNO
3
, NH
4
Cl.
2. Khi lm th nghim vi P trng,
cn c ch no sau y ?
A. Cm P trng bng tay c gng eo
cao su.
B. Dng cp gp nhanh mu P trng
ra khi l v ngm ngay vo chu
ng y nc khi cha dng n.
C. Trnh cho P trng tip xc vi
nc.
D. C th P trng ngoi khng
kh.
HS : p n B
3. nhn bit ion
3
4
PO

trong dung
dch thng dng thuc th l
AgNO
3
, bi v :
A. C kh mu nu bay ra.
B. To dung dch c mu vng.
C. To kt ta c mu vng c
trng.
D. To kh khng mu ho nu ngoi
khng kh.
HS : p n C.
4. Trong phng th nghim, ngi ta
tin hnh th nghim cho Cu tc dng
vi H
2
SO
4
c. Bin php x l tt
nht kh to thnh thot ra ngoi
HS : p n D

gy nhim mi trng t nht l :
A. Nt ng nghim bng bng kh.
B. Nt ng nghim bng bng tm
nc.
C. Nt ng nghim bng bng tm
cn.
D. Nt ng nghim bng bng tm
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
.
GV hng dn HS lm cc bi 2, 5, 7
(SGK)

Hot ng 6
Dn d Bi tp v nh
Bi tp v nh : 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9
d. hng dn gii bi tp SGK
2. p n C.
7. Nhm chim 44,5% v ng chim 55,5% v khi lng.
8. P
2
O
5
+ 3H
2
O 2H
3
PO
4

6, 00
142, 0
2.
6, 00
142, 0

m
dd sau phn ng
= 25,0.1,03 + 6,00 = 31,75 g
3 4
H PO
m sau khi thm P
2
O
5
:
25, 0.1, 03.6, 00 6, 00
100 71, 0
+ .98,0 = 1,55 + 8,28 = 9,38 g
C% (dd H
3
PO
4
to thnh) = 30,94%
9. 10,0 ha khoai ty cn 60,0.10 = 600kg nit
80,0 kg NH
4
NO
3
c 28,0kg nit

100kg phn m c 97,5kg NH
4
NO
3
c
28, 0.97, 5
80, 0
= 34,1kg nit
xkg phn m 600kg nit
x =
600.100
34,1
= 1,76.10
3
kg
Bi 14 bi thc hnh 2
Tnh cht ca mt s hp cht nit, photpho
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
Tnh oxi ho mnh ca axit nitric v mui nitrat nng chy.
Phn bit mt s loi phn bn.
2. K nng
Rn luyn k nng lm th nghim, quan st v gii thch hn tng,
vit phng trnh phn ng. c bit thao tc vi lng nh ho cht m
bo an ton v chnh xc.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : Chun b dng c, ho cht cho HS thc hnh theo nhm :
a) Dng c : ng nghim, gi th nghim, kp ho cht, n cn.
b) Ho cht :
Cc dung dch : HNO
3
c, HNO
3
long 15%, Ca(OH)
2
, BaCl
2
, AgNO
3

Cc cht rn : KNO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, KCl, Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
, l Cu, than ci, bng
tm xt, que m.

C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
Kim tra kin thc c lin quan n bi thc hnh
GV Kim tra HS cc kin thc c lin
quan n mt ni dung bi thc hnh
:
Phn ng ca kim loi vi axit
nitric.
Phn ng nhit phn mui nitrat.
Phn ng nhn bit cc mui
amoni, mui clorua.
HS : Tr li cc cu hi l thuyt ca
GV
GV gii thiu mc ch yu cu ca
bi th nghim

Hot ng 2.
Th nghim 1. Tnh oxi ho ca axit nitric c v long
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim
nh SGK trnh by.
HS : Tin hnh th nghim theo cc
bc sau :
GV lu HS cn thn khi s dng
dung dch HNO
3
v kh NO
2
thot ra
rt c nn dng ho cht vi lng
nh v dng bng tm xt y ln
ming ng nghim.
Sau khi kt thc th nghim cho ng
nghim vo chu ng nc vi.
Cho vo 2 ng nghim :
ng 1 : 1ml dung dch HNO
3
c
ng 2 : 1ml dung dch HNO
3
long
Cho tip 2 mnh nh ng vo 2
ng nghim. un nh ng nghim s
2.
Hnh 3.1 (SGV)
GV hng dn HS quan st hin
tng xy ra v gi i din tng
nhm nu hin tng vit phng
trnh phn ng gii thch.

HS : Quan st hin tng, ghi vo v
thc hnh, nhn xt :
Mnh ng tan dn, dung dch
trong ng nghim chuyn thnh mu
xanh m dn.
ng 1 : C kh mu nu thot ra.

ng 2 : C kh khng mu thot
ra nhanh hn v ln khi b mt
dung dch th ho nu.
Phng trnh phn ng :
Cu + 4HNO
3
c Cu(NO
3
)
2
+
2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
3Cu + 8HNO
3
long 3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+
2NO + 4H
2
O
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

Hot ng 3
Th nghim 2. Tnh oxi ho ca mui Kali nitrat nng chy
GV hng dn cc nhm HS lm th
nghim 2.
GV lu HS : Ly mt lng nh
KNO
3
v khi KNO
3
nng chy ht th
mi cho mu than hng vo ng
nghim.
HS : Lm theo cc bc :
Kp ng nghim cha mt t KNO
3

trn gi th nghim.
Dng n cn un cho KNO
3
nng
chy.
H mt mu than g trn n cn
nng ri cho vo ng nghim
cha KNO
3
nng chy.
Hnh 3.2 (SGV)
GV hng dn HS quan st gii thch
v vit phng trnh phn ng.
HS : Nhn xt :
Mu than hng bng chy trong
KNO
3
nng chy.
Phng trnh phn ng :
2KNO
3

o
t
2KNO
2
+ O
2

C + O
2
CO
2

Hot ng 4
Th nghim 3. Phn bit mt s phn bn ho hc
GV hng dn cc nhm HS lm th
nghim v s ho tan cc mu phn :
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, KCl, Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v yu
HS : Tin hnh th nghim.
Cho vo 3 ng cha 5ml nc ct
cc mu phn bn : (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, KCl,

cu HS nhn xt v tnh tan ca cc
mu phn.
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
v dng a thy tinh
khuy u.
Nhn xt : Cc mu phn u tan v
to dung dch khng mu.
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim
phn bit cc mu phn nh SGK
trnh by.
HS : Tin hnh th nghim theo cc
bc :
GV hng dn HS quan st hin
tng, nhn xt v vit phng trnh
phn ng.
Cho vi git dung dch NaOH vo
3 ng nghim cha 1ml dung dch
mi loi phn bn v un nng nh.
HS : Nhn xt :
ng nghim c kh thot ra mi
khai cha dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

2NaOH + (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

o
t
Na
2
SO
4

+ 2NH
3
+ 2H
2
O
4
NH
+
+ OH


o
t
NH
3
+ H
2
O
Cho vi git dung dch AgNO
3
v 2
ng nghim cha 1ml dung dch mi
loi phn bn cn li.
HS : Nhn xt
ng nghim c trng dd
KCl
ng nghim khng c dd
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2

AgNO
3
+ KCl AgCl + KNO
3

Ag
+
+ Cl

AgCl
Hot ng 5
Cng vic sau bui thc hnh

GV nhn xt, nh gi bui thc hnh.
Yu cu HS vit tng trnh theo mu cho sn
H v tn : ........................................................... Lp................
Nhm....................
Tn bi thc hnh :
....................................................................................................
Tn th nghim Cch tin hnh Hin tng Gii thch

Yu cu HS thu dn dng c, ho cht, v sinh phng th nghim.



















Chng 3. Cacbon - Silic
Bi 15 Cacbon
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
HS hiu c tnh cht ca cacbon lin quan n cu hnh electron
nguyn t ca n.
HS bit c mt s dng th hnh ca cacbon.
HS hiu c trng thi t nhin, iu ch v ng dng ca cacbon.
2. K nng
Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cacbon v d on tnh cht ho
hc c bn ca n.
Vit c cc phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng biu din tnh kh
v oxi ho ca cacbon.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
M hnh cu to mng tinh th kim cng, than ch, fuleren, ...
HS : Chun b bi theo SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
I. V tr v cu hnh electron nguyn t

GV chiu bng tun hon ln mn
hnh v yu cu cc nhm HS tho
lun cc ni dung :
V tr ca cacbon trong bng tun
hon.
Cu hnh electron nguyn t
cacbon.
S oxi ho c th c ca nguyn t
cacbon
HS tho lun :
Cacbon thuc
chu k 2
nhm IV A
Z = 6


Cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

Lp ngoi cng c 4e nn cacbon
c th to c ti a 4 lin kt cng
ho tr vi cc nguyn t khc.
GV yu cu HS ly v d v hp cht
cha cacbon th hin cc s oxi ho
nu.
Cc s oxi ho ca cacbon : 4, 0,
+2, +4.
V d :
4
4
CH

,
0
C ,
2
CO
+
,
4
2
CO
+

Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht vt l
GV s dng m hnh cu to mng
tinh th kim cng, than ch, fuleren.
Hng dn HS quan st, c SGK
n in thng tin vo bng sau
HS tho lun tng nhm v c i
din trnh by kt qu vo bng sau
:
Kim cng Than ch fuleren Cacbon v nh hnh
Tnh cht vt l
Cu to
ng dng

GV kt hp cho HS c mc IV
(SGK) rt ra cc ng dng ca
cc dng th hnh ca cacbon.

Hot ng 3
III. Tnh cht ho hc
GV chiu ni dung sau ln mn
hnh, yu cu cc nhm HS tho lun
HS tho lun theo nhm.
Cacbon thuc chu k 2 nhm IV A

:
T v tr ca nguyn t cacbon
trong bng tun hon, hy d on
tnh cht ho hc c bn ca cacbon.
Minh ho bng cc phn ng ho
hc v cho bit vai tr ca cacbon
trong mi phn ng .
c cu hnh electron :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

Trong phn ng ho hc, cacbon
c th nhng e (th hin tnh kh)
hoc nhn e (th hin tnh oxi ho).
Kt lun v tnh cht ho hc ca
cacbon.
1. Tnh kh
a) Tc dng vi oxi
Cacbon chy c trong khng kh,
phn ng ta nhiu nhit :
0
C + O
2

o
4
t
2
CO
+

nhit cao, cacbon li kh c
CO
2
theo phn ng :
4
2
CO
+
+
0
C
o
2
t
2CO
+

GV t cu hi : Khi s dng bp
than, kh no gy au u, chng mt
? Nn s dng bp than nh th no
gim thiu s nhim khng kh
?
Cng vi kh CO
2
, cn c mt mt
t kh CO.
Kh CO gy ra mi kh chu khi
nu bng bp than.
Nn s dng bp than ni
thong kh (d oxi) hn ch kh
CO to ra.
GV : Cacbon cng th hin tnh kh
khi tc dng vi cc cht oxi ho
nh HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, KClO
3
, ....
Trong cc phn ng ny, C thng b
oxi ho n CO
2
. Hy vit mt s
phng trnh ho hc minh ho.
b) Tc dng vi hp cht
o
0 5
t
3
C 4HNO ()
+
+
4 4
2 2
CO 4NO
+ +
+ + 2H
2
O
0 6
2 4
C 2H S O ()
+
+
4 4
2 2
CO 2S O
+ +
+ +

2H
2
O
GV : nhit cao v c cht xc
tc, C tc dng c vi kh H
2
to
thnh kh CH
4
. Vit phng trnh
phn ng.
2. Tnh cht ho hc
a) Tc dng vi hiro
o
0 0 4
xt
2
4
t
C 2H CH

+
GV : nhit cao, C tc dng c
vi mt s kim loi hot ng nh
Ca, Mg, Al, ... to thnh cacbua kim
loi. Ly v d mt phng trnh
phn ng.
b) Tc dng vi kim loi
4Al + 3
o
0 4
t
3
4 xt
C Al C


nhm cacbua
GV hng dn HS kt lun v tnh
cht ho hc ca n cht cacbon.
Kt lun : Trong cc phn ng oxi
ho kh, n cht cacbon c th tng
hoc gim s oxi ho, nn n th
hin tnh kh hoc tnh oxi ho. Tuy
nhin, tnh kh vn l tnh cht ch
yu ca cacbon.
Hot ng 4
IV. ng dng
GV hng dn HS rt ra cc ng
dng quan trng ca cacbon t
nhng
kin thc hc lp 9, lin h vi
thc t v SGK.
Chiu ni dung bng mc II ln
mn hnh HS nh li.
HS tho lun.
Hot ng 5
V. Trng thi t nhin
GV hng dn HS c SGK v lin h
vi thc t, tho lun cc ni dung
sau :
Trong t nhin cacbon tn ti
HS tho lun v tm tt



Trong t nhin
Cacbon t do
C s ca cc t bo
ng thc vt
Khong vt
Kim cng
Than ch
canxit
(CaCO
3
magiezit
(MgCO
3
)
olomit
(CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
)

nhng trng thi no ?
Vai tr ca cacbon i vi s sng
?
K mt s a danh nc ta c
m than m em bit ?









Hot ng 6
VI. iu ch
GV t chc cho cc nhm HS c
SGK lin h vi thc t sn xut a
phng, hon thnh thng tin bng sau
:
HS tho lun theo nhm.

Phng php iu ch
Kim cng nhn to
Than ch nhn to
Than cc
Than m
Than g
Than mui
Hot ng 7
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV yu cu HS nhc li nhng chnh ca bi v lu cacbon va th hin
tnh oxi ho va th hin tnh kh nhng tnh kh vn l tnh cht ch yu ca
cacbon.
Luyn tp bi 1, 2, 3 (SGK)
Bi tp v nh 4, 5 (SGK)

d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
2. p n C
3. p n C
4. Cc phng trnh phn ng :
C + 2H
2
SO
4
()
o
t
2SO
2
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
C + 4HNO
3
()
o
t
4NO
2
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
3C + CaO
o
t
CaC
2
+ CO
2C + SiO
2

o
t
Si + 2CO
5. Tnh theo phng trnh :
C + O
2

o
t
CO
2

1,00mol 1,00mol
47,3mol
3
1, 06.10
22, 4
= 47,3 mol
%m
C
(than ) =
47, 3.12, 0.100
600
= 94,6%
E. T liu tham kho
Than c dng lm nhin liu khong 2000 nm nay, sau thi i
vn minh Trung Hoa. Ngy nay, than vn l ngun nng lng chnh ca
cc x hi cng nghip ho. Ta ly nng lng ch yu bng cch t trc tip
than nhng vn c mt phn than c chuyn ho thnh nhin liu lng v
kh.
Than l hn hp ca nhiu hp cht c cha cacbon, hiro, lu hunh,
nit v mt vi kim loi v cha c nc na. Than c phn loi ch yu
theo su c hnh thnh t cht liu thc vt, bao gm :

Than nu hoc linht c hnh thnh sau khi than bn c chn su
di bn v ct. Than bn c p chc li v b phn hy mt bt i nhng
phn t b giu hiro v oxi.
Than en hoc than bitum c hnh thnh chn su hn nn b
phn hy sut v nhit cao hn.
Than gy-antraxit l loi than su nht, n cha t oxi v hiro
nhng cha cc hp cht thm vi t l tng i cao.
S chuyn ho t than bn n than gy c km theo nhng bin i v
cc c im sau:
Thnh phn phn trm ca cacbon, hiro v oxi.
m.
Thnh phn phn trm cc cht d bay hi, tc l lng phn trm ca
than b mt i di dng hi khi un nng khng c khng kh tham gia.
Lng nhit ta ra trong qu trnh chy :
Thnh phn (% theo khi lng)
Hp phn
Than bn Than nu Than en Than gy
Cacbon 50 60 60 75 80 90 90 95
Hiro 5 6 5 6 4 5 2 3
Oxi 35 40 20 30 10 15 2 3
Cht d bay hi 60 65 25 55 20 40 5 7
Bi 16 Hp cht ca cacbon
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
HS hiu :

CO c tnh kh.
CO
2
c tnh oxi ho.
H
2
CO
3
l axit rt km bn, tnh axit yu v l axit 2 nc.
Tnh cht ca mui cacbonat : Tnh tan, tc dng vi axit, tc dng vi
kim.
HS bit :
S phn nhit ca mui cacbonat.
Tnh cht vt l ca CO, CO
2
.
ng dng ca CO, CO
2
v mui cacbonat.
2. K nng :
HS vn dng kin thc gii thch tnh cht ca cc cht nh CO,
CO
2
, H
2
CO
3
, mui cacbonat.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng chng minh cho tnh cht ca cht
(ch r cht kh, cht oxi ho nu l phn ng oxi ho kh).
Phn bit kh CO, CO
2
, mui cacbonat vi mt s cht khc.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu.
Ho cht : CaCO
3
, Mg, dung dch HCl, NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
,
NaHCO
3
.
HS : Chun b bi theo ni dung SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
A. Cacbon Monooxit
Hot ng 1
I. Tnh cht vt l
GV yu cu HS c SGK v rt ra
nhng nhn xt v tnh cht vt l ca
kh cacbon monooxit (CO) :
Trng thi
HS Tho lun

C
Kh khng mu
Khng
Khng

CO
kk
28
d
29
=
(hi nh hn so vi khng kh)

o
s
t =

o

t =
Rt bn vi
Rt c

Mu sc
Mi v
T khi hi vi khng kh
Nhit ho lng, ho rn.
bn nhit.
Tnh c
Ch : CO rt c nn khng cho
HS ngi kh CO
GVthng bo nguyn nhn gy c
ca kh CO : Do CO kt hp vi
hemoglobin (hng cu) trong mu
thnh mt cht bn, lm cho
hemoglobin mt tc dng vn chuyn
oxi t phi n cc t bo. Kh CO
thng to ra khi t nhin liu
(than, xng, du, gas, ...) chy khng
ht.
Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht ho hc
I. Cacbon monooxit l oxit khng to mui (oxit trung tnh)
GV thng bo : Sc kh CO vo nc,
axit v dung dch kim u khng
c phn ng iu kin thng.
Chng t CO l loi oxit no ?
HS tho lun :
CO l oxit khng to mui (oxit
trung tnh) :
Khng tc dng vi nc, axit,
dung dch kim.
Khng c axit tng ng.
2. Tnh kh
GV t vn : kh CO chy trong
oxi hoc trong khng kh, cho ngn
la mu xanh lam nht v to nhit :
Yu cu HS vit phng trnh phn
ng v cho bit CO ng vai tr cht
oxi ho hay cht kh. ng dng ca
HS vit phng trnh phn ng :
2
2
CO
+
+ O
2

o
4
t
2
2CO
+

CO ng vai tr cht kh
CO c s dng lm nhin liu.

kh CO ?
GV : nhit cao, kh CO kh
c nhiu oxit kim loi. Vit
phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
Tnh cht ny c ng dng trong
ngnh cng nghip no ?
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3
o
2
t
CO
+
2Fe + 3
4
2
CO
+

Tnh cht ny c dng trong
luyn kim iu ch kim loi.
Hot ng 3
III. iu ch
1. Trong phng th nghim
V kh CO rt c, nn GV khng
lm th nghim, gii thiu cho HS
phng php iu ch kh CO trong
phng th nghim bng cch un
nng axit fomic (HCOOH) khi c
mt H
2
SO
4
c.
GV gi HS vit phng trnh phn
ng.
HS tho lun v vit phng trnh
phn ng :
HCOOH
2 4
o
H SO
t
CO + H
2
O
2. Trong cng nghip
GV hng dn HS c SGK v tr li
cu hi :
Ti sao ngi ta iu ch CO trong
cng nghip ?
Kh CO iu ch trong cng nghip
nh th no ? Vit phng trnh ho
hc.
Sn phm ph ca cc phng php
trn bao gm nhng cht no ?
HS tho lun :
Phng php kh than t :
C + H
2
O
o
1050 C

CO + H
2

Sn phm gm khong 44% CO
cn li l CO
2
, H
2
, N
2
, hi H
2
O, ....
Phng php l gas :
C + O
2
CO
2

CO
2
+ C
o
t
2CO
GV gii thiu phng php kh than
t v phng php l gas.
GV b sung : Kh than t v kh l
gas u c dng lm nhin liu.
Sn phm gm khong 25% CO
cn li l N
2
, CO
2
v mt lng nh
cc kh khc.

B. Cacbon ioxit
Hot ng 4
I. Tnh cht vt l
GV hng dn HS tm hiu v cng
thc cu to ca CO
2
v rt ra cc
nhn xt v :
Cng thc cu to
c im lin kt
Dng hnh hc ca phn t
S phn cc ca phn t
HS tho lun.
Cng thc cu to :
O = C = O
Cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau
bng lin kt i.
Phn t c cu to thng.
Phn t khng phn cc.
GV hng dn HS c SGK v rt ra
cc tnh cht vt l :
Trng thi, mu sc.
Kh nng ho tan.
T khi so vi khng kh.
S ho lng v ho rn.
GV gi HS gii thch mt s tnh
cht vt l da vo c im cu to
phn t CO
2
.
GV b sung : Nc kh c th
dng bo qun lnh thc phm.
HS tng kt cc tnh cht vt l :
Cht kh, khng mu
Nng gp 1,5 ln khng kh.
Tan khng nhiu trong nc.
CO
2
lng khng mu, linh ng.
CO
2
rn d thng hoa to mi
trng lnh v kh nc kh.
Hot ng 5
ii. Tnh cht ho hc
GV chiu ln mn hnh mt on
phim ngn v cnh xe cu ha cha
chy.
GV t vn : Da vo tnh cht
ho hc no ca CO
2
m ngi ta
dng nhng bnh kh CO
2
dp tt
HS : CO
2
khng chy v khng duy
tr s chy ca nhiu cht.

cc m chy.
GV b sung : Vi m chy kim loi
mnh nh Mg th khng dng CO
2

dp tt la v c phn ng :
2Mg + CO
2

o
t
MgO + C
HS : Khi gp cht kh mnh, CO
2
th
hin tnh oxi ho :
2Mg + CO
2

o
t
2MgO + C
GV : Kh CO
2
khng c, c s
dng lm cht to gas trong nc gii
kht, bia, ru.
Kh CO
2
thi ra nhiu trong khng
kh gy hiu ng nh knh dn n
Tri t m dn ln.
CO
2
l mt oxit axit. Vit cc
phng trnh phn ng minh ho
Tc dng vi nc to axit hai nc
rt yu v km bn.
CO
2
(k) + H
2
O (k) = H
2
CO
3
(dd)
Tc dng vi dung dch kim to
mui trung ho v mui axit :
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3

Tc dng vi oxit baz to mui :
CO
2
+ Na
2
O Na
2
CO
3

Hot ng 6
III. iu ch
1. Trong phng th nghim
GV s dng dng c iu ch kh t
cht lng v cht rn hng dn
HS iu ch kh CO
2
t CaCO
3
v
dung dch HCl.
Lm th no nhn bit kh CO
2
?
HS Vit phng trnh phn ng :
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CO
2
+ CaCl
2
+
H
2
O
Nhn bit kh CO
2
:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
2. Trong cng nghip
GV hng dn HS c SGK v lin
h vi thc t lit k mt s
phng php iu ch CO
2
trong
cng nghip.
t chy hon ton than, du m,
kh thin nhin trong oxi hay trong
khng kh.
Thu CO
2
trong qu trnh sn xut

vi (nung vi).
Thu t cc ngun t nhin, trong
qu trnh ln men.
C. Axit cacbonic v mui cacbonat
Hot ng 7
I. Axit cacbonic
GV gii thiu : Axitcacbonic
(H
2
CO
3
) rt km bn, ch tn ti
trong dung dch long, d b phn
hy thnh CO
2
v nc. Trong dung
dch nc, H
2
CO
3
phn li thnh hai
nc, ch yu to thnh H
+
v
3
HCO


v ch to thnh mt lng nh
2
3
CO

.
GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
in li axit H
2
CO
3
.

HS vit phng trnh in li
H
2
CO
3
=
3
HCO

+ H
+

3
HCO

=
2
3
CO

+ H
+

GV : Axit cacbonic c th to ra
nhng loi mui no ?
Ly v d.










Hot ng 8
II. Mui Cacbonat
1. Tnh cht
Da vo bng tnh tan, GV yu cu + Tnh tan
H
2
CO
3
Mui hir cacbonat
3
HCO


(NaHCO
3
, Ca(HCO
3
)
2
, ...)
Mui cacbonat
2
3
CO


(Na
2
CO
3
, CaCO
3
, ...)

HS nhn xt nhng mui cacbonat
no tan v khng tan. Vit phng
trnh in li ca mt s mui tan.
Mui cacbonat kim loi kim,
amoni v a s cc mui
hirocacbonat d tan trong nc.
Mui cacbonat ca kim loi khc
khng tan trong nc.
Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+
2
3
CO


Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Ca
2+
+ 2
3
HCO


+ Tc dng vi axit
GV yu cu HS ly v d phng
trnh ho hc ca mt s mui
cacbonat vi dung dch axit.
Nhn xt v tc dng ca mui
cacbonat vi axit.
Kt lun
NaHCO
2
+ HCl NaCl + CO
2
+
H
2
O
(
3
HCO

+ H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
o)
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
+
H
2
O
(
2
3
CO

+ 2H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O)
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+
H
2
O
(CaCO
3
+ 2H
+
Ca
2+
+ CO
2
+
H
2
O)
Kt lun : Mui cacbonat v
hirocacbonat u tc dng d dng
vi axit mnh gii phng kh CO
2
.
+ tc dng vi dung dch kim
GV : Cc mui hirocacbonat tc
dng d dng vi dung dch kim ly
v d.
NaHCO
3
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
o
(
3
HCO

+ OH


2
3
CO

+ H
2
O)
+ Phn ng nhit phn
GV gi HS nh li kin thc hc
lp 9 v phn ng nhit phn mui
cacbonat. Vit phng trnh phn
CaCO
3

o
t
CaO + CO
2

2NaHCO
3

o
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+

ng minh ho. H
2
O
Nhn xt Nhn xt
Mui cacbonat b nhit phn gii
phng kh CO
2
v oxit kim loi tr
mui ca kim loi kim bn vi nhit
(khng b nhit phn).
Mui hirocacbonat b nhit phn
thnh mui trung ho, CO
2
v H
2
O
2. ng dng
GV hng dn HS c SGK v lin
h vi thc t thu hp thng tin v
ng dng ca cc mui cacbonat
CaCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3

Canxi cacbonat (CaCO
3
) sn
xut vi, lm cht t trong mt s
ngnh cng nghip.
Natri cacbonat (Na
2
CO
3
) c
dng trong cng nghip thy tinh,
gm, bt git, ...
Natri hirocacbonat (NaHCO
3
)
c dng trong cng nghip thc
phm, lm thuc cha bnh au d
dy (thuc mui).
Hot ng 9
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV cng c bi bng cch yu cu HS gii cc bi tp trc nghim sau :
1. Kh no sau y gy au u, kh chu khi s dng bp than ?
A. SO
2
B. H
2
S C. CO D. CO
2

p n C.
2. Kh no sau y c coi l nguyn nhn chnh gy hiu ng nh knh ?
A. SO
2
B. Cl
2
C. CO D. CO
2

p n D.

3. lm sch kh CO c ln tp cht CO
2
th dng ho cht no sau y ?
A. Dung dch KMnO
4
B. Dung dch Br
2

C. Dung dch Ca(HCO
3
)
2
D. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2

p n D.
4. a mu than ang nng vo ng nghim ng oxi, c hin tng g xy ra ?
A. Mu than tt ngay.
B. Mu than chy bnh thng ri tt.
C. Mu than chy bng ln.
D. Khng c hin tng g
p n C.
5. Khi nhng mui ng ng bt Mg chy sng vo bnh ng kh CO
2
, hin
tng xy ra l :
A. Bt Mg tt ngay
B. Mt Mg tt dn
C. Bt Mg tip tc chy bnh thng
D. Bt Mg chy sng mnh lit.
p n D
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK).
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
1.




2.
Ca(OH)
2
d
CO
2
CaCl
2
khan
H
2
O
CO
2

CO
H
2
O
CO
H
2
O
C
Kh
qu tm m
CO
HCl
SO
2

HCl
SO
2
C
mu
nc Br
2

HCl
SO
2
mt







3. p n A
4. a) p n A
b) p n A
5.
2
CO
0, 224
n
22, 4
= = 0,01 mol
n
KOH
= 0,1.0,2 = 0,02
2
KOH
CO
n 0, 02
n 0, 01
= = 2 dung dch ch c K
2
CO
3

2KOH + CO
2
K
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
2 3
K CO
m = 0,01.138 = 1,38g
6. CaCO
3

o
t
CaO + CO
2
(H = 95%)
2 3
CO CaCO
52, 65
n n
100, 0
= = = 0,5265mol

2
CO
n thc t =
0, 5265.95
100
= 0,5002mol
n
NaOH
= 0,5.1,8 = 0,9
1 <
2
NaOH
CO
n 0, 9
n 0, 5002
= < 2

C 2 phn ng xy ra :
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
0,45 0,9 0,45
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O 2NaHCO
3

0,5002 0,0502 0,1004

3
NaHCO
m = 84.0,1004 = 8,4336g
2 3
Na CO
m = 106.(0,45 0,0502) = 42,3788g
E. T liu tham kho
Hm lng ca kh CO
2
trong kh quyn Tri t l khong 0,03% v
th tch. y l ngun d tr rt ln ca cacbon thc vt tng hp nn
nhng cht hu c nui sng chng ri nhng cht chuyn vo ng vt do
qu trnh ng vt n thc vt. Kh CO
2
c sinh ra trong qu trnh h hp
ca sinh vt (trong hi th ca ngi trung bnh cha khong 4% th tch kh
CO
2
), qu trnh phn hy cc xc sinh vt v qu trnh t chy nhin liu.
Cy xanh hp th lin tc CO
2
ca kh quyn v gii phng ra oxi trong qu
trnh quang hp :
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
???
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2

(glucoz)
Kh CO
2
trong kh quyn cn bng vi mt lng khng l kh CO
2
tan
trong nc i dng v sng ngi. Mt lng nh CO
2
tan trong c ng
vt bin chuyn ho thnh CaCO
3
l thnh phn chnh ca v ng vt (s, c,
hn) v cui cng chuyn thnh vi. Khi vi chu tc dng ca nc
ma, mt lng nh CO
2
c th c gii phng. l chu trnh cacbon trong
thin nhin :



CO
2

trong khng
ng vt
Than
Thc vt
(1 (2
(3
(4
(6
(5











(1) Qu trnh quang hp (2) Qu trnh phn hy thc vt
(3) Qu trnh ng vt n thc vt (4) Qu trnh h hp v phn hy ng vt
(5) Qu trnh t chy (6) Qu trnh thc vt phn hy di t
Mc d khng phi l cht gy nhim mi trng, nhng kh CO
2
c
lin quan rt mt thit vi mi trng. Nhit trong nh knh bao gi cng
cao hn nhit bn ngoi v nh sng mt tri khi chiu vo nh knh th
nhng bc sng nh sng di ca bc x nhit (tia hng ngoi) b gi li
trong lm cho nh knh nng ln ( x lnh ngi ta thng trng hoa trong
nh knh). Kh CO
2
trong kh quyn cng gy ra hiu ng tng t, n hp th
bc x nhit do mt t pht ra v b gi li lm cho nhit trn b mt Qu
t tng ln. Nh vy, nng kh CO
2
tng ln s lm tng nhit khng
kh v do tip xc lm tng nhit b mt ca Qu t. Ngi ta gi l
hiu ng nh knh. Hu qu ca hiu ng nh knh l lm thay i kh hu
ton cu, gy bo t, l lt, ... nh hng khng nh n i sng v sn xut
ca ton nhn loi.
Bi 17 Silic v hp cht ca silic
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc

HS bit tnh cht c trng ca silic v hp cht ca n.
HS bit nhng ng dng quan trng ca silic trong cc ngnh k thut
nh luyn kim, bn dn, in t,...
2. K nng
T v tr ca silic trong bng tun hon c th d on tnh cht ho
hc ca silic v so snh vi cacbon
Vit phng trnh ho hc chng minh tnh cht ca silic v tnh cht
ca mt s hp cht ca silic.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, cc phiu hc tp
Chun b mt s th nghim nghin cu tnh cht ca SiO
2
,
H
2
SiO
3
, ...
HS : Chun b bi theo ni dung SGK
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
A. Silic
Hot ng 1
I. Tnh cht vt l
GV yu cu HS t c SGK rt ra
nhn xt v :
Cc dng th hnh ca silic
Cu trc tinh th silic
Silic v nh hnh
HS tho lun :
Silic c dng th hnh
+ Silic tinh th.
+ Silic v nh hnh.
Silic tinh th c cu trc tng t
kim cng, mu xm, c nh kim,
bn dn, nng chy 1420
o
C.
Silic v nh hnh l mt cht bt
mu nu.
Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht ho hc
GV yu cu HS n li tnh cht ho
hc ca cacbon t b sung ra cc
tnh cht ho hc ca silic.



Si
Tnh kh
0
Si + 2F
2

4
4
Si F
+
(silic tetra
0
Si + O
2

o
t

4
2
Si O
+
(silic ioxit)
0
Si + C
o
t

4
Si C
+
(silic cacbua)

0
Si + 2NaOH + H
2
O
4
2 3
Na Si O
+

+ 2H
2

Tnh oxi ho









4Mg +
0
Si
o
t

4
2
Mg Si


(magie silicxua)
Kt lun : Trong cc phn ng oxi
ho kh silic th hin tnh kh hoc
tnh oxi ho. Silic v nh hnh hot
ng hn silic tinh th.

Hot ng 3
III. Trng thi t nhin
GV hng dn HS c SGK tr li
cc cu hi :
Ti sao khng c mt Silic t do
trong t nhin
Nhng dng hp cht m silic tn ti
?







Hot ng 4
IV. ng dng
GV yu cu HS c SGK, lin h vi
thc t rt ra nhng ng dng ca
silic.
HS tho lun :
Silic siu tinh khit l cht bn dn
c dng trong k thut v tuyn v
Hp
cht
Silic ioxit
Khong vt
silicat

in t, ch to t bo quang
in, b khuch i, b chnh lu,
pin mt tri, ...
Silic c dng tch oxi khi
kim loi nng chy trong luyn kim
Hot ng 5
V. iu ch
GV thng bo : Silic c iu ch
bng cch dng cht kh mnh nh
magie, nhn cacbon kh silic ioxit
nhit cao. Yu cu HS ly v d
minh ho
SiO
2
+ 2Mg
o
t
Si + 2MgO
B. Hp cht ca silic
Hot ng 6
I. Silic ioxit
GV hng dn cc nhm HS c
SGK rt ra tnh cht vt l v tnh
cht ho hc ca SiO
2
. Yu cu HS
vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho.
SiO
2
l cht tinh th, nng chy
1713
o
C, khng tan trong nc.
SiO
2
tan chm trong dung dch
kim c, nng, tan d dng trong
kim nng chy :
SiO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
SiO
2
tan c trong axit flohiric :
SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O
GV : Da vo phn ng ho tan SiO
2

trong HF khc ch v hnh ln
thy tinh.
GV yu cu HS c SGK v lin h
vi thc t cho bit :

SiO
2
tn ti dng no trong t Trong t nhin SiO
2
tn ti di

nhin ?
ng dng ca silic ioxit ?
dng ct v thch anh.
Silic ioxit l nguyn liu quan
trng sn xut thy tinh, gm,
...
Hot ng 7
II. Axit Silixic
GV c th lm th nghim iu ch
axit silixic cho HS quan st : Ly
1
3

ng nghim ng dung dch Na
2
SiO
3

(1 : 1) cho vo
1
2
ng nghim ng
dung dch HCl (1 : 1). Khuy mnh
bng a thy tinh. Cho HS quan st
sn phm to ra vit phng trnh
ho hc v kt lun v tnh cht vt l
ca H
2
SiO
3
?
Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl +
H
2
SiO
3

keo trng
Axit silixic dng kt ta keo,
khng tan trong nc, d mt nc
khi un nng.
Khi sy kh, axit silixic mt mt
phn nc, to thnh vt liu xp l
silicagen.
Do c tng din tch b mt rt ln
silicagen c kh nng hp th mnh,
thng c dng ht hi m
trong cc thng ng hng ho.
GV lm th nghim : Sc kh CO
2
vo
dung dch Na
2
SiO
3
v cho HS quan
st. Rt ra nhn xt v tnh axit ca
H
2
SiO
3
.
Axit silixic l axit rt yu, yu hn
c axit cacbonic, nn d b kh
cacbon ioxit y ra khi dung dch
mui silicat.
Na
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Na
2
CO
3
+
H
2
SiO
3

Hot ng 8
III. Mui Silicat
GV hng dn HS lm th nghim :
Ho tan kt ta keo H
2
SiO
3
vo dung
Axit silixic d tan trong dung dch
kim, to thnh mui silicat.

dch NaOH.
Quan st hin tng. Vit phng
trnh ho hc xy ra.
GV yu cu HS quan st bng tnh
tan v rt ra nhn xt v kh nng tan
trong nc ca mui silicat.
H
2
SiO
3
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2
O
Ch c silicat kim loi kim tan
c trong nc. Dung dch m c
ca Na
2
SiO
3
v K
2
SiO
3
c gi l
thy tinh lng.
GV gi HS c SGK rt ra
nhng tnh cht ca thy tinh lng v
ng dng ca n.
Vi hoc g tm thy tinh lng s
kh b chy. Thy tinh lng cn c
dng ch keo dn thy tinh v s.
Hot ng 9
Cng c bi tp v nh
GV cng c bi bng cch chiu ni dung cc bi tp sau ln mn hnh
v yu cu HS phn tch chn p n ng.
1. Cht no sau y khng tan trong dung dch kim long ?
A. CO
2
B. Al
2
O
3
C. Si D. SiO
2

p n D.
2. Ngi ta thng dng loi bnh no sau y ng axit HF ?
A. Bnh thy tinh B. Bnh gm, s
C. Bnh nha D. Bnh kim loi.
p n C.
3. tch nhanh Fe
2
O
3
ra khi hn hp gm Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, SiO
3
c th dng ho
cht no sau y ?
A. Dung dch HCl B. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
C. Dung dch NaOH long D. Dung dch NaOH c
p n D.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SGK)

d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
2. p n B
3. p n C
4. S : SiO
2

NaOH
Na
2
SiO
3

2 2
CO H O +
H
2
SiO
3

5. p n D.
6. Phng trnh ho hc :
Si + 2NaOH + H
2
O Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2

1mol 2mol
0,3mol 0,6mol
%m
Si
=
0, 3.28
20
.100 = 42%
E. T liu tham kho
Trong v Qu t, nu oxi chim 49,5% th silic chim 26%. V vy n
l nguyn t ph bin th hai, sau oxi. V c i lc mnh vi oxi nn silic
khng tn ti trng thi t do m trng thi hp cht : trong ct (silic
ioxit), trong sa thch, di cc dng silicat c trong cc qung v t st.
Silic l mt cht rn mu xm, c nh kim trng ging kim loi nhng li l
mt phi kim.
Trong gii sinh vt, silic c trong thnh phn thn cy, l cy v lm cho
chng tr ln cng cp.
Silic c trong hu ht t bo ca ng vt v ngi, c bit tuyn ty,
gan, lng, tc, xng rng, sn rt giu silic. Trong xng, rng v sn ca
bnh nhn lao lng silic gim ng k so vi ngi bnh thng. nhng
ngi b bnh eczema, vy nn, hm lng silic trong mu gim r rt, cn khi
b bnh i trng th ngc li, hm lng silic trong mu tng ln.


Bi 18 cng nghip silicat
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
Thnh phn, tnh cht ca thy tinh, gm, xi mng.
Phng php sn xut cc loi vt liu trn t ngun nguyn liu c
trong t nhin.
2. K nng
S dng v bo qun dng lm bng cc vt liu thy tinh, gm.
S dng v bo qun cc vt liu xy dng nh ximng, ct, ...
3. Tnh cm, thi
C thc bo v cc ngun nguyn liu thin nhin.
C thi ng n v ngnh cng nghip silicat.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, phiu hc tp
Phng to hnh v 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 (SGK)
Chun b mt s a hnh v sn phm ca cng nghip silicat.
HS : Chun b ni dung theo (SGK)
Nu c iu kin, chun b thm mt s mu vt, tranh nh, a
hnh v sn phm ca cng nghip silicat.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS

Hot ng 1
A. Thy Tinh
I. Thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht ca thy tinh
GV yu cu HS c SGK nhn xt
v :
Thnh phn ho hc ca thy tinh.
Tnh cht
ng dng
Nguyn tc sn xut
Thnh phn : Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2

Thy tinh khng c nhit nng
chy xc nh.
Lm knh, chai, l,...
Nu chy hn hp gm ct trng,
vi v soa 1400
o
C thu c
thy tinh thng thng.
Hot ng 2
II. Mt s loi thy tinh
GV hng dn HS c SGK, thu thp thng tin, in vo trng ca bng
sau y (chiu ln mn hnh) :

Thy tinh
Kali
Thy tinh
pha l
Thy tinh
thch anh
Thy tinh
mu
Thnh phn
Tnh cht
ng dng
Sn xut

B. gm
Hot ng 3
Gch, ngi Snh S
Nguyn liu sn xut
Phng php sn xut
Tnh cht
ng dng

C. xi mng

Hot ng 4
GV hng dn HS c SGK, lin h vi thc t, in nhng thng tin vo bng
sau (chiu ln mn hnh).
Xi mng
Thnh phn ho hc
Phng php sn xut
Qu trnh ng cng
ca xi mng

Nhng a phng
c nh my xi mng

Hot ng 5
Cng c bi Bi tp v nh
GV cng c bi bng cch cho HS lm bi tp 1, 2, 3 (SGK).
Bi tp v nh : 4 (SGK)
d. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
1. Trong thy tinh c cc oxit Na
2
O, CaO nn khi ho tan vo nc s to thnh
dung dch c tnh cht kim lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng :
Na
2
O + H
2
O 2NaOH
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2

Thy tinh khng c nhit nng chy xc nh. Khi un nng, n mm
dn ri mi chy ra. Do , ngi ta c th to ra nhng vt c hnh dng
khc nhau.
2. Thnh phn ca thy tinh c th vit nh sau : Na
2
O.CaO. 6SiO
2

Khi dng HF tc dng ln thy tinh c phn ng sau :

SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ 2H
2
O
3. p n B.
Cng thc thy tinh c dng tng qut : xNa
2
O.yCaO.zSiO
2

x : y : z =
13, 0 11, 7 75,3
: :
62, 0 56, 0 60, 0
= 1 : 1 : 6
Na
2
O.CaO.6SiO
2

4. Gi x, y l s mol tng ng ca oxit CaO v SiO
2

x : y =
73, 7 26, 3
:
56, 0 60, 0
= 3 : 1 3CaO.SiO
2

x : y =
65,1 34, 9
:
56, 0 60, 0
= 2 : 1 2CaO.SiO
2

Bi 19 Luyn tp
Tnh cht ca cacbon, silic
v cc hp cht ca chng
A. Mc tiu bi hc
HS n li :
S ging v khc nhau v cu hnh electron nguyn t, tnh cht c bn
ca cacbon v silic.

S ging v khc nhau v thnh phn phn t, cu to phn t, tnh cht
c bn gia cc hp cht CO
2
v SiO
2
, H
2
CO
3
v H
2
SiO
3
, mui
2
3
CO

v
2
3
SiO


Vn dng kin thc c bn gii bi tp.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV: My tnh, my chiu, h thng cu hi v bi tp (SGK)
Mt s bi tp tng hp.
HS : Tng kt cc kin thc theo bng.
Chun b cc bi tp theo SGK.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
GV yu cu HS cc nhm HS tho lun sau in thng tin vo cc
bng sau :
Bng 1 : So snh tnh cht ho hc ca cacbon v silic
Cacbon Silic
Cu hnh electron
m in
Cc s oxi ho
Cc dng th hnh
Tnh kh
Tnh oxi ho
Bng 2 : So snh tnh cht ca CO, CO
2
v SiO
2

CO CO
2
SiO
2

S oxi ho ca C, Si
Trng thi, tnh cht
Tc dng vi kim
Tnh kh
Tnh oxi ho

Tnh cht khc
Bng 3. So snh tnh cht ca H
2
CO
3
v H
2
SiO
3

H
2
CO
3
H
2
SiO
3

bn
Tnh axit
Bng 4. So snh tnh cht ca mui cacbonat v mui silicat
Mui cacbonat Mui silicat
Tnh tan trong nc
Tc dng vi axit
Tc dng vi nhit
D. Hng Dn gii bi tp SGK
2. Khng c phn ng ho hc xy ra cc trng hp : A, C, E
3. Dy chuyn ho gia cc n cht :
C CO
2
2
Na O
Na
2
CO
3

( )
2
Ba OH
NaOH
2
SiO
Na
2
SiO
3

HCl
H
2
SiO
3

HS t vit cc phng trnh ho hc.
4. p n A.
2 3
M CO + H
2
SO
4

2 4
M SO + CO
2
+ H
2
O
1mol 1 mol m tng = 96 60 = 36g
0,05mol m tng = 7,74 5,94 = 1,8g
p n A v tng s mol l 0,05mol
5. 2CO + O
2

o
t
2CO
2

x
x
2
x

2H
2
+ O
2

o
t
2H
2
o
y
y
2
y
2
O
n =
8, 96
22, 4
= 0,4mol
x y 0,8
28x 2y 6,8
+ =

+ =


x 0, 2
y 0, 6
=


% Th tch = % s mol
2
75% H
25% CO


% Khi lng
2
17, 6% H
82, 4% CO




















Chng 4 i cng v ho hu c
Bi 20 m u v ho hu c
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc
Cc c im ca hp cht hu c.
Phn bit c hp cht hu c vi hp cht v c.
Cch phn loi hp cht hu c theo thnh phn hoc theo mch
cacbon.
Cc phng php phn tch nh tnh, nh lng nguyn t trong hp
cht hu c.
V sao tnh cht ca cc hp cht hu c li rt khc so vi tnh cht
ca hp cht v c.
Tm quan trng ca vic phn tch nguyn t trong hp cht hu c.
2. K nng
Tnh % khi lng ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c.
Gii bi tp phn tch nh tnh v nh lng hp cht hu c.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, bng phn loi hp cht hu c.
Ho cht : xng, du, nc ct, cn etylic 96
o
, ng glucoz
Dng c : ng nghim, kp g, cc thy tinh, my la gas, gi
th nghim.

HS: n tp kin thc v hp cht hu c hc lp 9 (THCS).
Quan st cc hp cht hu c c xung quanh ta trong cuc sng.
Nhn xt s b v s lng hp cht v c so vi hp cht hu
c v s khc nhau gia chng.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. Khi nim v hp cht hu c v ho hc hu c
Hot ng 1
GV chiu ln mn hnh mt s chai,
l ng cc cht (hoc ly mt s
cht c th ln bn GV) cho HS
quan st :
Mui n, ng, nc, du n, ru
etylic, axit clohiric, vi, gim n,
dung dch natri hiroxit, benzen.
HS tho lun :
NaCl, C
12
H
22
O
11
, H
2
O,
C
3
H
5
(OOC
17
H
33
)
3
, C
2
H
5
OH, HCl,
CaCO
3
, CH
3
COOH, NaOH, C
6
H
6
.
Cht hu c : ng, du n, ru
etylic, gim n, benzen.
Cht v c : mui n, nc, axit
clohiric, vi, dung dch
Natrihiroxit.
GV yu cu HS :
Ghi cc cng thc ca cc cht trn
vo v hc.
Ch ra nhng cht no thuc cht
hu c, cht v c.
c im chung v thnh phn cu
to nn hp cht hu c.
Kt lun v khi nim hp cht hu c.
GV b sung : Ho hc hu c l ngnh
khoa hc nghin cu cc hp cht hu
c.
Hp cht hu c c cha : C, H, O, ...
Kt lun : Hp cht hu c l hp
cht ca cacbon (tr cc oxit ca
cacbon, mui cacbonat, xianua v
cacbua,...)

II. Phn loi hp cht hu c
Hot ng 2
GV chu ln mn hnh mt s cng
thc hp cht hu c nh :
CH
4
, C
2
H
5
Cl, C
6
H
6
, C
2
H
5
OH, C
2
H
4
,
CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
2
, C
6
H
12
O
6
.
HS tho lun :
Hirocacbon : CH
4
, C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
,
C
6
H
6
.
Dn xut hirocacbon : C
2
H
5
Cl,
C
2
H
5
OH, CH
3
OOH, C
6
H
12
O
6
.
GV chiu ln mn hnh s phn
loi hp cht hu c (SGK) v yu
cu HS sp xp cc cht sau cho ph
hp vi s phn loi : C
2
H
6
, C
4
H
6
,
C
2
H
5
Cl, C
2
H
5
OH, CH
3
OCH
3
,C
6
H
5
CH
3
,
CH
3
COOCH
3
, CH
4
, C
6
H
5
NH
2
, C
6
H
12
O
6
,
(CH
2
CH
2
)
n

GV gii thiu cho HS cch phn loi
theo mch cacbon :
Mch h
Mch vng

III. c im chung ca HCHC
Hot ng 3
1. c im cu to
GV gi HS n li v lin kt ho
hc (lp 10) v yu cu HS rt ra
nhn xt v :
Lin kt ho hc ch yu trong
phn t hp cht hu c.
Tnh cht ca hp cht c lin kt
cng ho tr.
HS tho lun :
Lin kt cng ho tr thun ty.

o
nc
t ,
o
s
t thp.
Km bn vi nhit.
Kh nng ho tan trong nc km.
D chy.
Hot ng 4
2. Tnh cht vt l
GV gii thiu vi HS l c cha cn
etylic 96
o
, yu cu HS quan st v rt
ra nhn xt v tnh cht vt l :
Cht lng, c mi.
D bay hi.
D chy.
HCHC
Hirocacbon Dn xut

Tm cn vo ming vi ra bn,
mt thi gian ngn thy vi kh.
t thy chy mnh.
GV yu cu HS rt ra cc tnh cht
vt l chung ca hp cht hu c.

o
nc
t ,
o
s
t thp.
Phn ln khng tan trong nc, tan
nhiu trong dung mi hu c.
Hot ng 5
3. Tnh cht ho hc
GV nu mt s v d :
t chy xng du.
Cc vt bng nha (P.E, P.V.C)
khi tip xc vi nhit cao thng
b chy ra.
Phn ng ln men tinh bt
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
thnh ru etylic
C
2
H
5
OH thng xy ra 2, 3 ngy.
Phn ng ln men ru C
2
H
5
OH

thnh gim thng xy ra 10 12
ngy.
GV yu cu HS nhn xt v tnh cht
ho hc ca hp cht hu c.

Hp cht hu c d chy.
Hp cht hu c km bn vi nhit.
Phn ng ho hc ca hp cht hu
c thng xy ra chm, theo nhiu
hng khc nhau v to ra hn hp
sn phm.
IV. S lc v phn tch nguyn t
Hot ng 6
1. Phn tch nh tnh
GV t vn : thit lp cng
thc phn t hp cht hu c, trc
ht phi phn tch nh tnh xem
trong hp cht hu c c cha nhng
nguyn t no.

GV yu cu HS c SGK rt ra :
Mc ch
Nguyn tc
Phng php
ca php phn tch nh tnh.
a) Mc ch : Xc nh nguyn t
no c trong thnh phn phn t hp
cht hu c.
b)Nguyn tc : Chuyn cc nguyn
t trong hp cht hu c thnh cc
cht v c n gin v quen thuc ri
nhn bit chng bng phn ng c
trng.
GV s dng th nghim (hnh 4.1,
SGK) minh ho cho vic phn tch
c)Phng php tin hnh :
X
CuSO
4
khan
(mu trng)
mu xanh c hi H
2
O c H
Ca(OH)
2

vn c c CO
2
c C

nh tnh nguyn t C v H trong
thnh phn hp cht hu c.
t HCHC sn phm chy (X)




Chuyn nguyn t N trong HCHC
thnh NH
3
lm xanh qu tm m
c N.
2. Phn tch nh lng
GV t vn : Nu ch bit HCHC
cha nhng nguyn t no m khng
bit % v khi lng ca chng trong
hp cht th vn khng xc nh c
cng thc phn t bng thc nghim.
Do ngoi vic phn tch nh tnh
cn thit phi c phng php nh
lng.
GV yu cu HS c SGK rt ra :
Mc ch.
Nguyn tc
Phng php tin hnh
Biu thc tnh
a)Mc ch : Xc nh thnh phn %
v khi lng cc nguyn t trong
HCHC.
b) Nguyn tc : Xc nh chnh xc
khi lng hoc th tch ca cc cht
CO
2
, H
2
O, N
2
,...
c) Phng php tin hnh :
Nung a gam HCHC vi bt CuO.
Hp th hi H
2
O v kh CO
2
ln
lt bng H
2
SO
4
c v KOH.
tng khi lng mi bnh
chnh l khi lng H
2
O v CO
2

tng ng.
Kh N
2
c xc nh chnh xc th
tch ktc
Tnh khi lng H, C, N v % khi
lng ca chng trong hp cht
nghin cu.
Phn trm khi lng oxi c tnh
gin tip bng cch ly 100% tr i
tng s % khi lng C, H, N.
d) Biu thc tnh :
m
C
=
2
CO
m .12
44
(g)
m
H
=
2
H O
m .2
18
(g)

m
N
=
2
N
V .28
22, 4
(g)

%C =
C
m .100
a
(%)
%H =
H
m .100
a
(%)
%N =
N
m .100
a
(%)
% O = 100 (%C + %H +%N)
Hot ng 7
Cng c bi Bi tp v nh
GV chiu bi tp sau ln mn hnh cho HS tho lun :
1. Cho cc cht : CaC
2
, C
6
H
12
, CO(NH
2
)
2
, AlC
3
, CH
3
CHO, P.V.C, CH
2
=CH
COOH, cht bo, xng, du. S cht hu c trong s cc cht trn l :
A. 10 B. 8 C. 7 D. 5
p n B.
2. Hp cht hu c c c im :
A. D chy.
B. Nhit si cao, bn vi nhit
C. D chy, nhit nng chy v nhit si thp, km bn vi nhit.
D. Phn ng xy ra theo mt hng nht nh.
p n C.
3. t chy hon ton 1,6g mt hp cht hu c A ri dn sn phm chy vo
bnh ng Ca(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh tng 8g v xut hin 10g kt ta.
Tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t trong A ?
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4 (SGK).
D. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
3. m
C
=
0, 672
22, 4
12,0 = 0,360 (g)
m
H
=
0, 720
18, 0
12,0 = 0,080

m
O
= 0,600 (0,360 0,080) = 0,160 (g)
%m
C
=
0,360
0, 600
100 = 60%
%m
H
=
0, 360
0, 600
100 = 13,3%
%O = 100% (%C + %H) = 26,7%
4. Sn phm oxi ho khi cho qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
(c) lm khi lng bnh 1
tng 0,63g chnh l lng H
2
O b hp th mH
2
O = 0,63g
m
H
=
0, 63
18, 0
2,0 = 0,070
Cho tip qua bnh 2 cha dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, lm cho bnh xut hin
kt ta chnh l do lng CO
2
b gi li v tham gia phn ng :
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
o
0,0500
5, 00
100
= 0,0500 (mol)
m
C
= 0,0500 12,0 = 0,600g %m
C
= 89,55%
m
O
= 0,67 (m
C
+ m
H
) = 0 khng c oxi
% m
H
= 10,45%
E. T liu tham kho
Loi ngi bit iu ch v s dng cc sn phm hu c dng khng
tinh khit hay hn hp (nh ng ma, gim n, phm nhum, ...) t rt
lu. Gia th k XVIII ngi ta mi tch c t sinh vt mt s cht hu c :
ur, axit xitric, ... u th k XIX ho hc hu c tch thnh mt ngnh khoa
hc ring bit. Bc sang th k XIX, trong ho hc hu c hnh thnh
thuyt electron v cu trc phn t v khi u cho vic pht trin mnh m
cng nghip hu c.

Bi 21 Cng thc phn t hp cht hu c
A. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc :
Cc loi cng thc biu din thnh phn phn t hp cht hu c.
ngha cc loi cng thc.
Cc phng php ph bin thit lp CTPT hp cht hu c.
Da vo % khi lng cc nguyn t.
Thng qua cng thc n gin nht CTGN
Tnh trc tip theo khi lng sn phm t chy.
thit lp CTPT hp cht hu c ngoi vic phn tch nh tnh, nh
lng nguyn t, cn xc nh khi lng mol phn t hoc bit tn gi
hp cht,... T xc nh c CTGN, CTPT ca hp cht hu c.
2. K nng :
HS vn dng : Gii c cc dng bi tp xc nh CTGN, CTPT ca
hp cht hu c..
B. CHun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, phiu hc tp.
Mt s bi tp xc nh CTPT hp cht hu c.
HS : n li phng php phn tch nh tnh, nh lng cc nguyn t
trong HCCH.
Vn dng nh lut bo ton khi lng.
Cc cch xc nh s mol kh.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
I. Cng thc n gin nht (CTGN)
1. nh ngha

GV cho HS bit mt s CTGN ca
HCHC : CH, CH
3
, CH
2
O.
HS nghin cu SGK cng vi cc v
d, tho lun rt ra nh ngha v
CTGN:
CTGN l cng thc biu th t l ti
gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn
t trong phn t.
2. Cch thit lp CTGN
GV hng dn HS rt ra biu thc v
t l s nguyn t cc nguyn t
trong HXHC.
Gi CTTQ ca HCHC la C
x
H
y
O
z

(x, y, z l nhng s nguyn dng
Tm x : y : z:
Lp t l:

x : y : z : =
C H O
m m m
: :
12, 0 1, 0 16, 0
=
= n
C
: n
H
: n
O
= a : b : c

x : y : z : =
%C %H %O
: :
12, 0 1, 0 16, 0

= a : b : c.
(a, b, c l nhng s nguyn ti gin)
CTGN : C
a
H
b
O
c

GV b sung : CTGN c rt ra t
thc nghim nn cn c gi l
cng thc thc nghim (CTTN) hay
cng thc nguyn (CTN).

II. Cng thc phn t (CTPT)
Hot ng 2
1. nh ngha
GV chiu ln mn hnh mt s CTPT
ca cc HCHC : CH
4
, C
2
H
2
, C
4
H
6
,
C
2
H
6
O, C
12
H
22
O
11
.
HS tho lun, nhn xt, rt ra nh
ngha : CTPT l cng thc biu th s
lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t
trong phn t.

Yu cu HS nhn xt rt ra nh
ngha.
2. Quan h gia CTPT v CTGN
GV cho HS bit mt s CTPT v
CTGN ca mt s HCHC.
GV chiu ln mn hnh bng sau:
HS quan st tho lun v thnh phn
v s nguyn t gia CTPT, CTGN
v cho nhn xt.
CTPT CTGN
C
6
H
12
O
6
CH
2
O
C
2
H
6
CH
3

C
2
H
4
O
2
CH
2
O
C
2
H
6
O C
2
H
6
O
Thnh phn nguyn t ging nhau.
Trong nhiu trng hp, s lng
nguyn t ca mi nguyn t khc
nhau.
Trong mt s trng hp, CTGN
cng chnh l CTPT.
3. Cch thit lp CTPT ca HCHC
GV gi HS nm c phng
php chung xc nh CTPT hp cht
hu c.
HS tho lun:
HCHC
phn tch nh tnh
(t chy)
Xc nh.
thnh phn nguyn t
phn tch nh lng


Xc nh n
C
, n
H
, n
O
CTGN
Da vo M (g/mol)
Bin lun
CTPT.
GV a ra 3 phng php ph bin
lp CTPT ca HCHC.

a. Da vo thnh phn % khi lng cc nguyn t
GV yu cu HS xc nh cng thc
C
x
H
y
O
z
thng qua cc d kin v
khi lng mol v % khi lng C,
H, O.
HS tho lun rt ra biu thc:
M.%C M.%H
x ; y
12, 0 . 100 1, 0 . 100
= =

M.%O
z
16, 0 . 100
=
GV pht phiu hc tp cho HS:
Cho HCHC (A) c %m
C
= 37,5% v
%m
H
= 12,5% cn li l oxi. Bit
2
A
d
H
= 16. Xc nhCTPT cht A ?
p dng : M
A
= 16.2 = 32
x =
32 . 37, 5
1
12, 0 . 100
=
32 . 12, 5
y 4
1, 0 . 100
= =
z =
32 . 50, 0
1
1, 0 . 100
=
CTPT (A) : CH
4
O
b. Thng qua CTGN
GV cho bit CTG ca HCHC v
phn t khi M. yu cu HS tm
CTPT ca HCHC.
HS tho lun v a ra kt qu:
M = (12x + y + 16z).n
T gi thit bit M n CTPT.
p dng : Cho HCHC (A) c CTGN
: (CH
2
O). Bit M
A
= 60. Tm CTPT
(A) ?
p dng : M
A
= 30n = 60
n = 2
CTPT : C
2
H
6
O.
c. Tnh trc tip theo khi lng sn phm chy
GV hng dn HS gii bi tp tng
qut : Cho CTTQ ca mt HCHC l
C
x
H
y
O
z
. Bit n
x
, M
x
,
2
CO
n v
2
H O
n .
Xc nh CTPT (x) ?
HS tho lun a ra cch gii:
Vit phng trnh ho hc ca
phn ng chy.
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ (x +
y 3
4 2
) xCO
2
+
2
y
H O
2

x =
2 2
CO H O
x x
n 2.n
; y
n n
=

z =
M (12.x 1.y)
16
+

p dng : t chy hon ton 0,3g
HCHC (A) thu c 224ml CO
2

(ktc) v 0,18g H
2
O. Bit M
A
= 60.
Tm CTPT (A) ?
HS tho lun a ra phng php
gii:
Gi CTTQ (A) : C
x
H
y
O
z

C
x
H
y
O
z
+ (x +
y
4

3
2
)O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H O
2

nCO
2
=
0, 224
0, 01 (mol)
22, 4
=
2
H O
0,18
n 0, 01 (mol)
18
= =
n
A
=
0, 3
0, 005 (mol)
60
=

x =
0, 01
2
0, 005
=
2.0, 01
y 4
0, 005
= =
z =
60 2.12 4
2
16

=
Hot ng 3
Cng c bi Bi tp v nh
GV cho HS lm bi tp 1,2, 3
(SGK)

Bi tp v nh : 4, 5, 6 (SGK)

D. Hng dn gii bi tp (SGK)
1. a. M
A
= 2,07 x 29,0 = 60,0g/mol
b. Trong cng iu kin, th tch kh t l vi s mol kh:

2 2
x O x O
1, 76
V V n n 0, 0550mol
32, 0
= = = =

x
3, 30
M 60, 0g / mol
0, 0550
= =
2. M
limone
= 4,690 x 29,0 = 136g/mol
Gi CTPT ca Limonen l C
x
H
y
x : y =

%C %H 88, 235 11, 765
: : 5 : 8
12, 0 1, 0 12, 0 1, 0
= =
Vy CTGN l C
5
H
8
v CTPT l C
10
H
16
.
3. V
A
=
2 2
O A O
0,16
V n n 0, 0050mol
32, 0
= = =
M
Z
=
0, 30
60g / mol
0, 0050
=
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ (x +
y 3
4 2
)O
2

o
t
xCO
2
+
2
y
H O
2

1 x
y
2

0,0050
0, 44
0, 010
44, 0
=
0,18
0, 010
18, 0
=
x = 2, y = 4 CTPT : C
2
H
4
O
z
28 + 16z = 60
z = 2 CTPT : C
2
H
4
O
2

4. CTGN v CTPT ca anetol : C
10
H
12
O
5. p n B : C
4
H
8
O
2

S nguyn t C :
54, 54 . 88, 0
4
12, 0 . 100
=
S nguyn t H :
9,10 . 88, 0
8
1, 0 . 100
=
S nguyn t O :
36, 36 . 88, 0
2
16, 0 . 100
=

6. p n B : C
2
H
6
O
2

M
z
= 31,0 x 2,0 = 62g/mol
z : (C
2
H
3
O)
n
31n = 62 n = 2 z : C
2
H
6
O
2
.
Bi 22 Cu trc phn t hp cht hu c
A. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc :
Ni dung c bn ca thuyt cu to ho hc.
Khi nim ng ng, ng phn.
HS hiu :
Cc loi cng thc cu to ca hp cht hu c.
Vai tr quan trng ca thuyt cu to ho hc trong vic nghin cu
cu to v tnh cht ca hp cht hu c.
S hnh thnh lin kt n (), lin kt bi ( v ).
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ng phn.
3. K nng :
Lp c dng ng ng
Vit c CTCT ca cc ng phn ng vi CTPT cho trc.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, phiu hc tp.
M hnh, tranh v v cu trc, phn t : CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
.
HS : c k v xem trc ni dung bi hc 22.
C. Tin trnh dy hc

Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
I. Cng thc cu to
1. Khi nim
GV phn tch CTPT v CTCT ca vi
hp cht hu c. Chiu ln mn hnh,
bng sau:

CTPT CTPT
C
3
H
6

CH
3
CH=CH
2

CH
2
CH
2
CH
2

C
2
H
6
O
CH
3
CH
2
OH
CH
3
OCH
3


HS tho lun, trao i v c i din
nhm trnh by nhn xt v CTPT:
CTPT l cng thc biu din th
t lin kt v cch thc lin k gia
cc nguyn t trong phn t.
GV phn tch cho HS thy CTPT cho
bit c mi lin kt gia cc nguyn
t trong phn t, t mi lin kt cc
nguyn t trong phn t nn mi
CTPT c th c nhiu CTCT.
xc nh ng CTCT ca mt
HCHC ngi ta cn da vo thc
nghim, kt hp vi thuyt cu to
ho hc.
2. Cc loi cng thc cu to
GV chiu ln bng cc loi CTCT ca
hp cht C
3
H
8
:
HS phn tch, nghin cu v rt ra
cc loi CTCT:
H C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H khai trin

2 loi CTCT:
+ Khai trin
+ Thu gn
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
hoc thu gn
Hot ng 2
II. Thuyt cu to ho hc
1. Ni dung

GV a ra v d CTCT ca C
2
H
6
O v
gip HS phn tch v CTCT v tnh
cht ca chng:
HS tho lun, t t nu cc ni
dung chnh ca thuyt cu to.

C
2
H
5
OH
Cht lng
Phn ng vi
Na gii phng
H
2

C
2
H
6
O:

CH
3
OCH
3

Cht kh
c
Khng phn
ng vi Na

Trong phn t HCHC, cc nguyn
t lin kt vi nhau theo mt th t
nht nh, th t lin kt gi l
cu to ho hc. S thay i th t
lin kt s to ra cht khc.
Cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau
theo ng ho tr ca chng.
GV chiu ln mn hnh cc CTCT ca
HCHC c CTPT : C
3
H, C
3
H
8
O
CTPT CTCT
C
3
H
6
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2

C
3
H
8
O
CH
3
OCH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH
CH
3
CH CH
3
OH

Trong phn t hp cht hu c
cabon lun c ho tr 4. Nguyn t
cacbon khng nhng lin kt vi
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc
m cn lin kt vi nhau to thnh
mch cacbon (mch vng, mch h,
mch nhnh, mch thng).
GV t cc cu hi:

Trong cc cht hu c trn, s lin
kt m C c th to ra l bao nhiu?

Nu nhn xt v mch cacbon, c
my loi mch cacbon ?

Cacbon c kh nng lin kt vi
nguyn t khc nh th no ?

GV chiu bng v d (tr.98, SGK) ln
mn hnh cho HS quan st thnh phn
Tnh cht ca hp cht hu c ph
thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn
cht, s lng cc nguyn t) v cu

cu to v tnh cht, t rt ra nhn
xt.
to ho hc (th t lin kt cc
nguyn t).
2. ngha
GV yu cu HS tho lun v rt ra
ngha v thuyt cu to ho hc.
HS : Thuyt cu to ho hc gip gii
thch hin tng ng ng, ng
phn.
Hot ng 3
III. ng ng, ng phn
1. ng ng
GV chiu ln mn hnh dy cc cng
thc phn t : C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
, ...
GV yu cu HS rt ra quy lut tm
CTPT chung ca mt dy ng ng.
HS tho lun:
ng ng l mt dy gm cc
cht c CTPT hn km nhau mt
hay nhiu nhm CH
2

CTPT chung ca dy ng ng
v d trn l C
n
H
2n
(n 2, n N
*
).
GV phn tch : Theo thuyt cu to
ho hc, bit tnh cht ca cc cht
th phi bit CTCT, t GV chiu ln
bng CTCT cc cht ng vi cc
CTPT v d trn:

CH
2
=CH
2
CH
2
=CHCH
3

CH
2
=CHCH
2
CH
3

GV yu cu HS nu nhn xt. Cc nhm HS tho lun v nu
kin:
Cc cht trong cng dy ng
phng c cu to tng t nhau nn
tnh cht ho hc ca chng tng
t nhau.

GV yu cu HS rt ra kt lun v ng
ng v dy ng ng.
Kt lun : Nhng hp cht c thnh
phn phn t hn km nhau mt
hay nhiu nhm CH
2
nhng c
tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau l
nhng cht ng ng, chng hp
thnh dy ng ng.
2. ng phn
GV t vn : Cc cht c thnh
phn hn km nhau mt s nhm
CH
2
c cu to v tnh cht tng t
nhau th l cht ng ng. Ngc
li, cc cht c cng CTPT nhng
CTCT khc nhau s l nhng cht
ng phn ca nhau.

GV hng dn HS vit cc ng phn
ca cht sau:
Cc nhm HS tho lun v tr li
cu hi ca GV
CTPT CTCT
C
4
H
8
CH
2
=CHCH
2
CH
3
(1)
CH
2
CH=CH CH
3
CH
3
(2)

CH
3
CH=CHCH
3
(3)
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
(4)

CH
2
CH
2
CH CH
3
(5)

C
2
H
6
O
CH
3
OCH
3
(6)
CH
3
CH
2
OH (7)


GV yu cu HS tr li cu hi:


Thng t mt CTPT c mt hay
nhiu CTCT.

CTCT khc nhau th tnh cht ca
cc cht hu c ging hay khc nhau ?
GV hng dn HS phn loi cc cht
ng phn qua v d va nu.
Khi nim : Nhng hp cht khc
nhau c cng cng thc phn t
c gi l cc cht ng phn ca
nhau.

mch cacbon (1, 2, 4,
5)
ng phn V tr ni i (1, 3)
Nhm chc (6, 7)
ng phn hp th.
Hot ng 4
IV. Lin kt ho hc v cu trc phn t hp cht hu c
GV yu cu HS nhc li : Lin kt ch
yu trong HCHC l loi lin kt no ?
Bn cht ca lin kt ?
HS : Lin kt cng ho tr
Dng chung 2 electron
GV thng bo : Trong HCHC, lin kt
cng ho tr chia thnh hai loi : Lin
kt (xich ma) v lin kt (pi). Vy
khi nim, cch biu din c im
ca mi loi lin kt c th hin
nh th no ?

1. Lin kt n
GV yu cu HS nhc li v khi nim
lin kt , c im ca lin kt .
GV chiu m hnh cu to phn t CH
4

(metan) ln bng cho HS quan st,
nhn xt kiu lin kt trong phn t
CH
4
, rt ra khi nim v lin kt n.
HS tho lun:
Lin kt l lin kt c hnh
thnh nh s xen ph trc ca cc
obitan tham gia lin kt.
Lin kt l lin kt bn.
Khi nim : Lin kt n (hay lin
kt ) do mt cp electron chung

to nn v c biu din bng mt
gch ni gia hai nguyn t.
2. Lin kt i
GV yu cu HS nhc li khi nim v
lin kt , c im ca lin kt .
GV chiu m hnh cu to phn t
etilen (C
2
H
4
) ln mn hnh cho HS:
Quan st
HS tho lun:
Lin kt l lin kt c hnh
thnh nh s xen ph bn ca 2
obitan lin kt.
Lin kt km bn.
Xc nh kiu lin kt trong phn t
C
2
H
4

Rt ra khi nim v lin kt i.
Khi nim : Lin kt i gm mt
lin kt v mt lin kt . Lin kt
km bn hn lin kt nn d b
t trong cc phn ng ho hc.
Lin kt i c biu din bng
hai gch ni song song gia hai
nguyn t.
C
2
H
4
: CH
2
=CH
2

3. Lin kt ba
GV chiu m hnh cu to phn t
axetilen (C
2
H
2
) ln mn hnh cho HS:
HS tho lun rt ra khi nim v
lin kt ba.
Quan st
Xc nh kiu lin kt
Rt ra khi nim v lin kt ba.
Khi nim : Lin kt ba gm mt
lin kt v hai lin kt . Lin kt
ba c biu din bng 3 gch ni
song song gia 2 nguyn t.
C
2
H
2
: HCCH
Hot ng 5
Cng c bi Bi tp v nh

GV yu cu HS khc su kin thc trng tm ca bi hc:
Ni dung thuyt cu to ho hc.
Khi nim ng ng, ng phn.
c im v cch biu din lin kt n, i, ba.
p dng : Vit cc ng phn ca C
3
H
4
v ch r lin kt n, i, ba (nu
c) trong cng thc cu to.
Bi tp v nh : 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (SGK).
D. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
4. p n A.
5. Nhng cht l ng ng ca nhau : a, d, e ; a, d, g ; b, d, e ; b, d, g ; i, h ; c, h.
6. Vit CTCT ng vi CTPT:
C
2
H
6
O : CH
3
CH
2
OH v CH
3
OCH
3

C
3
H
6
O : CH
3
CH
2
CHO ; CH
2
=CHCH
2
OH
OH
CH
2
=CH O CH
3
;

CH
3
C CH
3
CH
2
CH CH
3
;
O

CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2

C
4
H
10
: CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

CH
3
CH CH
3
CH
3

7. Cng thc biu din cng mt cht : (I), (III) v (IV) ; (II) v (V).
8. a. Phng trnh ho hc:
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa + H
2

2C
3
H
7
OH + 2Na 2C
3
H
7
ONa + H
2

b. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi cht.
n
2mn
=
2
1,12
2.nH 2. 0,100mol
22, 4
= =
Gi x l s mol C
2
H
5
OH (0,100 x) l s mol C
3
H
7
OH 46,0 . x +
60,0 . (0,100 x) = 5,30 x = 0,0500

2 5
C H OH
0, 0500 . 46, 0
%m . 100 43, 4%
5, 30
= =
3 7
C H OH
%m 100 43, 4 56, 6%. = =
E. t liu tham kho
Khi nim ng ng l rt rng, trn ta ch gii hn ng ng metylen
(nhm CH
2
). Nh vy, ng ng c to ra do s phn ct lin kt a
nhm CH
2
vo phn t, khi cn lu
(*)
:
1. Lin kt b ct phi l lin kt gia cacbon vi cacbon hoc vi nguyn t
khc.
V d:
H CH=CH
2
CH
3
CH=CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
(ng ng)
(khng ng ng)

CH
3
O H
CH
3
CH
2
O H
CH
3
O CH
3
(ng ng)
(khng ng ng)

2. Khng c ct lin kt n trong h lin hp (vi phm tnh lin hp)
V d:
CH
2
=CH CH=CH
2
CH
3
CH=CH CH=CH
2
CH
2
=CH CH
2
CH=CH
2
CH
2
=C CH=CH
2
CH
3
(ng ng)
(khng ng ng)
(ng ng)

3. Nu nguyn t cacbon duy nht c lin kt b ct li l nguyn t cacbon
trong nhm chc th s tng t v tnh cht t nhiu b vi phm.
V d:

(*)
Xem thm : Cao C Gic, Tuyn tp Bi ging Ho hc hu c, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni,
2001.

H C OH CH
3
C OH CH
3
CH
2
C OH
O O O
(I) (II) (III)
CH
2
CH
2

(I), (II), (III) u l ng ng ca nhau nhng:
(I) c tnh axit mnh gp 10 ln (II, III).
(I) c tnh kh nhng (II, III) khng th hin.
4. Nhng cht ng ng phi l nhng cht tng t v mt cu to v
phi tng t v mt cu hnh.
Bi 23 Phn ng hu c
A. Mc tiu
1. K nng :
HS bit :
Mt s loi phn ng hu c : phn ng th, phn ng cng v phn ng
tch.
c im ca phn ng hu c.
HS hiu :
Bn cht ca cc phn ng : th, cng v tch.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, phiu hc tp
Mt s phn mm m phng phn ng th, cng, tch (nu c).

HS : N tp cc tnh cht ho hc ca cc cht hu c hc lp 9
(THCS) : CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
, C
6
H
6
, C
2
H
5
OH, CH
3
COOH.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV v HS Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
I. Phn loi phn ng hu c
GV da vo s bin i thnh phn v
cu to phn t hp cht hu c, c
th phn chia cc phn ng ho hc
hu c thnh cc loi chnh sau:

1. Phn ng th
GV chiu cc phng trnh ho hc
sau ln mn hnh.

a. CH
4
+ Cl
2

as
1: 1
CH
3
Cl + HCl
b. C
2
H
5
OH + Na C
2
H
5
ONa +
2
1
H
2

c. CHCH + Ag
2
O
3
ddNH

AgCCAg + H
2
O
d. C
2
H
5
OH + HBr
o
t
xt
C
2
H
5
Br +
H
2
O
nh ngha : Phn ng th l phn
ng trong mt nguyn t hoc
nhm nguyn t trong phn t hp
cht hu c b thay th bi mt
nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t
khc.
HS tho lun, ly thm v d.
GV yu cu HS phn tch cc phn
ng trn, nhn xt v nu nh ngha
phn ng th, ly thm mt s v d
v phn ng th m cc em bit.

2. Phn ng cng
GV chiu cc phng trnh ho hc
sau ln mn hnh.
nh ngha : Phn ng cng l phn
ng trong phn t hp cht hu c
kt hp vi phn t khc to thnh

a. CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2

o
Ni / t
CH
3
CH
3

b. CH
2
=CH
2
+ HOH
H
+

CH
3
CH
2
OH
phn t hp cht mi.
GV yu cu HS phn tch cc phn
ng trn, nhn xt v nu nh ngha
phn ng cng, ly thm mt s v d
v phn ng cng m em bit.
HS tho lun, ly thm v d
3. Phn ng tch
GV chiu cc phng trnh ho hc sau ln mn hnh:
CH
2
CH
2
H
+
CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2
O
H OH
t
o
a.

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH=CH CH
3
CH
2
=CH CH
2
CH
3
+ H
2
Xt
t
o
b.

nh ngha : Phn ng tch l phn
ng trong hai hay nhiu nguyn t
b tch ra khi phn t hp cht hu
c.
GV yu cu HS phn tch cc phn
ng trn, nhn xt v nu nh ngha
phn ng tch, ly thm mt s v d
v phn ng tch m cc em bit.
HS : Tho lun, ly thm v d.
GV b sung : Ngoi ba loi phn ng
trn, cn c cc loi phn ng khc
nh phn ng phn hu, phn ng
ng phn ho, phn ng oxi ho, ...

Hot ng 2
II. c im ca phn ng ho hc trong ho hu c
GV gii thiu cho HS bit mt s HS nhn xt, rt ra c im:

phn ng trong ho hu c.
Xy ra chm
Phn ng ln men ru iu ch
c etylic t tinh bt xy ra khong
72 gi.
Thu c hn hp nhiu sn phm.
Phn ng este ho ca ancol etylic
vi axit axetic phi ko di nhiu gi.

Phn ng th gia CH
4
vi Cl
2

(askte) thu c hn hp sn phm:

CH
3
Cl, CH
2
Cl
2
, CHCl
3
, ...
GV yu cu HS nhn xt, rt ra c
im ca phn ng trong ho hc hu
c.

Hot ng 3
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV pht phiu hc tp cho HS luyn tp:
1. Cho cc phn ng ho hc:
a. CH
3
CH
3
+ Cl
2

1 : 1
as
CH
3
CH
2
Cl + HCl
b. CH
2
=CH
2
+ HCl CH
3
CH
2
Cl
+ Cl
2
Cl
+ HCl
Fe
t
o
O O c.

d. CH
3
CH
3

o
Xt
t
CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2

e. 3CHCH
o
C
600 C

O

Cc phn ng cng l:
A. a, c, e B. b, e C. a, b, e D. c, d, e
p n B.
3. Khng nh no sau y l ng ?
A. Qu trnh ln men tinh bt ch thu c ru etylic.
B. Phn ng gia axetilen v hiro l phn ng th.
C. Qu trnh oxi ho ru etylic thnh gim thu c nhiu sn phm trong
c CH
3
COOH.
D. Khi cho CH
4
phn ng vi Cl
2
(t l 1 : 1) chiu sng ch thu c CH
3
Cl.
p n C.
Bi tp v nh : 2, 3, 4 (SGK)
D. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
(1) p n B.
(2) p n D.
(3) p n A.
3. (1) CHCH + H
2

3
Pb / PbCo
CH
2
=CH
2
(phn ng cng)
(2) CH
2
=CH
2
+ H
2
O
H
+
CH
3
CH
2
OH (phn ng cng)
(3) CH
3
CH
2
OH + HBr
o
t
CH
3
CH
2
Br + H
2
O (phn ng th)
(4) 3CHCH
o
C
600 C
(phn ng cng)
+ Br
2
Br
+ HBr
Fe
t
o
O O
(5)
(phn ng th)

4. p n B.
E. T liu tham kho

Phn ng hu c c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng nhn
chung u ch ti giai on c bn, trong nhng n v phn t tng tc
vi nhau v lin kt vi nhau to ra sn phm mi. S phn loi da vo mt
s c s
sau y
(*)
:
1. Phn loi theo s phn ct lin kt
Cc cht tham gia phn ng c phn loi theo kh nng phn ct lin kt
:
Phn ng d li l nhng phn ng ion :
A
+
: B


Phn ng ng li l nhng phn ng gc :
A : B

Phn ng khng c s phn ct lin kt hnh thnh ion gc m ch l
s phn b li cc obitan lin kt, chng hn phn ng vng ho :
2. Phn loi da vo thnh phn v cu trc sn phm :
Phn ng th (S)
Phn ng cng (A)
Phn ng tch (E)
Phn ng chuyn v.
3. Phn loi theo giai on quyt nh tc phn ng
Phn ng n phn t (1)
Phn ng lng phn t (2)
Phn ng a phn t (n)
4. Phn loi theo bn cht tc nhn phn ng

(*)
Xem thm : Cao C Gic, Bi tp l thuyt v thc nghim ho hc, tp 2, NXB Gio dc, 2004.

Phn ng gc (R)
Phn ng electron phin (E)
Phn ng nucleophin (N)
5. T hp cc cch phn loi trn
Phn ng th nucleophin n phn t (S
N
1)
Phn ng th nucleophin lng phn t (S
N
2)
Phn ng th electro phin (S
E
)
Phn ng th gc t do (S
R
)
Phn ng cng gc t do (Ar)
Phn ng cng electrophin (A
E
)
Phn ng cng nucleophin (A
N
)
Phn ng tch n phn t (E1)
Phn ng tch lng phn t (E2)
...
Bi 24 Luyn tp
Hp cht hu c, cng thc phn t
v cng thc cu to
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Cng c kin thc v hp cht hu c v phn ng ca hp cht hu c,
bao gm:
Khi nim v hp cht hu c v ho hc hu c.
Phn loi hp cht hu c.
Khi nim ng ng, ng phn.

Lin kt ho hc trong phn t hp cht hu c.
Phn loi phn ng hu c.
c im ca phn ng hu c.
2. Rn luyn k nng gii bi tp xc nh CTPT, vit CTCT ca mt s cht
hu c n gin.
B. CHun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, phiu hc tp.
H thng bi tp cu hi giao cho HS chun b trc khi n lp.
HS : Xem li cc ni dung hc trong chng.
Hon thnh cc bi tp m GV giao trc khi luyn tp.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. Kin thc cn nm vng
Hot ng 1
1. Khi nim hp cht hu c, thnh phn cc nguyn t
trong phn t hp cht hu c
GV t chc cho HS n tp v khi
nim hp cht hu c, thnh phn
cc nguyn t trong phn t hp
cht hu c qua cc bi tp sau :

Bi tp 1 : Cho cc cht : CaC
2
(1),
CO
2
(2), C
2
H
6
(3), C
2
H
4
O
2
(4),
CaCO
3
(5), Al
4
C
3
(6), CO(NH
2
)
2
(7),
CH
3
OH (8), C
6
H
12
O
6
(9). Cc cht
hu c l :
HS tho lun p n B.
A : 1, 2, 7, 8, 9 B. 3, 4, 8, 9
C. 1, 2, 3, 9 D. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9


Bi tp 2 : Cng thc tng qut biu
din thnh phn nguyn t trong
hp cht hu c l :
A. (CH
3
)
n
B. C
2
H
6

C. CH
2
D. C
x
H
y
HS tho lun p n D.
Bi tp 3 : Vit CTTQ ca mt s
hp cht hu c.
HS tho lun mt s hp cht :
C
x
H
y
, C
x
H
y
Cl
z
, C
x
H
y
O
z
, ...
Hot ng 2
2. Phn loi hp cht hu c theo thnh phn nguyn t
GV t chc cho HS n tp qua h
thng bi tp :

Bi tp 4 : Cho cc CTPT : C
3
H
8

(1), CH
2
O (2), C
4
H
2
(3), C
5
H
10
(4),
HCOOH (5), CH
3
OH (6), C
2
H
5
Cl
(7), C
2
H
7
N (8). Cc cht thuc loi
dn xut hirocacbon l :
HS tho lun p n B.

A. 1, 2, 6, 7, 8 B. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
C. 5, 6, 7 D. 4, 6, 7.

Bi tp 5 : Cho cc cht
HS tho lun p n D.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
, CH
3
CH CH
3
,
CH
2
=CH CH
3
CH
3

Hy chn pht biu sai.

A. Cc cht trn thuc loi mch
h.
B. Cc cht trn thuc loi mch
thng v nhnh.
C. Cc cht trn thuc loi
hirocacbon.
D. Cc cht trn thuc loi mch
kn.


Bi tp 6 : Cht X c cng thc
phn t C
6
H
10
O
4
. Cng thc no sau
y l cng thc n gin nht ca
X ?
A. C
3
H
5
O
2

B. C
6
H
10
O
4

C. C
3
H
10
O
2

D. C
12
H
20
O
8

HS tho lun p n A.
Hot ng 3
3. Lin kt trong phn t hp cht hu c
GV t chc cho HS n tp qua vic
gii cc bi tp sau :

Bi tp 7 : C nhng lin kt no
trong cc hp cht sau y?
HS tho lun ch ra s lng cc
lin kt n, i, ba.
a. CH
3
CH
2
CH
3

b. CHCCH
3

c. CH
2
=CCH
3

CH
2
=C CH
3
CH
3
c.

d. CHCCH=CH
2


Hot ng 4
4. Cc loi cng thc biu din phn t hp cht hu c
GV t chc HS n tp cc loi cng
thc hp cht hu c qua cc bi tp
:

Bi tp 8 : Hy thay cc ch ci A,
B, C, D, E, F, G, H bng cc ni
dung kin thc ph hp vi s
sau :
Cc nhm HS tho lun kt qu ghi
vo phiu hc tp v cng np cho
GV.

A
B C
D
E
G H F
Thuyt
CTHH
M (g/ml)
3
8 1
4
5
7 2 6

Trong , A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H l
cc ni dung kin thc khng theo
th t : ng dng (1), ng phn
(2), phn tch nh tnh (3), phn
tch nh lng (4), cng thc n
gin nht (5), cng thc phn t (6),
cng thc cu to (7), cng thc
chung (8).

Bi tp 9 : (Bi 2, SGK) : T genol
(trong tinh du hng nhu) iu ch
c Ometylgenol (M =
178g/mol) l cht dn d cn trng.
Kt qu phn tch nguyn t ca O
metylgenol cho thy : %C = 74,16%
; %H = 7,86% cn li l oxi. Lp
CTG, CTPT ca Ometylgenol.
HS tho lun xut cc bc tm
CTG v CTPT.
GV nhc li cc bc tm CTG v
CTPT.

Bc 1 : Xc nh %O trong O
metylgenol CTTQ.
GV yu cu HS tnh kt qu c th
%O v vit CTTQ.
HS tho lun
%O = 100 (%C + %H) = 47,98%
CTTQ : C
x
H
y
O
z
Bc 2 : Lp CTGN.
GV yu cu HS vit biu thc v
mi quan h gia s nguyn t cc
nguyn t vi % khi lng tng
ng ca nguyn t .
T kt qu tm c, hy vit
CTGN ca Ometylgenol.
HS tho lun :
x : y : z =
%C %H %O
: :
12, 0 1, 0 16, 0

74,16 7, 86 17, 48
: :
12, 0 1, 0 16, 0
=

= 6,18 : 7,86 : 1,12
= 11 : 14 : 2
CTGN : C
11
H
14
O
2

Bc 3 : Lp CTPT ca O
metygenol
CTPT : (C
11
H
14
O
2
)
n

GV yu cu HS tm n thng qua M
= 178 g/mol
178n = 178 n = 1
CTPT : C
11
H
14
O
2
.
Bi tp 10 : (Bi 3, SGK). Vit
CTCT ca cc cht c cng thc
phn t : CH
2
Cl
2
(mt cht),
HS tho lun ghi kt qu vo phiu
hc tp.
C
2
H
4
O
2
(ba cht), C
2
H
4
Cl
2
(hai cht)
CH
2
Cl
2
: H C Cl
H
Cl

C
2
H
4
O
2
: H C C O H
H
H
O
(CH
3
COOH)
H O C C
H
H
O
(HO CH
2
CHO)
H


H C O C H
H
H
O
(HCOOCH
3
)


H C C Cl
H
H
H
H
; H C C H
H
Cl
H
Cl

Hot ng 5
5. Cc loi phn ng ho hc hay gp trong ho hu c
GV t chc cho HS n tp v cc
loi phn ng ho hc hay gp trong


ho hu c.
GV pht phiu hc tp vi ni dung
: Phn loi cc phn ng ho hc
sau, nu c im ca tng loi
phn ng .
HS tho lun gii thch.
a. 2CH
3
CCH + Ag
2
O
3
ddNH

2CH
3
CCAg + H
2
O

b. CH
3
OH + C
2
H
5
OH
2 4
o
H SO
140 C

CH
3
OC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
c. CH
3
CH
2
CH
3

o
t
Xt
CH
2
=CH
CH
3
+ H
2

CH
2
=CH
2
+ Br
2
CH
2
CH
2
Br Br
d.


e. CH
3
OH + HCl CH
3
Cl + H
2
O
Hot ng 6
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV nhc nh HS ch cch vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc loi phn
ng.
GV dn d HS cn luyn tp k nng lp CTG, CTPT.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (SGK).
D. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
1. Hiro cacbon : C
6
H
6

Dn xut hiro cacbon : CH
2
O, C
2
H
5
Br, CH
2
O
2
, C
6
H
5
Br, CH
2
COOH
4. p n A.
5. CTCT ca C
3
H
8
O

CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH CH
3
CH OH
CH
3
;

CTCT ca C
q
H
10
O :
CTCT ca C
4
H
10
O CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
3
OH
, : ,

CH
3
CH CH
2
OH CH
3
C OH
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
, .

6. Cc cp cht ng ng ca nhau : C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH
CH
3
OC
2
H
5
v C
2
H
5
OC
2
H
5

Cc cp cht ng phn ca nhau. CH
3
OC
2
H
5
v C
3
H
7
OH ; C
2
H
5
O
C
2
H
5
v C
4
H
9
OH.
7. Phn ng th : a)
Phn ng cng : b)
Phn ng tch : c), d).
8. a. C
2
H
4
+ H
2

o
Ni
t
C
2
H
6
(phn ng cng)
b. 3C
2
H
2

o
C
600 C
C
6
H
6
(phn ng cng)
c. C
2
H
5
OH + O
2

khng kh
CH
3
COOH + H
2
O (phn ng oxi ho khng
hon ton).

Chng 5 Hirocacbon NO
Bi 25 ANKAN
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Kin thc : HS bit :
Cng thc chung ca dy ng ng ankan, cng thc cu to, gi tn
mt s ankan n gin.
Tnh cht ho hc ca ankan v phn ng c trng ca hirocacbon no
l phn ng th.
Tm quan trng ca hirocacbon no trong cng nghip v trong i
sng.
HS hiu :
Cc ankan kh d v mt ho hc v phn ng c trng ca ankan l
phn ng th.
Cc hirocacbon no c dng lm nhin liu v nguyn liu cho cng
nghip ho cht, t thy c tm quan trng v ng dng ca
hirocacbon.
2. K nng :
Lp dy ng ng ca ankan, vit c cc ng phn dng mch
cacbon.
Vit v xc nh c cc sn phm chnh ca phn ng th.

Gi c tn ankan v sn phm to ra trong phn ng th.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, m hnh phn t butan.
My la gas dng biu din th nghim phn ng chy.
HS : N li l thuyt v ng ng, ng phn.
Cc loi phn ng v cch vit.
Vit CTCT ca cc cht c CTPT l C
3
H
8
, C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
10
.
c. Tin trnh dy hc

Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. ng ng, ng phn, danh php
Hot ng 1
1. ng ng
GV hng dn HS tr li cc cu hi
n li khi nim v ng ng.
HS tho lun :
CH
4

Nu khi nim v ng ng.
Mtan (CH
4
) l cht u tin ca
dy ng ng, hy vit CTPT ca
cc cht tip theo trong dy ng
ng.
C
2
H
6

C
3
H
8

C
4
H
10

...
Vit CTTQ ca dy ng ng.
C
n
H
2n+2
(n 1, n N
*
)
iu kin tn ti ca n.
GV gi HS thit lp CTTQ theo
nh ngha dy ng ng :

CH
4
+ kCH
2
C
1 + k
H
4 + 2k



t 1 + k = n k = n 1
4 + 2k = 4 + 2(n 1) = 2n + 2
CTTQ : C
n
H
2n + 2

Hot ng 2
GV hng dn HS lp ghp m hnh
phn t butan (hoc chiu ln mn
hnh m phng phn t butan). Yu
cu HS quan st :
HS tho lun :
Nguyn t C to c 4 lin kt n
hng t nguyn t C ra 4 nh ca
mt t din u.
Vit cng thc electron ca phn
t butan.

T cng thc electron, kt hp vi
m hnh quan st c hy rt ra kt
lun v cu to ca butan
Cc nguyn t C khng cng nm
trn mt ng thng.
Hot ng 3
2. ng phn
GV yu cu HS : HS tho lun :
Vit CTCT cc cht c CTPT :
CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8

Nhn xt v kt qu tm c.
CH
4
: H C H
H
H

C
2
H
6
: CH
3
CH
3

C
3
H
8
: CH
3
CH
2
CH
3

Nhn xt : Ba cht u tin ca dy
ng ng, mi cht ch c mt
CTCT.
GV yu cu HS :
Vit CTCT cc cht c CTPT :
C
4
H
10
, C
5
H
12
.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH
3
CH
3
C
4
H
10


Nhn xt v kt qu tm c. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
C
4
H
10
CH
3
CH
3
C CH
3
CH
3
Nhn xt : Trong dy ng ng ca
ankan, t C
4
tr i xut hin cc ng
phn v mch cacbon.
Hot ng 4
4. Danh php
GV chiu bng 5.1 (SGK) ln mn
hnh v phn tch, hng dn HS
cch gi tn theo danh php h
thng.
HS xem thng tin bng 5.1, rt ra
nhn xt.
Cc ankan u c tn cng l : an.
Tn gc nnkyl : Tn ankan tng ng
bng cch i an yl.
GV chiu ln mn hnh CTCT mt
s cht v hng dn HS chn mch
chnh, nh s th t, gi tn, xc
nh bc ca nguyn t C :
a. CH
3
CH CH
3
1 2 3
CH
3

2metyl propan (iso butan)
a. CH
3
CH CH
3
CH
3

b. CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
1 2 3
4 5
CH
3

2,3imetyl pentan
b. CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3

c. CH
3
C CH
2
CH
3
1 2 3 4
CH
3
CH
3


2,2imetyl butan (neohexan)
c. CH
3
C CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3


GV yu cu HS nhn xt v :
Cch chn mch chnh
Mch chnh l mch cacbon di
nht v c nhiu nhnh nht.
Cch nh s
Cch gi tn
Cch xc nh bc ca nguyn t
cacbon.
Cch gi tn.
Gi tn 10 cht u ca dy ng
ng.
nh s th t cc nguyn t
cacbon u tin u gn nhnh nht.
Gi tn mch nhnh + s ch v tr +
tn ankan tng ng vi mch chnh.
Bc nguyn t cacbon bng s
nguyn t cacbon khc lin kt trc
tip vi nguyn t cacbon .
Hot ng 5
II. Tnh cht vt l
GV chiu bng 5.1 (SGK) ln mn
hnh v yu cu HS c SGK, nhn
xt quy lut bin i cc tnh cht
sau ca ankan :
HS ln lt tr li cc cu hi ca GV
rt ra nhn xt :
Trng thi
Nhit si
Nhit nng chy
Khi lng ring
Tnh tan
C
1
C
4
l cht kh
Trng thi C
5
C
7
l cht lng
C
18
tr ln l cht rn.

o o
nc 5
t , t v khi lng ring ca
ankan tng theo chiu tng ca phn
t khi.
Mt s cu hi gi :
nh cc em thng dng gas,
du xng, nn... un nu thp
sng, d chnh l hn hp cc ankan.
Vy ankan tn ti nhng trng thi
Tt c cc ankan u nh hn nc
v hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan
nhiu trong dung mi hu c.

no ?
Qua bng 5.1 (SGK) c nhn xt g
v quan h gia
o o
nc 5
t , t vi phn t
khi ?

S c trn du bin cho thy du
c tan trong nc khng ? Nng hay
nh hn nc ?

III. Tnh cht ho hc
Hot ng 6
GV yu cu HS c SGK v rt ra
nhng nhn xt chung v c im
cu to v tnh cht ho hc ca
ankan.

Lu HS phn ng c trng ca
ankan l phn ng th.

1. Phn ng th bi halogen
GV yu cu HS :
Nhc li khi nim phn ng th
CH
4
+ Cl
2

as
CH
3
Cl + HCl
clometan (metyl clome)
Vit li phn ng th gia metan
vi clo (as).
CH
3
Cl + Cl
2

as
CH
2
Cl
2
+ HCl
iclometan (metylen clorua)

CH
2
Cl
2
+ Cl
2

as
CHCl
3
+ HCl
tri clomtan (clorophom)
CHCl
3
+ Cl
2

as
CCl
4
+ HCl
tetra clo cacbon (cacbon tetra clorua)
GV yu cu HS :

Vit CTCT ca C
3
H
8
v xc nh
bc ca cc nguyn t cacbon.
Vit phn trnh phn ng th gia
C
3
H
8
vi Cl
2
(1 : 1) c mt as.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH
3
Cl
Cl
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
+ HCl
I II I
as
(1 : 1)
(57%)
Cl + HCl
(43%)
Nhn xt v sn phm chnh. Quy lut th : Sn phm chnh u tin

Quy lut th.
th nguyn t H cacbon bc cao
hn.
Hot ng 7
2. Phn ng tch
GV yu cu HS :
Nghin cu SGK trn c s khi
nim ca phn ng tch.
HS tho lun, hon thnh cc phng
trnh phn ng :
GV cho v d c th, yu cu HS
vit sn phm phn ng.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3

o
500 C
xt

CH
3
CH=CH
2

+ H
2

CH
3
CH
2
CH
3

o
500 C
xt


CH
3
CH CH
3
CH
3
xt
500
o
C

CH
3
CH CH
3
CH
3
xt
500
o
C
CH
2
=C CH
3
+ H
2
CH
3
GV b sung : nhit cao v c
mt xc tc thch hp, ngoi vic b
tch hiro, cc ankan cn b phn
ct mch cacbon to thnh cc phn
t c mch cacbon ngn hn.
GV yu cu HS vit phn ng tch.
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

o
t
xt

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
4
+ C
3
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ C
2
H
6
C
4
H
8
+ H
2
t
o
Xt

Hot ng 8
3. Phn ng oxi ho
GV gii thiu : gas hn hp ca
nhiu hirocacbon no khc nhau
dng kh.
HS quan st v rt ra nhn xt :
GV dng my la gas t chy gas
Ngn la khng mu, sng chi.

v yu cu HS nhn xt :
Mu ngn la
Sn phm to thnh.
Khng mi, sn phm kh.
Phng trnh ho hc tng qut :
C
n
H
2n + 2
+
2
3n 1
O
2
+
nCO
2
+
(n + 1)H
2
O
GV b sung :
Nhn xt :
2 2
CO H O
n n <
Trong phn ng chy ankan :
2 2
CO H O
n n <
Phn ng chy l phn ng oxhi
ho hon ton. Khi thiu oxi, phn
ng chy ca ankan xy ra khng
hon ton v sn phm ca phn ng
cn c th c nhiu cht khc nh
CO, C, HCHO, ...

Hot ng 9
IV. iu ch
1. Trong phng th nghim
GV vit phng trnh phn ng :
HS vit vo v :
CH
3
COONa (r) + NaOH (r)
o
CaO
t
CH
4
+ Na
2
CO
3

CH
3
COONa (r) + NaOH (r)
o
CaO
t
CH
4
+ Na
2
CO
3

2. Trong cng nghip
GV hng dn HS c SGK, nhn xt
cc phng php iu ch ankan
trong cng nghip.
Chng ct phn on du m.
T kh thin nhin v kh m du.
T kh h ao.
V. ng dng ca ankan

GV yu cu HS nghin cu SGK, lin
h vi thc t ca i sng thy
c ng dng ca ankan trong 2
lnh vc.
Lm nguyn liu sn xut.
Lm nhin liu cung cp nng
lng phc v cho i sng v sn
xut.
Cht t (gas)
Nhin liu cho ng c (xng, du)
Cht bi trn (du nhn)
Dung mi (CCl
4
)
Nn thp, giy du, giy nn.
Hot ng 10
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV khc su kin thc cho HS cc ni dung sau :
Cng thc chung, c im cu to ca ankan.
Phn ng c trng ca ankan l sn phm th.
ng dng quan trng ca ankan l dng lm nguyn liu v nhin liu.
p dng : Xc nh sn phm chnh ca phn ng sau :
CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
Cl
2
as
(1 : 1)

CH
2
CH CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
Cl
A.

CH
3
C CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
Cl
B.

CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3
Cl
C.

CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
Cl
D.

p n : B.
D. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
2. Cc hirocacbon tng ng : CH
4
, C
3
H
8
, C
6
H
24

3. b. CH
3
CH
2
CH
3

o
t
xt
CH
3
CH=CH
2
+ H
2


c. C
6
H
14
+
2
19
O
2

o
t
6CO
2
+ 7H
2
O
4. p n D.
5. a. Xng du gm cc ankan c mch cacbon ngn, bay hi, d bt la,
Nha ng gm cc ankan c mch cacbon rt ln, kh bay hi, km bt la.
b. V nc khng ho tan xng, du m li lm xng du loang rng nhanh
hn, lm cho m chy lan rng.
6. p n B.
7. p n C.
E. T liu tham kho
Phn ng th halogen vo ankan xy ra theo c ch th gc v u tin xy
ra ccbon bc cao bi v gc t do c bc cng cao cng d hnh thnh :
CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
+
2
Br
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Br + CH
3
CHCH
3
+ HBr
Br
(8%) (92%)
2
as
2

T l % cc sn phm cn ph thuc vo s lng nguyn t H (ni) gn
vo nguyn t cacbon c bc ang xt (cng nhiu th phn ng cng d) v
kh nng phn ng r
i
ca nhng nguyn t H :
% Sn phm th =
i i
i i
n . r
n . r
. 100 (%)
Thc nghim cho bit r
i
100
o
C nh sau :
I II III
C H C H C H
Clo ho : 1,0 4,3 7,0
Brom ho : 1,0 82,0 1600,0

Bi 26 Xiclo ankan
A. Mc tiu
1. Kin thc :
HS bit :
Cng thc chung, ng ng, ng phn, tn gi v c im cu to
phn t ciclo ankan.
So snh c s ging nhau v khc nhau v cu to, tnh cht ca
xiclo ankan vi ankan.
HS hiu :
Phn ng cng m vng ca xicloankan c vng 3, 4 cnh.
Vng 5 cnh tr ln khng c tnh cht ny.
2. K nng :
Vit cc CTCT ca xiclo ankan, gi tn cc cht.
Vit c cc phng trnh ho hc th hin tnh cht ho hc ca xiclo
ankan.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu.
Bng 5.2 (SGK), phiu hc tp.
HS : n li cc ni dung kin thc bi ankan.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
Hot ng 1
I. Cu to

GV chiu bng 5.2 (SGK) ln mn
hnh v yu cu HS tr li cc cu hi
:
Cho bit c im cu to ca
phn t xiclo ankan.
HS quan st, tho lun :
Mch cacbon c 1 vng.
Cc lin kt CC u l lin kt n.
T cc CTPT xiclo ankan u
dy ng ng, hy vit CTTQ ca
dy ng ng xiclo ankan ? Tm
iu kin ca n ?
CTTQ : C
n
H
2n
(n 3)
GV yu cu HS quan st tn gi ca
cc xiclo ankan trong bng 5.2 v
rt ra quy tc gi tn xiclo ankan
mch n vng khng nhnh v c
nhnh.


GV hng dn HS d on tnh
cht ho hc ca xiclo ankan t c
im cu to ca n.
Tn gi :
* Vi mch n vng khng nhnh :
xiclo + tn ankan tng ng.
* Vi mch n vng c nhnh :
S ch v tr mch nhnh (nu nhiu
nhnh) + tn mch nhnh (gc hiro
cacbon) + xiclo + tn ankan tng ng
trong vng.
Do ch c lin kt n nn xiclo
ankan tham gia cc phn ng :
+ Th
+ Tch
+ Phn ng chy.
Hot ng 2
II. Tnh cht ho hc
1. Phn ng th
GV yu cu HS nhc li khi nim
phn ng th ? Vit sn phm ca
phn ng th trong v d sau :
HS tho lun, vit phng trnh phn ng
:
Br
2
+
t
o

Br
2
+
t
o
Br
+ HBr


iu kin ca phn ng th l g ?
2. Phn ng cng m vng
GV gii thiu :
Cc xiclo ankan n vng (3
hoc 4 cnh) c cu trc km bn
do sc cng ln nn d b ph v,
do ngoi kh nng tham gia
phn ng th tng t ankan, 2
cht ny cn d tham gia phn ng
cng m vng.

Khi tham gia phn ng cng m
vn, mt trong cc lin kt CC
ca vng b b gy, tc nhn cng
b phn chia lm 2 phn, mi phn
cng vo mi u ca lin kt CC
va b b gy, to thnh hp cht
no, mch h.

GV yu cu HS vit sn phm HS tho lun :
Ni
Br
2
+ HBr
+ H
2
+
+ H
2
CCl
4
t
o
Ni
t
o

Ni
Br
2
+ HBr
+ H
2
+
+ H
2
t
o
Ni
t
o CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
Br
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
Br
Br
3. Phn ng tch

GV nu vn : tng t ankan cc
xiclo ankan cng b tch hiro.
GV a ra v d cho HS hiu v
phn ng tch ca C
6
H
6
:

+ 3H
2
t
o
xt


GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
ho hc ca phn ng tch H
2

t
metyl xiclo hexan.

HS vit phng trnh ho hc :
+ 3H
2
t
o
xt
CH
3
CH
3

4. Phn ng oxi ho
GV yu cu HS vit phng trnh
ho hc chung ca phn ng chy
cho xiclo ankan. Nhn xt v s
mol CO
2
v H
2
O to ra.
C
n
H
2n
+

2
3n
O
2

nCO
2
nH
2
O
Nhn xt :
2 2
CO H O
n n =
Hot ng 3
III. iu ch
GV gii thiu cho HS bit 2 cch
iu ch xiclo ankan.
Ly t sn phm ca qu trnh chng
ct du m.
tch H
2
cc ankan, ng vng.

CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
+ H
2
t
o
xt

Hot ng 4
IV. ng dng

GV yu cu HS c SGK v nu
cc ng dng c bn.
HS tho lun :
Lm nhin liu
Lm dung mi
Lm nguyn liu iu ch cc cht
khc.
iu ch benzen.
Hot ng 5
Cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV pht phiu hc tp ch HS luyn tp ti lp cng c bi hc.
1. Phn ng sau y ca xiclo ankan (C
n
H
2n
) c th xy ra vi n bng bao
nhiu ?
(CH
2
)
CH
2
CH
2
Br
CH
2
n - 2
Br
2
(CH
2
)
n - 2
CH
2
Br

A. n = 3 B. n = 3 ; 4 C. n = 5 D. n bt k.
p n A.
2. Phn ng sau dy ca xiclo ankan (C
n
H
2n
) c th xy ra vi n bng bao
nhiu ?
(CH
2
)
CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
n - 2
(CH
2
)
n - 2
CH
3
H
2
Ni / t
o

A. n = 3 B. n = 3 ; 4 C. n = 5 D. n bt k.
p n B
D. Hng dn gii bi tp SGK
+ HBr
t
o
+ Br
Br
3. c.


4. Thuc th l dung dch Br
2
/CCl
4
nhn ra xiclo propan do hin tng mt mu
cn propan khng lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
/CCl
4
.
5. M
x
= 28 . 2 = 56
n 2 n
C H
14n = 56 n = 4
x l C
4
H
8
. Do x tc dng vi H
2
(Ni/t
o
) ch to ra mt sn phm duy nht
x l xiclo butan : F
E. T liu tham kho
Xiclo ankan c trong du m l ngun nguyn liu qu cho cng nghip
tng hp hu c. Chng hn, xiclo hexan tch t phn on si 60 90
o
, hoc
thu c nh ng phn ho metylxiclopentan (cng tch t phn on )
c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut 2 loi t poliamit quan trng l nilon 6
v nilon 6,6 :
O
2
(kk)
xt, t
o
xiclo hexanon
O
NOH
NH
O
oleum
xiclohexanoxim caprolactam
nilon - 6
nilon - 6,6
axit actipic
HNO
3
capron
H
2
NOH
HOOC (CH
2
)
4
COOH
H
2
N (CH
2
)
6
NH
2

Xiclo hexan v ng ng c dng sn xut bezen, toluen, xilen.
iu ch xiclo ankan, thng thng ngi ta dng phn ng ng
vng cc hp cht khng vng :
ng vng dn xut ihalogen bng Na, Zn (ging phn ng Vuyc) :
2
Na ( hocZn)
2 2 n NaBr (ZnBr )
Br(CH )Br (CH )


Phn ng cho hiu sut tt khi n = 5, 6 ; hiu sut thp khi n = 3, 4 ; rt thp
khi
n > 6.
iu ch xeton vng ri kh chng :

n 3
(CH
2
)
COO
Ca
chng kh
C=O n n
COO
(CH
2
)
hn hng Zn + HCl
n + 1
(CH
2
)

Bi 27 Luyn tp
Ankan v xicloankan
A. Mc tiu
1. Gip HS :
Rn luyn k nng vit CTCT, gi tn cc ankan, xicloankan.
Gip HS rn luyn k nng lp CTPT ca hp cht hu c, cc phng
php gii ton tm CTPT ankan:
Gip HS vit thnh tho phng trnh ho hc ca phn ng th (c ch
vn dung quy lut th vo phn t ankan)
HS vn dng tt cc kin thc trong vic gii cc cu hi v bi tp
trong bi luyn tp. Nm chc cc cu hi l thuyt, cc phng php gii
bi tp tm CTPT ankan.
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : My tnh, my chiu, phiu hc tp.
K sn bng tng kt nh SGK (cha in d liu).
Chun b mt h thng cu hi, bi tp t lun, trc nghim bm st ni
dung luyn tp v 1 s bi tp giao trc cho HS chun b trc khi hc bi
luyn tp.
HS : Chun b cc bi tp trong chng 5 trc khi n lp.
Gii cc bi tp m GV giao cho trc bi luyn tp.
H thng li cc kin thc c bn c hc.
C. Tin trnh dy hc


Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. Kin thc cn nm vng
GV : Nu cc vn c bn hc,
yu cu HS a ra cc th d minh
ho, phn tch khc su v cng c
kin thc c hc.
Cc phn ng chnh ca hiro
cacbon.
c im v cu trc v cng thc
chung ca ankan.
Ankan c ng phn mch cacbon
(t C
4
H
10
) tr i.

Tnh cht ho hc c trng ca
ankan v xicloankan (phn ng th).
So snh cu to v tnh cht ca
ankan v xicloankan.
ng dng ca ankan.

Hot ng 1
GV chun b sn bng vi cc thng
tin nh ni dung sau:
HS tho lun v a ra kt qu:
Ankan Xicloankan
Cu to
Tnh cht
ho hc

GV treo bng (v vo ba cng kh 1
x 1,5) treo ln gc bng. Yu cu HS
ghi cc ni dung cn thiu.

GV pht phiu hc tp cho cc t n
Ankan Xicloankan
Cu
to
Ch c lin kt
n trong phn
t, mch h.
Ch c lin kt
n, mch vng
Tnh
cht
ho
hc
C phn ng
th
C phn ng
th H
2

Chy ta nhiu
nhit
C phn ng th
C phn ng
tch
C phn ng chy
C phn ng cng
m vng (C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
)
HS trnh by cc kt qu vo phiu hc

tp vi 3 vn u tin vi ni dung
cu hi nhau sau:
tp v np cho GV theo tng nhm.
Cu 1 : a) Vit cc CTCT cc hiro
cacbon c CTPT C
6
H
14
.
b) Gi tn cc cht tm c ?
Cu 2 : Hon thnh cc phng trnh
ho hc sau:
a) C
3
H
8
+ O
2

b) CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

o
t
Crackinh

c)
o
o
t
3 2 2 3
700 C
CH CH CH CH
d)
Ni
t
o
CH
2
CH CH
3
CH
2
+ H
2

Kt qu
Cu 1 :
CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
: 2-metylpentan
(isohenxan)
: 3-metylpentan
: 2,3-imetylbutan
: hexan
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3

CH
3
C CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
: 2,2-imetylbutan


Cu 2 : a) C
3
H
8
+ 5O
2
3CO
2
+
4H
2
O

b) CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
4
+ C
4
H
8
C
2
H
6
+ C
3
H
6
C
3
H
8
+ C
2
H
14
C.r.K

c) CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
2
=CH CH CH
3
+ H
2
CH
3
CH=CHCH
3
+ H
2
700
o
C
t
o

d)
Ni, t
o
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH CH
3
+ H
2
CH
2
GV bu cu hi : Em hay k cc
ng dng ca ankan m em bit ?
HS : Ln lt pht biu nu cc
ng dng ca ankan.
Lm nhin lin cho cc ng c
t trong.
Lm dung mi
Lm nguyn liu trong tng hp

hu c nh iu ch cc hp cht
hu c c nhm chc : ancol,
anht, axit, este, cc polime :
P.E.v.v
Hot ng 2
GV hng dn HS hon thnh cc
bi tp SGK.
HS : Ch lng nghe v c th nh
GV gii thch thm nhng vn
cha tht r.
GV hng dn HS mt s bi tp
m GV cho HS chun b nh:
Bi tp 1 : t chy hon ton mt
hirocacbon A thu c 4,4lt CO
2
v
5,4 gam H
2
O. Tm CTPT, CTCT v
gi tn A.
HS tho lun :

2
CO
n =
4, 48
0, 2 (mol)
22, 4
= ,
2
H O
5, 4
n 0, 3 (mol)
18
= = .
Bin lun : Do
2 2
CO H O
n n < nn A l
thuc dy ng ng ankan : CTTQ
ca A l : C
n
H
2n + 2
.
Vit phng trnh phn ng chy :

C
n
H
2n + 2
+
2
3n 1
O
2
+


2
CO
n +

2
(n 1)H O +

0,2 0,3

Ta c : 0,3n = 0,2 (n + 1) n = 2 :
C
2
H
6
.
CTCT : CH
3
CH
3


Tn gi : Etan
Bi tp 2 : Hon thnh dy bin ho.
2
o
H (1)
3 2 2 3 Crackinh t
CH CH CH CH A


o
2
o
H 1500 C
lm lnh nhanh Ni / t
B C D
+

HS tho lun :

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

o
(1)
t
CH
2
=CH
CH
3

(2) (3)
3 2 3
CH CH CH CB)
(4)
4 2 2
(C) (D)
CH C H

Bi tp 3 : Khi cho isopentan tham
gia phn ng th vi Cl
2
(1 : 1) chiu
sng, s sn phm th thu c l:
A : 3 B : 4 C : 4 D : 2
HS tho lun :


p n : C.
Hoat ng 3
cng c bi bi tp v nh
GV nhc li cc ni dung chnh cp trong bi luyn tp.
c im v cu trc, ng phn ca ankan, xiclo ankan.
Tnh cht.
Cc dng cu hi v bi tp c bn.
Bi tp v nh : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 SGK.
iv. Hng dn gii bi tp trong SGK
1. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
: pentan
CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
: iso pentan


CH
3
CH CH
3
CH
3
: metyl propan 2

2. a. Ankan c CTPT (C
2
H
5
)
n
C
2n
H
5n

V l ankan nn : 5n = 24 x 2 + 2
n = 2
Vy : CTPT ca l : CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
(butan)
b.
1 : 1
as
(sn phm ph)
(sn phm chnh)
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
+ Cl
2
CH
3
CH CH
2
CH
3
+ HCl
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
Cl + HCl
Cl

3. Gi s mol Ch
4
l x, s mol C
2
H
6
l y.
n
A
= 0,150 (mol) = x + y (1)
2
CO
n 0, 20 (mol) x 2y (2) = = +
T (1) v (2) x = 0,100 ; y = 0,0500.
%
4
CH
V 66, 7% = v %
2 6
C H
V 33, 3% =
4. Nng nhit ca 1,00 gam H
2
O ln 1
o
C cn tiu tn nhit lng l 4,18J.
Vy, khi nng nhit 1,00 gam H
2
O t 25,0
o
C ln 100
o
C cn tiu tn nhit
lng l : 75,0 x 4,18 = 314J.
Do , nhit lng cn tiu tn cho 1,00 lt nc t 25,0
o
C ln 100,00
o
C l:
314 x 1,00.10
3
= 314 x 10
3
(J) = 314KJ.
Mt khc : 1g CH
4
khi chy ta ra 55,6KJ.
Vy : c 314KJ, cn t chy lng CH
4
l :
314
5, 64 (g)
55, 6
= .
T : Th tch CH
4
(ktc) cn phi t l :
5, 64
x 22, 4 7, 90 lt
16, 0

5. p n A.

6. a. ng ; b. ng ; c. Sai ; d. ng ; e. ng.
Bi 28 Bi thc hnh 3
phn tch nh tnh nguyn t.
iu ch v tnh cht ca Metan
A. Mc tiu bi hc
1. Cng c kin thc v :
Nguyn tc phn tch nh tnh cc hp cht hu c.
Bit xc nh s c mt ca C, H trong hp cht hu c.
Tnh cht ca hiro cacbon no, th tnh cht ca CH
4
: phn ng chy,
phn ng vi dung dch brom, dung dch KMnO
4

iu ch v thu kh CH
4

2. Rn luyn cc k nng v thc hnh th nghim vi lng nh ho cht nh :
Nung nng ng nghim cha cht rn.
Th tnh cht ca cht kh...
3. HS vit tng trnh th nghim:
B. Chun b ca GV v HS
GV : a) Dng c th nghim :
ng nghim sch
B gi th nghim
Gi ng nghim
ng ht nh git
Nt cao su
ng dn bnh kh L (du nhnh di c vut nhn)

Kp ly ho cht
n cn.
b) Ho cht:
Sacazoi (ng knh) : C
12
H
12
O
11

CuO, CuSO
4
(khan)
CH
3
COONa (khan), vi ti xt
dd brm, dd thuc tm (dd KMnO
4
)
Bng khng thm nc
GV chia HS theo nhm tin hnh lm th nghim.
HS : n tp tt nhng kin thc c lin quan n th nghim thc hnh:
Xc nh s c mt ca C, H trong hp cht hu c, phn ng chy CH
4
.
Phng php iu ch CH
4
, HS nghin cu trc SGK bit c dng
c, ho cht v cch tin hnh tng th nghim.
C. Tin trnh dy hc
Hot ng ca GV Hot ng ca HS
I. Ni dung th nghim v cch tin hnh
Hot ng 1
Th nghim 1 : Xc nh nh tnh Cacbon v hiro
GV : Hng dn cc nhm HS tin
hnh lm th nghim nh SGK trnh
by.
HS : Tin hnh th nghim theo cc
bc:
Trn u 0,2 gam sacaroz vi 2g
CuO trn mt knh ng h, sau
cho hn hp vo ng nghim kh.
Cho thm vo ng nghim trn 1g
CuO ph kn hn hp.
Phn trn ca ng nghim uc
nhi mt nhm bng c rc mt t
bt CuSO
4
khan.

GV : Hng dn HS lp dng c nh
hnh 5.1
un nng ng nghim cha phn
ng (lc u un nh, sau un tp
trung vo phn c hn hp phn
ng).
HS : Quan st hin tng v ghi vo
v thc hnh.
HS : Nhn xt hin tng.
Bng trn CuSO
4
tr nn xanh.
dd Ca(OH)
2
vn c.
GV : Hng dn HS quan st hin
tng xy ra trong ng nghim.
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
GV : Yu cu i din tng nhm
nu hin tng th nghim, vit
phng trnh phn ng v gii thch.
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ 24CuO 12CO
2
+
11H
2
O + 24Cu
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
trng
GV : C th cho HS cc nhm trnh
by ln giy ri dn ln bng v tng
hp li c kt qu y nht.

Ch : m bo an ton, trc
khi tho, ra dng c, nn ngm ton
b dng c vo chu thu tinh ng
nc c pha dung dch NaOH long.

Hot ng 2
Th nghim 2 : iu ch v th tnh cht ca Metan
GV : Hng dn cc nhm HS tin
hnh lm th nghim nh SGK trnh
by.
HS : Tin hnh th nghim theo cc
bc:
Cho vo ng nghim kh c nt v
ng dn kh khong 5 gam hn hp
bt mn gm natriaxetat rn khan
(CH
3
COONa) v vi ti xt
(NaOH/CaO) theo t l 1 : 2 v khi

lng v trn u.
GV hng dn HS lp dng c nh
hnh 5.2 (SGK)
ung nng phn y ng nghim
bng n cn.
HS : Quan st hin tng, ghi chp
vo v thc hnh.
HS : Nhn xt hin tng.
C kh thot ra
t kh thot ra u ng dn kh
ngn la xanh, v to nhit mnh.
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
GV : Hng dn HS quan st hin
tng xy ra. Yu cu i din tng
nhm nu hin tng v vit phng
trnh phn ng gii thch.
CH
3
COONa
()
+ NaOH
()

o
CaO
t

CH
4
+ Na
2
CO
3

CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O : H < 0
GV : Hng dn HS tip tc lm th
nghim th tnh cht ca CH
4

HS : Tin hnh tip th nghim theo
cc bc:
Dn dng kh ln lt vo cc ng
nghim ng:
+ Dung dch brm
+ Dung dch KMnO
4


HS : Quan st hin tng, ghi vo v
thc hnh.

HS : Nhn xt hin tng : khng
thy g xy ra.
GV lu HS : Trong 2 th nghim
trn, khi dng th nghim phi tho
cc ng nghim cn thn, ng th t
cc thao tc, tho ng ng dd


Ca(OH)
2
, dd Br
2
trc sau mi tt
n cn.
Hot ng 3
Cng vic sau bui thc hnh
GV nhn xt v bui thc hnh v
hng dn HS thu dn ho cht, ra
ng nghim v dng c th nghim,
v sinh phng th nghim.
HS : Thu dn, v sinh phng th
nghim cn thn, an ton.
GV : Yu cu HS lm tng trnh
theo mu.
HS lm tng tnh theo mu sau y:
Ngy......... thng ......... nm....................................
H v tn : ...............................................................
Lp : ........................................................................
T th nghim : . ......................................................
Tng trnh ho hc bi s: .....................................
Tn bi: ....................................................................

Tn th nghim
Phng php
tin hnh
Hin tng
quan st
Gii thch vit
phng trnh
phn ng






























Mc lc
Trang
Li ni u........................................................................................................................................... 3
n tp u nm.............................................................................................................................. 5
Chng 1 : S in li
Bi 1 : S in li................................................................................................................. 14
Bi 2 : Axit, baz v mui.................................................................................................. 20
Bi 3 : S in li ca nc. pH. Cht ch th axit-baz...................................................... 27
Bi 4 : Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ......................................... 30
Bi 5 : Luyn tp : Axit, baz v mui.
Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ........................................ 39
Bi 6 : Bi thc hnh 1 :
Tnh axit-baz. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch cc cht in li ................ 43
Chng 2 : in li v hng s phn li
Bi 7 : Nit......................................................................................................................... 47
Bi 8 : Amoniac v mui amoni......................................................................................... 53
Bi 9 : Axit nitric v mui nitrat.......................................................................................... 63
Bi 10 : Photpho.................................................................................................................. 75
Bi 11 : Axit photphoric v mui photphat .......................................................................... 80
Bi 12 : Phn bn ho hc.................................................................................................. 85
Bi 13 : Luyn tp : Tnh cht ca nit, photpho v cc hp cht ca chng.................... 91
Bi 14 : Bi thc hnh 2 : Tnh cht ca mt s hp cht nit, photpho............................ 98
Chng 3 : Cacbon - silic
Bi 15 : Cacbon................................................................................................................. 102
Bi 16 : Hp cht cacbon.................................................................................................. 107
Bi 17 : Silic v hp cht ca silic..................................................................................... 117
Bi 18 : Cng nghip silicat............................................................................................... 121
Bi 19 : Luyn tp : Tnh cht ca cacbon, silic v cc hp cht ca chng................... 126
Chng 4 : i dng v ho hc hu c
Bi 20 : M u v ho hc hu c .................................................................................. 129
Bi 21 : Cng thc phn t hp cht hu c..................................................................... 135
Bi 22 : Cu trc phn t hp cht hu c ....................................................................... 140
Bi 23 : Phn ng hu c.................................................................................................. 148
Bi 24 : Luyn tp : Hp cht hu c, cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to.............. 153
chng 5 : HIrocacbon no
Bi 25 : Ankan ................................................................................................................... 160
Bi 26 : Xicloankan............................................................................................................ 168
Bi 27 : Luyn tp : Ankan v xicloankan......................................................................... 178


Thit k bi ging
ho hc 11 tp mt
cao c gic (Ch bin)
Nh xut bn h ni


Chu trch nhim xut bn:
nguyn khc onh
Bin tp:
phm quc tun
V ba:
nguyn tun
Trnh by:
l anh t
Sa bn in:
phm quc tun

In 2.000 cun, kh 17 x 24cm, ti Xi nghip in ACS Vit Nam.
Km 10 ng Phm Vn ng Kin Thu Hi Phng.
Quyt nh xut bn s: 208 2007/ CXB/46 p TK 47/HN.
In xong v np lu chiu qu III/2007.

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