Chapter 26

Welding and welding symbols

Flash-butt welding is a resistance-welding process In general, welding may be described as a process of which may be applied to rod, bar, tube, strip, or sheet uniting two pieces of metal or alloy by raising the to produce a butt joint. After the current is turned on, temperature of the surfaces to be joined so that they the two parts are brought together at a predetermined become plastic or molten. This may be done with or rate so that discontinuous arcing occurs between the without the application of pressure and with or without two parts to be joined. This arcing produces a violent the use of added metal. This definition excludes the expulsion of small particles of metal (flashing), and a more recently developed method of cold-welding, in Buy thiswhich pressure alone is used. Cold-welding, however, file from http://www.download-it.org/learning-resources.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=1046 positive pressure in the weld area will exclude air and minimize oxidation. When sufficient heat has been has a limited application, and is used principally for developed by flashing, the parts are brought together aluminium and its alloys, and not for steel. under heavy pressure so that all fused and oxidized There are numerous methods of welding, but they material is extruded from the weld. can be grouped broadly into two categories. Forge Fusion-welding processes can now be dealt with. welding is the term covering a group of welding The heat for fusion welding is provided by either gas processes in which the parts to be joined are heated to or electricity. Gas welding is a process in which heat a plastic condition in a forge or other furnace, and are for welding is obtained from a gas or gases burning at welded together by applying pressure or impact, e.g. a sufficiently high temperature produced by an by rolling, pressing, or hammering. Fusion welding is admixture of oxygen. Examples of the gases used are the process where the surfaces to be joined are melted acetylene (oxy-acetylene welding), hydrogen (oxywith or without the addition of filler metal. The term hydrogen welding), and propane (oxy-propane welding). is generally reserved for those processes in which In air-acetylene welding, the oxygen is derived from welding is achieved by fusion alone, without pressure. the atmosphere by induction. Forge welding will be dealt with first. Pressure Electrical fusion welding is usually done by the welding is the welding of metal by means of mechanical process of arc welding. Metal-arc welding is welding pressure whilst the surfaces to be joined are maintained with a metal electrode, the melting of which provides in a plastic state. The heating for this process is usually the filler metal. Carbon arc welding is a process of arc provided by the process of resistance welding, where welding with a carbon electrode (or electrodes), in the pieces of metal to be joined are pressed together which filler metal and sometimes flux may be used. and a heavy current is passed through them. Submerged-arc welding is a method in which a bare Projection welding is a resistance-welding process copper-plated steel electrode is used. The arc is entirely in which fusion is produced by the heat obtained from submerged under a separate loose flux powder which the resistance to flow of electric current through the is continually fed into and over the groove which is work parts, which are held together under pressure by machined where the edges to be welded are placed the electrodes providing the current. The resulting welds together. Some of the flux powder reacts with the molten are localized at predetermined points by the design of metal: part fuses and forms a refining slag which the parts to be welded. The localization is usually solidifies on top of the weld deposit; the remainder of accomplished by projections or intersections. the powder covers the weld and slag, shielding them Spot welding is a resistance-welding process of joining from atmospheric contamination and retarding the rate two or more overlapping parts by local fusion of a small of cooling. area or spot. Two copper-alloy electrodes contact Argon-arc welding is a process where an arc is struck either side of the overlapped sheets, under known loads between an electrode (usually tungsten) and the work produced by springs or air pressure. Stitch welding is in an inert atmosphere provided by directing argon spot welding in which successive welds overlap. Seam into the weld area through a sheath surrounding the welding is a resistance-welding process in which the electrode. Heliarc welding uses helium to provide the electrodes are discs. Current is switched on and off inert atmosphere, but this process is not used in the regularly as the rims of the discs roll over the work, with United Kingdom, because of the non-availability of the result that a series of spot welds is at such points. helium. Several proprietary names are used for welding If a gas-tight weld is required, the disc speed and time processes of this type, e.g. Sigma (shielded inert-gas cycle are adjusted to obtain a series of overlapping metal-arc) welding uses a consumable electrode in an welds.
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Welding and welding symbols

211

argon atmosphere. Atomic-hydrogen arc welding is a process where an alternating-current arc is maintained between tungsten electrodes, and each electrode is surrounded by an annular stream of hydrogen. In passing through the arc, the molecular hydrogen is dissociated into its atomic state. The recombination of the hydrogen atoms results in a very great liberation of heat which is used for fusing together the metals to be joined. Stud welding is a process in which an arc is struck between the bottom of a stud and the base metal. When a pool of molten metal has formed, the arc is extinguished and the stud is driven into the pool to form a weld.

Table 26.1

Elementary weld symbols

From of weld Butt weld between flanged plates (the flanges being melted down completely) Square butt weld

Illustration

BS symbol

Single-V butt weld

The application of welding Single-bevel butt weld symbols to working Buy this file from http://www.download-it.org/learning-resources.php?promoCode=&partnerID=&content=story&storyID=1046 drawings
The following notes are meant as a guide to the method of applying the more commonly used welding symbols relating to the simpler types of welded joints on engineering drawings. Where complex joints involve multiple welds it is often easier to detail such constructions on separate drawing sheets. Each type of weld is characterized by a symbol given in Table 26.1 Note that the symbol is representative of the shape of the weld, or the edge preparation, but does not indicate any particular welding process and does not specify either the number of runs to be deposited or whether or not a root gap or backing material is to be used. These details would be provided on a welding procedure schedule for the particular job. It may be necessary to specify the shape of the weld surface on the drawing as flat, convex or concave and a supplementary symbol, shown in Table 26.2, is then added to the elementary symbol. An example of each type of weld surface application is given in Table 26.3. A joint may also be made with one type of weld on a particular surface and another type of weld on the back and in this case elementary symbols representing each type of weld used are added together. The last example in Table 26.3 shows a single-V butt weld with a backing run where both surfaces are required to have a flat finish. A welding symbol is applied to a drawing by using a reference line and an arrow line as shown in Fig. 26.1. The reference line should be drawn parallel to the bottom edge of the drawing sheet and the arrow line forms an angle with the reference line. The side of the joint nearer the arrow head is known as the arrow side and the remote side as the other side. The welding symbol should be positioned on the reference line as indicated in Table 26.4. Sketch (a) shows the symbol for a single-V butt weld below the reference line because the external surface of the weld is on the arrow side of the joint. Sketch (b) shows the same symbol above the reference line because the external surface of the weld is on the other side of the joint.
Single-V butt weld with broad root face

Single-bevel butt weld with broad root face

Single-U butt weld

Single-J butt weld

Backing or sealing run

Fillet weld

Plug weld (circular or elongated hole, completely filled) Spot weld (resistance or arc welding) or projection weld

(a) Resistance

(b) Arc

Seam weld

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212

Manual of Engineering Drawing

Supplementary symbols BS symbol

Table 26.2

Shape of weld surface flat (usually finished flush) convex concave

Sketch (c) shows the symbol applied to a double-V butt weld. Sketch (d) shows fillet welds on a cruciform joint where the top weld is on the arrow side and the bottom weld is on the other side The positioning of the symbol is the same for drawings in first or third angle projection. Additional symbols can be added to the reference line as shown in Fig. 26.2. Welding can be done in the
1 2 3

Table 26.3 symbols

Some examples of the application of supplementary

Form of weld Flat (flush) single-V butt weld

Illustration

BS symbol

Joint

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Convex double-V butt weld 1 is the arrow line 2 is the reference line 3 is the symbol

Concave fillet weld

Fig. 26.1
Flat (flush) single-V butt weld with flat (flush) backing run

Table 26.4 symbol

Significance of the arrow and the position of the weld

Illustration
(a)

Graphic representation

Symbolic representation

(a) (b)

Fig. 26.2

Indication of (a) site welds and (b) continuous welds

(b)

(c)

(d)

factory or on site when plant is erected. A site weld is indicated by a flag. A continuous weld all round a joint is shown by a circle at the intersection of the arrow and the reference line. Note that if a continuous weld is to be undertaken at site then both symbols should be added to the drawing. The introductory notes relating to welding processes are of a general nature. There are many specialized methods listed in BS 499. Each process is given an individual identification number and group headings are as follows; (a) Arc welding, (b) Resistance welding, (c) Gas welding, (d) Solid phase welding; Pressure welding, (e) Other welding processes, (f) Brazing, soldering and braze welding. A welding procedure sheet will usually give details of the actual process to be used on a particular joint. On the drawing, a reference line with an arrow pointing

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Chapter extract

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